A Systems Approach for COA Systems Approach for CO22
Mitigation, Capture &Mitigation, Capture &
Storage in the ElectricityStorage in the Electricity
SectorSector
An Ontario Case StudyAn Ontario Case Study
P. L. Douglas, E. Croiset, A. Elkamel, H. Mirza, P. L. Douglas, E. Croiset, A. Elkamel, H. Mirza, C. Alie, A. Shafeen*, M. Gupta*C. Alie, A. Shafeen*, M. Gupta*
Department of Chemical EngineeringDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Waterloo, Waterloo, OntarioUniversity of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario
*Natural Resources Canada*Natural Resources CanadaOttawa, CanadaOttawa, Canada
http://chemeng.uwaterloo.ca/faculty/douglas.html
Presentation outline
overview of CO2 CCS R&D
some recent results:
1. CO2 capture from OPG’s Nanticoke GS
2. geological storage of CO2 captured from Nanticoke GS
3. fleet-wide CCS from Ontario’s electricity sub-sector
summary
CHEMRAWN-XVII & ICCDU-IX Conference on Greenhouse Gases, Kingston, Ontario, July 8th – 12th, 2007
Overview of R&D areas
H2 plants
regional H2
economyoil sands
industrial processes
– cement– oil, gas & chemicals
fleet-wide optimisation
CO2 capture technology– MEA absorption
– O2/CO2 recycle combustion
– membranes
electrical generation– PC, IGCC– NGCC– SOFC
CHEMRAWN-XVII & ICCDU-IX Conference on Greenhouse Gases, Kingston, Ontario, July 8th – 12th, 2007
Presentation outline
overview of CO2 CCS R&D
some recent results:
1. CO2 capture from OPG’s Nanticoke GS
2. geological storage of CO2 captured from Nanticoke GS
3. fleet-wide CCS from Ontario’s electricity sub-sector
summary
CHEMRAWN-XVII & ICCDU-IX Conference on Greenhouse Gases, Kingston, Ontario, July 8th – 12th, 2007
CO2 capture from OPG’s Nanticoke GS
one of eight 500 MWe coal fired boilers
Powder River Basin – US low sulphur coal mixture
flue gas flow rate 2,400 tonnes/hr (per boiler)
CO2 flow rate 336 tonnes/hr (per boiler)
Siemens steam turbines
85% recovery of CO2 at 98% purity
MEA absorption process
CHEMRAWN-XVII & ICCDU-IX Conference on Greenhouse Gases, Kingston, Ontario, July 8th – 12th, 2007
OPG’s Nanticoke Generating Station
ONTARIO
QUEBEC
MANITOBA
Lake Huron
Nanticoke(3,920 MW)
Lake Erie
OPG’s Nanticoke GS ison the north shore ofLake Erie
Waterloo
Kingston
CHEMRAWN-XVII & ICCDU-IX Conference on Greenhouse Gases, Kingston, Ontario, July 8th – 12th, 2007
CO2 capture – fossil fuel generating station
fossil fuel flue gasair boiler
500 MWe
CHEMRAWN-XVII & ICCDU-IX Conference on Greenhouse Gases, Kingston, Ontario, July 8th – 12th, 2007
CO2 capture - MEA absorption
98% pure CO2
stack gas
stripper
absorber
fossil fuel flue gasair boiler
500 MWe
CHEMRAWN-XVII & ICCDU-IX Conference on Greenhouse Gases, Kingston, Ontario, July 8th – 12th, 2007
CO2 capture - MEA absorption
98% pure CO2
stack gas
stripper
absorber
fossil fuel flue gasair boiler
historically:historically: most research has focussed on experimental operation of absorber little research on stripper or overall process simulation of complete process surprisingly difficult
– very large recycle stream
– MEA-CO2-H2O system is a highly non-ideal electrolyte solution
500 MWe
CHEMRAWN-XVII & ICCDU-IX Conference on Greenhouse Gases, Kingston, Ontario, July 8th – 12th, 2007
Simulation of MEA absorption process
ABSORBER
STRIPPER
MAKE-UPCOOLER
FLUE-ABS
LEAN-ABS
STACK
RICH-HX
CO2
LEAN-OUT
MAKE-UP
LEAN-CL
LEAN-MU
RICH-HX
blower and compressor
coolersstripper reboiler
Alie, C., L. Backham, E. Croiset, P.L. Douglas and M.A. Douglas, 2005, "Simulation of CO2 Capture Using MEA Scrubbing: a Flowsheet Decomposition Method", Energy Conversion & Management, 46, 475-487
CHEMRAWN-XVII & ICCDU-IX Conference on Greenhouse Gases, Kingston, Ontario, July 8th – 12th, 2007
Minimised reboiler heat duty is huge!
Qmin for 500 MWe power plant is 353 MWth 0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
CO2 loading / mol CO2/mol MEA
Re
bo
iler
He
at
Du
ty /
MW
LEAN-HTLEAN-HTLEAN-HT
ABSORBER
STRIPPER
MAKE-UPCOOLER
FLUE-ABS
LEAN-ABS
STACK
RICH-HX
CO2
LEAN-OUT
MAKE-UP
LEAN-CL
LEAN-MU
RICH-HX
Qmin for 500 MWe power plant is 353 MWth
boiler output is
500 MWe ≈1428 MWth
boiler output is 500 MWe (≈1428 MWth) and minimised reboiler heat duty from CO2 capture process will require 353 MWth
CHEMRAWN-XVII & ICCDU-IX Conference on Greenhouse Gases, Kingston, Ontario, July 8th – 12th, 2007
How best to integrate capture plant with GS?
98% pure CO2
stack gas
stripper
absorber
fossil fuel flue gasair boiler
Need to supply: electricity for blowersblowers and and compressorscompressors steam for reboiler cooling water for coolers
500 MWe
CHEMRAWN-XVII & ICCDU-IX Conference on Greenhouse Gases, Kingston, Ontario, July 8th – 12th, 2007
Energy requirements for 500 MWe GS
shaft power (MWe)
COCO22 compressors compressors 4040 flue gas blowerflue gas blower 1010
thermal energy (MWthermal energy (MWthth))
reboiler heat dutyreboiler heat duty 353353
kg steam/kg COkg steam/kg CO22 captured 1.7 captured 1.7
coolerscoolers 430430
ABSORBER
STRIPPER
MAKE-UPCOOLER
FLUE-ABS
LEAN-ABS
STACK
RICH-HX
CO2
LEAN-OUT
MAKE-UP
LEAN-CL
LEAN-MU
RICH-HX
blower and compressor 50 MWe
coolers, 430 MWth
stripper reboiler, 343 MWth
CHEMRAWN-XVII & ICCDU-IX Conference on Greenhouse Gases, Kingston, Ontario, July 8th – 12th, 2007
Best caseassume all heat can be supplied ‘free’ from steam cycle
shaft power (MWe)
COCO22 compressors compressors 4040 flue gas blowerflue gas blower 1010
thermal energy (MWthermal energy (MWthth))
reboiler heat dutyreboiler heat duty 353353
kg steam/kg COkg steam/kg CO22 captured 1.7 captured 1.7
coolerscoolers 430430
ABSORBER
STRIPPER
MAKE-UPCOOLER
FLUE-ABS
LEAN-ABS
STACK
RICH-HX
CO2
LEAN-OUT
MAKE-UP
LEAN-CL
LEAN-MU
RICH-HX
min. de-rate = (40 + 10) = 50 MWe
= (50 / 500) * 100
= 10%
CHEMRAWN-XVII & ICCDU-IX Conference on Greenhouse Gases, Kingston, Ontario, July 8th – 12th, 2007
Worst caseassume none of the heat can be supplied ‘free’ from steam cycle
shaft power (MWe)
COCO22 compressors compressors 4040 flue gas blowerflue gas blower 1010
thermal energy (MWthermal energy (MWthth))
reboiler heat dutyreboiler heat duty 353353
kg steam/kg COkg steam/kg CO22 captured 1.7 captured 1.7
coolerscoolers 430430
ABSORBER
STRIPPER
MAKE-UPCOOLER
FLUE-ABS
LEAN-ABS
STACK
RICH-HX
CO2
LEAN-OUT
MAKE-UP
LEAN-CL
LEAN-MU
RICH-HX
max. de-rate = (40 + 10) + 353*0.35 = 173.5
MWe
= (173.5 / 500) * 100
= 34.7%CHEMRAWN-XVII & ICCDU-IX Conference on Greenhouse Gases, Kingston, Ontario, July 8th – 12th, 2007
Match reboiler with steam from IP/LP crossover
MEA plant
steam cycle
IP/LP crossover
best case (10%) ≤ typical de-rate (20%) ≤ worst case (35%)
CHEMRAWN-XVII & ICCDU-IX Conference on Greenhouse Gases, Kingston, Ontario, July 8th – 12th, 2007
costs: ~ $400 million; $50/tonne of CO2 avoided
Presentation outline
overview of CO2 CCS R&D
some recent results:
1. CO2 capture from OPG’s Nanticoke GS
2. geological storage of CO2 captured from Nanticoke GS
3. fleet-wide CCS from Ontario’s electricity sub-sector
summary
CHEMRAWN-XVII & ICCDU-IX Conference on Greenhouse Gases, Kingston, Ontario, July 8th – 12th, 2007
CO2 Storage in Ontario
ONTARIO
QUEBEC
MANITOBA
Lake Huron
Nanticoke(3,920 MW)
Lake Erie
two potential reservoirs identified– Lake Huron– Lake Erie
significant capacities– Lake Huron (289 MT)– Lake Erie (442 MT)
Shafeen, A., E. Croiset, P.L. Douglas and I. Chatzis, 2004, “CO2 Sequestration in Ontario, Canada, Part I: Storage Evaluation of Potential Reservoirs”, Energy Conversion & Management, 45, 2645-2659
CHEMRAWN-XVII & ICCDU-IX Conference on Greenhouse Gases, Kingston, Ontario, July 8th – 12th, 2007
Cost of CO2 storage in Lake Erie
ONTARIO
QUEBEC
MANITOBA
Lake Huron
Nanticoke(3,920 MW)
Lake Erie
~ 442 MT storage capacity
~ 336 tonnes/hr per boiler
~ 160 years / boiler
~ 20 years / 8 boilers
~ 300 million US$– ~ 10 US$/tonne of CO2 storage
Shafeen, A., E. Croiset, P.L. Douglas and I. Chatzis, 2004, “CO2 Sequestration in Ontario, Canada, Part II: Cost Estimation”, Energy Conversion & Management, 45, 3207-3217
CHEMRAWN-XVII & ICCDU-IX Conference on Greenhouse Gases, Kingston, Ontario, July 8th – 12th, 2007
Presentation outline
CO2 mitigation group at UW
some recent results:
1. CO2 capture from OPG’s Nanticoke GS
2. geological storage of CO2 captured from Nanticoke GS
3. fleet-wide CCS from Ontario’s electricity sub-sector
summary and future work
CHEMRAWN-XVII & ICCDU-IX Conference on Greenhouse Gases, Kingston, Ontario, July 8th – 12th, 2007
Ci (i = 1-5)
CO2
C-C i
CO2
N i (i = 1-3) Hi (i=1-69) PCi new
CO2
IG inew
CO2
NG inew
CO2
C-O inew
NG i (i=1) Ai
C-NG i C-C inew C-NG i
new
S-C i S-NG i S-C inew S-NG i
new S-O inew
Generating capacity superstructuremodel all of Ontario’s generating stations
splitter sequestrationcapture process new process
NG inewPCi
new IG inew
New plants with capture New plants without captureExisting non-
fossil fuel plants
Existing fossil
fuel plants
N inew
CHEMRAWN-XVII & ICCDU-IX Conference on Greenhouse Gases, Kingston, Ontario, July 8th – 12th, 2007
Ontario’s Demand/Supply GapOntario’s Demand/Supply Gapsource: OPA Supply Mix Advice, 2005source: OPA Supply Mix Advice, 2005
MW
Renewable
Natural Gas & Oil
Nuclear
Coal
CHEMRAWN-XVII & ICCDU-IX Conference on Greenhouse Gases, Kingston, Ontario, July 8th – 12th, 2007
Optimal Plan to Add New Capacity (Example)
MW
New Natural Gas Plant
New Coal
New Nuclear
New IGCC Plant
DEMAND
CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION
New Natural Gas
New CoalNew Nuclear
New IGCC
Demand
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026
CHEMRAWN-XVII & ICCDU-IX Conference on Greenhouse Gases, Kingston, Ontario, July 8th – 12th, 2007
Two Case StudiesTwo Case Studies
Case Stud
y
Electricity Demand
(MW)
CO2 Emissions (Mt of CO2)
Conservation Strategy
Fuel Price Forecast
New Sources
Considered
1
medium demand
growth with summer peak
no restrictions
normal conservation
normal coal & NG
price forecast
nuclear, NGCC,
IGCC, PC
2medium demand
growth with summer peak
6% reduction of 1990 levels
by 2010
normal conservation
normal coal & NG
price forecast
nuclear, NGCC,
IGCC, PC
CHEMRAWN-XVII & ICCDU-IX Conference on Greenhouse Gases, Kingston, Ontario, July 8th – 12th, 2007
1. no CO2 reduction constraints
2. 6% reduction of 1990 CO2 emissions by 2010
Model Statistics
CHEMRAWN-XVII & ICCDU-IX Conference on Greenhouse Gases, Kingston, Ontario, July 8th – 12th, 2007
single equations
42,204
single variables 25,526
discrete variables
9,950
generation time36 minutes
execution time 12 hours
Case 1 - Fleet Structure: New Power Plants
CHEMRAWN-XVII & ICCDU-IX Conference on Greenhouse Gases, Kingston, Ontario, July 8th – 12th, 2007
1. no CO2 reduction constraints
2. 6% reduction of 1990 CO2 emissions by 2010
Case 1 - CO2 emissions
CHEMRAWN-XVII & ICCDU-IX Conference on Greenhouse Gases, Kingston, Ontario, July 8th – 12th, 2007
1. no CO2 reduction constraints
2. 6% reduction of 1990 CO2 emissions by 2010
OPG’s fossil fuel generating stations
Lennox(2,100 MW)
Thunder Bay(360 MW)
Atikokan(211 MW)
ONTARIO
QUEBEC
MANITOBA
Lake Huron
Lakeview(1,148 MW)
Lambton(1,948 MW) Nanticoke
(3,920 MW)
Lake Erie
6 fossil fuel generating stations
~ 10,000 MWt
~ 27 MT/year
two potential reservoirs – Lake Huron (289 MT)– Lake Erie (442 MT)
CHEMRAWN-XVII & ICCDU-IX Conference on Greenhouse Gases, Kingston, Ontario, July 8th – 12th, 2007
Case 2 - Fleet Structure: New Power Plants
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
New Power Plants w/o CCS
NGCC (243 MW) X
NGCC(760 MW) X
NGCC(3,039 MW)
X
New Power Plants w/ CCS
NGCC(648 MW) X
New Nuclear Power Plants
ACR-700(1,406 MW)
X
CHEMRAWN-XVII & ICCDU-IX Conference on Greenhouse Gases, Kingston, Ontario, July 8th – 12th, 2007
1. no CO2 reduction constraints
2. 6% reduction of 1990 CO2 emissions by 2010
Case 2 - Fleet Structure: Fuel-Switching
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Lambton X
Nanticoke X
Atikokan
Lennox
ThunderBay X
Lambton, Nanticoke, Thunder Bay coal-fired GS are switched to NG
CHEMRAWN-XVII & ICCDU-IX Conference on Greenhouse Gases, Kingston, Ontario, July 8th – 12th, 2007
1. no CO2 reduction constraints
2. 6% reduction of 1990 CO2 emissions by 2010
Case 2 - Fleet Structure: CCS retrofits
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Lambton X
Nanticoke
Atikokan
Lennox
ThunderBay
only Lambton coal-fired station is retrofitted with a CCS system
CHEMRAWN-XVII & ICCDU-IX Conference on Greenhouse Gases, Kingston, Ontario, July 8th – 12th, 2007
1. no CO2 reduction constraints
2. 6% reduction of 1990 CO2 emissions by 2010
Case 2 - CO2 emissions with constraints
CHEMRAWN-XVII & ICCDU-IX Conference on Greenhouse Gases, Kingston, Ontario, July 8th – 12th, 2007
1. no CO2 reduction constraints
2. 6% reduction of 1990 CO2 emissions by 2010
Summary of Case Studies
CHEMRAWN-XVII & ICCDU-IX Conference on Greenhouse Gases, Kingston, Ontario, July 8th – 12th, 2007
Acknowledgements - Sponsors
Natural Resources Ressources NaturellesCanada Canada
CHEMRAWN-XVII & ICCDU-IX Conference on Greenhouse Gases, Kingston, Ontario, July 8th – 12th, 2007