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AERODROMES 101AERODROMES 101
Flight Instructor Seminars
August 2007
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EVEN THE BEST PILOTS
SOONER OR LATER HAVETO COME BACK TO EARTH
AND LAND THE AIRCRAFT!
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SOME TIMES WELL!SOME TIMES WELL!
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SOME TIMES NOT WELL!SOME TIMES NOT WELL!
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EVEN ON THE GROUNDEVEN ON THE GROUND
THERE ARE PROBLEMS!!THERE ARE PROBLEMS!!
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The Dark Art of
Aerodromology
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Use of aerodromesUse of aerodromes
Rule 91.127
Places a requirement on the pilot to ensure
that the aerodrome is suitable for thepurpose of take off and landing.
Requirements are also in Part 121, 125 and 135
for air operations.
Part 139 also has Use of Aerodrome requirements.
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Certificated AerodromesCertificated Aerodromes
25 Part 139 Certificated Aerodromes
7 designated International Aerodromes
Certification requires an Exposition Audited on an annual basis
130 Non-Certificated Aerodromes Inspected on a three yearly basis
Includes Heliports
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CAA & AerodromesCAA & Aerodromes
Part 139 aerodrome certification
Required when regular air transport
operations of aeroplanes with more than 30passenger seats.
Part 139 Advisory Circulars
Aerodrome standards for certificated
aerodromes
Guidance on design standards for non-
certificated aerodromes
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So how does a Pilot know theSo how does a Pilot know theAerodromeissuitable?Aerodromeissuitable?
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AIPNZAIPNZ Volume 4 DataVolume 4 Data
Aeronautical Information Publication
Volume 4
Replaced the Visual Flight Guide Includes Operational Data for:
Certificated aerodromes (Inc Heliports)
Non-certificated aerodromes available for use
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What doesthis mean?What doesthis mean?
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And This?And This?
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AnotherExampleAnotherExample
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Declared DistancesDeclared Distances
TORA Take-off run available
The length of the runway declared available and suitable for
the ground run of an aeroplane taking off.
TODA
Take-off distance available
The length of the take-off run available plus the length of the
clearway, if provided.
ASDA Accelerate stop distance available
Length of the take-off run available plus stopway.
LDA Landing Distance Available
The length of runway which is declared available and
suitable for the ground run of an aeroplane landing.
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Location ofThresholdLocation ofThreshold
Landing Threshold.
At the extremity of a runway if there are no
obstacles.
The approach surface is an inclined plane that rises
upwards and outwards.
Displaced Landing Threshold
If an object is in the approach surface and the object
cannot be removed, the landing threshold will need
to be displaced.
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Defined AreasDefined Areas Clearway An area which an aeroplane may make a
portion of its initial climb to a specified height.
Stopway Area on the ground in which an aircraft canbe stopped in the case of an abandoned take-off. A
stopway must be included within the strip.
Runway End Safety Area An area intended toreduce the risk of damage to an aeroplane undershooting or
over-running the runway.
Starter Extension Area available for the initialground roll of an aircraft which does not meet the
mandatory runway or strip width.
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ObstacleClearGradientObstacleClearGradient
Effective Operational Lengths
Take-Off Distance Available (TODA) related to the
obstacle free gradient.No obstacles located within the take-off climb surface
then the EOLs normally equal the TODA.
Where an obstacle is located within the take-off climb
surface, the EOLs will be equal to the distanceavailable from the start of the take-off roll that allows
for the gradients to remain clear of that obstacle.
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Take off distance gradientsTake off distance gradients
There are four types of take off distance data used:
1:20 (5%) Day VFRCode 1 and 2
1:40 (2.5%) Instrument runway or night operationsby aircraft 5700 kg or less
1:50 Precision Approach
1:62.5 (1.6%) Multi Engine One Engine Out
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GradientsGradients
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Effective Operational LengthsTODA related to obstacle clear gradient
1:20 1:40 1:50 1:62.5
03 2060 1860 1560 1185
21 2060 2060 2060 2060
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www.caa.govt.nz
Aerodromes Helpful Information
Advisory Circular AC139-6 and AC139-7