Migration
• U.S. whaling industry
• Famine at home
• Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut
• 400,000
Implications
• Parents with children
• Visits from parents
• Intimidated
• Adults and children
• Internal sadness
• Expressive
• Wakes and funerals
Other issues
• Blood– Sleeping (Sangi durmidu)– Dead (Sangi mortu)– Bruised (Sange pezode)
• Living Blood (Sangi vivu)
Diet
• No meat, eggs or milk (Wed or Fri)
• No poultry, beef or dairy before Easter
• Muslims and Ramadan
Attitudes
• Illness is a punishment
• Mental illness = evil spirits
• Spirits in individuals
• Healing appeases the spirits
• Evil Eye
Cultural courtesies
• Elders and hand shakes
• Right hand for “clean” work
• Muslim men and women don’t touch
Traditional medicine
• Newborn care
• Older men
• Fire burning– Stick heated and applied to skin
• Herbal remedies
• Prayer
Female Circumcision
• Genital mutilation
• Many believe– Defines sexual and social identity– Doesn’t allow for sexual pleasure– Promotes health
Other relevant issues
• Don’t understand withholding treatment
• News of pending death
• Spanking children
Other issues = Ethiopia
• Family
• Diet (Muslim)
• Cultural courtesies
• Traditional medicine
• Issues relevant to hospitalization
Bush Medicine
• Herbal medicine
• African-Caribbean culture– Fever bush– Toothache bush
• 70% of world’s population uses herbal medicine
Sangoma
• Practitioner of herbal medicine
• Belief in ancestral spirits – calling
• Trainee = Twaza
• Ritual sacrifice
Traditional Healers
• Zulu, Swazi, Xhosa, Sotho, Tswana, Venda, Tsongo/Shangaan ethnic groups
• Holistic and symbolic form
• Ancestors give instructions
Muti
• Plant and animal origin
• Powerful symbolism– Lion fat = courage
• Can be drunk, smoked, inhaled, used for washing, smeared, enemas or rubbed into an incision
Health Care
• Large public sector
• Small private sector
• Primary – hi-tech
• Nearly 200 private hospitals
• Mining industry has 60 of its own
• District-based health system
Kwanzaa
• Ingathering of people• Reverence for creator• Commemoration of past• Recommitment to culture• Celebration of Good