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Ablaut Class 1a - GermanGerman Strong-Verb Conjugation Patterns
Principal Parts - ei - i - i
German Verb English Meaning
beien, biss, gebissen bite, bit, bitten
bleichen, blich, geblichen bleach, bleached, bleached
gleichen, glich, geglichen resemble, resembled, resembled
gleiten, glitt, geglitten glide, glided, glided
greifen, griff, gegriffen grasp, grasped, grasped
leiden, litt, gelitten suffer, suffered, suffered
pfeifen, pfiff, gepfiffen whistle, whistled, whistled
reien, riss, gerissen tear, tore, torn
reiten, ritt, geritten ride, rode, ridden
scheien, schiss, geschissen shit, shitted (shat), shitted
schleichen, schlich, geschlichen sneak, sneaked, sneaked
schleifen, schliff, geschliffen polish, polished, polished
schmeien, schmiss, geschmissen toss, tossed, tossed
schneiden, schnitt, geschnitten cut, cut, cut
schreiten, schritt, geschritten step, stepped, stepped
spleien, spliss, gesplissen splice, spliced, splicedstreichen, strich, gestrichen spread, spread, spread
streiten, stritt, gestritten argue, argued, argued
weichen, wich, gewichen retreat, retreated, retreated
Also see the ei-ie-ie verbs (bleiben, schreiben,
German Strong Verbs
Ab laut Classes
Strong-verb vowel patterns in German
ablautn. [G, fr. ab away from +Lautsound] (1849)
a systematic variation of vowels in the same root oraffix or in related roots or affixes esp. in the Indo-European
languages that is usu. paralleled by differences in use or
meaning (as in sing, sang, sung, song)
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There are seven main ablaut classes or categories found in the conjugation of verbs in modern
Germanic languages (German, Dutch, English, etc.). These vowel-shift patterns make it easier to learnhow to conjugate strong verbs in German. Some German verbs even follow the identical English vowel
pattern: German trinken, trank, getrunken vs. English drink, drank, drunk.
In modern German, classes 3b and 4 are identical. In English, Class 4 verbs have retained an -n in the
past participle (broken, spoken) not found in Class 3b.
Use the table below to learn more about German strong-verb patterns and the ablaut classes. Click on aclass to see German verbs in that class and the vowel pattern for that category. Also see the alphabetical
list below.
Ablaut Patterns in GermanStrong-Verb Conjugation Patterns
Click on an ablaut class for details
Note: Because the ablaut classes are based on the vowel sounds in Proto-Indo-European, Old English,
and Old High German, the spelling of the vowels may differ in modern English and German.
AblautClass German Examples English Examples
1a. ei - i - ibeissen, biss, gebissenleiden, litt, gelitten
drive, drove, drivenslide, slid, slid
1b. ei - ie - iebleiben, blieb, geblieben
schreiben, schrieb, geschrieben
2. ie - o - ofliegen, flog, geflogen
ziehen, zog, gezogen
freeze, froze, frozen
shoot, shot, shot
3a. i - a - u/ofinden, fand, gefunden
beginnen, begann, begonnen
begin, began, begun
sing, sang, sung
3b. e - a - ohelfen, half, geholfen
befehlen, befahl, befohlen
win, won, won
find, found, found
4. e - a - oSee Class 3bSame as 3b in modern German
break, broke, brokenspeak, spoke (spake), spoken
5. e/i - a - eessen, a, gegessen
bitten, bat, gebeten
eat, ate, eaten
give, gave, given
6. a - u - a graben, grub, gegraben shake, shook, shaken
7. [x] - ie - [x]* blasen, blies, geblasen fall, fell, fallen
*Class 7 verbs are uniform in having an ie past tense form, but the other vowels in the infinitive or pastparticiple forms can vary: a/au/ei/o/u. See the chart for details.
Exceptions Ausnahmen Odd verb patterns
German Strong Verbs
Ab laut Class 1b
Strong-verb vowel patterns in German
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There are seven ablaut classes or vowel-shift patterns found in the conjugation of German verbs.
Below is a list of German strong (irregular) verbs in Class 1. This class is further divided into a larger
subgroup of verbs that follow the ei-i-i pattern. See Class 1a for those verbs.
Class 1b: ei - ie - ie (German strong verbs listed alphabetically)
Note: These verbs have other English meanings besides the one shown.
Ablaut Class 1b - GermanGerman Strong-Verb Conjugation Patterns
Principal Parts - ei - ie - ie
German Verb English Meaning
bleiben, blieb, geblieben stay, stayed, stayed
gedeihen, gedieh, gediehen flourish, flourished, flourished
leihen, lieh, geliehen loan. loaned, loaned
meiden, mied, gemieden avoid, avoided, avoided
reiben, rieb, gerieben rub, rubbed, rubbed
scheiden, schied, geschieden part, parted, parted
scheinen, schien, geschienen shine, shone, shone
schreiben, schrieb, geschrieben write, wrote, written
schreien, schrie, geschrie(e)n scream, screamed, screamed
schweigen, schwieg, geschwiegen be silent, was silent, has been silent
speien, spie, gespie(e)n spew, spewed, spewed
steigen, stieg, gestiegen climb, climbed, climbed
treiben, trieb, getrieben drive, drove, driven
verzeihen, verzieh, verziehen forgive, forgave, forgiven
weisen, wies, gewiesen reject, rejected, rejected
German Strong Verbs
Ab laut Class 2
Strong-verb vowel patterns in German
There are seven main ablaut classes or vowel-shift patterns found in the conjugation of German verbs.
Below is a list of German strong (irregular) verbs in Class 2.
Class 2: ie - o - o (German strong verbs listed alphabetically)
Note: These verbs have other English meanings besides the one shown.
-
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German Strong-Verb Conjugation PatternsPrincipal Parts - ie - o - o
German Verb English Meaning
biegen, bog, gebogen bend, bent, bent
bieten, bot, geboten offer, offered, offered
fliegen, flog, geflogen fly, flew, flownfliehen, floh, geflohen flee, fled, fled
flieen, floss, geflossen flow, flowed, flowed
frieren, fror, gefroren freeze, froze, frozen
genieen, genoss, genossen enjoy, enjoyed, enjoyed
gieen, goss, gegossen pour, poured, poured
kriechen, kroch, gekrochen crawl, crawled, crawled
riechen, roch, gerochen smell, smelled, smelled
schieben, schob, geschoben shove, shoved, shoved
schieen, schoss, geschossen shoot, shot, shot
schlieen, schloss, geschlossen close, closed, closed
sprieen, spross, gesprossen sprout, sprouted, sprouted
stieben, stob, gestoben spray, sprayed, sprayed
verlieren, verlor, verloren lose, lost, lost
ziehen, zog, gezogen pull, pulled, pulled
The Two German Past Tenses
The simple past and the present perfect
Talking about the past in German
Although both English and German use the simple past tense (Imperfekt) and the present perfect tense
(Perfekt) to talk about past events, there are some major differences in the way each language uses these
tenses. If you need to know more about the structure and grammar of these tenses, see the links below.
Here we will focus on when and how to use each past tense in German.
The Simple Past (Imperfekt)We'll start with the so-called simple past because it's simple. Actually, it's called simple because it's
a one-word tense (hatte, ging, sprach, machte) and isn't a compound tense like the present perfect (hatgehabt, ist gegangen, habe gesprochen, haben gemacht). To be precise and technical, theImperfektor
narrative past tense refers to a past event that is not yet fully completed (Latinperfect), but I have
never seen how this applies to its actual use in German in any practical way. However, it is sometimesuseful to think of the narrative past as being used to describe a series of connected events in the past,
i.e., a narrative. This is in contrast to the present perfect described below, which (technically) is used to
describe isolated events in the past.
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Used less in conversation and more in print/writing, the simple past, narrative past, or imperfect tense is
often described as the more formal of the two basic past tenses in German and it is found primarily inbooks and newspapers. Therefore, with a few important exceptions, for the average learner it is more
important to recognize and be able to read the simple past than to use it. (Such exceptions include
helping verbs such as haben, sein, werden, the modal verbs, and few others, whose simple past tense
forms are often used in conversation as well as written German.)
The German simple past tense may have several English equivalents. A phrase such as, er spielteGolf, can be translated into English as: he was playing golf, he used to play golf, he played golf,
or he did play golf, depending on the context.
As a general rule, the farther south you go in German Europe, the less the simple past is used in
conversation. Speakers in Bavaria and Austria are more likely to say, Ich bin in London gewesen,
rather than Ich war in London. (I was in London.) They view the simple past as more aloof and coldthan the present perfect, but you should not be overly concerned about such details. Both forms are
correct and most German-speakers are thrilled when a foreigner can speak their language at all! Just
remember this simple rule for the simple past: it is used mostly for narration in books, newspapers, and
written texts, less in conversation. Which brings us to the next German past tense...
The Present Perfect (Perfekt)
The present perfect is a compound (two-word) tense formed by combining an auxiliary (helping) verb
with the past participle. Its name comes from the fact that the present tense form of the auxiliary verb
is used, and the word perfect, which, as we mentioned above, is Latin for done/completed. (Thepast perfect [pluperfect, Plusquamperfekt] uses the simple past tense of the auxiliary verb.) This
particular German past tense form is also known as the conversational past, reflecting its primary use
in conversational, spoken German.
Because the present perfect or conversational past is used in spoken German, it is important to learn how
this tense is formed and used. However, just as the simple past is not used exclusively in print/writing,
neither is the present perfect used only for spoken German. The present perfect (and past perfect) is alsoused in newspapers and books, but not as often as the simple past. Most grammar books tell you that the
German present perfect is used to indicate that something is finished at the time of speaking or that a
completed past event has results that continue into the present. That can be useful to know, but it is
more important to recognize some of the major differences in the way the present perfect is used in
German and English.
For instance, if you want to express, I used to live in Munich in German, you can say, Ich habe in
Mnchen gewohnt. a completed event (you no longer live in Munich). On the other hand, if youwant to say, I have lived/have been living in Munich for ten years, you can't use the perfect tense (or
any past tense) because you're talking about an event in the present (you are still living in Munich). So
German uses the present tense (with schon seit) in this situation: Ich wohne schon seit zehn Jahren inMnchen, literally I live since ten years in Munich. (A sentence structure that Germans sometimes
mistakenly use when going from German to English!)
English-speakers also need to understand that a German present perfect phrase such as, er hat Geige
gespielt, can be translated into English as: he has played (the) violin, he used to play (the) violin,he played (the) violin, he was playing (the) violin, or even he did play (the) violin, depending on
the context. In fact, for a sentence such as, Beethoven hat nur eine Oper komponiert, it would only be
correct to translate it into the English simple past, Beethoven composed only one opera, rather thanthe English present perfect, Beethoven has composed only one opera. (The latter incorrectly implies
that Beethoven is still alive and composing.)
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To learn more about the two past tenses in German, see the following pages. German Regular
VerbsPast Tense Verb Conjugations
Introduction
Regular German verbs follow an easy-to-learn and predictable pattern in both past tenses (simple
past, present perfect). Once you learn the pattern for one regular German verb, you know how allGerman verbs are conjugated in the past. The irregular verbs don't follow the same rules in the past, but
since most German verbs are regular, this makes your learning task somewhat simpler.
The chart below shows a sample regular German verb in the simple past tense and the present perfect.
All regular German verbs follow the same pattern. We have also included a helpful sample list of
common regular verbs in German.
The Basics (Simple Past)
Any regular German verb uses the basic -te ending to form the simple past, similar to the -ed pastending in English. The past-tense ending is added to the verb stem exactly as in thepresent tense. He
played thus becomes er spielte. To conjugate any regular verb in the simple past, you simply add thepast-tense ending to the stem.
As in the present tense, each person (he, you, they, etc.) requires its own ending on the verb. There arefour (4) unique endings in the German simple past tense, one less than in the present tense (because the
endings forich and the third person are identical in the past). The simple past tense endings are: -te (ich,
er/sie/es), -test (du), -tet (ihr), and -ten (Sie, wir, sie [pl.]). Unlike English, the past tense ending is notalways the same: I played = ich spielte, we played = wir spielten. Now let's look at all the conjugations
ofspielen in the simple past tense. (To learn more about when to use the simple past versus the present
perfect (below), see The Two German Past Tenses.)
SPIELEN / TO PLAYSimple Past Tense -Imperfekt
Deutsch English Sample Sentence
SINGULAR
ich spielte I played Ich spielte Basketball.
du spieltestyou (fam.)
playedSpieltest du Schach? (chess)
er spielte he played Er spielte mit mir. (with me)
sie spielte she played Sie spielte Karten. (cards)
es spielte it played Es spielte keine Rolle. (It didn't matter.)
PLURAL
wir spielten we played Wir spielten Basketball.
ihr spieltet you (guys) played Spieltet ihr Monopoly?
sie spielten they played Sie spielten Golf.
Sie spielten you playedSpielten Sie heute? (Sie, formal "you," is both
singular and plural.)
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The Basics (Present Perfect)
All regular German verbs have a basic past participle form based on the third person singular form. Thethird person form of the verb spielen is (er) spielt. Add the ge- prefix to that and you get the past
participle: gespielt. All regular verbs follow this same pattern: gesagt, gemacht, getanzt, etc.
To form the present perfect tense, you take the past participle (gespielt/played) and use it with anauxiliary or helping verb (usually a form ofhaben, sometimes sein). The present perfect tense gets its
name from the fact that you combine the present tense of the auxiliary verb with the participle to formthe tense. (The past perfect is similar, using the past tense of the auxiliary verb.) In most cases, the pastparticiple is placed at the end of the sentence: Wir haben die ganze Nacht getanzt. (We danced all
night.)
To say I have played (or I played) in the German present perfect, you say: Ich habe gespielt. After
you study the chart below, you will grasp the idea even better.
SPIELEN / TO PLAYPresent Perfect Tense - Perfekt
Deutsch English Sample Sentence
SINGULAR
ich habe gespieltI played
I have playedIch habe Basketball gespielt.
du hast gespielt
you (fam.) played
you have played
Hast du Schach gespielt?
erhat gespielthe played
he has playedEr hat mit mir gespielt.
sie hat gespieltshe played
she has played Sie hat Karten gespielt.
es hat gespieltit played
it has playedEs hat keine Rolle gespielt. (It didn't matter.)
PLURAL
wirhaben gespieltwe played
we have playedWir haben Basketball gespielt.
ihrhabt gespieltyou (guys) playedyou have played
Habt ihr Monoploy gespielt?
sie haben gespieltthey played
they have played Sie haben Golf gespielt.
Sie haben gespieltyou played
you have playedHaben Sie heute gespielt?
Notice in the chart above that the German present perfect tense can be translated into English in two
ways, with or without have. Also be careful to avoid the incorrect use of the German present perfect
for English expressions like, I have lived in Frankfurt for five years (now). In German that would be
expressed in the present tense with seit: Ich wohne seit fnf Jahren in Frankfurt.
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More Regular VerbsNotice the pattern?
English Deutsch Simple Past Past Participle
answer antworten antwortete* geantwortet*
ask fragen fragte gefragt
build bauen baute gebaut
cost kosten kostete* gekostet*
end enden endete* geendet*
hear hren hrte gehrt
say sagen sagte gesagt
*A regular verb whose stem ends in -d or -t adds a connecting e before the -te (past) or -t (past
participle) ending.
German Strong Verbs
Ablaut Class 3
Strong-verb vowel patterns in German
There are seven ablaut classes or vowel-shift patterns found in the conjugation of German verbs.
Below is a list of German strong (irregular) verbs in Class 3a. Also see the Class 3b verbs (e - a - o).
Class 3a: i - a - u/o (German strong verbs listed alphabetically)
Note: These verbs have other English meanings besides the one shown.
Ablaut Class 3a - GermanGerman Strong-Verb Conjugation Patterns
Principal Parts - i - a - u
German Verb English Meaning
binden, band, gebunden tie, tied, tied
dringen, drang, gedrungen press, pressed, pressed
finden, fand, gefunden find, found, found
gelingen, gelang, gelungen succeed, succeeded, succeeded
klingen, klang, geklungen sound, sounded, sounded
ringen, rang, gerungen ring, rang, rung
schlingen, schlang, geschlungen wrap, wrapped, wrapped
schwinden, schwand, geschwunden dwindle, dwindled, dwindled
schwingen, schwang, geschwungen vibrate, vibrated, vibrated
singen, sang, gesungen sing, sang, sung
sinken, sank, gesunken sink sank, sunk
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springen, sprang, gesprungen spring, sprang, sprung
stinken, stank, gestunken stink, stank, stunk
trinken, trank, getrunken drink, drank, drunk
verschwinden, verschwand, verschwunden disappear, disappeared, disappeared
zwingen, zwang, gezwungen force, forced, forced
Class 3: i - a - o
German Verb English Meaning
beginnen, begann, begonnen begin, began, begun
gewinnen, gewann, gewonnen win, won, won
rinnen, rann, geronnen trickle, trickled, trickled
schwimmen, schwamm, geschwommen swim, swam, swum
German Strong Verbs
Ab laut Class 3b
Strong-verb vowel patterns in German
There are seven ablaut classes or vowel-shift patterns found in the conjugation of German verbs.
Below is a list of German strong (irregular) verbs in Class 3b. Also see the Class 3a verbs (i - a - u/o).
Class 3b: e - a/o - o (German strong verbs listed alphabetically)
Note: These verbs have other English meanings besides the one shown.
Ablaut Class 3b - GermanGerman Strong-Verb Conjugation Patterns
Principal Parts - e - a - o
German Verb English Meaning
befehlen, befahl, befohlen command, commanded, commanded
bergen, barg, geborgen rescue, rescued, rescued
bersten, barst, geborsten burst, bursted, bursted
brechen, brach, gebrochen break, broke, broken
gebren, gebar, geboren give birth, gave birth, given birth
gelten, galt, gegolten apply, applied, applied (to)
helfen, half, geholfen help, helped, helped
nehmen, nahm, genommen take, took, taken
schelten, schalt, gescholten scold, scolded, scolded
schrecken, schrack, geschrocken frighten, frightened, frightened
sprechen, sprach, gesprochen speak, spoke, spoken
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stehlen, stahl, gestohlen steal, stole, stolen
sterben, starb, gestorben die, died, died
treffen, traf, getroffen meet, met, met
verderben, verdarb, verdorben spoil, spoiled, spoiled
werden, wurde (ward), geworden become, became, become
werfen, warf, geworfen throw, threw, thrown
Class 3b: e - o - o
German Verb English Meaning
dreschen, drosch, gedroschen thresh, threshed, threshed
fechten, focht, gefochten fence, fenced, fenced
flechten, flocht, geflochten braid, braided, braided
quellen, quoll, gequollen stream, streamed, streamed
schmelzen, schmolz, geschmolzen thaw, thawed, thawed
schwellen, schwoll, geschwollen swell, swelled, swollen
German Strong Verbs
Ab laut Class 5
Strong-verb vowel patterns in German
There are seven ablaut classes or vowel-shift patterns found in the conjugation of German verbs.
Below is a list of German strong (irregular) verbs in Class 5.
Class 5: e/i - a - e (German strong verbs listed alphabetically)
Note: These verbs have other English meanings besides the one shown.
Ablaut Class 5 - GermanGerman Strong-Verb Conjugation Patterns
Principal Parts - e - a - e
German Verb English Meaning
essen, a, gegessen eat, ate, eaten
geben, gab, gegeben give, gave, given
genesen, genas, genesen recuperate, recuperated, recuperated
geschehen, geschah, geschehen happen, happened, happened
lesen, las, gelesen read, read, read
messen, ma, gemessen measure, measured, measured
sehen, sah, gesehen see, saw, seen
treten, trat, getreten step, stepped, stepped
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vergessen, verga, vergessen forget, forgot, forgot
Class 5: i/ie - a - e
German Verb English Meaning
bitten, bat, gebeten request, requested, requested
liegen, lag, gelegen recline, reclined, reclined
sitzen, sa, gesessen sit, sat, sat
German Strong Verbs
Ab laut Class 6
Strong-verb vowel patterns in German
There are seven ablaut classes or vowel-shift patterns found in the conjugation of German verbs.
Below is a list of German strong (irregular) verbs in Class 6.
Class 6: a - u - u (German strong verbs listed alphabetically)
Note: These verbs have other English meanings besides the one shown.
Ablaut Class 6 - GermanGerman Strong-Verb Conjugation Patterns
Principal Parts - a - u - a
Also see irregular Class 6 verbs below.
German Verb English Meaning
graben, grub, gegraben dig, dug, dugladen, lud, geladen load, loaded, loaded
schaffen, schuf, geschaffen create, created, created
tragen, trug, getragen carry, carried, carried
Class 6: a - [a] - aThe following verbs follow the Class 6 pattern
only in part; the past tense form is weak.
German Verb English Meaning
backen, backte (buk)*, gebacken bake, baked, baked
fragen, fragte (frug)**, gefragt ask, asked, asked
*Although backen has a weak past in modern German, its past participle is strong. The strong past tenseform bukis rarely used today.
**The verbfragen is weak in modern German. The strong past tense formfrug is rarely used today.
mahlen, [mahlte], gemahlen grind, gound, ground
salzen, [salzte], gesalzen salt, salted, salted
German Strong Verbs
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Ab laut Class 7
Strong-verb vowel patterns in German
There are seven ablaut classes or vowel-shift patterns found in the conjugation of German verbs.Verbs in Class 7 are uniform in having an "[x]-ie-[x]" pattern in which the first and last forms have the
same vowel/diphthong, while the center (past tense) form is always ie. Below is a list of German strong
(irregular) verbs in Class 7.
Class 7: [x] - ie - [x] (German strong verbs listed alphabetically)
Note: These verbs have other English meanings besides the one shown.
Ablaut Class 7 - GermanGerman Strong-Verb Conjugation Patterns
Principal Parts (a-ie-a)
German Verb English Meaning
Class 7: a - ie - ablasen, blies, geblasen blow, blew, blown
braten, briet, gebraten roast, roasted, roasted
fallen, fiel, gefallen fall, fell, fallen
halten, hielt, gehalten hold, held, held
raten, riet, geraten advise, advised, advised
schlafen, schlief, geschlafen sleep, slept, slept
Class 7: au - ie - au
laufen, lief, gelaufen run, ran, run
Class 7: ei - ie - ei
heien, hiess, geheien be named, was named, has been named
Class 7: o - ie - o
stoen, stie, gestoen bump, bumped, bumped
Class 7: u - ie - u
rufen, rief, gerufen call, called, called
Class 7: a/ - i - a/
Anomaly with i rather than ie
fangen, fing, gefangen catch, caught, caught
hngen, hing, gehangen hang, hanged, hanged
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