AD-A27 2 102
Project 1680
AQUATIC RESOURCESOF
ROCKY MOUNTAIN ARSENALADAMS COUNTY, COLORADO
Prepared byMorrison-Knudsen Environmental Services, Inc.
Denver, Colorado
Prepared forShell Oil Company
Holme Roberts & OwenDenver, Colorado
1
September 1989 N
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09/27/89 4
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REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved
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1. AGENCY USE ONLY Leave olanx) 2. REPORT0 JJ,90 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED
4- AT fVEWl§ikEOF ROCKY MOUNTAIN ARSENAL, ADAMS COUNTY, COLORADO S. FUNDING NUMBERS
6. AUTHOR(S)
"7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
NORRISON-KNLUSEN ENGINEERS, INC. REPORT NUMBER
90346R01
9. SPONSORING, MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING, MONITORINGAGENCY REPORT NUMBER
HOLME, ROBERTS AND OWEN
11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
12a. DISTRIBUTION/ AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION IS UNLIMITED
13. ABSTRACT M.rn2QLrcs3 TH REARTk•PREES THE RESULTS OF AQUATIC ECOLOGY INVESTIGATIONS CONDUCTED
AT RMA FROM FALL 1985 THROUGH SPRING 1988. THE MAOR OBJECTIVES OF THEINVESTIGATION WERE TO:
1. CHARACTERIZE THE AQUATIC RESOURCES OF RMA, PARTICULARLY THE SOUTH LAKES2. COMPARE THE WATER QUALITY AND AQUATIC BIOTA OF RMA LAKES WITH AN OFFSITE
LAKE.THE REPORT IS DIVIDED INTO THE FOLLOWING SECTIONS:
1. METHODS - SAMPLING PROCEDURES, TISSUE ANALYSES2. CHARACTERIZATION OF SOUTH LAKES AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS - WATER QUALITY,
PLANKTON, FISH3. COMPARISON WITH MCKAY LAKE IN NORTHWESTERN ADAMS COUNTY - WATER QUALITY,
AQUATIC SPECIES4. HISTORY OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AT RMA5. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS.
14. UJEC 15. NUMBER OF PAGESFAUNA,CFLORN COLOGY
16. PRICE CODE
"17. SECURITY CLASSIFiCATION 18. SECURITY CLASSFICAT;ON I 19. SECURITY C..ASSIFICATION 20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACTUI(L..•TFIED OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT
• . ! . .- '• . . . • _• _-00
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION PAGE
1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................. 11.1 BACKGROUND .............................. 11.2 REGIONAL AQUATIC ECOLOGY ........................... 1
1.2.1 Rivers and Creeks .................... 31.2.2 Lakes and Ponds ..................... 4
1.3 AQUATIC RESOURCES OF RMA ........................... 51.3.1 South Lakes .................................. 81.3.2 Small Ponds .................................. 91.3.3 First Creek ................................ 101.3.4 Ditches and Canals ........................ 11
2.0 METHODS ...................................... 122.1 GENERAL APPROACH ............................ 122.2 SAMPLING PROCEDURES ................................. 12
2.2.1 Water Quality ........................ 122.2.2 Phytoplankton ............................... 142.2.3 Zooplankton ................................. 152.2.4 Benthic Macroinvertebrates ....... 162.2.5 Fish ......................................... 162.2.6 Amphibians ............................. 182.2.7 Aquatic Plants ....................... 18
2.3 TISSUE ANALYSES ............................. 18
3.0 CHARACTERIZATION OF SOUTH LAKES AQUATICENVIRONMENTS ................................. 193.1 WATER QUALITY ........................................ 19
3.1.1 In-Situ Measurements ............. 193.1.2 Laboratory Analyses .............. 25
3.1.2.1 General Water QualityIndicators ........ ............ 25
3.1.2.2 Nutrients .................. 283.1.2.3 Principal Anions and
Cations ............................... 303.2 PHYTOPLANKTON ....................................... 33
3.2.1 Abundance ......... .................... 333.2.2 Community Composition ............ 333.2.3 Chlorophyll ................................. 40
3.3 ZOOPLANKTON ............................. 423.3.1 Microzooplankton Community ....... 423.3.2 Macrozooplankton Community ....... 45
3.4 BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES .............. 483.5 FISH ... .................................. 60
3.5.1 Community Composition ............ 603.5.2 Evidence of Reproduction ......... 653.5.3 Size and Condition Factor ........ 663.5.4 Observations of Tumors and
Parasitism .................................. 733.6 AMPHIBIANS ................................ ..... 733.7 AQUATIC MACROPHYTES ........................ 76
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TABLE OF CONTENTS(Continued)
SECTION PAGE
4.0 ONSITE-OFFSITE COMPARISONS ....................... 774.1 WATER QUALITY ................................ 774.2 PHYTOPLANKTON ................................ 824.3 MICROZOOPLANRTON ................................. 824.4 MACROZOOPLANKTON ................................... 844.5 BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES .............. 854.6 FISH ............................................ ..... 86
4.6.1 Community Composition and RelativeAbundance .................................. 86
4.6.2 Evidence of Reproduction ......... 874.6.3 Condition Factors .......................... 87
4.7 AMPHIBIANS ......................................... 894.8 AQUATIC MACROPHYTES ......................... 89
5.0 HISTORY OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AT RMA ....... 915.1 SOUTH LAKES ............................. 91
5.1.1 Upper and Lower Derby Lakes ...... 935.1.2 Lake Ladora ................................. 955.1.3 Lake Mary ................................... 97
5.2 OTHER RMA WATER BODIES ....................... 1005.2.1 First Creek ............................... 1005.2.2 Toxic Storage Yard Pond .......... 1005.2.3 Rod and Gun Club Pond ............ 100
6.0 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...................... 101
7.0 LITERATURE CITED ......................................... 103
APPENDIX A (Dissolved Oxygen Data) K- KrAPPENDIX B (Phytoplankton Data)APPENDIX C (Zooplankton Data)APPENDIX D (Macroinvertebrate Data) uAPPENDIX E (Fish Data)
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1-1 Location Map ........................................... 22-1 Surface Waters ......................................... 62-2 South Lakes and Surrounding Area .................... 73-1 Chlorides in the South Lakes .......................... 323-2 Phytoplankton Densities in Lower South Lakes ........ 353-3 Chlorophyll a in the South Lakes .................... 413-4 Microzooplankton Composition in South Lakes ......... 443-5 Seasonal Microzooplankton Abundance ................. 463-6 Macrozooplankton Composition in South Lakes ......... 493-7 Seasonal Macrozooplankton Abundance ................. 503-8 Benthic Macroinvertebrate Composition ............... 513-9 Seasonal Macroinvertebrate Abundance ................ 583-10 Composition of Electrofishing Samples ............... 633-11 Seasonal Electrofishing Catches ..................... 643-12 Beach Seine Catch Composition ....................... 673-13 Seasonal Abundances of Beach Seine Catches .......... 683-14 Condition Factors for Bluegill and Bass ............. 693-15 Regression Slopes for Bluegill and Bass ............. 724-1 Map of McKay Lake ...................................... 784-2 Comparison of Condition Factor (K) for Bluegill and
Largemouth Bass (Onsite and Offsite) ................ 89
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 PURPOSE
This report presents the results of aquatic ecology investiga-tions conducted at Rocky Mountain Arsenal (RMA) from fall 1985through spring 1988. The studies were perform'ed by Morrison-Knudsen Engineers (MKE) and their subcontractors on behalf ofShell Oil Company (Shell), through the law firm of Holme Roberts& Owen. The major objectives of the investigations were tocharacterize the aquatic resources of RMA, particularly theSouth Lakes, and to compare the water quality and aquatic biota
of RMA lakes with an offsite lake.
Much of the information presented in this report has beenincorporated into the Biota Remedial Investigation (RI), pre-pared for the U.S. Army by Hunter/ESE as part of the RemedialInvestigation/Feasibility Study (RI/FS) for Rocky MountainArsenal (ESE 1989). The purpose of this report is to providegreater detail on the Shell/MKE studies than was appropriate forthe Biota RI and to present some data not included in that
document.
Results of a literature review on aquatic resources at RMA wereprovided in a previous report by MKE (1987). The most compre-hensive aquatic resource investigation at RMA prior to RI/FSefforts was conducted by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service(FWS) in 1984 by Rosenlund et al. (1986).
1.2 REGIONAL AQUATIC ECOLOGY
Rocky Mountain Arsenal covers approximately 27 square miles (70km 2 ) of gently rolling terrain in Adams County, Colorado. TheArsenal is located about 16 km (10 miles) northeast of downtownDenver, just north of Stapleton International Airport (Figure1-1) and within the South Platte River drainage. Prior
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BARR LAKE
...~~MOUNTAIN ,
AtC KARSENAL ",,
ADAMSS Co.SI" NT"ERNATIONA
0 DENVE ADAM •c .ARAPAHOE CO.
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0 I 2 3 4 Smilet!I I I i 11 1 .-o 1 2 3 4 5km
FIGURE 1-1. LOCATION MAP ROCKY MOUNTAINARSENAL.
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to settlement of the region, aquatic resources were limited tothe South Platte River and its tributaries and a small number ofnatural ponds and lakes. Today, numerous impoundments are themost prominent aquatic resources of the Front Range Urban
Corridor. These have been constructed for a variety of
purposes, including use fr livestock, domestic water supplies,flood control, irrigation storage, and recreation. The
following subsections briefly describe the aquatic biota
characteristic of flowing or standing bodies of water in the
region surrounding RMA.
1.2.1 Rivers and Creeks
Streams with sufficient basin size and runoff for permanent flow
generally support an aquatic community. Most of the major
streams in the region originate in the mountains to the west
where heavier rainfall, extensive snowpack, steep terrain, and
rocky soils contribute to the volume and persistence of flow.
Many of the minor permanent streams have their headwaters in
prairie uplands.
Rivers and creeks originating in the mountains are usually cold,
swift, clear, and highly oxygenated when they emerge onto the
plains. They typically are also well shaded by riparian trees
and have rocky substrates. Primary production in these cold-
water and coolwater reaches is generally limited to periphyton
(attached algae). Macroinvertebrate communities are usually
dominated by crawling forms of insect larvae, such as
caddisflies, mayflies, and stoneflies. Densities and
diversities of these organisms are high, and they provide an
abundant preybase for fish. Cutthroat trout are native to these
waters, and three introduced trout--rainbow, brown, and
brook--are now widespread. Native nongame fish include the
longnose sucker, longnose dace, and johnny darter.
As the streams flow eastward onto the plains, they become slower
and wider, the amount of shading decreases, substrates become
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finer, and turbidity increases. Consequently, temperatures rise
and oxygen levels fall. Primary producers in these stretches
shift from periphyton to phytoplankton (suspended algae) and
macrophytes (aquatic plants). Macroinvertebrate communities
also shift, being dominated by burrowing forms (e.g., dipteran
larvae and oligochaete worms) and free-swlmming aquatic insects
(e.g., water striders, water boatmen, and diving beetles).
Invertebrate diversities and densities are notably lower than in
the upper stream reaches. Fish in the lower reaches are
primarily warmwater species. Native fishes include the green
sunfish, plains topminnow, plains killifish, fathead minnow,
common shiner, and red shiner. Channel catfish are native in
larger rivers, especially farther east, and have been stocked
extensively.
1.2.2 Lakes and Ponds
Lakes and ponds the size of those at RMA generally support a
warmwater aquatic community. Primary production is mostly due
to phytoplankton and macrophytes. Zooplankton, particularly
copepods and cladocerans (water fleas), are an important
component in areas of standing water. Macroinvertebrates
include many of the burrowing and free-swimming forms
characteristic of warmwater streams. Dragonflies, damselflies,
snails, and freshwater mussels are common.
Fishes native to ponds and lakes in the region include the black
bullhead, green sunfish, orange-spotted sunfish, and fathead
minnow. Many ponds and lakes have been stocked with gamefish
for recreational use, mainly panfish such as bluegill or
pumpkinseed sunfish and predators such as largemouth bass ornorthern pike. Green sunfish, black bullhead, and channel
catfish are also commonly stocked. Larger ponds and lakes may
be stocked with walleye, yellow perch, and black crappie.
Rainbow trout and brown trout are frequently added for a put-
and-take fishery. Carp are ubiquitous.
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Lakes and ponds may support populations of northern leopard
frogs and bullfrogs. Marshy areas along pond margins provide
breeding habitat for northern chorus frogs, Woodhouse's toads,
and Great Plains toads. Another type of toad, the plains
spadefoot, is sometimes found near small, shallow ponds. Tiger
salamanders also breed in these waters. Aquatic turtles are aminor group in the region; the western painted turtle is the
most common species.
For most lakes and ponds in the region--as well as streams--the
aquatic community is controlled to a significant extent bymanagement practices and water quality. The semi-arid climate,
irregular distribution of runoff events, and use of water for
irrigation typically result in widely fluctuating water levels.
Salinity, alkalinity, hardness, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen
frequently limit the ability of a water body to support a viable
fishery.
1.3 AQUATIC RESOURCES OF RMA
Surface waters at RMA include four impoundments collectively
known as the South Lakes or Lower Lakes, a number of smaller
ponds, and one intermittent-to-perennial stream (Figures 2-1 and
2-2). Field investigations were mostly limited to three of the
South Lakes (Lower Derby Lake, Lake Ladora, and Lake Mary)
because they are the largest and most complex aquatic ecosystems
on the site and receive substantial recreational use as catch-
and-release fisheries. Two of thse lakes--Lower Derby and
Ladora--were used as sources of process cooling water for
chemical production at RMA and have a history of contamination.
Lake Mary was not part of the process cooling system butreceived water via overflow or seepage from Lower Derby Lake. A
fourth impoundment, Upper Derby Lake, was part of the process
cooling system, but it now is mostly dry except following runoff
events.
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PEORIA DITCH
11 12_7 ARSENALBOUNDARY
0 1 mile
o km
FIGURE 2-2. SOUTH LAKES AND SURROUNDINGAREA OF ROCKY MOUNTAIN ARSENAL.
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The following subsections briefly describe the surface waters of
RMA. For convenience, Lower Derby Lake is sometimes referred to
in this report as "Derby Lake", especially on figures and
tables. This abbreviation conforms to the name shown on the
USGS 7.5 minute topographic quadrangle map.
1.3.1 South Lakes
The largest body of water at RMA is Lower Derby Lake, which has
a surface area of about 38 ha and an average depth of 2-3 m.
Lower Derby Lake receives inflow from the Irondale Gulch basin
(including Upper Derby Lake) and two ditches (Uvalda Interceptor
and Highline Lateral), as well as runoff from the South Plants
area. Lower Derby Lake existed prior to establishment of the
Arsenal, but it was enlarged by the Army for use as process
cooling water. The lake substrate is primarily silt with some
sand and detritus near the dam.
The second largest lake at RMA is Lake Ladora, which has a
surface area of about 25 ha. Its depth averages less than 2 m
because of extensive shallows, but the deepest areas exceed 5 m.
Lake Ladora is located immediately below (west of) Lower Derby
Lake. It also pre-dated the Arsenal but was enlarged by the
Army as part of the process cooling system. The shoreline of
Lake Ladora is irregular except along the dam, which has been
stabilized with discarded concrete. The substrate is composed
primarily of silt and sand, with some clay and organic detritus.
Lake Mary is much smaller than Ladora or Lower Derby, with a
surface area of only 3.6 ha. Average depth is about 2.7 m, but
some areas exceed 4.6 m. The upper portion of Lake Mary is
crossed by earthen berms, creating a series of smaller,
interconnected ponds. Two small islands occur in the main body
of the lake. The substrate of Lake Mary is primarily clay, with
some sand, silt, and organic detritus. Lake Mary was
constructed by the Army in 1960 for recreational use and was not
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Ia source of process cooling water. However, the location of
Lake Mary immediately below the dam of Lake Ladora apparently
resulted in its receiving contaminated waters from the
impoundments upstream.
Upper Derby Lake, the uppermost (easternmost) of the South
Lakes, was built by the Army shortly after the Arsenal was
established to expand the process cooling water system. The
lake currently is used only for flood and overflow storage and
thus is dry for much of the year. If the lake were full, it
would have a surface area of about 34 ha and an average depth of
less than 2 m. The broad, shallow nature of Upper Derby Lake
and its intermittent nature make it ideal for breeding by
various amphibians, but it does not support fish.
1.3.2 Small Ponds
Three minor water bodies at RMA (North Bog Pond, Rod and Gun
Club Pond, and Toxic Storage Yard Pond) occur in areas that were
natural marshes before the Arsenal was built. North Bog Pond
covers approximately 0.8 ha along the northern boundary, just
west of First Creek. The natural seep that fed the marsh is now
greatly augmented by excess water from the North Boundary
Containment/Treatment System. The pond contained carp and
minnows as well as amphibians during field studies.
Rod and Gun Club Pond--actually two separate ponds that coalesce
during periods of high water--is located south of Lower Derby
Lake. It apparently was excavated in a natural depression
between 1965 and 1971. Although an overflow ditch can carry
water from Lower Derby Lake into Rod and Gun Club Pond, most of
the runoff comes from the surrounding terrain and whatever
little additional area is intercepted by the ditch. There is no
drainage outlet. The marshy depression covers an area of just
under 8 ha, but the main pond (which has not been dry since
field studies began in fall 1985) covers only 2 ha and is less
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than 1 m deep. The pond did not support fish at the time of
field studies but was used for breeding by amphibians.
Toxic Storage Yard Pond was originally a series of three small
ponds formed by earthen dams constructed across First Creek.
The dams have been breached by high runoff, and only one small
pond covering less than 0.2 ha remains. A report by Rocky
Mountain Fisheries Consultants in 1977 (RMFC 1978) stated that
Toxic Storage Yard Pond covered 1 ha and averaged 1 m in depth.
The pond apparently supported the same fish species as First
Creek, as well as amphibians, and was also stocked with
gamefish.
Havana Pond or South Gate Pond is a small impoundment that
receives runoff from residential, commercial, and industrial
areas south of RMA. Most of the water is carried into the pond
by the Havana Street Interceptor and Peoria Ditch. When full,
the pond covers less than 8 ha and has an average depth of less
than 1 m. Havana Pond supported breeding populations of
amphibians during field studies, but it did not contain fish.
1.3.3 First Creek
The only stream on the RMA is First Creek, which drains most of
the eastern half of the site (about 24 km2 ) and has a length
onsite of 9.4 km. First Creek has a maximum discharge capacity
of 250 cfs where it enters the southeastern corner of the
Arsenal, and 300 cfs where it exits at the northern perimeter
(U.S. Army 1983). Its average gradient across the site is 4.9
m/km (26 ft/mi). First Creek is a fairly persistent stream, but
in dry years it carries water only during spring and following
major storms. The persistence of flow has probably increased as
a result of continued residential and commercial development
south of RMA. Onsite contribution includes several canals and
ditches. First Creek also receives effluent from the sewageUI treatment plant and overflow water from Upper Derby Lake. The
irregular flows and generally poor habitat of First Creek limit
its value as an aquatic resource.
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TLe extreme northeastern corner of RMA (about 1 km 2 ) lies within
the Second Creek drainage, although the stream itself does not
cross Arsenal property. Basin size of Second Creek is about
half that of First Creek, and its flows are less persistent.
Second Creek is not currently connected to any onsite water
body, but it previously fed a network of irrigation canals on
RMA land. Second Creek was not sampled during field studies.
1.3.4 Ditches and Canals
Five canals and ditches enter the Arsenal from the south (Figure
2-2). These are the Highline Lateral and Uvalda Interceptor,
which feed into Lower Derby Lake; Havana Street Interceptor and
Peoria Ditch, which ,.iter near the South Gate and flow into
Havana Pond; and Sand Creek Lateral, which enters west of Havana
Pond and terminates north of the North Plants.
The ditches and canals on RMA were not sampled during field
studies because they represent extremely limited aquatic habitat
and have highly irregular flows. However, most contain a small
amount of water during much of the year, and they probably
contribute aquatic invertebrates as well as water and sediments
to the South Lakes. The Highline Lateral may be a route bywhich fishes enter Arsenal waters during periods of peak flow.
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2.0 METHODS
2.1 GENERAL APPROACH
Aquatic field studies were designed to provide qualitative andquantitative information on the water quality and bioticcommunities of the South Lakes (Lake Mary, Lake Ladora, and
Lower Derby Lake), and an offsite lake (McKay Lake) also located
in Adams County. Biotic components investigated included
phytoplankton, zooplankton, aquatic macrophytes, benthicmacroinvertebrates, fish eggs and larvae, adult and juvenilefish, and amphibians. Sampling was conducted in the spring(April-May), early summer (June), late summer (August), and fall(November) of 1987. Additional samples were collected in April1988 in conjunction with the collection of fish tissue forcontaminant analysis. Data for the additional samples areprovided in the Appendices but are not described in the text.
2.2 SAMPLING PROCEDURES
2.2.1 Water Quality
Water samples for laboratory analysis were taken from the upperand lower areas of each lake during all sampling periods.Analytical methods for the water quality parameters are listedin Talkie 2-1. Each analytical sample was composed of threesubsamples, taken 1 m below the surface, at mid-depth, and 1 mabove the bottom. Where the water was less than 2 m deep, onlya mid-depth sample was collected. Subsamples were collectedusing a horizontal Van Dorn-style water bottle, composited in apolyethylene carboy, thoroughly mixed, and preserved tostabilize the parameters of interest.
In addition, in-situ measurements of dissolved oxygen,temperature, pH, conductivity, and transparency (Secchi
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TABLE 2-1
Methods and Holding Times for Water Quality Analyses
MethodParameter of Analysis* Holding Time
Alkalinity EPA 310.1 14 daysAcidity EPA 305.1 14 daysHardness EPA 130.2 6 monthsTotal Suspended Solids EPA 160.2 7 daysTotal Dissolved Solids EPA 160.1 48 hoursSulfate EPA 375.3 28 daysChlorides EPA 325.3 28 daysTrue Color EPA 110.2 48 hoursTurbidity EPA 180.1 48 hoursTotal Phosphate EPA 365.3 28 daysDissolved Ortho Phosphate EPA 365.2 48 hoursTotal Kjeldahl Nitrogen EPA 351.3 28 daysNitrate+Nitrite Nitrogen EPA 353.3 28 daysAmmonia Nitrogen EPA 350.2 28 daysSodium EPA 273.1 6 monthsPotassium SM** 322 B 6 monthsMagnesium SM 318 B 6 months
* EPA Guidelines Establishing Test Procedures for theAnalysis of Pollutants under the Clean Water Act. 40 CFRPart 136. FR/Vol. 49, No. 209/Friday, October 26, 1984.
** SM - APHA et al. 1985. Standard Methods for the Examinationof Water and Wastewater. 16th ed. Washington. 1268p.
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visibility) were taken in the upper and lower areas of each
lake. In-situ transparency is inversely related to turbidity,which was one of the lab analyses performed. Dissolved oxygen
and temperature were measured at depth intervals of 1 m or lessthroughout the water column. Dissolved oxygen readings were
taken within 2 hours of sunset and sunrise to measure the
diurnal pulse. Measurements of pH and conductivity were made at
the depths where water quality subsamples were collected (i.e.,
near-surface, mid-depth, and near-bottom).
2.2.2 Phytoplankton
Phytoplankton samples were collected at the same locations and
using the same equipment as water quality samples. Samples were
taken 1 m below the surface, or at mid-depth in areas less than2 m deep. Two aliquots were preserved with buffered formalin
for analysis of species composition; a third was immediatelyplaced in an ice chest and maintained at 4 0 C. At the end of the
sampling period, each refrigerated aliquot was thoroughly mixed
and spiked with saturated magnesium carbonate solution. The
aliquots were then passed through glass fiber filters at a
vacuum of less than 27 inches of mercury (11 psi) to remove thephytoplankton cells. The filters were folded, placed into glassvials, frozen, and later analyzed for chlorophyll content.
Identification and enumeration of phytoplankton were made usingboth the Palmer-Maloney method and proportional counting. The
Palmer-Maloney method involved settling the phytoplankton in a
mild detergent solution for 24 to 48 hours. Excess water wasthen removed and each sample centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 15
minutes to concentrate the organisms into a small pellet. All
but 5 ml of the centrifuged sample was then drawn off, thepellet resuspended, and the contents preserved in buffered
formalin. Identification and enumeration were performed byplacing 0.1 ml of the sample in a Palmer-Maloney counting
chamber, allowing 10 minutes for the organisms to settle, and
then scanning at a magnification of 400X. A maximum of twenty
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fields were examined for each analysis. Identifications were tothe lowest taxonomic level practicable.
Proportional counting involved the addition of hydrogen peroxideand potassium dichromate to clear the phytoplankton of organicmatter, thereby exposing the diagnostic siliceous valves.
Permanent microscope slides were then made using a Hyraxmounting medium. Proportional counts were made by scanning eachslide at 1000X and determining the proportion of each taxon
within a count of 200 valves.
2.2.3 Zooplankton
The zooplankton communities of the South Lakes included bothmicrozooplankton (rotifers) and macrozooplankton. Samples ofmicrozooplankton were collected in the same manner as for
phytoplankton. In areas less than 2 m deep, samples were takenonly at mid-depth. In areas greater than 2 m deep, subsamples
were taken I m below the surface, at mid-depth, and 1 m above
bottom.
Macrozooplankton samples were collected using a 0.5-m diameterplankton net with a mesh size of 118 microns (u). The volume ofwater filtered was measured using two General Oceanic Model 2030flowmeters mounted on the net. Because of dense growths of
submergent aquatic plants, tows were mostly limited to the
surface strata. Samples of both macrozooplankton andmicrozooplankton were preserved with buffered formalin
immediately after collection.
Microzooplankton samples were analyzed using a Sedgwick-Rafter
Chamber after being washed with tap water in a 64-u sieve toremove the formalin. Samples were thoroughly mixed beforeportions were placed into the counting chamber. A minimum of200 organisms (or the number of organisms encountered in five
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I strips) were identified to the lowest practicable level using
10OX magnification.
Macrozooplankton samples were identified at 40X magnification
using a Ward Counting Wheel. A minimum of 200 organisms were
identified to the lowest practicable level.
1 2.2.4 Benthic Macroinvertebrates
Benthic samples were collected in the upper and lower portions
of each lake using a Ponar dredge. A dipnet was used to collect
3 bottom samples where dredge-sampling was not feasible. Sampleswere washed using a 590-u mesh screen, composited, and preserved
3 with buffered formalin.
Both dredge and dipnet samples were stained in the lab using
rose bengal solution. After 24 to 48 hours, the samples werewashed through a 590-u screen, and the brightly colored3 organisms were picked from the detritus and identified to thelowest practicable level.
2.2.5 Fish
3 Adult and juvenile fish were sampled using a beach seine andboat-mounted electrofishing unit. Fish eggs and larvae were3 sampled using a towed plankton net and a fry seine. Allcollections included subsamples from the upper and lower ends of3 each lake, which were then composited into a single sample.
Beach seines were 7.6 m x 1.8 m and constructed of 3.2-mm
netting. Most sampling was done by wading to a depth of about 1
m and hauling the seine to shore. At Lake Mary, a boat was used
because of the steep shoreline.
31 Electrofishing samples were collected using a small boatequipped with a 240-volt, 4000-watt generator coupled to a
Coffelt model VVP-15 electrofishing control unit. Two
-16-I
electrodes were positioned about 3 m forward of the boat and twojust aft of the working platform. Sampling periods consisted of30-minute electrofishing runs, usually with two individualsnetting fish and one operating the boat.
Fish collected by beach seine or by electrofishing wereidentified, measured (total length), and weighed. Large catcheswere randomly subsampled, taking only 25 individuals of each
species. Large fish were returned live to the water. Smallfish were preserved in buffered formalin. Fry seine sampleswere taken at the same times and locations as beach seinesamples. The fry seine was 3.0 m x 1.8 m and fabricated of
335-u netting. The distance of each haul was 15 m unlessprecluded by macrophyte beds. All samples were preserved inbuffered formalin.
Fish eggs and larvae were sampled using a 5-m plankton net itha 0.5-m diameter circular mouth and a 335-u mesh size. Thedistal end of the net was equipped with a quick-couple planktonbucket screened with a 363-u netting. In the lab, the sampleswere stained with rose bengal solution and washed with tap water
across a 120-u sieve. Eggs and larvae were then identified tothe lowest practicable level.
Bluegill and largemouth bass were evaluated for "condition" (ameasurement that combines weight and length) using Fulton'scondition factor K (see Ricker 1971, 1975; Carlander 1977).Fulton's K factor was calculated using the formula:
w x 105
K-L3
where W - weight in grams, and
L - length in millimeters.
-17-
Condition indices were calculated for fish that were in the same
period of growth, or "stanza" (following the recommendation of
Carlander 1969, 1977; Ricker 1975). Most fish species have twodistinct stanzas: rapid early growth, mainly during the first
two years; and subsequent growth, which is slower and tends to
decrease with age. These two growth stanzas were treated
separately by dividing samples into groups that were <100 mm or
> 100 mm total length. It was assumed that the smaller size
class consisted primarily of the first growth stanza.
2.2.6 Amphibians
Observations of amphibians were incidental to the collection of
other aquatic samples. Information recorded included
opportunistic sightlings of egg masses, larvae, or adults, andcourtship vocalizations ("chorusing") in spring.
2.2.7 Aquatic Plants
I Qualitative surveys of aquatic plants were performed duringAugust 1987 to estimate the coverage and community composition
of submergent and emergent species. Areal distribution ofmacrophyte beds was estimated by traversing the lakes in a boat
* and sketching the extent of the beds on large-scale aerial
photographs.
1 2.3 Tissue Analyses
I Samples of macrophytes, plankton, macroinvertebrates, and fishwere collected by MKE for analysis of tissue contamination.
3 Chemical analyses were performed by Hunter/ESE. Results of
those analyses are presented and discussed in detail in the
Biota RI (ESE 1989) and are not included in this report.
-18-
3.0 CHARACTERIZATION OF SOUTH LAKESAQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS
3.1 WATER QUALITY
Lower Derby Lake, Lake Ladora, and Lake Mary are man-made
reservoirs which have been subjected to a variety of physical
and chemical disturbances. These have included draining,
sediment removal, lining, and manipulation of water levels, as
well as chemical contamination (MKE 1987, ESE 1989). Thus, one
would not expect the same degree of equilibrium between water
quality and watershed characteristics as is typical of
undisturbed lake systems. However, disturbances have been
minimal in recent years, and recovery of the South Lakes is
evident, both in terms of water quality and aquatic biota.
3.1.1 In-Situ Measurements
In-situ measurements of temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH,
conductivity, and transparency (Secchi depth) were taken to
provide information useful in comparing conditions among lakes
and interpreting conditions within a lake. Data for the three
South Lakes are provided in Tables 3-1 through 3-3.
Water temperature in the South Lakes followed a typical seasonal
pattern in 1987, with maximum values in August and minimum
values in November. Maximum surface water temperatures in
August ranged from 21*C to 26*C on the three lakes; minimum
Svalues in November were approximately 11C-120 C. As expected, a
pronounced vertical thermal gradient was present in deeper areas3 during warmer months, but not during cooler months.
Dissolved oxygen levels in sutface waters were good (above 80%)
through all seasonal samplings, with the majority of DO readings
reflecting saturation, and frequently supersaturation. During
the warmer months, some pronounced vertical gradients in DOconcentration were evident, with very low values in near-bottom
samples. Examples of this can be seen in the August data
-19-
Table 3-1
in-Situ Water Quality Measurenent3 at Lower Derby Lake, 1987
Water Sample Conduct. SecchiDepth Depth Temp. DO DO pH (uahos/cm Depth
Date (M) (M) (°C) (mg/l (I Sat. (S.U.) @25 0 C) (H)
Lower End
30 Apr 3.5 1.0 16.0 .... 8.3 617 0.41.5 14.5 .... 7.7 6272.5 15.5 -- -- 8.2 622
13 May 3.0 1.0 19.5 9.6 105 8.2 615 0.61.5 -- -- -- 8.2 6202.0 18.0 5.5 58 -- --
3.0 16.5 2.2 23 7.0 5969 Jun 3.5 0.5 -- -- -- 8.1 -- 0.5
1.0 20.1 8.4 93 -- 5502.0 20.1 5.3 58 7.9 5503.0 19.7 0.9 10 7.0 5753.3 18.9 0.2 2 -- --
11 Aug 3.5 0.5 -- -- -- 9.0 425 0.61.0 26.0 11.3 139 -- --2.0 24.0 6.5 77 8.8 4253.0 23.0 4.0 47 8.7 4503.3 23.0 3.0 35 -- --
3 Nov 3.5 0.5 12.5 -- -- -- 510 0.61.0 12.5 12.1 114 8.5 --2.0 12.2 11.4 106 8.4 4853.0 12.0 10.8 100 -- --
3.3 11.9 9.7 90 8.4 4955 Nov 3.5 1.0 11.5 11.3 104 8.3 480 0.6
2.0 11.2 10.8 99 8.3 4753.0 11.1 11.2 102 8.2 4803.3 11.0 11.3 102 -- --
Upper End
30 Apr 1.3 0.5 16.0 -- -- 8.1 610 0.313 May 2.0 0.5 19.5 9.1 99 -- -- 0.6
1.0 19.0 8.4 91 8.0 6341.5 18.5 6.3 67 -- --
1.8 18.0 4.8 51 -- --9 Jun 1.5 0.7 21.0 9.9 111 8.4 550
11 Aug 2.1 0.5 -- -- -- 8.7 -- 0.51.0 24.0 11.6 138 8.9 4252.0 23.5 7.4 87 -- 450
3 Nov 1.5 0.5 12.2 11.6 108 8.6 512 0.61.3 12.0 11.5 107 -- --
5 Nov 1.9 1.0 10.8 11.0 99 8.3 487 0.61.7 10.3 10.7 95 -- --
-20-
Table 3-2
In-Situ Water Quality Measurements at Lake Ladoza, 1387
Water Sample Conduct. SecchiDepth Depth Temp. DO DO pH (umhos/cm Depth
Date (M) (N) (°C) (mg/i (% Sat. (S.U.) @25 0 C) (N)
Lower End29 Apr 5.1 0.5 -- -- -- 8.3 617 2.8
1.0 16.8 9.1 94 -- --
1.5 -- -- -- 7.7 6272.5 16.8 8.7 90 8.2 6224.5 13.5 7.1 68 -- --
13 May 4.5 1.0 20.0 10.1 111 -- 740 3.02.0 20.0 10.1 i1 -- --
3.0 17.5 9.2 96 8.0 6804.0 15.5 8.8 88 -- --
4.3 14.5 7.8 17 7.8 6998 Jun 4.8 1.0 21.0 11.3 127 8.2 640 2.5I 2.0 21.0 11.1 125 8.3 653
3.0 20.5 10.6 118 -- --
4.0 19.8 7.2 79 8.0 6714.6 18.8 4.2 45 -- --
10 Jun 5.0 0.5 -- -- -- 8.3 550 3.61.0 22.5 9.8 113 -- --
2.0 21.2 10.3 116 8.6 5503.0 20.2 9.3 103 7.9 5754.0 20.0 7.0 77 -- --
4.8 18.7 0.8 9 -- --
10 Aug 5.0 0.5 -- -. -- 8.9 600 2.61.0 23.0 8.2 96 -- --
2.0 23.0 8.2 96 -- --
3.0 23.0 5.4 63 8.9 5504.0 22.5 1.2 14 -- --4.8 21.5 0.3 3 8.9 600
30 Aug 5.0 1.0 22.2 6.7 77 8.6 700 2.62.0 22.0 7.4 85 -- --
2.5 22.5 -- --. 7003.0 22.0 7.1 81 -- --4.0 21.9 4.0 46 8.2 7004.8 216.5 1.7 19 ....-
2 Nov 4.3 0.5 .. 8.1 700 3.81.0 11.9 11.2 104 -- --
2.0 11.5 10.9 100 8.4 7503.0 11.3 11.0 100 8.5 725
4.1 11.2 10.5 96 -- --
-I
-21-
I
Table 3-2(continued)
In-Situ Water Quality Measurements at Lake Ladora, 1987
Water Sample Conduct. SecchiDepth Depth Temp. DO DO pH (umhos/cm Depth
Date (N) (N) (oC) (mg/1 (% Sat. (S.U.) @25 0 C) (M)
Upper End
29 Apr 1.3 0.5 16.8 9.2 95 8.1 610 1.01.1 16.8 9.2 95 -- --
13 May 1.0 0.5 20.5 10.5 117 8.1 720 0.88 Jun 1.3 0.6 21.5 10.7 121 8.0 658 1.0
1.1 21.0 9.2 103 -- --10 Jun 1.3 0.5 21.0 13.3 150 8.0 550 1.2
1.1 20.2 >15.0 -- -- --10 Aug 1.9 0.5 22.5 9.3 107 7.8 800 1.913 Aug 1.0 0.5 21.2 10.6 119 7.8 800 0.8
0.8 21.0 12.7 143 -- --2 Nov 1.2 0.5 12.0 10.9 101 7.6 765 1.2
1.0 12.0 11.7 108 -- --
-22-
Table 3-3
In-Situ Water Quality Measurements at Lake Mary, 1987
Water Sample Conduct. SecchiDepth Depth Temp. DO DO pH (umhos/cm Depth
Date (K) (M) (°C) (Mg/ (% Sat. (S.U.) @25 0 C) (K)
Lower End
30 Apr 3.5 0.5 -- -- 8.3 673 2.61.0 17.5 10.6 111 -- --
2.0 17.0 10.7 112 8.3 6803.0 16.5 10.2 104 8.2 6693.3 16.5 10.3 105 -- --
14 May 3.0 1.0 22.0 12.9 148 8.8 696 2.51.8 -- -- -- 8.7 6852.0 19.0 12.5 135 8.8 --2.8 19.0 12.8 138 -- --
10 Jun 3.0 0.5 -- -- -- 9.5 625 2.21.0 21.0 13.9 156 -- --
2.0 21.0 12.7 142 9.3 6002.8 20.9 14.3 160 9.0 605
11 Aug 3.5 0.5 -- -- -- 9.2 550 2.51.0 23.6 8.4 99 9.2 --2.0 23.2 4.5 53 -- 5503.0 22.5 1.2 14 -- --
3.3 22.0 1.2 14 8.9 5503 Nov 3.5 0.5 11.9 10.3 95 9.0 700 2.8
1.5 11.8 10.5 97 8.9 700U 2.8 11.4 9.1 83 8.8 710
Upper End
330 Mar 1.5 0.5 -- -- -- 8.5 653 1.21.0 17.5 11.6 121 -- --
14 May 2.5 1.0 20.0 14.2 156 8.9 671 2.11.8 -- -- -- 9.0 6802.0 20.0 >15.0 -- 8.9 6752.3 19.0 >15.0 .-- --
10 Jun 1.5 0.5 -- -- -- 9.3 625 1.51.0 21.0 14.9 167 -- --
S1.3 20.9 9.6 107 -- --
11 Aug 2.5 0.5 -- -- -- 9.6 600 1.91.0 24.8 9.9 119 -- --
1.5 23.5 -- -- 9.6 6002.0 22.5 1.5 17 -- --
2.3 -- -- -- 9.5 6003 Nov 1.5 0.5 -- -- -- 9.1 750 1.5
1.0 12.1 10.3 96 -- --
1.3 11.5 9.5 87 ....
--23-I
from the deeper portions of the three South Lakes (Tables 3-1
through 3-3). Low DO concentrations in deeper water during the
warmer months are typical of naturally productive lakes.
Development of a strong vertical gradient in DO reflects a
situation in which oxygen depletion in the lower part of the
water column (due to a high oxygen demand associated with
biodegradation of detritus) exceeds oxygenation near the surface
(due to photosynthesis or atmospheric re-aeration). The
magnitude of the gradient observed in the South Lakes suggested
considerable loading of organic matter, mostly attributable to
primary production of phytoplankton and aquatic macrophytes.
The condition of DO supersaturation frequently encountered in
the South Lakes (i.e., from photosynthesis) and the extensive
development of aquatic macrophytes along the margins of the
lakes reinforce this conclusion. The daily variation in DO
concentrations (lowest in early morning and highest in
afternoon) indicates active and substantial community metabolism
(Appendix A, tables A-I through A-3).
Values of pH recorded during the seasonal samplings weregenerally between 8.0 and 9.0; the range for all readings was
7.0 to 9.6. At the higher end of the range (i.e., greater than
9.0), pH approached the limits of suitability for aquatic biota.
In productive lakes, pH frequently becomes elevated as
phytoplankton and aquatic plants extract carbon dioxide for
photosynthesis.
Conductivity measurements indicated a substantial dissolved
mineral content in ail three South Lakes. The ranges of
recorded values (in micromhos per centimeter) were as follows:
Lower Derby, 425-634; Ladora, 550-800; and Mary, 550-750.
Water transparency in the three lakes, as indicated by Secchi
depth measurements, was least in Lower Derby and greatest in
Ladora. Maximum Secchi visibility was recorded in November for
both Lake Ladora (3.8 m) and Lake Mary (2.8 m). The minimum
-24-
Secchi depth for Lake Ladora (0.8 m) was recorded in the shallow
upper part of the lake during both May and August, while the
minimum visibility for Lake Mary (1.2 m) was recorded in the
shallow eastern area during April. Secchi depth values recorded
for Lower Derby Lake were fairly uniform across the sampling
periods, ranging from 0.3 to 0.6 m. These results indicate a
higher burden of suspended particulate matter (i.e., greater
turbidity) in Lower Derby Lake than in either Lake Ladora or
Lake Mary.
3.1.2 Laboratory Analyses
3.1.2.1 General Water Quality Indicators (Table 3-4)
f Alkalinity
i Measurements of alkalinity ranged from 99 mg/l for the November
sample from Lake Mary to 181 mg/l for the April sample from Lake
3H Mary. These values represent moderate alkalinity and reflect a
substantial buffering capacity within the lakes. With the
exception that maximum values for all three lakes were recorded
in April, there were no consistent spatial or temporal patterns
in alkalinity.
Acidity
Acidity was not detected in any samples.
Hardness
3 Hardness measurements ranged from 98 mg/l to 184 mg/l,
indicating relatively hard water. Concentrations were
consistently highest for Lake Ladora (mean - 179) and lowest for
Lake Mary (mean - 116). Like alkalinity, hardness was highest
in April for each lake.
--25-I
TABLE 3-4
General Water Quality Indicators of the South Lakes, 19871
Lake Lake LakeParameter Sanple Derby Ladora Mary
Total Alkalinity Apr 124 147 181(mg/i as CaCO 3 ) Jun 104 136 108
Aug 100 126 114Nov 109 106 99
Acidity Apr 0 0 0(mg/l as CaCO3 ) Jun 0 0 0
Aug 0 0 0Nov 0 0 0
Hardness Apr 160 184 154(mg/1 as CaCO 3 ) Jun 148 184 98
Aug 132 168 108Nov 125 180 105
Total Suspended Solids Apr 24 4 7(mg/i) Jun 20 3 2
Aug 18 3 14Nov 15 3 6
Total Dissolved Solids Apr 378 423 413(mg/l) Jun 400 434 360
Aug 365 440 445Nov 290 430 410
True Color Apr -- -- --
(Pt-Co Units) Jun 48 28 24Aug 15 15 22Nov 25 25 25
Turbidity Apr 11 3.3 1.6(NTU) Jun 12 2.2 1.2
Aug 11 0.6 4.9Nov 6.9 1.7 2.2
1 All data for samples from 1 m or the nearest depth interval(0.5-1.3 m).
-26-
I Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
5' Concentrations of dissolved solids were similar for all threelakes, although Lower Derby Lake averaged slightly lower, with3 values fairly uniform across the four sampling periods. The TDSvalues, which ranged from 290 mg/I for Lower Derby in November
to 445 mg/i for Lake Mary in August, indicated a substantialI content of dissolved minerals. This finding is consistent withconductivity values measured in-situ (see above).
Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
Lake Ladora and Lake Mary both had a very low load of suspended
solids, with mean values of 3.2 and 7.2 mg/i, respectively.
Lower Derby Lake had a higher TSS, which declined steadily overthe four seasons from 24 mg/i in April to 15 mg/i in November.5 This probably reflects that most runoff into the South Lakessystem enters at Lower Derby Lake, and that runoff is greatest3 during the spring. The extensive mudflat shoreline of LowerDerby undoubtedly contributes to sediment loading when the lake5 is filled during spring.
Turbidity
Turbidity was consistently low in lakes Ladora and Mary and
* slightly higher in Lower Derby during the four sampling periods.
Values ranged from 0.6 to 3.3 NTU in Ladora, from 1.2 to 4.9 in
Mary, and from 6.9 to 12.0 in Lower Derby. Turbidity values
were generally consistent with TSS and Secchi depth measurementsof total suspended solids and transparency, as would be
expected.
3, True Colorif Color measurements revealed a low amount of color in the waters
of the three lakes. No spatial or temporal patterns in thep recorded values could be discerned.
-27--
3.1.2.2 Nutrients (Table 3-5)
Nitrogen (N)
Results of combined nitrogen analyses revealed greaterconcentrations of the reduced forms of organic-N and ammonia-N
than the oxidized forms of nitrate-N and nitrite-N. This
suggests that available nitrogen tended to be held in algal andmacrophytic biomass and was rapidly recycled followingdecomposition of organic matter. Concentrations of totalcombined nitrogen were in the low-to-moderate range and were3 capable of supporting a healthy community of primary producers.
Nitrate-N plus nitrite-N values were at or below 0.2 mg/l,
except for a 2.6 mg/l value from Lake Mary in November. It isunknown whether this high concentration reflected analytical
variability or a real increase. No spatial or temporal patternsin nitrite and nitrate concentrations were detected.
Ammonia-N concentrations in the South Lakes were in the low-to-moderate range. Organic-N concentrations (computed by
subtracting ammonia-N from total Kjeldahl-N) reflected the largeamount of organic matter (algal and macrophytic biomass) withinthe lakes. No notable patterns were evident in concentrationamong the lakes, or over time within the lakes, except for theregular increase over the four sampling periods for Lake Mary.
Phosphorus (P)
Concentrations of both total P and dissolved reactive P werelow, mostly at or below detection limits. No spatial or
temporal patterns in concentration were evident. At the low5 concentrations recorded, phosphorus might be a limiting factor
for phytoplankton within the South Lakes.
-28-
TABLE 3-5
Concentrations of Primary Nutrients (N P) in the South Lakesi
Lake Lake LakeParameter Sample Derb Ladora Mary
Nitrate+Nitrite N Apr 0.04 0.06 0.06(mg/1) Jun 0.10 0.07 0.07
Aug 0.20 0.15 0.16Nov 0.09 0.11 2.60
Ammonia N Apr 0.35 0.10 0.07(mg/1) Jun 0.45 0.22 0.19
Aug 0.07 0.25 0.18Nov 0.11 0.34 0.50
Total Kjeldahl N Apr 1.55 0.85 0.40(mg/1) Jun 3.65 1.08 0.67
Aug 1.20 0.81 1.72Nov 0.93 1.96 2.60
Organic N Apr 1.20 0.75 0.33(mg/1) Jun 3.20 0.86 0.48
Aug 1.13 0.56 1.54Nov 0.82 1.62 2.10
Total Combined N Apr 1.59 0.91 0.46(mg/1) Jun 3.75 1.15 0.74
Aug 1.40 0.96 1.88Nov 1.02 2.07 5.20
Dissolved Reactive P Apr <.07 <.07 <.07(mg/1) Jun <.01 <.01 <.01
Aug 0.01 <.01 0.03Nov <.01 0.08 <.01
Total P Apr 0.07 <.07 <.07(mg/1) Jun 0.11 <.07 <.07
Aug 0.10 <.07 0.14Nov 0.12 <.07 <.07
1 All data for samples from 1 M or the nearest depth interval(0.5-1.3 m).
-29-
3.1.2.3 Principal Anions and Cations (Table 3-6)
Anions
Information on principal anions and cations in the waters of theSouth Lakes was developed through direct analyses for chlorideand sulfate, and computations of carbonate and bicarbonate based
on alkalinity data (APHA 1985). A review of this informationindicates a relatively even distribution of anions among
bicarbonate, chloride, and sulfate, although bicarbonate waspresent in slightly greater concentrations. The highest
concentrations for these three anions were recorded during Aprilfrom all three lakes. Also, chloride steadily declined over the
four sampling periods (Figure 3-1). This might be related todilution by precipitation and inflow from spring through earlyfall.
Carbonate was only occasionally detected in samples from LowerDerby and Ladora, and only at very low concentrations. Incontrast, Lake Mary samples consistently had low-to-moderateconcentrations of carbonate. The presence of carbonate in Lake
Mary was responsible for its slightly higher pH.
The relative concentrations of the principal anions within eachof the RMA lakes, based on four seasonal samples, may be
characterized as follows:
Lower Derby: bicarbonate > sulfate > chloride > carbonate
Ladora: bicarbonate > sulfate > chloride > carbonateMary: bicarbonate > chloride > sulfate > carbonate
A preliminary analysis of anion-cation balance suggests the3 presence of other, unmeasured anions in the lakes, some of which
might be present in greater concentrations than carbonates.
-30-
I!
TABLE 3-6
Concentrations of Selected Anions and Cations
in the South Lakes, 19871
Lake Lake LakeParameter Sample Derby Ladora Mary
Bicarbonate Apr 124 147 167(mg/i) Jun 104 136 100
Aug 94 122 74Nov 105 106 81
Carbonate Apr 0 0 14(mg/i) Jun 0 0 8
Aug 6 4 40Nov 4 0 18
Chloride Apr 85 85 113(mg/i) Jun 60 71 96
Aug 42 67 94Nov 25 64 89
Sulfate Apr 106 126 56(mg/i) Jun 66 81 37
Aug 58 81 51Nov 59 95 64
Sodium Apr 79 89 103(mg/i) Jun 80 88 114
Aug 59 87 96Nov 68 80 88
Potassium Apr 11.0 4.3 5.0(mg/i) Jun 5.2 3.2 3.6
Aug 5.5 3.7 4.9Nov 4.0 3.9 3.4
Magnesium Apr 5.4 6.4 5.3(mg/i) Jun 4.4 4.8 4.5
Aug 13.7 13.1 13.3Nov 11.9 17.6 13.1
1 All data for samples from 1 m or the nearest depth interval(0.5-1.3 m).
-I
-31-I
IAPR L7IJUN IA U G NOV
120
L
80 .....GRA
S 60
U ER
T
20
DERBY LADORA MARY
FIGURE 3-1. CHLORIDES IN THE SOUTH LAKES
-32--
Cations
Principal cations in the three Arsenal lakes, in decreasingorder, were sodium, calcium, magnesium, and potassium. Sodiumconcentrations were generally lowest in Lower Derby and highestin Mary, while levels of potassium and magnesium were similaramong all lakes. Calcium concentrations were calculated from
magnesium and hardness values, and therefore little can be saidregarding patterns. However, comparison of the magnesium and
*I hardness data suggests that calcium was generally highest in
Lake Ladora and lowest in Lake Mary.
3.2 PHYTOPLANKTON
3.2.1 Abundance
I Densities of phytoplankton in the South Lakes ranged from verylow in April for lakes Ladora and Mary (162 and 129 units/ml,respectively) to very high (24,893 units/ml) in August for LowerDerby Lake (Table 3-7; Figure 3-2). Phytoplankton numbers inLower Derby were consistently and substantially higher than in
Ladora and Mary. This was at least partly responsible for thereduced transparency of Lower Derby.
3.2.2 Community CompositionIAlthough green algae (chlorophytes) were generally prevalent inthe phytoplankton of the South Lakes, relative abundance data
revealed a considerable flux in community composition over the
four sampling periods (Table 3-7). The following discussion
treats community composition at the phylum and genus levels;species-level information is provided in Appendix B, tables B-I
* through B-3.
-33-
a4
w n4 000 m 0 I
-ON
00
*k a ~ 4 'f
A
A c-
A adu 01
a
00OflO 40~
A 41
* 44
id A l
0
54~r n m0!0 00 0 0
440 In 4
% fn Ao a4 0,f4,Cat
00
-4 44
j a i A4~4 0 a6
1 r" ~ 440 4444
* ~ ~~~~~~ tp >I4404 O~4 44f~
ti 44,A P5a io
* -34-
APR :JUN fiAUG ~NO0V
I TH
N
* UI [__ _ _N
-35
Lower Derby Lake
Composition of the phytoplankton community in Lower Derby Lake
was similar in April and June, although there was a nearly
9-fold increase in phytoplankton density (Table 3-7). Green
algae were dominant during this period, followed in abundance bydiatoms (bacillariophytes). The most abundant genera in Aprilwere the chlorophytes Oocystis and Selenastrum. In June,
Oocystis was followed in abundance by the diatom Cyclotella.
The chlorophyte Scenedesmus had the third highest density duringboth April and June (Table 3-8).
The August sample from Lower Derby, which had the highestphytoplankton density of any sample collected (24,893 units/ml),
was overwhelmingly dominated by the chlorophyte Chlorella.Although total density remained high in the November sample,
there was a shift in composition to a community dominated byblue-green algae (cyanophytes) and cryptophytes (Table 3-7).
3 The November sample was dominated by the blue-green alga
Microcystis, and the cryptophytes Rhodomonas and Cryptomonas3 (Table 3-8).
Phytoplankton community diversity was generally lower in Lower
Derby Lake than in lakes Mary and Ladora because of the smallnumber of taxa observed in relation to total density (Table
3 3-9). However, the mean number of taxa (28) was intermediate
between Lake Mary (16) and Lake Ladora (41).
Lake Ladora
I The phytoplankton community of Lake Ladora changed considerably
between the April and June samples. The April sample had a verylow density, and the most common forms were the cryptophyte
Cryptomonas, the chrysophyte Kephyrion, and the diatomFragilaria. The June sample showed approximately a 5-fold
increase in density and a shift in community dominance tochlorophytes, notably Chlorella and Scenedesmus and diatoms
-36-
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m. .4 so co IA IA %n r, %a0 IV ý4 0- .
0 54 z
hi 1. a -44VIU a'*1 0 9 4 hi 0 4 0 0 U5 bda UDo hi4 U 4 U0 0 4 U 01 .144* a' 4. c 0 0 0 hi U, v 0 W M4 554 a' .,4 0*48 hi 4 03 9 0 0 4 00-
u -I a >4. 0 0 0 a.A 0 0 6 4 AU Ao 0 0 u 4 >1 0 0 ; hi 0 h 4 A O0U
IJ 0 'A IA z u U z U a b~. U a3 U l 0 W5
I __ -37-
TABLE 3-9
Phytoplankton Density and Number of Taxa at RNA, 1987
Lake April June August November Mean
Derby no./ml 1,357 11,800 24,893 17,368 13,854no. taxa 28 19 29 36 28
Ladora no./ml i62 784 2,740 1,390 1,269no. taxa 44 36 36 48 41
Mary no./ml 129 251 2,089 5,205 1,918no. taxa 9 30 31 24 24
UIIIUIIIII
I-38-U
(Table 3-7). The August sample also was dominated bychlorophytes (Oocystis and Chlamydomonas), and density had
increased more than 3-fold compared to June.
The November sample reflected about a 50 percent decline in
density from August and a resurgence of chrysophytes(Chytridiochloris, Chlorochomonas) and cryptophytes (Rhodomonas)
in addition to chlorophytes and diatoms (Table 3-8).
3 The samples collected from Lake Ladora consistently contained
the greatest variety of phytoplankton, with numbers of taxa3 ranging from 36 to 48 in the four seasonal samples. Inconjunction with relatively low total density, this resulted inLake Ladora having higher community density than the other two
lakes (Table 3-9).
I Lake Mary
3 Lake Mary was similar to Lake Ladora in phytoplankton densities,but not in community composition. The number of taxa identifiedfor Lake Mary were considerably lower than for Lake Ladora
(Table 3-9). In fact, Lake Mary had the lowest number of taxa
at RMA, both for a single sampling period (9 taxa in April) and
averaged across the four seasons (24).
SApril samples from Lake Mary had low densities of phytoplankton,with green algae representing the majority of taxa in the sample
3 (Table 3-7). The most common forms were Chlamydomonas (a greenflagellate), Quadrigula, and Oocystis (Table 3-8). The Junesample from Lake Mary also had a low density and was dominated
by green algae (mostly Trochiscia and Oocystis, Table 3-8).
Phytoplankton concentration increased 8-fold between the Juneand August samples, although both samples were dominated by
green algae (Table 3-7). The phytoplankton concentration more
than doubled again by November, and the community shifted to onedominated by diatoms and blue-green algae (Table 3-7). The most
-39-
U common form in the November sample was the diatom Fragilaria,
which accounted for over half of the total concentration. The
most abundant cyanophyte was Oscillatoria.
3.2.3 Chlorophyll
Concentrations of chlorophyll in plankton samples can indicate
phytoplankton biomass, primary productivity (EPA 1985), andcomposition. Chlorophyll constitutes about 1 to 2 percent of
5 the dry weight of phytoplankton (APHA 1985). It also is
possible to use the relative concentrations of the various forms
of chlorophyll (a, b, and c) and phaeophytins (chlorophyll
degradation products) as a basis for inferring relative
abundances of various phyla of algae in the phytoplankton. This
was not done in this study because of the availability of actual
species information.
Measurements of the various forms of chlorophyll and phaeophytin
* yielded values ranging from very low to high (Appendix tablesB-5 through B-7). The following discussion focuses on
chlorophyll-a concentrations since this form is universally
present in phytoplankton and thus is most often used as an
indicator of algal biomass and productivity.
Chlorophyll-a concentrations in samples of phytoplankton fromthe South Lakes suggested a generally higher algal biomass inLower Derby Lake than in lakes Ladora and Mary (Figure 3-3).This general pattern was consistent with phytoplankton density
data for the three lakes. However, chlorophyll-a values for
individual samples did not always correlate well with
phytoplankton densities. An example of this can be seen in the
April data for lakes Ladora and Mary, which showed both the
3 lowest phytoplankton densities and the highest chlorophyll-a
concentrations. This type of inconsistency is not uncommon,
because the relationship between chlorophyll concentration and
phytoplankton density is affected by the chlorophyll content ofthe individual cells. For example, a few large algal cells
-40-I
IAPR M JUN EMZAUG NOV
I. 25!
L
RA
1 5
I CU 10 ......B
I ~ET
R R...... .....
DERBY LADORA MARY
UFIGURE 3-3. CHLOROPHYLL a IN THE SOUTH LAKES.
I' could contain the same chlorophyll content as a much greater
number of smaller cells.
II The very low concentration of phaeophytin compared to
chlorophyll indicates healthy phytoplankton communities.
3.3 ZOOPLANKTON
3.3.1 Microzooplankton CommunityIThe microzooplankton communities of the South Lakes were
composed entirely of rotifers (Table 3-10; Appendix C, Tables C-
1 through C-3). All taxa recorded are commonly associated withponds and small lakes (Pennak 1978). The most diverse communitywas found in Lake Mary, where 17 taxa were identified. A totalof 11 taxa were identified from Lake Ladora, and 8 taxa wereidentified from Lower Derby Lake. The number of taxa persampling period was always 5 in Lower Derby, 5-7 in Ladora, and(from June through November) 8-11 in Mary. No rotifers
(microzooplankton) were found in April samples from Lake Mary.
I Averaged over the year, the microzooplankton communities of theSouth Lakes were dominated by four rotifer taxa: Branchionus
3 angularis, Keratella cochlearis, K. stipitata and Polyarthra sp.(Figure 3-4). Polyarthra and Keratella typically occur in openwaters of lakes and ponds, where they can become abundant (Ward
and Whipple 1959, Pennak 1978). Branchionus are most oftenfound in the littoral (sho:e) zone, although some forms occur inthe limnetic (open water) zone.
The microzooplankton communities of the South Lakes weredynamic, varying seasonally both within and among the lakes.This type of temporal variability is common (see Pennak 1978).Two similarities in seasonal abundance were the prominence of K.cochlearis in Lower Derby and Ladora during spring and summer,
and the dominance of K. stipitata and Polyarthra sp. in allthree lakes during fall. Notable differences between Lake Mary
-42-
3 Table 3-10
Microzooplankton Collected from the South Lakes, 1987
ILake Lake LakeTaxa Derby Ladora Mary
Rotatoria sp. X x xSynchaetidaePolyarthra sp. X X X
AsplanchnidaeAsplanchna sp. X X X
BranchionidaeBranchionus angularis X XB. calyciflorus X XKeratella cochicaris xxK. quadrata X X XK. stipitata X x xILecane luna x XLepadella patella XPlonostyla bulla X XM. closterocerca xM1. quadridentataM. lunaris X XNotholca sp. x XIPlatyias patulus XP. quadricornis XTrichoteria tetractis X
3Total Number of Taxa 8 11 17
I -43-
3 ~POLYAR 'Z B.ANGU K'/OTHER
K.STLP K.COGL
510 0 % i ......................
R75%EL
I~TA
A
U3 DA
I E 2 5 %
0%5DERBY LADORA MARY
FIGURE 3-4. MICROZOOPLANKTON COMPOSITION IN SOUTH LAKES
-44-
and the other two lakes were the absence of rotifers in samplesfrom Lake Mary during spring, the reversed order of dominance ofPolyarthra sp. and K. stipitata in Lake Mary during autumn, and
the much greater contribution of Notholca, especially duringsummer (Appendix C, Table C-3).
The abundance of microzooplankton, like community composition,
varied among lakes and seasons (Figure 3-5). The averageabundance of rotifers in the three lakes over the four samplingperiods was highest in Lower Derby (404 organisms/liter),intermediate in Mary (351 organisms/liter), and lowest in Ladora(317 organisms/liter). Pennak (1978) found that most planktoncommunities averaged between 40 and 500 rotifers per liter, withpopulations seldom in excess of 1,000 per liter. The highestdensities were in Lower Derby during late spring (1,040
organisms/liter), and during autumn in both lakes Ladora (717organisms/liter) and Mary (1,080 organisms/liter). Lowestabundances occurred during early spring and summer in Lake Maryand during summer in the other two lakes. In general, both thedensity and diversity data indicate a healthy population.
3.3.2 Macrozooplankton Community
A total of 24 macrozooplankton taxa were identified from theSouth Lakes over the four sampling periods (Table 3-11). Thecommunities in lakes Ladora and Mary were each represented by 19taxa, while 16 taxa comprised the community of Lower Derby Lake.All taxa identified are typical of pond and lake environmentsand are commonly found in the limnetic or littoral zones (Brooks1957, Ward and Whipple 1959, Pennak 1978). Daphnia rosea,bosminids, Chydorus sphaericus, Ceriodaphnia, and many of thecopepods are open water forms seldom found in abundance invegetated areas. In contrast, Alona rectangula, Leydigiaquadrangularis, Pleuroxus denticulatus, Pseudochydorus globosus,Simocephalus vetulus, and some daphnids and copepods are foundin vegetated shallows.
-45-
DERBY • LADORA MARY
1200
1000
N 800UMBER
600ER
L
T
ER 400
200
0
APR JUN AUG NOV AVG
FIGURE 3-5. SEASONAL MICROZOOPLANKTON ABUNDANCE.
--46-
3 Table 3-11
macrozooplankton Collected from the South Lakes, 1987
Lake Lake LakeTaxa Derby Ladora Mary
CladoceraChydoridae
Pseudochydorus globosus XAlona rectangula XChydorus sphaericus xxPleuroxus denticulatus xLeydigia quadrangularis x XIBoszuinidae sp. x X X
DaphnidaeCeriodaphnia sp. X X XIDaphnia sp. X X xD. ambigua x x xD. laevis x x xD. parvula X xID. rosea X x xSimocephalus vetulus x
Ostracoda sp. XI CopepodaCopepod nauplii x x XCalanoida
Calanoid copepodids X x XI DiaptomidaeDiaptomus connexus XD. pallidus X X XD. siciloides X x
CyclopoidaCyclopoid copepodids x X XCyclopidaeICyclops bicuspidatus thomasi X x X
C. vernalis X xMesocyclops sp. X xM. edax X X
Total Number of -Taxa
-47-
I The macrozooplankton community, averaged over the four sampling
periods, was composed mainly of cladocerans and copepods.
Bosminids, Ceriodaphnia, and Daphnia were the prevalent
cladocerans, while immature nauplii and copepodids were the
5 dominant copepods (Figure 3-6). Ostracods (seed shrimp) were
found only in Lake Ladora, and only during May.
I Community composition was variable among lakes and seasons. For
example, note the density and relative abundance data for three
species of Daphnia (D. ambigua, D. laevis, D. rosea) shown in
Appendix C, Tables C-5 through C-7. Similarly, note the
3 variability of Chydorus sphaericus.
The average annual abundance of macrozooplankton (Figure 3-7)
was highest in Lower Derby Lake (602 organisms/liter), and lower
but similar in lakes Ladora (446 organisms/liter) and Mary (408
organisms/liter). All of the density values were within
commonly observed ranges. For example, Pennak (1978) found that
5 typical cladoceran populations ranged between 200 and 500
organisms/liter, with copepod populations up to 1,000
* organisms/liter.
3.4 BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES
The aquatic macroinvertebrate communities of the South Lakes
5 were dominated by aquatic naidid and tubificid worms, talitrid
amphipods (scuds), chironomid (midge) larvae and pupae, culicid
(phantom midge) larvae, nematodes (roundworms), and gastropods
(snails) (Figure 3-8). Various combinations of these taxa
comprised 98 percent of the benthic fauna identified from Lower
Derby Lake, 97 percent of the fauna from Lake Ladora, and 87
percent of the fauna from Lake Mary (Appendix D, Tables D-l
through D-3). Taxa identified from the South Lakes are listed
in Table 3-12.
1I
-48-I
I- BOSM DAPH NU~'COPE OTHER
3 100%/1
Ig .V
E
A ......~ .
0%~rn ERY ADOA ARFIUE36.MCOOPAKOCOPSTO INSUHLE.
1~_______ __ _ 1IA
NI
-49-
3DERBY ZLADORA I777 MARY
800.
70
E
R
E
T200'
I 100
MAY JUN AUG NOV AV G
FIGURE 3-7. SEASONAL MACROZOOPLANKTON ABUNDANCE.
-50-
ZiNAID ZiTUB! I TALI CHIR
SCULl 7II G A ST NEMA ZiOTHER
EL£ AT
I IEI~ A 50%BUN3 DANE 25%
I - ______________________E___
5DERBY LADORA MARY
FIGURE 3-8. BENTHIC MACROI NVERTEBRATE COMPOSITION.
3 Table 3-12
Denthic Racroinvertebrates Collected in the South Lakes, 1987
3Lake Lake LakeTaxa Derby Ladora Mary
CoelenterataI HydridaeHydra sp. D*D D
Platyhelminthes3Turbellaria sp. D D,P DNematoda sp. D,P** D,P D,PAnnelida
Hi rundineaEropobdellidae sp. D,PGloss iphoni idae
Helobdella sp. P D D,PHelobdella stagnalis DHelobdella triserialisDTheromyzon sp. D
OligochaetaIEnchytraeidae sp. D D,PNaididae
Chaetogaster diaphanus D D,P DIDero digitata D,P D,PDero nivea DNais pardalis PNais simplex D,P D,P DUNais variabilis D,P D,P POphidonais serpentina D D,PPristina leidyi D DStylaria lacustris D D D
Tuimmcatue wt ailfre , ,Immature withou capilliformes D,P DP D,PIAulodrilus pigueti D,PLimnodrilus claparedianus P pLimnodrilus hoffmeisteri D,P D,P PLimnodrilus udekemianus PPotamothrix bavaricus pTubifex tubifex P
ArthropodaI TalitridaeHyalella azteca D D,P D,P
-52--
Tabl~e 3-12
Benthic Macroinvertebrates Collected in the South Lakes, 1987
Lake Lake LakeTaxa, Derby Ladora M~
ArachnoideaHydrachnellae (Hydracarina) sp. D
InsectaEpheme ropte ra D,P
Baetidae D D DBaetis sp. D DCallibaetis sp. D D D
CaenidaeCaenis sp. D,P D,P D,P
Odonata, Anisoptera D D,PAeshnidae
Anax sp. D DCordul iidaeTetragoneuria sp. D D
LibellulidasErythemis sp. D DLibellula sp. DTramea sp. D D,P
Odonata, Zygoptera D D~,P D,PCoenagrionidaeEnallagma sp. D D,P D,P
Hemipte raHemiptera sp. DCorixidae DCorisella sp. D
GerridaeGerris sp. D D
HebridaeHebrus sp. D
Mesoveli idaeMesovelia sp. D D
SaldidaeSaldula sp. D
TrichopteraHydroptilidae
Agraylea sp. D D DOrthotrichia sp. D,POxyethira sp. D,P D,P
Leptoceridae sp.
Oecetis sp. D D D,P
-53-
3 Table 3-12(continued)3 Benthic Nacroinvertebrates Collected in the South Lakes, 1987
Lake Lake LakeTaxa Derby Ladora MaryU Lepidopter
Pyralidae sp. D,PColeopte ra
Dyti scidae
Haliplidae spDHaliplus sp. DIPeltodytes sp. D
HydrophilidaeBerosus sp. D,PILaccobius sp. DDiptera
CeratopogonidaeCulicoides sp. D DIDasyhelea sp. D DPalpomyia/Probezzia/Bezzia sp. D,P D D,PProbezzia/Bezzia sp. D D DIChironomidae pupae sp. D,P D,P D,PChi ronominae
Chironomus sp. D,P P pCrytochironomus sp. D,P PICryptotendipes sp. D,P D,P PDicrotendipes sp. D,P D,P D,PEndochironomus sp. D P DGlyptoteridipes sp. D D,PLenziella sp. D,PParachironomus sp. P D PParatanytarus sp. D D,P D,PIPolypedilum sp. D,P DStictochironomus sp. PTanytarsus sp. P D,P D,P
Orthocladinae A POrthocladinaeBDOrthc,,ladinae C DOrthocladinae D D DICorynoneura sp. D
Cricotopus sp. D D,POrthocladius sp. D D D5Psectrocladius sp. D,P D D,P
-54-
3 Table 3-12(continued)
3 Benthic Macroinvertebrates Collected in the South Lakes, 1987
Lake Lake LakeTaxa TnpdaeDerby Ladora Mary
Larsia sp. D,P D,P D,PProcladius sp. D,P P p1Tanypus sp. P D,P P
CulicidaeChaoborinaeChaoborus sp. P p
Ephyridae sp.DMuscidae sp. DTabanidae sp. D
Mollusca
Gastropoda sp. P D,P
Physa sp. DD,P D,PPlanorbidae
Gyraulus sp. D D,P D,P
Sphaeri idaeMusculinum sp. P
Pisidium sp. D,P D,P
3 * D-Collected by Dip Net**P-Collected by Ponar Dredge
Number of Taxa Collected by Dip Net 54 56 55INumber of Taxa Collected by Dredge 29 35 42Total Number of Taxa 63 66 66
3 -55-
The most abundant naidid worms in Lower Derby were Dero digita
and Nais variabilis, while Dero digita, Nais simplex, and
Ophidonais serpentina were the dominant naidids in Lake Ladora.
Nais variabilis was the only naidid identified in Lake Mary.
Most of the tubificid worms collected were immature and
therefore could not be identified to a lower taxonomic level.
Of the adult worms, Aulodrilus pigueti and Limnodrilus
hoffmeisteri were dominant in Lower Derby; Potamothrix bavaricusand L. hoffmeisteri were dominant in Ladora; and Tubifex
tubifex, L. hoffmeisteri, and L. claparedianus were dominant in
Lake Mary.
Following Chironomus in abundance among the chironomids were
Cryptotendipes in Lower Derby; Tanytarsus and Tanypus in Ladora;
and Larsia, Procladius, Tanytarsus, Dicrotendipes, and
Paratanytarsus in Mary. The only talitrid amphipod identified
was Hyalella azteca, and the only culicid was a Chaoborus
species. Gastropods (snails) were principally in the genus
3 Gyraulus, although Physa and Fossaria species were also
collected. No snails were collected in Lower Derby Lake,
probably owing to the low abundance of aquatic macrophytes.
Although the benthic communities were similar among the lakes in3 that tubificids and/or chironomids were dominant, they differed
somewhat with respect to order of dominance, species composition3 and subdominant taxa (Appendix D, tables D-1 through D-3).
A total of 66 taxa of benthic macroinvertebrates were identifiedfrom both Lake Ladora and Lake Mary, while 63 taxa wereidentified from Lower Derby Lake. Only 36 of the 97 total taxa(37 percent) were common to all three lakes. Within each lake,diversity was higher in nearshore areas than in offshore areas,3although this difference was less pronounced in Lake Mary.
Nearshore sampling produced 54 taxa in Lower Derby Lake, 56 taxa
in Lake Ladora, and 55 taxa in Lake Mary, while offshore
sampling yielded only 29, 35, and 42 taxa, respectively (see
g Appendix D).
-56-.I
Macroinvertebrate diversities were generally high in April, lowin June and August, and moderately high in November (Figure3I 3-9). Decreases in diversity from spring to summer typicallyresult from the emergence of reproductive adult insects and
lower concentrations of dissolved oxygen due to high water
temperatures (Merritt and Cummins 1984). Diversity oftenincreases again in autumn because of gradual recolonization
following reproduction and better oxygen saturation due to lowerwater temperatures. Dissolved oxygen is usually less of a
factor in near-shore areas because of the shallower depths.Specifics of the seasonal pattern of diversity were somewhat
different for each lake (see Appendix D).
The average annual abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates was
lowest (1,590 organisms/m2 ) in Lower Derby Lake and highest(2,669 organisms/m2 ) in Lake Mary (see Appendix D;. Densities
* in Lower Derby and Mary declined progressively each samplingperiod from April through August but increased again in November3 (Figure 3-9). Densities in Lake Ladora decreased between theApril and June sampling periods but increased in both August and
3 November (Figure 3-9).
Differences in the macroinvertebrate assemblages of the South5 Lakes were probably due largely to differences in substrate,which is reported to be one of the most important factors
3 influencing community composition (e.g., see EPA 1973,Brinkhurst and Cook 1974, Merritt and Cummins 1984).
I The substrate in Lower Derby Lake was composed primarily of muck
and detritus. It was sparsely populated with aquatic plants,which occurred only in localized areas along its gradually
sloping margins. Because of low and fluctuating water levels,the shoreline was barren and devoid of emergent vegetation. Thebenthic community in Lower Derby consisted primarily of3 tubificids, chironomids, naidids, and culicids, all of which
I-57-3
I DERBY fiLADORA ~*MARY
T 6HI0
I SN
P 4ERS.....Q 3IU
I E2
MI EE
APR JUN AUG NOV AG
IFIGURE 3-9. SEASONAL MACROIN VERTEBRATE ABUNDANCE.
-58-
Ul either burrow into soft substrates or reside on the substrate
during the day and are free-swimming at night (Brigham andBrigham 1982, Merritt and Cummins 1984). Most are tolerant of
organic enrichment and can tolerate low dissolved oxygenj concentrations for extended periods. Diversity was low (29
taxa) in the open waters where the substrate was uniform and
dissolved oxygen concentrations were sometimes low, but
considerably higher (54 taxa) in the littoral zone. The
increased number of taxa in the nearshore fauna was mostly
associated with additional burrowing forms, primarily naidids
and dipterans (flies, mosquitoes, and midges).
At the other extreme, Lake Mary had steep banks, a shorelinewell vegetated with emergent plants, and dense growths of
submergent aquatic plants. As a result of greater habitatcomplexity, the benthic community of Lake Mary (42 taxa) wasconsiderably more diverse than that of Lower Derby Lake (29
taxa). The benthic fauna of Lake Mary was dominated by
3 nematodes, naidids, tubificids, talitrids, chironomids, and
gastropods (Figure 3-8). These include forms that burrow into
the substrate (naidids and some chironomids) or vegetation (some
chironomids and nematodes), that live upon the vegetation(gastropods), or that seek refuge within the plant cover
(talitrids) (Brinkhurst and Cook 1974, Pennak 1978, Merritt and
Cummins 1984).IAs in Lower Derby, the macroinvertebrate community in the
littoral zone was more diverse (55 taxa). The littoral fauna of
Lake Mary consisted primarily of ephemeropterans (mayflies),
odonates (dragonflies and damselflies), hemipterans (true bugs),
coleopterans (beetles), lepidopterans (butterflies and moths),gastropods (snails), and other aquatic invertebrates that
Sinhabit vegetation (Pennak 1978, Merritt and Cummins 1984).
Burrowing forms (naidids, tubificids, and chironomids) were
present, but these groups were less diverse, less abundant,
and/or dominated by different taxa than in Lower Derby.
-59-
U
I Lake Ladora was intermediate between Lake Mary and Lower Derby
Lake in terms of morphometry and extent of macrophytes. Like
Lake Mary, the shoreline of Lake Ladora was well vegetated with
emergent plants, and large portions of the lake were chockedI , with submergent plants. Like Lower Derby, most of the shoreline
around Lake Ladora had a gradual slope, and some areas were openand devoid of vegetation. Unlike either of the other two lakes,
clay was a major component of the substrate, especially in the
lower portions of the lake.
Diversity, as measured by number of taxa in benthic samples, was5 higher in Lake Ladora (35 taxa) than in Lower Derby (29 taxa),
but lower than in Lake Mary (42 taxa). Chironomids and
tubificids were abundant, as they were in Mary and Lower Derby.
Subdominant taxa consisted of groups mainly associated withaquatic plants (nematodes, talitrids, and gastropods). Naididscomprised about the same percentage of the benthic community inLake Ladora as in Lower Derby Lake, but a greater percentage
* than in Lake Mary.
Diversity in the littoral zone of Ladora (56 taxa) was
comparable to that in similar environments of Lower Derby (54taxa) and Mary (55 taxa). Burrowing forms (naidids) were common
nearshore in lower pars of Lake Ladora, as they were in Lower
Derby Lake. Many of the aquatic insects, talitrids, and3 gastropods found in the littoral zone of Ladora were common in
Lake Mary but uncommon in Lower Derby.
1 3.5 FISH
U 3.5.1 Community Composition
I Relatively few fish species were present in the South Lakes;Lower Derby and Ladora contained eight species each, while LakeMary contained five species. Table 3-13 is a list of fish
species observed at the South Lakes. Species recorded for McKayLake are also listed on the table. Most of the species present
-60-I
3 Table 3-13
Fish Species Identified from the Study Area Lakes, 19871
* _____ Lover _ _
species Derby Ladora Mary McKay
SALMON IDAERainbow troutSalmo gairdneri --- -x
CYPRINIDAEI Fathead minnowPimephale promelas X - --
Blutnose minnowP. notatus X - --
Common carpCyprinus carpio X X X X
I ~CATOSTOMI DAKWhite sucker5 Catostomus commersoni --- -X
ICTALURIDAEBlack bullheadIctalurus melas x x -- x
Channel cat!Tl'shI. punctatus -- -XX
CENTRARCH IDAEBluegillLepomis macrochirus x X x x
Green sunfishI L. cyanellus x x --
PumpkinseeL. gibbosus -- X-X
Pomoxis ni~romaculatus -- -XX
Whiite crappieP. annularis --- -X
Largemouth bassMicropterus salmoidus x x X X
PERCIDAEYellow perchPerca flavescens -- X-X
I ESOCIDAENorthern pike3 Esox lucius X X --
Il1 Samples were obtained by electrofishing.-61-
I were stocked for recreation or management purposes (see Section5). Species present that were not stocked presumably entered
the lakes via the canal and ditch system or were released byfishermen (e.g., as bait). As shown by Table 3-13, the onlyspecies recorded in all three of the South Lakes were the commoncarp (Cyprinus carpio), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), andlargemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). These species, plusblack bullheads (Ictalurus melas) in Lower Derby and Ladora,were the prevalent fish captured (Figure 3-10).
The fish communities of all three lakes appeared out-of-balance.
Capture rates during electrofishing indicated that Lower Derbyhad too many largemouth bass, bullheads, and large carp inrelation to forage fish, while lakes Ladora and Mary had toomany forage fish compared to the number of predators. Theoverabundance of bass in Lower Derby may have been caused by
drawdown of the lake. Drawdown away from shoreline vegetationexposes forage fish to predation. Conversely, dense growths ofaquatic plants, such as in lakes Ladora and Mary, allow foragefish to avoid predation and to overpopulate, which in turn leadsto stunting and a decrease in the quality of the prey base.
While population die-offs are not anticipated, the South Lakesfisheries could be improved by culling the fish population of
Lower Derby Lake and controlling macrophytes in lakes Ladora andMary.
Capture rates of fish were greatest in Lower Derby Lake (144fish/hour), intermediate in Lake Ladora (120 fish/hour), and
lowest in Lake Mary (115 fish/hour) (Figure 3-11). Catches ineach of the three lakes were lowest in April, intermediate inJune and August, and highest in November. This pattern istypical of warm-water and cool-water fisheries in the temperatezone, where most fish spawn in spring and early summer. As the
year progresses, the young grow in size and become more active,and thus are more susceptible to being captured.
Seasonal catch data varied among the three lakes for theI dominant species collected (see Appendix E, Tables E-1 through
E-3).
-62-
CARP BULLHEAD BLUEGILL
BASS OTHER
R 75%ELAT
E
A 50%* B
NDAN
- C*E 25%
0%DERBY LADORA MARY
3FIGURE 3-10. COMPOSITION OF ELECTROFISHING SAMPLES.
-63-
DERBY L A DOR A .fMARY
II 350-
I I250
F
R
* R
0:APR JUN AUG NOV AVG
FIGURE 3-11. SEASONAL ELECTROFISHING CATCHES.
1-64-
3.5.2 Evidence of Reproduction
Reproduction is evidenced by viable fish eggs, larvae,
juveniles, and different size (age) classes. As described in
Section 2.6, fish eggs and larvae were collected using two
techniques (towed plankton net and fry seine) to maximize thechance of obtaining a representative sample. Towed nets were
used to collect the eggs of pelagic-spawning species, and larvaethat drift or swim into the open waters. Fry seines were used
* primarily to collect the young of nest-building species such as
sunfish, or other larvae that inhabit the shore zone. In
addition, juvenile fish were collected by beach seine.
Fry seines were unsuccessful except in Lower Derby. In thatlake, two unidentifiable eggs were collected during April, two
carp eggs and six fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) larvae
were collected in June, and four larvae (two fathead minnows,
one bluegill, and one largemouth bass) were collected in August.
No eggs or larvae were collected in Lower Derby Lake in November
or in lakes Ladora and Mary during any of the four sampling
* periods.
Conversely, no eggs or larvae were collected in Lower Derby by
towed net, but this technique was effective in Ladora and Mary,where dense growths of aquatic plants extended from the shore to
depths greater than 1 m. Because fry seines are less effective
in weedy habitats, fish eggs and larvae in the shore zone may
have been missed, or the fish may have spawned in deeper water.
Bluegill and largemouth bass generally are nest builders thatprefer to spawn in 15 cm to 5.5 m of water (Scott and Crossman
1973, Heidinger 1976). Bluegill generally spawn over sand,
gravel, or mud; bass prefer to spawn near emergent vegetation,
rocks, stumps, or slopes.
Larvae of bluegill, other sunfish (Lepomis sp.), and yellowperch (Perca flavescens) were collected in Lake Ladora; only
I-65-I
bluegill larvae were collected in Lake Mary (Appendix E, tables
E-9 through E-11). The yellow perch larvae from Lake Ladora
were collected only during May, while the unidentified sunfish
and bluegill were collected in June 4nd August. Yellow perch
usually spawn in April and early May, near rooted vegetation,
submerged brush, or fallen trees, and occasionally over sand and
gravel. Spawning depths typically range from 50 cm to 3 m
(Scott and Crossman 1973, Thorpe 1977).
Beach seines were successful in capturing juvenile fish and
occasional subadult and adult fish (Appendix E, tables E-5
through E-7). Catches in Lower Derby and Ladora consisted
predominantly of bluegill and largemouth bass, while those in
Lake Mary consisted almost entirely of bluegill (Figure 3-12).
Average catches in the shore zone were 58 fish per haul in Lower
Derby, 24 fish per haul in Lake Ladora, and 18 fish per haul in
Lake Mary (Figure 3-13). Catches in Lake Mary may have been
influenced somewhat by a lack of suitable sites for beach-
seining. Initially, samples in the lower end of the lake were
taken from a boat because of the steep shoreline. After June,however, dense growths of aquatic plants precluded use of the
boat, and samples in both August and November were therefore
collected only from the upper end of the lake.
Results of the sampling program for fish eggs, larvae and
junveniles are summarized in Table 3-14. The table includes
results for McKay Lake as well as the South Lakes.
3.5.3 Size and Condition Factor
3 As described in Section 2.2.5, Fulton's condition factor (K) was
calculated for two size classes of bluegill and largemouth bass
using length and weight data. Results of these calculations areprovided in Figure 3-14. Sample sizes for other fish specieswere too small to permit this type of calculation. Carlander
(1969, 1977) provides an excellent overview of the use ofcondition factors in evaluating the health of a population.
-66-
BLUEGILL BASS • OTHER
I
I3R lb%
ELATII~ vE
A 50%* B
UNDANCE 25%
II
0%DERBY LADORA MARY
I1 FIGURE 3-12. BEACH SEINE CATCH COMPOSITION.
-67-
U
IDERBY L LADORA __ MARY
160I,I 140
1 120
F
H
pE 80
* R
HA 60UL!
II40
0APR JUN AUG NOV AVG
FIGURE 3-13. SEASONAL ABUNDANCES OF BEACH SEINE CATCHES.
I
___________-68-
I
BLUEGILL <100mm BLUEGILL >=100mm
11 95% C.I. + MEAN 9 95% C.I. " MEAN
2 2.3
TI 2.2
41.9 c T T0 T
NND
aT T 2.1
0I TN 1.8 N
F F-A AC C 2OT
0 0AR R
K 1.7 K1.9
1.6 1.9
DERBY LADORA MARY DERBY LADORA MARY
SLARGEMOUTH BASS <100mm LARGEMOUTH BASS )=100m
1 95% C.I. + MEAN T 95% C.I. + MEAN
1.5 1.6
1.5
C 1.45 c0 0N ND D 1.4
IIT T,I 0
DEB ADR A° EBY LDRA MR
N 1.4 N 1.3F FA AC cT T .
0K 1.35KI
1.3 t•L1DERBY LADORA MARY DERBY LADORA MARY3 FIGURE 3-14. CONDITION FACTORS FOR BLUEGILL AND BASS.
-
-69-
Table 3-14
Fish Eggs, Larvae, and Juveniles Identified in the
Study Area Lakes1 , 2
* Lakes
Species Derby Ladora Mary McKay
I CYPRINIDAEFathead minnow L,J .. .. ..
Common Carp E,J .. E,L
CENTRARCHIDAEBluegill L,J L,J L,J L,JGreen sunfish J J .. ..Pumpkinseed .... ..Unidentified sunfish -- L .. ..3 Black crappie .... . JWhite crappie .... .. L3 Largemouth bass L,J J -- L,J
PERCIDAEYellow perch LJ
II
I
1 1 E-eggs; L-larvae; J-juveniles2 Samples were obtained by beach seine, fry seine, and towed
* plankton net
-70-
Im
UI Fulton's condition factor for bluegill was highest in Lake Mary(1.84) and lowest in Lower Derby (1.79) for the small size class(<100 mm). For large bluegill (> 100 mm), the K value washighest in Lower Derby (2.17) and lowest in Lake Ladora (1.81)
3 (Figure 3-14). Average K values for small bluegill were similar
among lakes (Appendix E, Table E-13).
I Average K factors for the small size class of largemouth basswere similar in Lakes Ladora (1.42) and Mary (1.41) and, likebluegill, slightly lower in Lower Derby Lake (1.34) (Figure
3-14). Condition factors of larger bass collected in Lower3 Derby (1.45) and Ladora (1.40) were not significantly different
(at the p - 0.05 level), but both K values were significantly
3 hiqher than for fish in Lake Mary (1.14).
Another method for evaluating condition of fish is to plot a3oregression curve of the log-transformed weights and lengths (see
Calander 1977). As shown by Figure 3-15, these calculations3 indicated that bass and bluegill in the larger size class werein better condition than those in the smaller size class in all3 but one case (small bluegill from Lower Derby).
The K factor analyses were consistent with the observations ofcommunity structure (see Section 3.5.1). Predators in Lake Maryin particular were relatively slim in relation to their length,3 indicating that they were expending more energy in pursuit of
food than fish in Lake Ladora or Lower Derby Lake. Similarly,the smaller bass in Lower Derby Lake, lacking a large prey base
of the appropriate size, were also slim, although as they gotlarger (and thus able to consume larger food items includingsmall bass) their condition improved. Weight-length regressiondata are provided in Appendix E, Table E-15.ILengths, weights, and sample sizes of fish captured byelectrofishing at the South Lakes and McKay are presented in
Table 3-15.
-71-!
' ,BLUEGILL
3 B FISH ,100mm M FISH ',100mm
4-
3 .5,R 2
E 2.5•s
ol 2NUsLo 1.5PE
WN
DERBY LADORA MARY
I3 LARGEMOUTH BASS
FISH'IOOmm • FISH,-1OOmm
3' 3.3
E 2.-
aIR*Es3 2
I
UN
S 1.5L0P| E
B 0.5
DERBY LADORA MARY
FIGURE 3-15. REGRESSION SLOPES FOR BLUEGILL AND BASS.
-72-
I
3 3.5.4 Examination for Tumors and Parasitism
As part of the fishery survey, gamefish and large individuals of3 nongame species were inspected for tumors, scars, external bodyparasites, and gill parasites. In addition, fish collected fortissue analysis in 1986 were examined for internal parasites.
Visual examinations indicated that fish from the South Lakeswere generally free of problems. No tumors or internal
parasites were observed on any fish examined. A few external or3 gill parasites were observed, particularly cyclopoidcopepodites. This is common and does not indicate a health
3 problem.
3.6 AMPHIBIANS
Few amphibians were observed on the Arsenal during aquatic5 investigations. Northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) andbullfrogs (R. catesbyiana) were seen or heard in the nearshorearea of lakes Mary and Ladora on several occasions. Also,
several amphibian eggs were collected in a fry seine haul inLake Mary during August. No evidence of amphibians was foundnear Lower Derby Lake.
5 A report on the wildlife resources of the RMA prepared
separately by MKE (1989) includes a discussion of amphibians
observed in the study area, as does the Biota RI (ESE 1989).
Amphibians heard chorusing in and near the South Lakes duringfield studies in the spring of 1988 included the plains
spadefoot (Spea bombifrons), Woodhouse's toad (Bufo woodhousei),Great Plains toad (B. cognatus), and northern chorus frog3 (Pseudacris triseriata), in addition to leopard frogs andbullfrogs. Tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) have been3 reported for RMA but were not observed during aquatic ecologyfield studies.
-I -73-
TABLE 3-15
Lengths and Weights of Fish Collected in the3 Study Area Lakes, 1987
Sample Length (cm) 1 Weight (g) 2
Species Lake Size mean max mean max
Rainbow trout Derby .... .... ..Ladora ........ ..Mary ........ ..McKay 5 34 41 448 760
Fathead minnow Derby 8 4 6 1 4Ladora -- -- -- -- --
Mary ........ ..McKay -- -- -- -- --
3 Bluntnose minnow Derby 2 6 6 2 2Ladora -- -- -- -- --Mary ........ ..I McKay -- -- -- -- --
Common carp Derby 131 50 66 1,959 4,500Ladora 2 66 67 4,100 4,100Mary 6 66 69 4,142 5,000McKay 64 56 66 2,352 4,100
White sucker Derby -- -- -- -- --
Ladora ........ ..Mary ........ ..McKay 1 -- 49 -- 1,100
Black bullhead Derby 78 18 21 80 120Ladora 2 24 25 193 226Mary -- -- -- -- --
McKay ........ ..
I Channel catfish Derby .... .... ..Ladora -- -- -- -- --
Mary 9 51 54 1,164 1,7003 McKay 3 60 65 2,200 2,750
Bluegill Derby 173 69 172 16 100Ladora 298 107 199 31 170Mary 306 85 195 24 172McKay 267 107 200 46 149
Green sunfish Derby 7 6 11 6 23Ladora 2 9 14 27 54Mary -- -- -- -- --3 McKay 1 -- 10 -- 18
-74-U
TABLE 3-15(Continued)
Sample Length (cu)l Weight (g)2
Species Lake Size mean max mean max
Pumpkinseed Derby -- -- -- -- --
Ladora 2 11 14 44 70Mary -- -- -- -- --McKay 32 11 19 40 144
Black crappie Derby -- -- -- -- --Ladora -- -- -- -- --Mary 4 15 18 78 192McKay 159 6 25 7 172
White crappie Derby -- -- -- -- --Ladora ........ ..Mary ........ ..McKay 24 17 26 84 212
3 Largemouth bass Derby 149 127 495 192 2,600Ladora 102 128 484 168 2,200Mary 61 188 355 134 618
m McKay 145 140 568 132 3,550
Yellow perch Derby -- -- -- -- --
Ladora 7 16 18 44 71Mary -- -- -- -- --McKay 283 10 20 25 103
Northern pike Derby 9 58 67 897 1,300Ladora 7 75 88 2,850 5,200Mary -- -- -- -- --3 McKay
i1 1 inch 2.5 cm
2 1 pound - 454 grams
In
I-75-.
I
3.7 AQUATIC MACROPHYTES
The aquatic plant communities of the South Lakes were surveyedduring August 1987 to determine the prevalent species and toestimate areal coverage.
Submtergent macrophytes identified included two species in LowerDerby Lake, three species in Lake Ladora, and five species inLake Mary. Sago pondweed (Potamogeton pectinatus) was presentin each of the three lakes. Two other pondweeds, P. gramineusand P. nodosus, were observed in Lower Derby and Mary,respectively. American water-milfoil (Myriophyllum exalbescens)and coontail (Ceratophyllum demersum) were present in lakesLadora and Mary, but not in Lower Derby. Muskgrass, Chara sp.
(a macroalga), was present only in Lake Ladora. Narrowleafcattail (Typha angustifolia) and broadleaf cattail (T.latifolia) were the dominant emergent species in all threelakes. Both cattail species were abundant around the upper ends
3 of the lakes and in other wet areas scattered across the
Arsenal.
I Aquatic plants provide cover for aquatic insects, spawning sitesfor some species of fish, and food sources for a variety ofaquatic or amphibious species. On the other hand, species such
as American water-milfoil, coontail, and the cattails can become
5 so dense that they displace more desirable species and
eventually "choke" an entire water body (Correll and Correll
1972).
Areal estimates of peripheral cattail stands in August 1987 were
3.4 ha at Lower Derby Lake, 7.4 ha at Lake Ladora, and 1.0 ha at
LaKe Mary. Virtually all of Lake Mary and Lake Ladora were
covered by submergent macrophytes in August 1987, probably
because the low turbidity (and hence high transparency) of these
lakes allowed ample light to penetrate the water. The high
turbidity of Lower Derby Lake resulted in less development of
submergent macrophytes.
-76-
4.0 ONSIrE-OFFSITE COMPARISONS
3I One of the major aspects of the aquatic ecology investigation
was to compare the three South Lakes at RMA with an offsite
reservoir, namely McKay Lake in northwestern Adams County, about
16 km from RZIA (Figure 4-1). McKay Lake was selected as the
offsite comparison because it is similar to the South Lakes in
size, morphometry, and substrate, and contains the same dominant
fish species. It is also similar to the South Lakes in that it
receives runoff from adjacent rangeland, agricultural land, and
rural residentiai areas, as well as inflow from a ditch system.
McKay Lake has a surface area of about 27 ha and a maximum depth
of about 5 m. It has a regular shoreline and a substrate of mud
with some sand and detritus.
The following subsections summarize the similarities and
differences between the RMA lakes and McKay Lake with regard to
water quality and aquatic biota.
4.1 WATER QUALITY
Water quality of the South Lakes was generally similar to that
of McKay Lake (Table 4-1) and within normal ranges. Notable
findings included the following:
a. Conductivity in McKay Lake (R - 344 umhos/cm) was only
about 50-65 percent of that in the South Lakes, and
laboratory analyses showed that McKay had lower total
dissolved solids (X - 240 mg/l) than the mean for the
South Lakes combined (399 mg/l). Both of these
conditions were due primarily to higher concentrations
of sodium and chloride ions in the Arsenal lakes.
b. Turbidity values were generally higher for McKay Lake
(X - 16.5 units) than for the Arsenal lakes (X - 4.9
units), probably because the shallower depth of McKay
increases the potential for disturbance of bottom
sediments by wave action. The most turbid lake on RMA
-77-
II
-78-
3 TABLE 4-1
Comparison of Mean Water Quality Values Between RJA Lakes and McKay Lake 1 , 2
I LoverParameter 3 Derby Ladora Mary McKa
IDissolved Oxygen 10.2 10.3 11.7 9.0pH 8.4 8.1 9.0 7.7Conductivity (umhos/cm 539 675 654 344
@25 0 C)Secchi Visibility (m) 0.5 1.7 2.1 0.8Turbidity (NTU) 10.2 2.0 2.5 16.5S Total Suspend Solids 19.2 3.2 7.2 12.0Total Dissolved Solids 358 432 407 240Alkalinity (as CaCO3 ) 109 129 126 92i Hardness (as CaCO3 ) 141 179 116 131Sodium 79 86 100 34Potassium 6.4 3.8 4.2 3.1Magnesium 8.8 10.5 9.0 9.0U Bicarbonate 107 128 106 92Carbonate 2.5 1.0 20.0 0.2Chloride 53 72 98 16Sulfate 72 86 100 34Total Nitrogen (N) 1.9 1.3 2.1 1.8Nitrate + Nitrite N 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.1Ammonia N 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4I Total Phosphorus 0.1 <.07 <.08 <.07
31 All data for samples from 1 m or the nearest depth interval (0.5-1.3 m).
2 Data are arithmetic means for four seasonal samplings in 1987 (April, June,* August, November).
3 All values in mg/l unless indicated otherwise.
-IIII -79-
I
was Lower Derby (X - 10.2 units), which is similar to
McKay Lake in being broad and shallow. Total suspendedsolids (TSS) showed the same pattern as turbidity, with
means of 19.5 mg/l for McKay, 19.2 mg/l for Lower
Derby, and 9.9 mg/l for the South Lakes which.
C. The low level of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the near-
bottom samples from McKay Lake in June (3.2 ug/l)
(Table 4-2) was similar to the lowest values for deep
areas of the South Lakes. As discussed earlier, low
levels of DO are common in deeper portions of
productive lakes because of the high biological oxygen
demand associated with decomposition of organic
detritus. Mean concentrations of dissolved oxygen were
higher onsite than at McKay Lake in 1987.
d. The highest pH reading in McKay Lake was 8.0 in June,
compared with 8.9 for Lake Ladora, 9.0 for Lower Derby
Lake and 9.6 for Lake Mary. Elevated pH during the
summer was probably due to photosynthetic activity
associated with macrophyte growth, coupled with
carbonate alkalinity. This is common for small lakes
in the region. The mean pH of McKay Lake (7.7) was
notably lower than any of the three South Lakes.
e. Concentrations of ammonia (related to chemical
reduction of organic detritus) were highest during
November in McKay Lake, as they were in lakes Ladora
and Mary. In contrast, the highest value at LowerDerby Lake was recorded in June. The highest ammonia
3 concentration recorded at RMA was 0.50 mg/i in LakeMary, compared with a high of 0.86 mg/i in McKay Lake
5 during the same sampling period.
-80-
Table 4-2
3 In-Situ Vater Quality Measurements at McKay Lake, 1987
Hater Meas. Conduct. SecchiDepth Depth Temp. DO DO pH (umhos/cm Depth
Date (M) (N) (°C) m (Z Sat.) (S.U.) @250 C) (M)
Lover End
I1 May 1.5 0.5 -- -- -- 7.8 303 0.51.0 15.5 8.2 82 -- --
1.3 15.2 8.3 83 -- --
14 May 2.0 1.0 18.0 8.9 94 7.8 335 0.711 Jun 3.0 0.5 -- -- -- 7.5 325 1.5
1.0 22.5 8.5 98 -- --
2.0 21.9 8.6 98 8.0 3252.8 21.0 9.4 105 7.9 330
12 Aug 1.8 0.5 -- -- -- 7.4 345 0.41.0 22.8 7.5 87 -- --
1.6 22.5 6.3 73 -- --4 Nov 1.3 0.5 11.2 11.7 107 8.0 395 0.4
1.1 11.2 11.9 108 -- --
i Upper End
30 Apr 2.5 0.5 -- -- -- 7.5 363 0.51.0 15.5 8.1 81 -- --
2.0 15.5 8.0 80 ....2.3 15.2 7.4 74 -- --
14 May 3.5 1.0 17.8 9.0 95 7.7 320 1.32.0 17.2 9.0 94 7.8 3163.0 16.5 7.3 75 7.2 3163.3 15.2 3.7 37 -- --
11 Jun 3.7 0.5 -- -- -- 7.8 330 1.41.0 19.9 8.2 90 -- --
2.0 19.9 9.4 103 7.5 3403.0 19.8 6.7 73 7.8 3303.5 19.2 3.2 35 -- --
12 Aug 2.1 0.5 -- -- -- 7.5 338 0.61.0 23.0 7.4 86 -- --
1.9 23.0 6.6 77 -- --
4 Nov 1.5 0.5 12.0 11.2 104 7.9 390 0.4
II
Ii -81-
I
1 4.2 PHYTOPLANKTON
5 The phytoplankton community of McKay Lake (Appendix B, Table B-
4) was generally within the range of the Arsenal lakes in terms
3 of density and diversity (Table 4-3), but somewhat different in
terms of composition. Mean density in McKay was 2,623/ml, with
a peak of 7,451/ml in November. This pattern most closely
resembled that of Lake Mary (X - 1,918/ml, with a peak of
5,205/mi in November). McKay was more productive than Ladora
3 (2 - 1,269/mi), but much less productive than Lower Derby
(2 - 13,854/mi).
Phytoplankton diversity in McKay Lake averaged 25 taxa, compared
with 24 for Lake Mary, 28 for Lower Derby Lake, and 41 for Lake
Ladora. Chlorophytes (green algae) were dominant in all lakes,
but their mean relative abundance was higher in McKay (84
percent) than in Ladora (58 percent), Lower Derby (63 percent),
and Mary (67 percent). Notable differences were observed in the3 abundance patterns of subdominant groups. In McKay Lake,diatoms averaged only 4 percent mean relative abundance. In
contrast, they were the principal subdominant in Ladora (25percent), Mary (24 percent), and Lower Derby (12 percent).Pyrrhophytes were a subdominant in McKay during August, but werevirtually absent from the Arsenal lakes. Cyanophytes (blue-
green algae) were more abundant than euglenophytes in all three
3 of the South Lakes, and chrysophytes (brown algae) were the
second subdominant (behind diatoms) in Lake Ladora. In McKay
Lake, no chrysophytes were collected and cyanophytes were
present in very low numbers, while euglenophytes were the major
subdominant group.
4.3 MICROZOOPLANKTONIMicrozooplankton communities of McKay Lake (Appendix C, Table C-
4) and the South Lakes consisted entirely of rotifers and were
generally similar among the lakes. Although dominance varied
somewhat, the three most abundant taxa in all lakes were
-82-
I
3 Table 4-3
Comparison of Density and Diversity Data for Plankton and3 Invertebrates in RNA Lakes and McKay Laket
it LoverPareter_ Derby Ladora Mary McKa
Phytoplanktonmean density (no./l) 13,854 1,269 1,918 2,623mean number of taxa 28 41 24 25total number of taxa 76 98 69 74
Microzooplanktonmean density (no./l) 404 317 351 142mean number of taxa 5.0 6.0 9.7 4.03 total number of taxa 8 11 17 8
Macrozooplanktonmean density (no./1) 602 446 408 368mean number of taxa 8.8 10.2 10.0 8.5total number of taxa 16 19 19 17
Macroinvertebratesmean density (no./m2) 1,590 2,124 2,669 2,004mean number of taxa 11.8 16.0 19.8 17.0total number of taxa 29 36 42 29I
I
11 Annual mean calculated from seasonal samples collected in April/May, June,August, and November 1987.
2 Phytoplankton and microzooplankton collected by water bottle; macrozoo-plankton collected by towed net; macroinvertebrates collected by Ponardredge.
IIII
-83-
I
Keratella stipitata, K. cochlearis, and Polyarthra sp., except
for Lower Derby where Brachionus angularis joined these as acodominant. Brachionus angularis was a subdominant in McKay, a
minor constituent in Mary, and absent from Ladora samples.
Microzooplankton density was markedly lower in McKay Lake duringthe four sampling periods, with a mean of 142/liter versus
357/liter for the three South Lakes (Table 4-3). The higheraverage densities at RMA were due primarily to the very high
peaks in Lower Derby in June, and in lakes Ladora and Mary in
November. Similar strong pulses were not indicated by the data3 for McKay Lake, probably because of food supply (see Pennak
1978).
I A total of 8 rotifer taxa were identified from McKay Lake, the
same number as in Lower Derby. Diversity was somewhat higher inLake Ladora (11 taxa), and much higher in Lake Mary (17 taxa).
The higher number of taxa in Mary and Ladora may have been due3 to differences in habitat. Most of the species occurring in
these lakes are typical of sandy and/or vegetated littoralareas. These conditions predominate in Ladora and Mary, while
Lower Derby and McKay are less vegetated and have silt/claysubstrates.
4.4 MACROZOOPLANKTON
The mean density of macrozooplankton in McKay (368/liter)
(Appendix C, Table C-8) was below the range for the South Lakes
(from 408/liter in Mary to 602/liter in Lower Derby) (Table
4-3). As with microzooplankton, the abundance ofmacrozooplankton is often controlled by food supply (Pennak
1978).
The macrozooplankton communities of the South Lakes contained
all of the taxa identified from McKay Lake except for two
cladocerans Diaphanosoma sp. and Daphnia galeata mendote.Diaphanosoma commonly occurs in open waters and is seldom found
in vegetated areas (Pennak 1978). Daphnia galeata mendote-84-
m typically prefers large lakes (Brooks 1959). The dominant taxa
in all four lakes were cladocerans (including bosminids,Daphnia, and Ceriodaphnia) and copepods (especially nauplii and
copepodids). Relative dominance of these groups varied among
lakes and seasons. The total number of taxa collected at McKay
Lake (17) was similar to that of Lower Derby Lake (16) and lakes
Ladora and Mary (19 each).
Trends in seasonal abundance of the prevalent macrozooplankton
taxa were similar among the lakes, although overall densities
varied. The major difference was th9 timing and magnitude of
3 the population peaks for the various taxa. Variations of this
type are common, even when comparing the same species in3 adjacent lakes (Pennak 1978).
4.5 BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES
The mean density of benthic macroinvertebrates in McKay Lake1 (2,004 organisms/m2 ) (Appendix D, Table D-4) was within the
range of mean densities in the Arsenal lakes (from 1,590/m 2 in
Lower Derby to 2,669/m2 in Lake Mary) (Table 4-3). Overall
abundance patterns were similar among the lakes, with highestdensities in April/May and November, and lowest densities in
June and August.
3 In general, the community composition of McKay Lake was most
similar to that of Lower Derby. Tubificid worms and chironomid
flies (midges) composed approximately 92 percent of the
community in McKay, 86 percent in Lower Derby, 80 percent in
Ladora, and only 63 percent in Mary. Tubificids consisted
primarily of immature forms; prevalent adults includedAulodrilus pigueti in Lower Derby, Potamothrix bava:icus in
m Ladora, and Limnodrilus claparedianus in McKay. Chironomus sp.was tlhe dominant chironomid in each of the four lakes.
3 Subdominant groups, including gastropods (snails), amphipods(sideswimmers), naidid worms, and culicids (phantom midges),
m were similar among the lakes.
-85-I
II
Although chironomids and tubifitids were dominant in all four
lakes during each sampling period, seasonal trends in dominance
between the two groups varied. For example, tubificids were the
dominant group during April and June in Lower Derby; April in
Ladora; August in Mary; and May, August, and November in McKaf.
* 4.6 FISH
4.6.1 Community Composition and Relative Abundance
Twelve species of fish were identified in McKay Lake, comparedto eight species each in Lower Derby Lake and Lake Ladora andfive species in Lake Mary. The greater number of species inMcKay Lake is due to management practices. Rainbow trout arestocked at McKay in fall and winter, establishing a put-and-take5 fishery, and other species are occasionally stocked as well. Ofthe twelve species collected in McKay Lake, the four mostabundant were bluegill (43 percent), yellow perch (20 percent),
largemouth bass (18 percent), and common carp (9 percent)(Appendix E, Table E-4).
Catches (fish caught per hour) at McKay Lake were highest in
* April and lowest in August; at the Arsenal they were highest inNovember and lowest in April. The high spring catches in McKayLake were largely due to carp concentrating near the shore for
spawning; most carp collected were shedding milt or eggs. Anumber of bluegill also exhibited spawning colors at McKay Lakein April. Few of the fish captured at RMA in April appeared inspawning condition, although a supplemental electrofishing
* effort in May revealed a number of bluegill with spawning
colors. The high catches in all lakes in November were mainlyI due to presence of young-of-the-year fish.
II
-86-
I
4.6.2 Evidence of Reproduction
The combination of samples collected by fry seine, towed
plankton net, and beach seine, as well as casual observations,
indicated successful reproduction by carp, bluegill, white
crappie, and largemouth bass in McKay Lake. As described above,
spawning apparently occurred earlier in this lake than in the
South Lakes. Fry seines p~oduced a total of 921 carp eggs in
McKay Lake in April and 108 carp eggs in June. Larvae collected
in June included 41 carp, one bluegill, one largemouth bass, and
one unidentified species.
A comparison of the fish eggs and larvae collected in McKay Lake
and the South Lakes is provided in Appendix E, Tables E-9
through E-12. In general, both McKay Lake and the South Lakes
supported reproducing populations of fish. However, management
practices at McKay Lake appear to have provided better
conditions for reproduction.
4.6.3 Condition Factors
As described in Section 3.5.3, fish length and weight data were
used to calculate F'ilton's condition factor (K) for two size
classes (viz., larger or smaller than 100 mm total length) of
bluegill and largemouth bass. Results of the statistical
comparisons (rejection levels were 95 percent) are presented in
Appendix E, Tables E-13 and E-14, and portrayed graphically in
Figure 4-1. Major findings may be summarized as follows:
1. For small bluegill, the mean K value at McKay Lake
(1.65) was significantly lower than the values at any
of the Arsenal lakes. The highest value was for Lake
Mary (1.89).
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2.25 50
2.20 92
2.15T2.10-
2.050
2.00
1.95- 2.14 184
1.90 T-
1.85 21.80 41.75
1.70 -
1.65 Bluegill Bluegill1.60-1-60 - rnrn). ( _.100m m )
LD L M Mc LD L M Mc
1.70-
1.65-
*1.55- 63
1.50- 70 17 321.45 -
0 1.40 88 78
1,35
1.30U_. 1.25 -
1.20- 44
1.15 -Lg ui.0o - Lorgemouth
1.05 Bass Bass(<lOOmrm) (_lOOmm)1.00- I I I I II
I I I 1 I7LD L M Mc LD L M Mc
Figure 4-2. Comparison of condition factor (K) for bluegill and largemouthbass from Lower Derby Lake (LD), Lake Ladora (L), Lake Mary (M),and McKay Lake (Mc). Data are means (circles), 95% confidencelimits (vertical bars), and samples sizes (numbers above bars).
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2. The mean K value for large bluegill in McKay Lake
(1.91) was identical to that in Lake Ladora, but
significantly lower than the values for Lake Mary
(2.10) and Lower Derby Lake (2.17).
3. Condition factors for largemouth bass in the small size
class were not significantly different among any of the
lakes including McKay. The K value for small bass at
McKay (1.36) was within the range for the South Lakes
(1.34-1.42).
4. For bass in the large size class, mean condition factor
at McKay Lake (1.34) also fell within the range of RMA
lakes (1.14-1.45).
These findings indicate that bass and bluegill in the South
Lakes were in similar condition to those at McKay Lake. This
conclusion is also supported by the slopes of weight-length
regressions. For example, the mean regression slope for McKay
(3.07) was intermediate between the means for Lower Derby and
Ladora (3.27) and Lake Mary (2.86).
4.7 AMPHIBIANS
Observations of amphibians at McKay Lake in 1987 were similar to
observations at the South Lakes. Species seen or heard were the
northern chorus frog, northern leopard frog, and bullfrog. An
unidentified tadpole (Rana sp.) was collected by beach seine
during the May 1987 sampling.
4.8 AQUATIC MACROPHYTES
The aquatic macrophyte community of McKay Lake contained five of
the six taxa identified from the Arsenal lakes. Only muskgrass
(Chara sp.) was missing in McKay Lake. Areal coverage of
submergent species in McKay Lake was about 10 percent. Like
Lower Derby, the high turbidity (and thus, low transparency) of
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McKay Lake limited the growth of aquatic plants by reducing the
penetration of light.
As in the South Lakes, cattails were the predominant emergent
plants. Cattails were best developed near the western end of
the lake, at the mouth of a small ditch on the north, and along
the eastern shore. Areal coverage by cattails around McKay Lake
(3.8 ha) was similar to that of Lower Derby (3.4 ha). Coverage
by cattails at Lake Ladora and Lake Mary was 7.4 ha and 1.0 ha,
respectively.
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5.0 HISTORY OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AT RMA
This chapter summarizes the history of fisheries management at
the RMA. In general, management activities were carried out to
establish or maintain a recreational resource. Fisheries
management often improves the quality of aquatic ecosystems for
terrestrial and semi-aquatic wildlife by providing a better
forage base for fish-eating waterfowl, wading birds, and
raptors.
Among the most important management tools for fisheries are
stocking programs, habitat manipulation, and population control.
Fish introductions are sometimes made by fishermen who
intentionally release their catches from one lake into another
or inadvertently release live bait. Fish introductions and
natural colonization via canals have resulted in the present
distribution of fish at RMA. Table 5-1 presents documented fish
stocking activities on the Arsenal.
5.1 SOUTH LAKES
I The South Lakes are the largest impoundments at RHA and have
been the focus of fisheries management. It is not clear when
fish were first introduced into Ladora and Lower Derby, the two
lakes that pre-dated the Arsenal. However, Finley (1959)
* reported that these lakes were used for fishing patients from
Fitzsimmons Army Hospital early in the RMA's history.
i The quality of the aquatic resources during that time isunclear, but fish populations reportedly had declined
drastically by the late 1940s because of chemical contamination(see MKE 1987). Fish were reportedly absent from the South
Lakes in the summer of 1951 (Hyman 1953). Discussions aboutrestocking the lakes were held between the Army and Hyman on
several occasions in 1951, but whether fish were re-introduced
at that time could not be documented.
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Table 5-1
Fish Stocking Histor, ofRocky Mountain Arsenal (1961-1982)1
NUMBER AND SIZE (CM) OF EACH SPECIES2
Rainbov Northern Channel Other BlackVater Body Year Trout Pike Catfish Bass Bluegill Sunfish Crappie
Mary 1961 500 -- 300 .... 900(5) --
1964 2,000 .......-- --
1965 4,000 ............1967 7,000 ............1968 8,176(17) ............1969 8,000(20) ............1970 7,000(17) -- 1,500(17) ........1971 8,547(20) ............1972 8,000(20) ............1973 7,400(20) -- 1,500(20) ........1974 5,900(20) ............1975 3,500(15) -- 1,500(5) ........1976 9,000(22) -- 2,000(5) ........1977 476(20) ............1978 896 ............1979 250 ............3 1982 -- ....... 3,000(F)
Ladora 1967 ... 25,000(F) -- Unknown 3 --
1968 -- 500,000(F) 5,000(6) ........1969 ...... 16,000(5) 4,000(5) ....1970 -- 39(10) ..........1976 -- 3,000(7) ..........1978 -- 300(12) ..........1979 -- 4,250(2) ..........
Lower Derby 1976 -- 3,000(5) ..........1978 -- 200(12) ..........1979 4,250(F) ..........
I Upper Derby 1979 -- 1,000(F) --
Rod & GunClub 1976 -- 1,600(5) ..........
1979 -- 500(F) ..........
Toxic* Storage Yard 1976 600(5)
North Bog 1976 600(5)
I1Data sources: Bartschi (1968,1969); Mullan (1971, 1974, 1975b); Rosenlund (1978, 1981,21982); FWS (undated a, b).2Some conflicting data were reported in the documents. Numbers reported here were from the
most contemporaneous source. Size (cm) shown is parentheses; 1 cm = 0.4 inches. F = fryI(length unreported).3 Undocumented number of bluegill transferred from Lake Mary.
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II Lake Mary was constructed in 1960 for recreational use, and the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) became involved at that
* time in actively managing the aquatic resources of RHA
(Rosenlund 1981). In 1964 and 1965, the South Lakes (except
Lake Mary) were drained and sediments were removed in an effort
to clean the lakes. The following discussions summarize the
management of the South Lakes and other aquatic ecosystems at
RMA, since 1965.
5.1.1 Upper and Lower Derby Lakes
* The Derby Lakes reportedly did not support a fish population in
1968, when channel catfish fingerlings were planted on an
experimental basis (Bartschi 1968). Fish apparently had been
established in the Derby Lakes by 1975, because crayfish were
released that year as a forage base for largemouth bass.
Furthermore, bass, bluegill, and catfish were observed along the
shore of Lower Derby Lake in May 1973 (U.S. Army 1973).
In September 1975, the FWS sampled the Derby Lakes with gill
nets set overnight (Mullan 1975c). This effort yielded a large
number of black bullheads in both lakes, and the FWS's 1975
Annual Fisheries Report stated that the "reservoirs are on the
verge of being overrun with black bullheads." To help control
this overpopulation of bullheads, northern pike were introduced
3 into Lower Derby in May 1976 (FWS undated b).
Sampling of Arsenal waters by an Army consultant in 1977 (RMFC
1978) indicated that Lower Derby Lake was the most productive
and well balanced fishery on RMA and generally contained larger3 fish than the other lakes. Black bullhead were still the most
abundant species, and they apparently had not been stunted by
3 overpopulation. Spawning success was high for largemouth bass,
but relatively low for bluegill and green sunfish. Yellow perch
were present in low numbers, and northern pike--probably from
the 1976 stocking--were also captured. The pike were 25-30 cm
in length, which represents considerable growth during their two
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3 summers in Lower Derby Lake. Moderate populations of carp andwhite sucker were also noted, but survival of native minnows was
* low.
In further attempts at establishing a reproducing population ofnorthern pike, pike 12.5 cm in length were stocked in LowerDerby in 1978 (Rosenlund 1978), and pike fry were released in1978 (Rosenlund 1981). Upper Derby Lake was stocked with pike
fry in 1979. Pike captured in Lower Derby 1981 ranged from 43
to 69 cm and were thought to be feeding on white suckers andbluegill (Rosenlund 1981). Sampling in 1982 produced at least
six year classes of pike, indicating that natural reproduction
had occurred. The pike were reported to be feeding primarily onbullheads (Rosenlund 1982).
Between 1978 and 1981, the largemouth bass population was
i apparently low, with individuals ranging from 15 to 38 cm(Rosenlund 1981). Sampling indicated that the bass were feeding
on bluegill and growing an average of 7.5 cm per year. By 1982,
the bass population had stabilized, and they were utilizingcrayfish as their forage base (Rosenlund 1982). This shift indiet apparently resulted from a decline in bluegill, which werethought to have disappeared from Lower Derby Lake by 1982.
Bullheads continued to dominate the Derby Lakes in 1981, but by1982 their numbers had dropped due to low water levels or
predation by bass and pike (Rosenlund 1982). Decreases in
populations of yellow perch and white suckers during this periodwere also attributed to predation by bass and pike. By 1984,northern pike and common carp were abundant, largemouth bass3 were moderately abundant, and bluegill and black bullhead
populations were low (Rosenlund et al. 1986).
III
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I
1 5.1.2 Lake Ladora
5 In 1967, Lake Ladora was stocked by the FWS with 25,000 channel
catfish fry and an unknown number of stunted bluegill seinedfrom Lake Mary (Bartschi 1968). The next year, the lake was
stocked with 500,000 northern pike fry (Mullan 1975c). Sampling
in August 1968 suggested that these stocking efforts were
unsuccessful. Channel catfish fingerlings were stocked again in
October 1968 (Bartschi 1968). In June 1969, large numbers of
small bluegill and largemouth bass were released into Lake
Ladora (Bartschi 1969).
In May 1970, a small number of 10-cm northern pike were released
(Mullan 1975b). Observations and seining at that time indicated
that fathead minnows were abundant and that survival and growth
of the bluegills and bass stocked in 1969 was good (Mullan
1971). Fish captured in May 1970 included 43 bluegill (10 to 18
cm), eighty largemouth bass (15 to 28 cm), one green sunfish,
and one white sucker.
In 1972, fewer bass were captured than in 1970 (48 vs. 80), but
they were larger (25 to 33 cm). More than three times as many
bluegill were captured than in 1970 (131 vs. 43), and lengths
ranged from 7.5 to 25 cm. Twenty-three green sunfish and a
small number of black bullheads were also captured (Mullan
1975b).
The Army opened Lake Ladora to catch-and-release fishing in1974. Largemouth bass weighing up to 2.7 kilograms (kg) and
northern pike up to 10.9 kg were reported by anglers. A few
46-cm northern pike were observed by FWS (Mullan 1974).
Sampling in September 1975 suggested an increase in black
bullheads. Yellow perch were captured for the first time in
1975; the researchers conjectured that the perch had entered the
lakes through the Highline Lateral. Scale analysis of the perch
indicated an age of at least one year, and overpopulation wasthought possible. The number of bluegill captured in 1975 was
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almost identical to 1972, but their growth appeared to be
declining. Largemouth bass numbers decreased compared to 1972,
but their growth was reasonably good. Only one green sunfish
was captured in 1975. As previously mentioned, the FWSintroduced crayfish into Arsenal waters in 1975 in hopes that
they would establish breeding populations and contribute to the
forage base. No northern pike were netted in the 1975 survey
(Mullan 1975a); 3,000 small pike were released in 1976.
3I In 1977, bluegill were the dominant species in Lake Ladora, andoverpopulation had resulted in stunted growth (RMFC 1978).
Dense aquatic vegetation was thought to have provided too much
cover and protection from predatory species. (The removal of
aquatic vegetation have benefitted from the Lake Ladora fishery,
particularly for bass.) The pike population was of moderatesize, but there was no evidence of reproduction. Populations ofgreen sunfish and yellow perch were low, which was attributed
mainly to competition with the bluegill for food and habitat.
3 The white sucker population was also low in 1978.
Gill-netting by the FWS in 1978 resulted in captures of 106
bullheads (23-25 cm), three northern pike (35-74 cm), two yellowperch (20 cm), one bluegill (15 cm), and one largemouth bass
(37 cm) (Rosenlund 1978). Northern pike were planted in Lake
Ladora in 1978 and 1979 in a continuing effort to establish a
3 breeding population.
Black bullhead abundance remained high in Lake Ladora from 1979
through 1981. During that period, their mean size increased
from approximately 20 cm to 25 cm (Rosenlund 1981). Bullhead
captures dropped to about 20 per net in 1982, which Rosenlund(1982) attributed to an increasing northern pike population.
3 Largemouth bass numbers remained low in 1981; their size ranged
from 15 to 37 cm, and they were growing an average of 7.5 cm per
year (the same as in Lower Derby Lake). The bass were found to
be feeding primarily on bluegill in both 1981 and 1982(Rosenlund 1981, 1982). The pike caught in Lake Ladora were the
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iII
largest in Arsenal waters. In 1982 they ranged from 40 cm to
94 cm, representing six age classes. The pike reportedly were
utilizing white suckers and bluegills as forage (Rosenlund
1982). As in Lower Derby Lake, both yellow perch and white
suckers had decreased by 1982, which FWS attributed to predation
by pike. A previously uncaptured species, the golden shiner,
was caught in Lake Ladora in 1982 (Rosenlund 1982).
Lake Ladora was again sampled with gill nets in 1984 (Rosenlund
et al. 1986). Northern pike, largemouth bass, and bluegill were
abundant, and bullheads were common.
5.1.3 Lake Mary
Lake Mary was constructed in 1960 for recreational purposes
(Azevedo 1961). It was filled with water from Lake Ladora,
located immediately upstream. Carp were seen in the lake in
1960. Lake Mary was initially stocked in 1961 by the Colorado
Division of Wildlife (CDOW) with channel catfish, redear
sunfish, largemouth bass, and rainbow trout (Mullan 1975b).
Annual restockings of catchable-size rainbow trout were made to
maintain a put-and-take fishery; that is, fish were stocked to
be caught and taken home by anglers. Bluegill were first noted
in the lake in 1962.
Rainbow trout (weighing up to 2.2 kg) comprised the largest
percentage of fish taken by anglers during the early 1960s.
Large redear sunfish (to 0.5 kg), and channel catfish (to
2.0 kg) also were reported by the anglers, but not in great
numbers (Mullan 1975b). Fishing pressure rose during the
following years (1964-1969 because of the cleanup in the other
lakes), and the number of trout stocked by the FWS was doubled.
Harvest rates for warmwater species also increased. Redear
sunfish disappeared from the catch and were replaced by bluegill
(Mullan 1975b). The catch per effort for trout and largemouth
bass declined sharply during the late 1960s, and Lake Mary
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I
I became overpopulated with small bluegill. In 1967, Arsenal
personnel attempted to alleviate the problem by seining numerous
small bluegill, but this was not successful (Mullan 1975b).
m Low oxygen concentrations and excessive growths of algae and
macrophytes prompted the Army personnel to apply a herbicide and
an algacide to the lake and to bubble air through a hose placed
I on the bottom (Bartschi 1969). Because of continuing problemswith bluegill overpopulation, Lake Mary was drawn down in 1970,
and the lake was treated with Rotenone. Dead fish observed
included numerous small bluegill, a few largemouth bass,
approximately 200 rainbow trout, and a large number of black
bullheads. The bullheads probably invaded the lake through the
spillway from Lake Ladora (Mullan 1971).
Later in 1970, Lake Mary was refilled with water from Lake
Ladora, and channel catfish and rainbow trout were restocked.
The fishery was satisfactory for the next two years, but by 1973it had declined due to an overpopulation of green sunfish. The
sunfish apparently entered the lake when it was refilled.Aquatic weeds also had become a problem again (Mullan 1975b).
Lake Mary was treated with Rotenone in 1974 to remove the green
sunfish, and in 1975 it was deepened and enlarged from 2.4 to
3.2 ha (Mullan 1975b). It was then filled with groundwater
seepage instead of water from Lake Ladora to avoid introducing
undesirable fish. At the same time, a new canal was dug around
the eastern and southern sides of Lake Mary to prevent Lake
Ladora overflows from entering. The lake was stocked with troutand channel catfish, and management for a put-and-take fishery
was resumed (Mullan 1975b). Crayfish were introduced to Lake
Mary in 1975 to augment the forage base and to help control the
weed problem (Mullan 1975b).
Lake Mary was stocked again in 1976 and 1977 (Robinson 1977),but aquatic weeds were reportedly interfering with the
development of a healthy, productive fishery (RMFC 1978). Most
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I•-• w
I rainbow trout sampled were in poor condition. The forage base
consisted primarily of red shiners, and appeared to be adequate.Bass and bullheads were present, apparently having been released
by fishermen or invading naturally via overflow from LakeLadora. The channel catfish stocked in 19T5 had been depleted,
either by fishing pressure or natural mortality. More catfish
were released in 1976.
From 1978 through 1981, largemouth bass replaced trout as the
dominant game fish in Lake Mary (Rosenlund 1981). Bass sampled
during this period ranged from 15 cm to 38 cm. By 1980, theincrease in the bass population was offset by a decrease in
condition and length, with few individuals larger than about
20 cm (Rosenlund 1981). This was attributed to a poor forage
base, consisting almost entirely of aquatic invertebrates. The
FWS suggested introducing black crappie into Lake Mary toprovide prey for the bass, to improve angling opportunities, and
to help prevent the bass from becoming overpopulated (adult
3 crappie eat small bass). This recommendation was followed, and
3,000 black crappie fry were planted in Lake Mary in June 19825 (Thorne 1980, Rosenlund 1982).
In 1984, Lake Mary "was dominated by a declining population of
stunted old bass" (Rosenlund et al. 1986). only a few bluegill,
black crappie, and channel catfish were collected.
5.2 OTHER RMA WATER BODIES
5.2.1 First Creek
The only documented sampling of First Creek was by electro-
fishing in 1977 as part of the Arsenal-wide biological inventory
(RMFC 1978). The plains killifish, a native topminnow, was the
most abundant fish in the stream. Small populations of green
sunfish and fathead minnows were observed. Crayfish were also
collected, and the population was estimated to be the largestcrayfish population on the Arsenal.
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I•m | | mi
I
5.2.2 Toxic Storage Yard Pond
Northern pike approximately 5 cm long were stocked in Toxic
SStorage Yard Pond in 1976 (FWS undated b). Sampling in 1977(RMFC 1978) showed black bullhead to be the most abundant
species, followed by largemouth bass. Northern pike and
bluegill were also collected. Sizes of pike captured were notreported. Since only pike were stocked in this pond, the other
species presumably invaded naturally or were introduced by
fishermen.
5.2.3 Rod and Gun Club Pond
I FWS personnel stocked Rod and Gun Club Pond with 1,600 pike
(5 cm in size) in 1976 (FWS undated b). No other information onstocking of this pond was found. In 1977, Rod and Gun Club Pond
contained only a small amount of water (RMFC 1978). Sampling at
that time yielded 154 black bullheads, 51 bluegills, ten bass,
nine green sunfish, and one northern pike. All of the fish weresmall. This was believed to be due to overpopulation by black
bullheads and bluegill, which were able to avoid predation
because of the extensive aquatic weeds. The low number of greensunfish was attributed to competition with bluegill. Pike frywere released in the pond in 1979.
5.2.4 North Bog Pond
North Bog Pond has received little management attention. The
FWS stocked 600 northern pike (5 cm in size) in North Bog Pond
in 1976 (FWS undated b). It was sampled in 1977, but no fishwere captured (RMFC 1978).
5.2.5 Havana (South Gate) Pond
This pond has never been managed and was not included in the
1977 fisheries survey of RMA (RMFC 1978).
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I
I 6.0 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Aquatic ecology investigations conducted at the RMA South Lakes
and a similar offsite lake revealed no discernible effects of
previous contamination at RMA. Phytoplankton, zooplankton,
macroinvertebrates, and macrophyte communities in the South
Lakes were generally comparable to the offsite lake and within
expected ranges. Fish communities were healthy, reproducing,
and included many large individuals. Water quality in the South
Lakes was also normal and generally comparable to the offsite
lake, except for a higher pH and somewhat elevated levels of
sodium and chloride.
The aquatic resource represented by the South Lakes appeared to
be most limited by extremes of macrophyte growth. At oneextreme, lakes Mary and Ladora were very clear, and aquatic
macrophytes flourished. This reduced the ability of predatory
fish (bass and pike) to catch prey, resulting in an
overabundance of forage fish. The macrophytes also interfered
with angling. At the other extreme, the higher turbidity of
Lower Derby Lake resulted in very little macrophyte growth and
thus poor cover for prey species. As a result, forage fish wereless abundant than desirable for the predator population. This
was exacerbated by fluctuating water levels in Lower Derby,
which sometimes led to peripheral emergent vegetation being
unavailable for forage fish for food, cover, or reproduction.
All of the South Lakes would benefit from renewed management.
In Lake Mary and Lake Ladora, macrophytes should be controlled
through the use of aquatic herbicides, mechanical harvesting, or
the introduction of grass carp. In Lower Derby Lake,
fluctuations in water level should be controlled to reduce
turbidity and keep the limited shoreline vegetation accessible
to aquatic organisms. Selective stocking programs would also be
beneficial.
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Some fish tissues analyzed by the Army (ESE 1989) and U.S. Fish
and wildlife Service (Rosenlund et al. 1986) were found to
contain pesticiA-s and mercury in concentrations that may be
considered v afe for regular consumption by humans or
fish-eating birds such as the bald eagle. If the South Lakes
are remediated, a staged approach could be followed so that the
"Ptire resource is not affected at once. Long-term management
of the aquatic resources at RMA could include enhancement of
currently unproductive areas such as Rod and Gun Club Pond,
Havana Pond, and Toxic Storage Yard Pond. This would increase
recreational opportunities and improve the overall habitat
quality of the Arsenal.
II
I
IIII
II
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I
7.0 LITERATURE CITED
APHA (American Public Health Association) 1985. Standardmethods for the examination of water and waste water, 16thEdition. Washington, D. C.
Azevedo, R.L. 1961. Letter from R.L. Azevedo, U.S. Fish andWildlife Service, Springville, UT, to Lewis Garlick, Fishand wildlife Service, Albuquerque, N.M. Re: Lake Maryvisit. May 17, 1961.
Bartschi, D.K. 1968. Visitation report, fishery managementprogram, Rocky Mountain Arsenal, U.S. Fish and wildlifeService, Vernal, Utah.
_ _ _ 1969. Annual project report, Fishery managementprogram, Rocky Mountain Arsenal, U.S. Fish and wildlifeService.
Beck, W. M. 1977. Environmental requirements and pollutiontolerance of common freshwater Chironomidae. EPA-600/4-77-024. Nat. Env. Res. Center, Cincinnati, OH.
Brinkhurst, R. 0., and D. G. Cook. 1974. Aquatic earthworms
(Annelida; Cligochaeta). In: Hart, C. W., Jr. and S. L. H.Fuller (Eds.). Pollution e-cology of freshwater inverte-brates, pp. 143-155. Academic Press: NY.
Brooks, J. L. 1957. The systematics of North American Daphnia.Memoirs of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Science.Vol. 13. Yale University Press: New Haven, CT.
Carlander, K. D. 1969. Handbook of freshwater fishery biology.Vol. I. Iowa State University Press: Ames.
1977. Handbook of freshwater fishery biology.Vol. II. Iowa State University Press: Ames.
Correll, D. S., and H. B. Correll. 1972. Aquatic and wetlandplants of southwestern United States. Water Pollution Con-trol Research Series 16030 DNL 01/72.
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 1973. Biological fieldand laboratory methods for measuring the quality of surfacewaters and effluents. EPA-670/4-73-001. Nat. Env. Res.Center, Cincinnati, OH.
1982. Handbook for sampling and sample preserva-tion of water and wastewater. EPA-600/4-82-029. Nat. Env.Res. Center, Cincinnati, OH.
1985. Rates, constants, and kinetics formulationsin surface water quality modeling. 2nd Edition.EPA/600/3-85/040. Env. Res. Laboratory Athens, GA.
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• I
II
1986. Quality criteria for water 1986. EPA-440/5-86-001, May 1, 1986 with updates. U.S. E.P.A. Officeof Water Regulations and Standards, Washington, D.C.
ESE (Environmental Science and Engineering, Inc.). 1989.Remedial Investigation, Rocky Mourtain Arsenal. FinalReport (Version 3.2). Prepared for U.S. Fish and WildlifeService, Denver Wildlife Research Laboratory.
3 Fassett, N. C. 1957. A manual of aquatic plants. Universityof Wisconsin Press: Madison.
Finley, R.B., Jr. 1959. Investigations of waterfowl mortalicyat the Rocky Mountain Arsenal. U.S. Fish and WildlifeService, Denver Wildlife Research Laboratory.
5 FWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). undated a. StockingLecords foc Rocky Mountain Arsenal, 1968-1978.
_ _ _ undated b. Synopsis of fish stocking at RockyMountain Arsenal, July 1975 - October 1976.
Hammerson, G. A. 1982. Amphibians and reptiles in Colorado.Colorado Division of Wildlife, Denver.
Hyman, Julius and Company. 1953. Laboratory memorandum. Re:Investigation of duck mortality on the Arsenal Lakes.August 14, 1953.
Klemm, D. J. 1985. A guide to the freshwater Annelida(Polychaeta, Naidid, and Tubificid Oligochaeta, andHirudinea) of North America. Kendall/Hunt Publishing
Company: Dubuque.
I Mack, A. 1962. Letter from A. Mack, Rocky Mountain Arsenal, toR. Azevedo, U.S. Fish and wildlife Service. Re: Conditionof stocked fish and fishing derby at South Lakes. May 25th.
1967. Letter from A. Mack, Rocky MountainArsenal, to P. Summers, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Re:5 Management of Lake Mary. April 11, 1967.
McClane, A.J. (Ed.) 1978. Field guide to freshwater fishes ofNorth America. Holt, Richard and Winston: NY.
Merritt, R. W., and C. W. Cummins (Eds.). 1984. Anintroduction to the aquatic insects of North America. 2nd3 Edition. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co.: Dubuque.
MKE (Morrison-Knudsen Engineers). 1987. Phase I literaturereview: Aquatic resources investigation, Rocky MountainArsenal. Morrison-Knudsen Engineers, Inc., Denver,Colorado. Prepared for Shell Oil Company/Holme Roberts &Owen.
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IN
1989. Wildlife resources of the Rocky MountainArsenal, Adams County, Colorado. Prepared for Shell OilCompany/Holme Roberts and Owen. August.
Mullan, J.W. 1971. Annual project report, fishery managementprogram, Rocky Mountain Arsenal, AdamE County, CO. U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service.
_ _ _ 1973. Annual project report, 1973, fisherymanagement program, Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Adams County,CO. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Submitted January 17,1974.
N _ 1974. Annual project report, 1974, fisherymanagement program, Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Adams County,CO. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Submitted January 14,1975.
1975a. Letter from J. Mullan, U.S. Fish andWildlife Service, to Major Schmidt, Rocky Mountain Arsenal.Re: Renovation of Lake Mary and possibility of mechanicallyharvesting contaminated macrophytes from Lake Ladora. May7, 1975. 1975b. Letter from J. Mullan, U.S. Fish andWildlife Service, to Major Schmidt, Rocky Mountain Arsenal.Re: Black bullhead populations and stocking of crayfish inSouth Lakes. September 22, 1975.
1975c. Special project report, Fisherymanagement program, Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Aurc-a, CO.U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Vernal, UT.
Pennak, R. W. 1978. Freshwater invertebrates of the UnitedStates. 2nd Edition. John Wiley and Sons: NY.
Ricker, W. E. 1971. Methods for assessment of fish productionin fresh waters. IBP Handbook No. 3. Blackwell ScientificPublications, Oxford/Edinburgh, U.K.
_ _ _ 1975. Computation and interpretation ofbiological statistics of fish populations. Fish. Res. Bd.Can. Bull. 191:1-382.
Robinson, D. 1977. Letter from D. Robinson, Area Manager, U.S.fish and Wildlife Service, Salt Lake City, UT, to ProjectLeader, Fisheries Assistance Program, Vernal, UT. Re:5 Termination of trout stocking in Lake Mary. May 12, 1977.
RMFC (Rocky Mountain Fisheries Consultants, Inc.). 1978.Preliminary biological inventory of aquatic life on Rocky3 Mountain Arsenal.
I -105-
I
I
I Rosenlund, B. 1978. Annual project report, fisheries managementprogram, Rocky Mountain Arsenal. U.S. Fish and WildlifeService, Denver.
1981. Rocky Mountain Arsenal fisheriesassistance report, 1981. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,3 Denver.
Denver. 1982. Annual Report, fisheries management,Rocky Mountain Arsenal. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,Denver.
Rosenlund, B., D. Jennings, B. Kurey, T. Jackson, andE. Bergersen. 1986. Contaminants in the aquatic systemsat Rocky Mountain Arsenal, final report, 1984. U.S. Fishand Wildlife Service, Denver.
Smith, H. M. A guide to field identification: Amphibians ofNorth America. 1978. Golden Press: NY.
Snedecor, G. W., and W. G. Cochran. 1973. Statistical methods.Iowa State University: Ames.
Thorne, D.S. 1980. Memorandum for record from D.S. Thorne,Environmental Division, Rocky Mountain Arsenal. Re: Statusof Lake Mary fishery. July 14, 1980.
Thorpe, J. 1977. Synopsis of biological data on the perchPerca fluviatilis Linnaeus, 1758, and Perca flavescensMitchill, 1814. FAO Fisheries Synopsis. No. 1i3. F.A.O.U.N., Rome, Italy. 138 p.
U.S. Army. 1973. Incident report on the wildlife mortalitiesat RMA during the period 4 April 1973 through 14 June 1973.1 Dugway Proving Ground. July 1973.
1983. Evaluation of existing and future floodpotential on the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Denver, Colorado.U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha District. Omaha, NEMarch 1983.
Ward, H. B., and G. C. Whipple. 1959. Freshwater biology.2nd Edition. W. T. Edmondson (Ed.). John Wiley and Sons:NY.
Woodling, J. 1980. Game fish of Colorado. Colorado Divisionof Wildlife, Denver.
I11 -106-
I
I APPENDIX A
Tables A-i through A-4
Dissolved Oxygen Data
I'IIIIiIi
II
c2 c, cfl cc* f~ O o
CO CO ' ' 4.
* * 0~~~~ c2C o . C o C O
* , - C-- * Co o - - C~t O Co cO '
* *~3CO * *
* -l; 1-:
* I fr. CCCl O * C'C . C CO~r0
*~ ~ ~ ~~ c co* - * Co ' C 4 o ' o
Iz
I7 KC c
- ~ I CC I C Co o COO
IIIUI
* C 0. *0 .� . - -
I :,, 2 -�
I- ' 0* CC 0�O, 04 .)fl *040- 0' 0
o * ' 3 0,04 0-,�' '0 0' 0O3-3C3 - .0-
- � 2 0=
12� I*�E 0-0-0-00-
0 ' 0 ' - 003-SCO
43.0- 4)I : - 0 r--�flo 3-0
'-C-
-os--a, 'o e. , . *,-,.--�. *.c--s��- oI (0 '0 0'� , cc Ooobor,
* � -� :0- -�
to . 0 o 4)
- * .0 -. 0'' C' 0' 00- 0
0CC ', � 00-.0C0 0
* ' 0' - ' 0 000 0-
* . (0100 - - CC 000(00-0
I* - - a' - - C' S
* ' ' ��'C' * - 4- C
* U' C '0* ' 0- -�* . -' *3 ' .0-
000 '0' ' '00000,0,*00 ' ' - C '0000
C-' --- *-�Z' - - . 430* 000 '0' - 0' 0)0-WOO
* -' 'b0' '0- - 0' '0*
* - ' 's-- - - , 'C--IIII
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I
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* nf.. a .r a a,
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I
III
IIIII
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Ot *- 0' to C I - t- I t�- C
I C
* �-0 IC C- I CC)* * O�fr*0 'I- 0
* I C� C' I C CS '1 I C- I C * -,
C C' - C -
ICI . . , C to C
* o2�CE to to Ir..
CC aI I C- I I I.0 -* * * 0.-C I C- to.C- * CC C' I C- a C to'
CE I CE
* - a CWfl a I ES I *toto I
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U-- to -* �-*�, � 'C. *�.
CE e40 I I - C I .0CC tO
EU I E * I I CCC CCC IrS I I C- a CCC. (ES
* ICC E S CC aC a IC- a S * *=� I I C*So a S C�4O I flC4 .0 I I flEO I 0CC I * I
= I I to * Cotor, Cc I I to S CCC- ICI a CI
I I 0500 C I I I -* C CI
a C 0E-C� I I DC � - -. I
.0 I S .' CS S C*fl'4 CE 41 I - (OS C CmOS
ECC C ECcE a 0)1 C C SC.
* I EO I * E 'I I OS * . a* I C ICC C- EC.4S I 0)I C CEO.* S CI I I S CI SI a - a .* I E U I I I -
I I .0 I�I .0
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1 C .0.5 U, OI0.E
I I S 000.0101 I 1000.0105
0., -C-*rSC ICI 0.5 C.-(04C5500005 I = 1.00001
I I I...1J5 I U-
Es-I
IIII
U APPENDIX B
Tables B-i through B-8I Phytoplankton Data
,,I
I
I* a
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0%9 9C. 0 0 9 9 C 9 9 0 0% 9 0* 0% - (.4 - 0 9 c.4 0% 9 9 9 9 9 9 a' - 9
0%0 - - 9 9 n C.. .09 9 0 C.. 9- - 9 9 9 9 0% 0% - - - 0 - - C'. -
'� '� 0%
* 10 Ca = 0% 0 0 0 0
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4) 4) 4) a o 0 C C 0 4, 0 0L V 0 0 .0
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5 0 o � o 0
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* * 4, C 4 .4 C) 4 0 4' 4, 9 0. 4' 44* 4) 3 4, 0. 0 C C C C C C C
C C C C C C C C C C C C C C - - - if -* C 0' � �----------------C C = C C C C' U) 144)4) OO4,4,"�
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4)0%.
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* La a. La 5-)II
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Ci 0 - Ci Ci V. - - 0 Li a 10
Cia a - 0 C.i.a = 0 0 0' - C .a Ci2 * �. .2 Ci 00005-0 N -
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0 0 - SC.� W V LiiJUO -aCi20 00LiC
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* 0� C C - - C C- 5.. 00 Ci. 5- C CiII
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4 La La . C 4% C.. C 44 C C C 44 44 La 0I �U C C C Cii ii .4
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- - - a a s 2
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* I.. . L U 1. 4) 41 4) 0. 3131 1.. 1. .0 - 1..
* C - - - 0.0. .4 0,1.31 .4 10.4 1 00 C Cr
I .4
I
I
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oI50 4*O
II
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IC I = S S 4,
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I C
IIII
IIIIi APPENDIX C
Tables C-i through C-8I Zooplankton Data
IUIIIIIIIIIIi
I-• • m | m | I
at0%a
~ 8 ~ cc
@4 @ 0@ t
S 40 v0c
-0 4410 - -.T -444 @ 00 f
0l 0 04o
I3I
4 -� 0 0 4 -
-. 4 O� 4- - 1� Q 01 01 01 O� 0 0 -
42 - - -
01 00 0
�0 4 4 4 .0 N -0 0 - 4
* t.jl 0 .0 0% * c�a* �(JI 0 10 4 01
fl '� *N '0 0 01;�- z
* 1014
* 0% 0 01 4 0 0 q.* -. � tO 0 0 .0 4 -* . - 0 N '0 - -
*0140 0 - 01
0. 4.02
a
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0% � *q 0% 01 4- I 3 . .
8'0 .00
04 � I 01 - 01 01
4 41-, 0 0 9
:j �: o - 8 .0
10 4 I, - 10
0
o * 0 10 - 0% 014 10L 0.2 0 10 I- .0
0 01 10 0% -- 4
8- 0
0' - I
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0% .1 2 8J I8 8 000 0 04
000 0 00% 01� 01I 4 01
* U
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- - a - - 1. 1- -. .0 4 @1 C - 4
41 a C. - 4 V C. C V -J - I1- tI C 0- 41 4% 41 �
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I *� *�*1� *� *�
IUI
III
8 -CE � E� En
8 (Ed En CEd 0 t CEO - C
En En '0 (CE 8En EEC 0 En 0 -, E�S
En - -U ;: 00 .� --
3 8 - CEECE 00000 En 000
CE - � � En (C En
:�En o 00 En � En 0- En (Ed En CECO
(Ed - - CE En
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-0 (C 0 0* . � 0: - '0 0I
: 8:� �: �I CE�
o s (C LEE* '0 � Cd (Ed ICE (Ed - lEd - -
C.. CE - Cd 5 �. = E'EE C, IEJ - E'EE - -
E C E 0 (C (C EEJ C, lEA - LEE - -C *-jO � 0 (Ed ECE (C
0- � 8 0 En� --
8 8
CEI'0 EC En C, En En CE CE En En
0 C CE - (Ed (Ed (C CE
(4 - 0 * C, 0 En - CE ESE 0
0 0 En _ EEC
* 2
8 8 8 8888 88 8 8 8z
II - Cd 0
SC CC EdC. I- CE
C, 0 EEL Cd -- CE- - - C C -
C. C .J C.-. - C - C C C. - 0 Ed -
- Ed Cl C - - CE EEL Ed CE - C. - C E I- - C. SEA
o - LV 0. Cd - CE C .4 C. - -Ed = CE �d
'CE -J = 0 E.L -00.- � V CE0. CE C Cl Ed CE - C 0. '0 Ed - a & . C -
1 C C V C CE CL UtC. - = V = 0 C C C 0 C C C C -
CE C.L CA '0 Ed = 0 0 E - - E� CE CE CE Ed C CE E. '0 '0 - C - CE LA CE C.GE C Ed = 0-- CE Gd CE CE CE 0 0
C. CE C 0 CE - = '0 E.d - - = V CE EEL CE 0 CE CE '0o '0 CE CE '0 Ed Ed CE CE CE CE CE 0 0 0 '0 EC Ed
- Ed - - 0. Ed C CE C. C. C. Ed 0. = 0 C L.A CE CE - 0. -III
III
.0%- z ¶-� '9(N0 �0 0% '�% 0
-�S�
5 � 0 0' - 0%
.0 (N - (N .4,0% (%�, 0 - .4,
- - * �% (NO %fl
.4, - - 0 .4' .0-0- -* = * en - V
I S3 5 0 en -
II �* - - C
0 �: S0 0 En
0 '0 (N -
- 0* .0 S U) - - 0'I 0E
o *
a * -O *�. � ha 0 (N V 0' (N (N
* 0� I.) 0 (N (N 14, (N (N
0 (N (N (N
t *�.JO( V - V
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I .- � 8 5
�: S S 5-
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0 4, C CIII
II
C, C, N �0 C, CO �- -� 0 C .22 0 00 N C, N N
N N C, 022 0 - -U -
0 0
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LJC2 0 CnWtO.N N COO N N CC,= : 00 C, 0 C, - CO N C, 0 N 000 2 0
0 I N - N* � -� 2N N C 2 NO N N CO CO C C, N CO 0 0:2 0 CO - C .0
COCCO .-. 0 2 2�COCO 2 =0CC) 2 ON - 22 S - 2 0
- 10
CO N 0 NC N N 0 0*�CC�, 2 2 N2�N 0 2 N� 0 0 N N 0 C� C,
C, 0
JO N N N 00 2 N N 0 No - N - - - N N -2 C, N - C
ua ** C N C, C, 0 C, N C, N2 010CO N
Ob
JO CO 0 C, N 20 CO 0 0 0- 2 - - - -
C, - CO
8-O � CNCOg 2 -
0 2CD 00 �W2N N 0
m 0 2 00- - CO CO 2 CC 2-
- N 2 N CO NCO� C, 0
C, 2 3 � C, 20 N- OC 2
- CO310 0 NC, CO C,
N N 2 NCO '0 - ON N -
C N 2 N OCON - OC, C, N C, 0* 2 - N 0 OCNCO CO COO - CO CO
C 0 CO N CO N N N 0 CO N C,N - N N 2 N 2 - 2C, 0
C C
C - C CD CD CD - 2 CD - C.. 0 0 CD CC )CC CC U 4)0 4) 2C C CD CC CD CDV CD 0. CDC C V - � � * . C CD * = o -rC C - C.. 0 - = C V
C C C- 0 V V U U = �1022 0 D.C 0.0.C C CDV CCC>, U Sn Ci2 = 0.CD
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C Li Li
III
III
a o 0 . 0% 4'I 0%4��0% -, N 0 00% 0% - ca. 00%
* .0% V * 0
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4' a'. 0% .0 0 C'.I a a 0 0 .0 a*
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* - '.1 C. 0% 0 - C. C�a C. 0 0% - 0% 0 0 * .0 0% - - C.
* 4 q 0% -a00 .0 000500 'a' 00 or. 0 00 0
* 0 0
I I � .0 00 .00 IU0% - L)5.a . a'a 0% .4% .0 - - a's an
- .40 0% - C.
0% 0 2
0%5- 2 0% 0 0% .. J an ad,
0% 0 .0.00 N .0* a .0 .0 0 0% ('4.0
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a., - .a 0. ..- -. -J - 4J .4 V V --
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a 0 5 0� V C - - 0 C C C = C 0 V V V C - - -- �. �. a. 0 V V 0 U C .0 0 = C C V 0 V 0 0 - 0. 0. 0 0.
00UII
3
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L 0%c�c&('aICIO
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* �:
* 04- La S 0I C 2 2
* - a
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* I
-a- -� C. ..a V Laa =
* - a a n C C a* S C -- LI)* * v a 141) a -r
a-a yy C* -a aa, r -.* I-I a, _
CLMIc-Zr
IIU
IUII
0 0 - 4, 4,0 "4 0
I - LaX 0 0 C 0 4, ('4 C 04 C
* , �.. 0 0 - 0 0- 0 C ((4 - 3
� "4 4, 0 0 C 0 C 0
* 0 U� - 4, 4, 1(4 - 004,0� 0 0 4, 0 04 '0 V
4, 00 0 .4 -900C0 �. I II.-. C(,0 ((40 - 4, 0�,-.a00C -- 0 0 ((1 004
* - )- 0 0
*0 �'C 00 ��C04�00 �0 - 00
04 - 4, 4,
in r- 04, 0 - Ofl 00 04,-
* 0 La00 La 4, 04 - 00 0 4,0 04 4, - C
* - �.La ( - 0% CC 040I 04 - - 0 0 4, - 0 C
* C ('4
0, 0 - - C C - �0 - * 0 4,'4 3 4, ('4 - ('4 ('4 04 0 04 ('4 - 0 0
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* ('4 - C ". *n -I0
0, 3 � 3- � C - - 0
I I�'4 - 04 0404 04 '0O C ('4 C 4, fl
0 . . .C 04 0 004 04 -(
I 'La 0 ¶ 3
0I 1 04 0 C C 04, 0�
I4, 4, 0 00 C 040 0 0 0 4,0 0 C 0 0 C 0 0
0 0 ('4 4, 0 0 C 0 0 0 00 - * 0
04 04 C I- C 4, - 0 0 04
04 04 - 04, 0 ... 0 C 0 0404 04 C C 04 04 * C C 4, ('4
0 0 C 4,004 04 04I
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0 .J .' 0. .4 0 = 4( - (4 V - (ft -C - = .�.4 - 0 0 C
0 - 0.
CC. 43 C (4 (4 0 v( .- 0. C (j (.4 C* CO. �L .. - 0 0. 0. .9
* - S 0 (.4 ft .4 - '- 0 - - 0. 0. 0 0 - 00 0 '0 '.4 0 9 (4
0. = C C
* ' - 1- 3- 0 C V
* * 3- 0 C V V ft 0 - C C C C C 0. C 0. 0 - '4 Li
(.4 0.
La (4 La* * 0 LaI
II
: -Uo
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I
0g~f ' - ~4
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ene.*. ( o-
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I H . mmIm i
U
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20 0
U
I ~ i •
o C
| % -%L
.0 - a
I 0
Iii
I
* APPENDIX D
Tables D-1 through D-83 Nacroinvertebrate Data
IIIII'IIIIIII
II
4' 4' 4' C ff1 N C N N N C C 4' 00- 0 0 Cl 0 4' 1ff 1* N 0 C 0
CC 0 0 00 C N ff1 C C C � CornI I - � C N N N - N
* 4' 4' 4' C N N N N
* C L.A I N N COON 0-4' 0 - N C N ff10000104' 0* - LI 4' 4'- - -0 0 NW 4' C NO - N N- OfflIff N N
000CC CO C C N 'CC 0 C N 0 0CC 4' C C 4' C
*>- C C N N C ff1 - N 4' 4' 4' N N 1ff
* uJ = I 0 000 - N ff1 CCC C C CO
C C--. 0 0 N 0CC C 000
�00 I.AI 4' NN N N N N C
ff1 ff1 0010� ocm
ff1 ff1 ff1 - - - -
-� ff1 ff1 1ff 00
>-* ff1 N N N� 0
4' 0000 N N N 4' 4' 4' 4'* I N lb 0 0 N N N N
* 0N N N N N
* C - 0 0 0 C� N N N 0010 0 1I�
14 0 � I N NO 0 0 0 4' 0C 1 I- I 000 0 0 0 C C C C
* Vi I 00 N N 0 N ff1 ff1 0I a 0 0 4' 00 0 C
t�I I ff1 ff1 C C C N
U N C C C IA N N NO C�N N 004' 4' 4' 04'
CC La I N C C C C N 00CC 04' 4' 4' 4' 4' 0 ff14'
* - C 0CC N 0CC 00000 CC* - 0 4' ff1 1ff ff1 1ff
00 C C N � C 100NN�O0NN N NI
-O. 41
a 41 0..- 41 C� a - = Iq .-. C a
V C CC 14 IAIA V 41- C C - C 1 IA IA C a .. C C
- - V a - 41 3 3 IA 1 - I- C C C Va - 01 L S U 0 - - - 41 0 - V0 C C C - C V 41 41 U U 14 0 4,- 41C V - C V a III C I.. a C III 0 2 41 0
C 0. C C C I) IA = V 0 C 0 C 0. o 0 CC 41 0 C V C LI 14 A114 1.1 0 j jO U V IA C a a = CV C = IA - CUI- - C C - OC 41 C C. - - 0o v - IA C C) V 41 C C C - * U 41 - - 0.14 41 = C C C C U
LIff V 0 0 0 -- 0 C C C 5 5 C .4 0 U 41 41 LI 14 I.IA - - U 41 C C a 41 C LI
CUIC -Z - C IA a U) - LI LIII
.0 .a . . 0 . . 0 .0 0 0 ." .00
cc %a.( 00 ,f 0 mt m 0", 0 A( z 1 .N0 w0 ( 0* ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C - .%3'7! NN0t N( 0 " N N N N
* ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ c w 0 00 .( %30 N 0 0. 0I t4m
4%~~ W4- - - 0a 0
Ow~1 0% 4~ 4 * t. 4 .4% d% 0
00c 400 -It; 0 0 '
0440 0
cc;04 cg 4 .% 0% 0 % 0
04
.
* 0 - 0% 0% 0 4,
C%3040 0 -4 20 ~ %C ~ ~ 0
Ol0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00
C CC00 0 0 C0%
u* u u m 1 I
00% 00%
0 4 -00%
* 4 44� en en 4* - 0%I- - �
* 0% 4 0% .n 40 0 444 444 en en
I 0% 0% 0 4 444 00 444 44% 44.* 0% - (.4 4 4..e N N fl
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4 44 V = C *4 - C 4.4 00 43 U 4) - 0 0 4) 0 0
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0 0.C
0 C; a6 - e n n
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a ~l 10 a en Nzt" O
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La �* taJ =
a�C4
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0% = -'
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= a � = =I � �U- 0 -
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*
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Ca.4
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0 La 0.00% 0.00% 0 0 000
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Sc 'aLA-Cao a a
C a asu,U - a 01w Li aa V a V
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a .a ..a a = - A-Ga Ga a- 0.
a a -- Ga
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a a * Ga - Ga Ga a Ga V Ga 0--------V Ga Ga ' Ga 0 .. -a - - - CVGaC0 .
A-�C a.. A- - C Gaa� Ga Ga C 0a.aV-aJ 0...' Ga* a GaGaVOVUCCVCSSO. -- Ua a C Ga a 04.5-CU *Li OOZe a-aCfl = a- 0 ..a aa a 0.0 A- U Ga a Ga-----a S * -2Ga-A- Ga - C Ga Ga* a - - Ga 5 45 0 A- Li* a a a �
UIII
I a
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APPENDIX E
Tables E-1 through E-14Fish Data
I
I
Im
II � "� '� '�
- 0�00
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Li
* .4,
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00 10001
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8 0 0 CC00 0 0I
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