Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence
Describe how body structure and function are related to the performance of physical activity.
Explain how/why body structure and function are related to the performance of physical activity.
Explain in detail how/why body structure and function are related to the performance of physical activity.
1. Heart rategoes up
4. Breathing is deeper
7. Body temperaturegoes up
6. Respirationrate goes up
8.Sweating
starts
5. Diffusion in the lungs increases
3. Blood pressuregoes up
2. Stroke volume
increases
Short Term responses to Exercise
1. The muscles start to work harder, requiring more oxygen and producing more carbon dioxide, which needs to be removed.
2. The brain
Heart Lungs to makethem work
harder.
detects these changesand sends a signal to the:
and
Short-Term Effects of ExerciseShort-Term Effects of Exercise
3. The lungs work harder as breathing is now faster and deeper. They take in more oxygen and remove more
carbon dioxide.
4. The heart starts working harder and as a result, greater supplies of blood are
sent around the body for use by the muscles.
The Respiratory System The Cardiovascular System
5. Blood pressure goes up, but is prevented from going too high by
6. Contracting muscles squeeze the veins, squirting blood back much faster to the heart.
7. The heart fills up more completely when it relaxes and then contracts more strongly, pumping more blood with each beat.
the widening of the arteries.
Blood is also diverted from organs like the gut and stomach and sent to the muscles which need it more, by either:
Constricting of the blood vessels. ( )
or
Widening of the blood vessels ( ) vasodilation
vasoconstriction
8. Quicker heart rate recovery
1. Heart becomes bigger with thicker walls
2. Capilliarisationof muscle tissue
4. Stroke volumeincreases
3. Resting heart rate is lower
7. More red blood cells
9. Heart rate increases more slowly asexercise begins
5. Greater cardiac output
6. Arteries largerand more elastic
Long-Term Effects of
exercise on Cardiovascul
ar system
Long-Term Effects of
exercise on Cardiovascul
ar system
Human blood smear
A. The Heart Rate
The muscular walls of the heart become stronger, making the chambers slightly larger (hypertrophy).
These chambers empty more fully increasing the amount of blood pumped out with each beat.
Long-Term Effects – CardiovascularLong-Term Effects – Cardiovascular
Unfit Heart Fit Heart
Stroke Volume Increases
The resting heart rate becomes much lower. The heart rate increases much more slowly as exercise begins Recovery rates fall more quickly once exercising has stopped
The increase in stroke volume has the following effects...
An Unfit Heart
A Fit Heart
WhileExercising
At Rest
Recovery back to the resting beat within two minutes.
Recovery back to the resting beat longer than two minutes.
1. Capilliarisation of the alveoli
6. Diffusion in the lungs increases
5. More alveoli inthe lungs
4. Lungs have a greater vital capacity
2. Greater Max VO2
3. Can cope betterwith lactic acid
Long-Term Effects of
Exercise on Respiratory
System
Long-Term Effects of
Exercise on Respiratory
System
Section of human alveoli
Vital Capacity: Increases as the diaphragm and intercostal muscles get stronger, making the chest cavity larger. This means that more oxygen can be breathed in, and carbon dioxide breathed out.
Alveoli: The number of alveoli in the lungs increases. This produces a greater surface area for the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen within the lungs.
Capillaries: A greater density of capillaries grow around the alveoli, again increasing the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and blood.
Long-Term Effects - Respiratory SystemLong-Term Effects - Respiratory System
3. Ligaments and tendons getstronger
2. Bones becomestronger
1. Muscles become thicker and stronger
4. Joints are more supple
5. Cartilage thicker
Long-Term Effects of
Exercise on Muscular &
Skeletal Systems
2. Alertness levels improve
4. Sleepingpatterns become more regular
5. Greater levels of self-esteem and confidence
1. Reaction times are faster
Long-Term Effects of
Exercise on Nervous System
3. Concentration enhanced
Joints – Exercise makes ligaments become stronger and cartilage thicker.
Bones – Regular exercise makes the bones grow stronger.
Muscles – The muscles which are working harder, become thicker and so can contract more strongly. This is known as hypertrophy.
Tendons – These attach muscle to bones and as a result of strength training they become thicker and stronger.
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