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TECHNICAL SEMINAR:
TOUCH SCREEN TECHNOLOGY
Technical Seminar submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for theaward of the degree in
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Submitted by
V. N SIVA KUMAR 07551A04A7
UNDER THE ESTEEMED GUIDANCE OF
Mr.M .RAMA KRISHNA
Asso. Professor
GODAVARI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(Accredited by NBA , AFFILIATED to JNTU Kakinada)
Chaitanyanagar , NH-5 , RAJAHMUNDRY.
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Abstract:
TOUCH SCREEN
First computers became more visual, then they took a step further to understand
vocal commands and now they have gone a step further and became TOUCHY',
that is skin to screen.A touch screen is a display that can detect the presence and
location of a touch within the display area, generally refers to touch or contact to
the display of the device by a finger or hand. The screens are sensitive to
pressure; a user interacts with the computer by touching pictures or words on the
screen. Touchscreenscan also sense other passive objects, such as a stylus.A touch system consists of a touch Sensor that receives the touch input,
a Controller, and a Driver. The most commonly used touch technologies are the
Capacitive & Resistive systems. The other technologies used in this field are
Infrared technology, Near Field Imaging & SAW (surface acoustic wave
technology).
The touchscreen has two main attributes. First, it enables one to interact with
what is displayed directly on the screen, where it is displayed, rather than
indirectly with amouse or touchpad. Secondly, it lets one do so without requiring
any intermediate device, again, such as a stylus that needs to be held in the hand.
Such displays can be attached to computers or, as terminals to networks. They
also play a prominent role in many applications such as ATM's, point-of-
salesystems, industrialcontrols, casinos & public kiosks , the design of digital
appliances such as the personal digital assistant (PDA), satellite navigation
devices, mobile phones, and video games etc
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CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. HISTORYOFTOUCH SCREEN
3. DEFINITIONOFTOUCHSCREEN
4. HOWDOES A TOUCHSCREENWORK?
5. TYPESOFTOUCHSCREEN
y RESISTIVE
y SURFACE ACOUSTICWAVE
y CAPACITIVE
y INFRARED
y OPTICAL IMAGING
y ACOUSTICPULSERECOGNITION
6.LATESTDEVELOPMENT
7. HOW ISTOUCH TECHNOLOGYDIFFERENT FROM OTHERS
8. APPLICATIONOFTOUCHSCREEN
9. CONCLUSION
10. REFERENCES
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Introduction:A touch screen is a computer display screen that is sensitive
to human touch, allowing a user to interact with the computer by touching
pictures or words on the screen.
A touch screen system includesa 1. Touch screen panel,
2.controller and
3.software driver.
The touch screen sensor is a clear panel that is designed to fit over a
PC. When the screen is touched, the sensor detects the voltage change and passes the
signal to the touch screen controller. The controller that reads & translates the sensor
input into aconventional bus protocol (Serial, USB) and a software driver which
converts the businformation to cursor action as well as providing systems utilities.
Touch screens are used with information kiosks, computer based training devices, and
systems designed to help individuals who have difficultymanipulating a mouse or
keyboard. The touch screen panel is a clear panel attachedexternally to the monitor that
plugs into a serial or Universal Serial Bus (USB) port or abus card installed inside the
computer.
Touch screen technology can be used as an alternative user interface
with applications that normally require a mouse, such as a Web browser. Some
applications are designed specifically for touch screen technology, often having
larger icons and links than the typical PC application. Monitors are available with
built-in touch screen technology or individuals can purchase a touch screen kit.
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History of Touch screen
Touchscreens emerged from corporate research labs in the second half
of the 1940s. Touchscreens first gained some visibility with the
invention of the computer-assisted learning terminal, which came out
in 1975 as part of the PLATO project. Touchscreens have subsequently
become familiar in everyday life.
The first "touch sensor wasfirst developed by Dr. Sam Hurst,
founder of Elographics, while he was an instructor at the University
of Kentucky in 1971. This sensor was called the "Elograph", and
was patented by The University of Kentucky Research Foundation.
The "Elograph" was not transparent as are touchscreens, but was
a significant mile-stone for touch technology.
The first true touch screen came on the scene in 1974, again
developed by Dr.Hurst, of Elographics. In 1977, Elographicsdeveloped and patented five-wire resistive technology, the most
popular touch screen technology in use today. On February 24,
1994, the company officially changed Its name from Elographics
to EloTouchSystems.
Definition:
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Whatare Touch Screens?
The touchscreen is the most user friendly PC interface. It is an
input device, a way to communicate with the PC. The user touches thescreen to select options presented on the screen. Associated hardware
and software are used to determine the location of the press.
Touch Screen
Touch is the easiest to learn and use of any available interface. Businesses both
large and small are using touch technology to create new products, reach new
markets, increase productivity, and ease the flow of information.
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A basic touch screen has three main components: a touch sensor, a controller,
and a software driver. The touch screen is an input device, so it needs to be
combined with a display and a PC or other device to make a complete
touchinput system.
1.Touch Sensor
A touch screen sensor is a clear glass panel with a touch responsive surface. The
touch sensor/panel is placed over a display screen so that the responsive area of the
panel covers the viewable area of the video screen. There are several different
touch sensor technologies on the market today, each using a different method todetect touch input. The sensor generally has an electrical current or signal going
through it and touching the screen causes a voltage or signal change.
This voltage change is used to determine the location of the touch to the screen.
How Does a TouchscreenWork?
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2.Controller
The controller is a small PC card that connects between the touch sensor and
the PC. It takes information from the touch sensor and translates it into
information that PC can understand. The controller is usually installed inside
the monitor for integrated monitors or it is housed in a plastic case for external
touch add-ons/overlays. The controller determines what type of
interface/connection you will need on the PC. Integrated touch monitors will
have an extra cable connection on the back for the touch screen. Controllers are
available that can connect to a Serial/COM port (PC) or to a USB port (PC or
Macintosh). Specialized controllers are also available that work with DVD
player and other devices.
3.Softwaredriver
The driver is a software update for the PC system that allows the
touch screen and computer to work together. It tells the computer's
operating system how to interpret the touch event information that is
sent from the controller. Most touch screen drivers today are a mouse-
emulation type driver. This makes touching the screen the same as
clicking your mouse at the same location on the screen. This allows
the touch screen to work with existing software and allows new
applications to be developed without the need for touch screen
specific programming.
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Types of Touch Screens
There are a variety of types of touch technology available but the major ones
include analog resistive, capacitive, infrared, acoustic wave and near field imaging
1. Resistive Touch Screens
Of these only one may actually be appropriate for your application.
Analog resistive touch technology is comprised of a glass overlay that fits exactly
to the shape of a flat panel display. The exterior face of the glass is coated with a
conductive, transparent layer. A clear, hard coated plastic sheet is then suspended
over the glass overlay. The interior face of the plastic sheet is also coated with a
conductive layer. Between the glass and the plastic sheet there are thousands of
tiny separator dots about one-one thousandth of an inch thick. When a stylus
applies pressure to the surface of the display, the two layers make contact and a
controller instantly calculates X and Y coordinates. This accounts for resistive
overlay's very high touch recognition resolution.
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An 8-wire analog resistive touch screen has held up to more than 35 million
touches in laboratory environments, although most are officially rated over 1
million touches. These systems can also be sealed to prevent dust or water
penetration.
Capacitive overlay systems operate by way of a conductive stylus and require the
use of the human finger or stylus. It is covered with a coat of transparent metal
oxide but the coat is bonded to a single sheet of glass making it susceptible to
scratches, which will jeopardize the integrity of the touch screen. A touch on the
screen creates a capacitive coupling, drawing an electrical current to the touch
point. However, as soon as a glove is placed over the hand, the touch screen is
rendered inoperable which eliminates it from being effective in many applications.
The resistive Touch Screen is set up in the following way
Resistive Touch Screens
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Formed to fit the shape of a display, the glass panel has a coating of uniform
resistivity. A polyester cover sheet is tightly suspended over the top of the glass,
separated from it by small, transparent insulating dots. The cover sheet has a hard,
durable coating on the outer side and a conductivecoating on the inner side. With a
light touch, the conductive coating makes electrical contact with the coating on the
glass.
The controller circuit applies a voltage gradient across the resistive surface of the
glass. The voltages at the point of contact are the analog representation of the
position touched. The controller digitizes these voltages and transmits them to
thecomputer for processing.
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Reading a 4-Wire Screen
By using 4 wires, a pair of wires on each layer, both signals of X and Y are
registered by the controller. When a touch occurs, the touch point introduces a pair
of voltages for X and Y direction. The Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC), which
is located on the controller, is then converts these voltage positions into digital
numbers. The device driver calculates these digital numbers into display (X,Y)
coordinate. Puts the mouse cursor onto the (X,Y) coordinate. Also returns the
operating system with mouse left-button-down status, and left-button-up status
while untouched is occurred.
2.
4-wire Touch Screen
The x and y coordinates of a touch on a 4-wire touch screen can be read
in two steps. First, Y+ is driven high, Y is driven to ground, and the
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voltage at X+ is measured. The ratio of this measured voltage to
thedrive voltage applied is equal to the ratio of the y coordinate to the
height of the touch screen. The y coordinate can be calculated as
shown in Figure.
The x coordinate can be similarly obtained by drivingX+ high, driving X
to ground, and measuring the voltage at Y+. The ratio of this measured
voltage to the drive voltage applied is equal to the ratio of the x
coordinate to the width of the touch screen. Thismeasurement scheme
is shown in Figure
.
4-Wire Touch Coordinate Reading
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Advantages of Resistive
y Fast Response
y Pressure-activated by finger or gloved hand with a very light touch
y Durable hard-coat front surface can be non glare treated for reflection control or
polished for maximum clarity
y Touch screens and controllers are safety agency-approved components, so
certification of your system is easier
y High Resolution and Accuracy
Disadvantages of Resistive
y 80 % Clarity
y Resistive layers can be damaged by a sharp object
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2.Surface Acoustic Wave Touch Screens
The SAW touch screen is a glass overlay with transmitting and receiving
piezoelectric transducers for both the X and Y-axes. The touch screen controller
sends a 5 MHz electrical signal to the transmitting transducer, which converts the
signal into surface waves. These mechanical waves are directed across the opposite
side gather and direct the waves to the receiving transducer, which reconverts them
into an electrical signal.
Surface Acoustic Wave Touch Screens
When the front surface of the touch screen is touched, a portion of the mechanical
wave is absorbed, thus changing the received signal. The signal is then compared to
a stored reference signal, the change recognized, and a coordinate calculated. This
process happens independently for both the X and Y-axes. By measuring the
amount of the signal that is absorbed, a Z-axis is determined.
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Acoustic wave touch screens have transducers that emit ultrasonic sound waves
along two sides. Guided acoustic wave (GAW) systems function by the
transmission of an acoustic wave through a glass overlay on a display surface, and
surface acoustic wave systems (SAW) function by the transmission of an acoustic
wave over a glass overlay on a display surface.When an input device, such as a
finger, dampens the wave, electronic sensors determine the location of the
dampened area, recognizing a touch. SAW touch screen monitors have significant
stylus limitations. A stylus is the actual device, which touches the displays screen.
These systems require a soft, energy absorbing pressure that would come from a
finger. Although the human finger is the most popular stylus, often it is desirable
to have a pen-based stylus so the display does not become dirty. In this case, if
trying to use a pen, the acoustic wave would not be dampened and no touch
would be recognized.
Advantages of Surface Acoustic Wavey Excellent Image Clarity
y Very High Light Transmission
y Excellent Durability
y Stable "No-Drift" Operation
y High Resolution
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y Finger or Gloved-Hand Operation
y Very Light Touch
y Fast Touch Response
y X-, Y-, and Z-axis Response
y Overlay That Can Be Antiglare-Treated
Disadvantages of Surface Acoustic Wave
y Must be touched by finger, gloved hand, or soft-tip stylus.
y Something hard like a pen won't work
y Not completely sealable, can be affected by large amounts of grease,
water, or dirt on the touch screen
3.Capacitive Touch Screens
A capacitive touch screen panel is coated with a material, typically indium tin
oxide that conducts a continuous electrical current across the sensor. The sensor
therefore exhibits a precisely controlled field of stored electrons in both the
horizontal and vertical axes - it achieves capacitance.
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As the human body is also a conductor, touching the surface of the screen results
in a distortion of the local electrostatic field, measurable as a change in
capacitance. Different technologies may be used to determine the location of the
touch.
When the sensor's 'normal' capacitance field (its reference state) is altered by
another capacitance field, i.e., someone's finger, electronic circuits located at
each corner of the panel measure the resultant 'distortion' in the sine wave
characteristics of the reference field and sends the information about the event
to the controller for mathematical processing. Capacitive sensors can either be
touched with a bare finger or with a conductive device being held by a bare hand.
Capacitive touch screens are not affected by outside elements and have high
clarity.
The Apple iPhone is an example of a product that uses capacitance touch screen
technology. The iPhone is further capable of multi-touch sensing.
Capacitive sensors work based on proximity, and do not have to be directly
touched to be triggered. In most cases, direct contact to a conductive metal
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surface does not occur and the conductive sensor is separated from the user's
body by an insulating glass or plastic layer. Devices with capacitive buttons
intended to be touched by a finger can often be triggered by quickly waving the
palm of the hand close to the surface without touching.
Advantages of Capacitive
y High Touch Resolution
y High Clarity
y Completely Seal able
Disadvantages of Capacitive
y Must be touched by finger- will not work with any non-conductive input
y Can be affected by electricity
y May need re-calibration often
4.Infrared
Conventional optical-touch systems use an array of infrared (IR) light-emittingdiodes (LEDs) on two adjacent bezel edges of a display, with photosensors placed
on the two opposite bezel edges to analyze the system and determine a touch
event. The LED and photosensor pairs create a grid of light beams across the
display. An object (such as a finger or pen) that touches the screen interrupts the
light beams, causing a measured decrease in light at the corresponding
photosensors. The measured photosensor outputs can be used to locate
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atouchpoint coordinate.
Widespread adoption of infrared touchscreens has been hampered by two
factors: the relatively high cost of the technology compared to competing touch
technologies and the issue of performance in bright ambient light. This latter
problem is a result of background light increasing the noise floor at the optical
sensor, sometimes to such a degree that the touchscreens LED light cannot be
detected at all, causing a temporary failure of the touch screen. This is most
pronounced in direct sunlight conditions where the sun has a very high energy
distribution in the infrared region.
However, certain features of infrared touch remain desirable and represent
attributes of the ideal touchscreen, including the option to eliminate the glass or
plastic overlay that most other touch technologies require in front of the display.
In many cases, this overlay is coated with an electrically conducting transparent
material such as ITO, which reduces the optical quality of the display. This
advantage of optical touchscreens is extremely important for many device and
display vendors since devices are often sold on the perceived quality of the user
display experience.
Another feature of infrared touch which has been long desired is the digital
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nature of the sensor output when compared to many other touch systems that
rely on analog-signal processing to determine a touch position. These competing
analog systems normally require continual re-calibration, have complex signal-
processing demands (which adds cost and power consumption), demonstrate
reduced accuracy and precision compared to a digital system, and have longer-
term system-failure modes due to the operating environment.
5.Optical imaging
A relatively-modern development in touchscreen technology, two or more image
sensors are placed around the edges (mostly the corners) of the screen. Infrared
backlights are placed in the camera's field of view on the other sides of the
screen. A touch shows up as a shadow and each pair of cameras can then be
triangulated to locate the touch or even measure the size of the touching object
(see visual hull). This technology is growing in popularity, due to its scalability,
versatility, and affordability, especially for larger units.
Introduced in 2002 by 3M, this system uses sensors to detect the mechanical
energy in the glass that occurs due to a touch. Complex algorithms then interpret
this information and provide the actual location of the touch. The technologyclaims to be unaffected by dust and other outside elements, including scratches.
Since there is no need for additional elements on screen, it also claims to provide
excellent optical clarity. Also, since mechanical vibrations are used to detect a
touch event, any object can be used to generate these events, including fingers
and stylus. A downside is that after the initial touch the system cannot detect a
motionless finger.
6.Acoustic pulse recognition
Acoustic pulse recognition system uses more than two piezoelectric transducers
located at some positions of the screen to turn the mechanical energy of a touch
(vibration) into an electronic signal. This signal is then converted into an audio
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file, and then compared to preexisting audio profile for every position on the
screen. This system works without a grid of wires running through the screen; the
touch screen itself is actually pure glass, giving it the optics and durability of the
glass out of which it is made. It works with scratches and dust on the screen, and
accuracy is very good. It does not need a conductive object to activate it. It is a
major advantage for larger displays. As with the Dispersive Signal Technology
system, after the initial touch this system cannot detect a motionless finger.
Frustrated total internal reflection
This optical system works by using the principle of total internal reflection to fill a
refractive medium with light. When a finger or other soft object is pressed against
the surface, the internal reflection light path is interrupted, making the light
reflect outside of the medium and thus visible to a camera behind the medium.
Latest development
Introducing a New Touch Screen System
Touch screens are widely used in numerous industries and applications that require
exacting combinations of accuracy, touch sensitivity, and durability. Each touch
screen application has its own unique challenges, and traditionally, customers
choose the touch screen technology with the fewest disadvantages and technical
limitations for their specific application. Enter Dynapros Near Field Imaging
(NFI) Touch Screen System. Patented by Dynapro in 1997, it is uncompromising
in both performance and toughness, making it the perfect choice when high clarity
and durability are at issue.
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What is NFI?
Simply put, its a touch screen where the screen itself is the sensor. NFI uses a
sophisticated sensing circuit that can detect a conductive object - a finger or
conductive stylus - through a layer of glass, as well as through gloves or other
potential barriers (moisture, gels, paints, etc.). This is achieved with a high degree
of accuracy using data acquisition and image processing techniques that generate a
precise profile of the touch.
The NFI touch screen sensor uses a transparent conductive film patterned with a
proprietary topology applied to the base layer of glass. The front layer of glass is
bonded over the base layer with an optical adhesive. An excitation waveform is
supplied to the conductive layer by the controller to generate a low strength
electrostatic field in the front layer of glass. The near field is modulated by finger
contact with the front layer of glass, and a resultant differential signal is created,
making it possible to accurately resolve the electrostatic loading on the face of the
screen.
Dynapros dataacquisition expertise was instrumental in designing the method by
which the system firmware recognizes and decodes the location of the touch. The
controller scans continuously until it receives signs of an impending touch. At this
point it shifts into a different mode and subtracts the baseline associated with the
conditions immediately preceding the touch. This way, static and noise do not
affect the image of the touch. The profile of the touch is constructed from a
dynamic array of data points, and resolved to an actual touch point through
continuous re-imaging of the electrostatic field. Touch coordinates are fed back to
the operating system as fully compliant Microsoft mouse coordinates.
Once a touch is registered, its effect is zeroed out, so a subsequent touch in another
location can be detected. The system resolves and reports concurrent touches
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without averaging, allowing for advanced touch input capabilities.
Any long-term changes in the electrostatic image are compensated for, allowing
the system to ignore unwanted objects directly on the screen such as water
droplets, insects, conductive dirt, or other adhering contamination. Imaging also
enables the touch screen to ignore unwanted loading effects from large or distant
objects such as hands or arms, and to reject false touches.
Sophisticated data acquisition and image processing ensure NFI is accurate enough
to control equipment consistently and precisely, yet sensitive enough to detect
finger touches through gloves, and work through moisture and other contaminants.
The sensors glass construction provides superior optical performance, and will
continue to operate despite scratching, pitting, and other surface damage from
abrasives, chemicals or vandals.
NFI touch screens can be reliably sealed for applications that require high pressure
washdown or protection from contaminant-filled environments.
NFI Addresses Needs
NFI offers significant advantages in performance and durability without
compromises, and its the only touch screen technology that overcomes the
technical limitations found in other touch screen technologies, by addressing three
main factors:
* Accuracy - the ability to control equipment consistently and precisely
despite extreme environmental conditions
* Touch Sensitivity - the ability to operate the touch screen with gloves
through moisture, dirt, and other surface contaminants
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* Durability - the ability to withstand scratches and other surface damage
caused by abrasives, chemicals, or vandalism
The Benefits of NFI
Designed for Ruggedness
NFI technology offers protection against scratches, scrapes, gouges, and severe
abrasion. The sensor layer of the screen is well protected beneath the glass surface,
so performance remains unaffected even if the front glass layer is damaged.
Contaminant Proof
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Surface contaminants such as moisture, dirt, grease, and chemicals do not affect
the performance of the touch screen and can easily be cleaned. The touch screen
stands up to virtually all chemicals and continues to function accurately through
any sub-stance.
Touch Sensitivity
You can activate NFI with a touch of a finger - gloved or ungloved - or other
conductive stylus.
Stability
Variations in temperature, humidity, and altitude do not affect NFI. The touch
screen remains drift-free and does not require field calibration to maintain
accuracy. NFI is also immune to electro-static discharge and electromagnetic
interference.
Sealing CapabilityNFI touch screens can be reliably sealed for applications that require high pressure
washdown or for protection from contaminant-filled environments. Systems
incorporating NFI touch screens can readily achieve a NEMA 4X rating.
Performance
NFI requires very light contact and responds instantly to an operators touch. With
NFIs linearity and resolution, you can effectively perform drag and drop
operations. And the NFI touch screen also resolves and reports concurrent touches
without averaging.
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Shockand Vibration
NFI touch screens can withstand significant vibration and shock without
jeopardizing safety or performance. With chemically strengthened glass and no
mechanically sensitive components, NFI performs reliably when used in a high
vibration environment.
Optical Clarity
NFIs solid glass layer provides excellent image clarity. With extremely high
transmissivity, and unobtrusive glare and reflection protection, NFI provides aclear window for any application.
How is Touch Technology different from
other devices?
No special commands to learn.
The user doesn't need to look away from the screen to a keyboard and
back again.
Entering wrong information is impossible, only valid options are
offered on the screen.
There are no loose pieces of hardware to be damaged or lost
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Application of Touch screen
The touch screen is one of the easiest PC interfaces to use, making it the interface
of choice for a wide variety of applications. Here are a few examples of how touch
input systems are being used today:
Public Information Displays
Information kiosks, tourism displays, many people that have little or
no computing experience use trade show displays, and other electronic
displays. The user-friendly touch screen interface can be less
intimidating and easier to use than other input devices, especially for
novice users. A touch screen can help make your information more
easily accessible by allowing users to navigate your presentation by
simply touching the display screen.
Retail and Restaurant Systems
Time is money, especially in a fast paced retail or restaurant
environment. Touch screen systems are easy to use so employees can
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get work done faster, and training time can be reduced for new
employees. And because input is done right on the screen, valuable
counter space can be saved. Touch screens can be used in cash
registers, order entry stations, seating and reservation systems, and
more.
Customer Self-Service
In todaysfast pace world, waiting in line is one of the things that have
yet to speed up. Self-service touch screen terminals can be used to
improve customer service at busy stores, fast service restaurants,
transportation hubs, and more. Customers can quickly place their own
orders or check themselves in or out, saving them time, and
decreasing wait times for other customers. Automated bank teller
(ATM) and airline e-ticket terminals are examples of self-service
stations that can benefit from touch screen input.
Control and Automation Systems
The touch screen interface is useful in systems ranging from industrial
process control to home automation. By integrating the input device
with the display, valuable workspace can be saved. And with a
graphical interface, operators can monitor and control complex
operations in real-time by simply touching the screen.
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Computer Based Training
B
ecause the touch screen interface is more user-friendly than otherinput devices, overall training time for computer novices, and
therefore training expense, can be reduced. It can also help to make
learning more fun and interactive, which can lead to a more beneficial
training experience for both students and educators.
Assistive Technology
The touch screen interface can be beneficial to those that have
difficulty using other input devices such as a mouse or keyboard.
When used in conjunction with software such as on-screen keyboards,
or other assistive technology, they can help make computing resources
more available to people that have difficulty using computers.
And manymore uses...
The touch screen interface is being used in a wide variety of
applications to improve human-computer interaction. Other
applications include digital jukeboxes, computerized gaming, student
registration systems, multimedia software, financial and scientific
applications, and more.
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References:
http://www.touchscreen_encyclopedia.com
http://www.elotouchsystem.com
http://www.seminarprojects.com
http://Touchscreens.com
http://Abilityhuh.com
http://Webopedia.com/Touchscreen