African-AmericansDuring theGilded Age
Constitutional Amendments After the Civil War
13th – Prohibits Slavery 14th – Grants citizenship & “equal
protection under the law” to all citizens 15th – Grants all men the right to vote
The problem was that these provisions of the Constitution were
NOT ENFORCED
I. Political Treatment
Literacy TestsPoll Taxes
Grandfather ClausesIntimidation & Violence
Examples
Literacy TestsPoll Taxes
Grandfather ClausesIntimidation & Violence
All these limit political participation of blacks
Examples
II. Economic Treatment
Domestic & Manual Jobs
III. Social Treatment
“Jim Crow” LawsBecome the norm
IV. Reformers in ConflictBooker T. Washington W.E.B. Du Bois
Tuskegee Institute
Niagara Movement
&
NAACP