Pre-Industrialization
Majority of Europeans were farmers Rely on the seasons and religion to measure time Small families (1 in 3 children died before 1 yr. old Average life expectancy of 40 yrs Only 25% of Europeans lived in towns
Village Life: Controlled by wealthy landowners Village commons for farming, hunting, grazing, etc. Limited transportation (difficult and unprofitable) Daily activities revolved around farming traditions Inconsistent harvests (abundant or disastrous)
Early Industry
Many worked in mines during “off-season” Provided steadier income than just farming
Domestic System: network of workers who produced commodities at home Each did a specific job Set their own hours/breaks Became the foundation for the Industrial Rev.
Enclosure Movement: British farmers were allowed to fence off private property Did away with the “village commons” Farmers were forced to move to cities to find work
Great Britain Leads the Way
Successful farmers were able to invest in growing industry (provided capital) Landowners profited from farming, overseas
commerce, and slave trade Industry provided to avenues of investment
(entrepreneurs - investors) Parliament passed laws to help businesses
Natural Resources: Network of rivers (power and transportation) Supplies of iron and coal Large population for workforce
Growth of Textile Industry
High demand for cooler, lighter clothesDomestic system could not meet demandAdvances in Machinery
James Hargreaves: invented “spinning jenny” Richard Arkwright: developed the water frame Samuel Crompton: combined water frame and
spinning jenny into a “spinning mule”Producing more cloth
Edmund Cartwright: developed the power loom Eli Whitney: invented the cotton gin (1793);
interchangeable parts James Watt: designed the steam engine (1760s)
Growth of Big Business
Industrial capitalism: continually expanding factories or investing in new businesses
Mass Production: Frederick Taylor: division of labor (specific jobs) Henry Ford: assembly line to mass produce cars
Organizing Business: Partnerships: 2 or more entrepreneurs able to raise
more capital than individually Corporations: businesses owned by stockholders
Business Cycles: Businesses concentrated on production of
particular products “Boom”, “Bust”, and “Depression”
Science and Industry
Communication Samuel Morse: inventor of the telegraph (1830s) Alexander G. Bell: invented the telephone (1876) Guglielmo Marconi: invented wireless telegraph
Electricity Michael Faraday: concept of electricity (1831) Thomas A. Edison: developed phonograph and
incandescent light bulb – cheap electric lightingEnergy and Engines
Rudolf Diesel: oil-burning combustion engine Wright brothers: first successful flight with
motorized airplane (1903) – 100 miles by 1908
A New Society
Rise of Middle Class “Rags to Riches” – humble beginning to success Middle Class gained wealth, power, and size Strong belief in education – take over family
business Men = workplace; Women = home and children Magazines offered new ways to shop and advertise
Lives of Working Class Farm laborers became industrial laborers Needed to make money not food to survive All members of working class families worked
At the Mercy of the Machine
Workplace became very dangerous Owners wanted higher profits – lower costs Combination of monotony, heavy machines led to
injury and death 10 to 14 hour work days, unventilated rooms Women and children forced to work long hours
Rise of Unions Workers representation: higher wages, less hours Combination Acts (1799 & 1800): Parliament banned
labor unions 1820: Parliament agreed to allow collective
bargaining
CULTURAL CHANGES IN THE CULTURAL CHANGES IN THE ECONOMICS, SCIENCES, AND ARTS ECONOMICS, SCIENCES, AND ARTS
BETWEEN 1750 AND 1915BETWEEN 1750 AND 1915
Cultural Revolution
BeethoveBeethovenn
MonetMonet DickensDickens
Capitalism
Laissez-faire – economy in which the govt. maintains a “hands-off” approach 1800s – business owners support laissez-faire Physiocrats – French thinkers; valued land above all
else in the economyAdam Smith – The Wealth of Nations (1776)
Economy works best when supply and demand are not influenced by the government
Thomas Malthus – Anglican minister An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798)
David Ricardo – “iron law of wages” Wages would not increase with economic competition
A Better Society
Evangelicalism – joined personal faith with social improvement (late 1700s – early 1800s)
William Wilberforce – member of Parliament 1807: passed a bill ending British slave trade 1833: Slavery abolished in British Empire
Lord Shaftesbury – promoted laws to limit the working hours of women and children 1830s-1840s: Parliament passed the Factory Laws
Utilitarianism – Society should work for “the greatest happiness of the greatest number” John Stuart Mill – “freedom of thought and discussion
promoted social progress…” – On Liberty (1859)
Rise of Socialism
Socialism –the means of production should be owned and controlled by society
Robert Owen – “competition causes social problems” – cooperation replaces competition Model industrial society – New Lanark
Karl Marx – promoted communism Influenced by Engels’ The Condition of the Working
Class in England “changing ideas were the major force in history” History advances through conflict Stages of economic life:
primitive, slave, feudal, capitalism, communism
Scientific Advances
Evolution – theory that all plants and animals descend from a common ancestor Theodor Schwann (cell theory) Charles Darwin (survival of the fittest)
Genetics: science of heredity Gregor Mendel (gene theory)
Medicine: finding cures for disease Edward Jenner: vaccine for smallpox (cowpox) Louis Pasteur: discovered bacteria; it could be killed
(pasteurization) Surgery: first use of anesthetics (ether/chloroform)
Physics: Atomic theory: all matter is made up of atoms John Dalton: elements are made up of unique atoms,
different from other elements Marie & Pierre Curie: discovered radium which is a
radioactive element that emits energy Max Planck: theorized that energy is released in
quantaSocial Sciences:
Sociology – study of human behavior in groups Psychology – study of behavior in individuals Ivan Pavlov – actions could be changed by training Sigmund Freud – unconscious mind govs. behavior
Pop Culture
Improved Living Conditions Higher life expectancy (infant death rate dropped) Medical advances enabled a longer, healthier life More variety/quantity of food (refrigeration)
Seeking a Better Life Emigration: leaving one’s homeland to settle elsewhere Immigration: settling permanently in a foreign land Expansion of Transportation (railroads & steamboats)
Growth of Cities (urbanization) Many migrated from rural areas to cities Families grew larger to provide for a higher income City populations outgrew housing accommodations
Education
Early 1800s – govt. began running schools Train in citizenship and nationalism Improve children’s chance for a better life
Education for Women Mary Lyon – Mount Holyoke Female Seminary (MA) 1874: Parliament allowed women to become doctors
Results of Education Made books and magazines popular Growth of museums and libraries
Revolution in the Arts
Growing middle-class created larger audienceRomanticism: human emotion and imagination
over reason – inspired by Rousseau Artists portrayed/celebrated simple life (of peasants) Ch. Baudelaire – “Romanticism is precisely situated… in a
way of feeling.” (not subject or truth) Music: Beethoven and Tchaikovsky Literature: Victor Hugo’s Hunchback of Notre Dame
Realism – portray life realistically – G. Courbet Literature: Dickens’ Hard Times; Tolstoy’s War & Peace Symbolism: world of shadowy images evoked by symbols
– focus on the exotic and the spirit
New Trends in Painting
Impressionism – focused on the momentary impression of the subject on their senses Claude Monet: idealized women & children in outdoor
settingsPostimpressionism – formed independent styles
to express the chaos around them Georges Seurat: pointillism (3-D effect) Vincent Van Gogh: brilliant colors & distorted form