8/2/2019 Abiotic Diseases
1/40
Dr. Sushovan Bera
Associate Professor
Jogamaya Devi College
8/2/2019 Abiotic Diseases
2/40
Biotic (transmissible) ~30%
Abiotic(not transmissible) ~ 70%
8/2/2019 Abiotic Diseases
3/40
Environmental:(freezing,flooding,drought,light, wind, hail etc.)
Cultural:(mechanical damage, planting problems etc.) Chemical:
(fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides & others)
Physiological Disorders:(abnormal growth due to genetic and/orenvironmental interactions)
8/2/2019 Abiotic Diseases
4/40
Soil moisture :a. Low soil moisture Stunting, pale green / yellow
coloration, less flower & fruits death.i) Drought : Reduced growth, scorched leaf,defoliation death.ii) Excessive soil moisture Tree suffer slowly than
field crop, root system poorly develop, fibrous rootsget damaged, pale coloration of leaves, lack of vigor,wilt [ CO2 accumulation & anaerobic respiration ]
b. Soil texture Affect water retaining capacity; in bothhard & course soil stunted growth due to poor rootgrowth occurs.
c. Soil reaction Around neutral & acidic pH
preferable; unfavourable pH alter mineral uptakeSymptom expression.[ High acidity:- use lime; Highalkalinity:- usesulphur or irrigate to wash]
8/2/2019 Abiotic Diseases
5/40
Temperature:
High : Leaf scorching, sun scald, discoloration,water soaked appearance etc.
[ inactivate enzymes adverse biochemicalreaction death]
Low : Damage shoot tips, affected tissue becometranslucent black dry up; freezingtemperature form ice crystals.
Relative humidity:
Low RH Scorching / shriveling of fruits,wilting, premature shedding fruits.
8/2/2019 Abiotic Diseases
6/40
Lack of oxygen: Cells die due to sub-
oxidation & anaerobic respiration.
Black heart of potato, Brownining of
apple etc.
High light: Water soaked spots, sun scald,
brown and reddish brown coloration of
leaf.
8/2/2019 Abiotic Diseases
7/40
Sulphur dioxide: Water relations of cells
disrupted, cells collapse, mesophyll
damages chlorosis, water soakedspots.
Hydrogen fluoride: Rapid plsmolysis andinternal cell collapse burnt
appearance.
Ozone : Affect palisade cells, watersoaked spots appear,finally mottling &
chlorosis.
8/2/2019 Abiotic Diseases
8/40
Chlorine: Bleached, necrotic interveinal area,
scorching of leaf margins . Ethylene: Stunting, abnormal development
of leaf, early senescence of flowers
fruits. Photoactive pollutants:
NO2 + O2sunlight O3 + NO
O3 + (NO + un-burn hydrocarbon) = O3+PAN
Peroxy acyl nitrate (PAN) leads to banding effects
on leaf, injury around stomata & mesophylltissue.
8/2/2019 Abiotic Diseases
9/40
Iatrogenic disease produced byappropriate therapy for another
disease, usually occurring as aside effect of pharmacologicalagents.
8/2/2019 Abiotic Diseases
10/40
Phytotoxic effects can range from slightburning or browning of leaves to death of
the plant. Sometimes, the damage appears as
distorted leaves, fruits, flowers or stems.
Damage symptoms vary with pesticidesand the types of plant that has been affected.
Plant damage can be caused by the a.i.,solvent in formulations, impurities,
condition of plant at the time of treatment. High temperature can speed up
phytotoxicity.
8/2/2019 Abiotic Diseases
11/40
Deformed cotton leaf
Paraquot injury of apple
Glyphosate damage to apple
tree
Glyphosate damage tocucumber plant
Dimethoate injury Kresoxim injury
8/2/2019 Abiotic Diseases
12/40
Growth Regulator inhibitors Photosynthesis inhibitors Pigment inhibitors Seedling growth inhibitors
Root inhibitorsShoot inhibitors
Cell membrane disruptors Lipid synthesis inhibitors Amino acid synthesis inhibitors
8/2/2019 Abiotic Diseases
13/40
a. Leaf and stemmalformations
b. In broad leaf plants stemscurl, twist and droop.
c. Leaves are cupped, crinkledor have a drawstring
appearance caused byirregular growth of the leafedges.
8/2/2019 Abiotic Diseases
14/40
Yellowing between leaf
veins , in veins, yellowing andthen browining of leafmargins , finally death.
Specking, spotting andyellowing or bronzing of
leaves.
8/2/2019 Abiotic Diseases
15/40
a.Leaves turn yellow or whiteand then often translucent.
b.New growth is yellow towhite with sometimes a hintof purple or pink.
c.These symptoms can befound on cotyledons to thenewest leaves of susceptible
plants.
8/2/2019 Abiotic Diseases
16/40
ROOT INHIBITORS:(e.g. Dinitroaniline: Benetin, Oryzalin)
a. Stunted growth with purple
discoloration because roots cannot take up enough phosphorus.b. Root system appear stubby &
thick, especially lateral roots.
c. Callus tissue formed on the plantstem near the soil surface.
8/2/2019 Abiotic Diseases
17/40
Shoot inhibitors:( e.g. Acetamide : Acetachlor, Butachlor)
a. Improper leaf unfurling, buggy,
whipping(tightly rolled leaves), leaf wrinkling.b. In broad leaf plants, the midrib may draw inthe leaf edge in drawn string effect.
c.Leaf puckering.
d. Stunting.
8/2/2019 Abiotic Diseases
18/40
a.Plants rapidly turn yellow or
pale and look water soaked,then dry up.
b.Specks of burned tissue on
non-target vegetation.c.Leaf burn and red stem.
8/2/2019 Abiotic Diseases
19/40
a.Symptoms develop slowly within14 days.
b.Initial injury is seen where thenewest leaves are developing.
c.Base of new leaves become
mushy, has a rotted appearance.d.Reddish blue pigmentation maybe observed on stem, stemsheath, leaf margins and / or leaf
blade.
8/2/2019 Abiotic Diseases
20/40
a.Plants treated with
glyphosate or sulphosateturn yellow in 5-7 days,then turn brown & dies in10 14 days.
b.An individual plant mayhave dead tissue, yellowtissue and green tissue atthe same time.
8/2/2019 Abiotic Diseases
21/40
8/2/2019 Abiotic Diseases
22/40
8/2/2019 Abiotic Diseases
23/40
Nutrient deficiencies:
Nitrogen- Poor growth, pale green coloration,drying of flower & fruits.
Phosphorus- Poor growth, stunting, bluishgreen/ brown coloration of leaf.
Sulphur- Small leaf, light yellowing of leaf etc.
Potassium- Die back, premature senescence. Manganese- Chlorosis, premature senescence,
stunting.
8/2/2019 Abiotic Diseases
24/40
General chlorosis.
Chlorosis progresses from lightgreen to yellow.
Entire plant becomes yellowunder prolonged stress.
Growth is immediately restrictedand plants soon become spindlyand drop older leaves.
Drying of flower & fruits.
8/2/2019 Abiotic Diseases
25/40
Poor growth, stunting
Leaves appear dull, dark
green, blue green, or red-purple, especially on theunderside, and especially at
the midrib and vein. Petioles may also exhibitpurpling. Restriction in
growth may be noticed.
8/2/2019 Abiotic Diseases
26/40
Leavessmall,uniformly light
green, followed byyellowing and poorspindly growth.
Uniform chlorosisdoes not occur
8/2/2019 Abiotic Diseases
27/40
Leaf margins tanned, scorched, or
have necrotic spots (may be smallblack spots whichlater coalesce). Margins become brown and cupdownward.
Growth is restricted and die backmay occur. Mild symptoms appear first onrecently matured leaves.
Premature senescenceBlotchy ripening oftomato:Green & Yellow areamerging into Red
8/2/2019 Abiotic Diseases
28/40
Chlorosis is less markednear veins.
Some mottling occurs ininterveinal areas.
Chlorotic areas eventuallybecome brown, transparent, ornecrotic. Symptoms may appear later
on older leaves. Stunting prominant Premature senescence
8/2/2019 Abiotic Diseases
29/40
Calcium- Poor root growth,terminal buds maydie distortion & curling of leaf, pitting of fruitsetc.
Iron- Chlorosis, brown spots, drying &
shedding of leaves. Boron- Stunting, chlorosis & necrosis of leaf,
heart rot symptoms.
Zinc- Short internodes, chlorosis purplish
necrosis. Copper- Leaf and twig necrosis
Magnesium- Chlorotic mottling & browning etc.
8/2/2019 Abiotic Diseases
30/40
Poor root growth Growing points usuallydamaged or dead (die back). Margins of leaves developing
from the growing point are firstto turn brown. Distortion and curling of leaf
Pitting of fruits
8/2/2019 Abiotic Diseases
31/40
Distinct yellow or whiteareas appear between veins,
and veins eventuallybecome chlorotic.
Symptoms are rare onmature leaves
Brown spots, drying andshedding of leaves
8/2/2019 Abiotic Diseases
32/40
Young, expanding leavesmay be chlorotic, necrotic ordistorted followed by death ofgrowing points.
Internodes may be short,especially at shoot terminals,hence, stunting.
Stems may be rough,cracked, or split along thevascular bundles.
Heart rot symptoms occur
8/2/2019 Abiotic Diseases
33/40
Leaves may be abnormally small ,withchlorosis purplish necrosis.
Internodes are shortened.
8/2/2019 Abiotic Diseases
34/40
Leaves wilt, becomechlorotic, then necrotic.
Wilting and necrosisare not dominantsymptoms.
Twig necrosis notuncommon
8/2/2019 Abiotic Diseases
35/40
Marginal chlorosis or chlorotic
blotches which later merge.
Leaves show yellow chloroticinterveinal tissue on some species,reddish purple progressing to
necrosis on others.
Younger leaves affected withcontinued stress.
Chlorotic areas may becomenecrotic, brittle, and curl upward.
Symptoms usually occur late in
the growing season.
8/2/2019 Abiotic Diseases
36/40
8/2/2019 Abiotic Diseases
37/40
8/2/2019 Abiotic Diseases
38/40
8/2/2019 Abiotic Diseases
39/40
8/2/2019 Abiotic Diseases
40/40
Thank you