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2010
Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities (CAI-Asia) Center
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A 2010
C A I A C (CAIA) C
3510, 35
F, RE
ADB, A, P C, M M, P
.
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2010 C A I A C C. A .
C A I A C (CAIA) C, 2010. A Q A: S 2010
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I 1
A 210C A 2008 2
2C A 2008 4
2C A 2008 6
A 8
A 9
D A A 9
A 9 H A A G 10
E AA A 11
C AA H AG, EA AA E A 13
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CAIA
A, .
, CAIA
A. S 20 2003, CAIA
200 A .1
A A: , 2010
S A Q, 2008 1993 2008.
S A Q S, A .A A ,
, PM10 SO2 H O (HO) (AQG).
PM2.5 . M A N A A Q S (NAAQS)
( PM2.5).
A HO AQG S EPA (EP A) NAAQS.
B , CAIA
NAAQS, NAAQS F A
HO
F , :
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1 A
P M M A 2003, NEP HO. A A 2010, CAI
A 234 A .
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10 200
I 2008, CAIA PM10 230 A .
10
A .
F 230 , PM10 HO AQG (20 /3)
58% PM10 HO I 1 (I1)
70 /3.
PM10 230 89.5 /34.5
H AG.
F 1 A (10) 230 A.
:A PM10 11 () 375 ()
(/3). PM10= P 10 .
S: CAIA C, 2010.
Each dot represents annualaverage PM10 concentrations
for 2008.
11 g/m3
375 g/m3
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F 2 D A C 2008 10.
HO = H O; AQG = ; I = ; /3=
; PM10= P 10 .
S: CAIA C, 2010.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
A
250
250
200
150
100
70
50
30
20
C (: 230 )
10C(/3)
2 (1%)
6 (3%)
13 (6%)
55 (24%)
59 (26%)
49 (21%)
38 (17%)
2 (1%)
6
(3%)
H AG, 20/3
H I2, 50/3
H I1, 70/3
H I3, 30/3
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2 200
SO2 213 A 2 A ,
.
A SO2 213 A 18.7 /3. HO
SO2, , 24 AQG 20 /3. B 2005 G
AQG HO, AQG SO2 24 AQG
24 AQG SO2 .
A 40% SO2 10 /3. H, 24%
2 24 H AG.
F 3 A (2) 213 A.
N: A SO2 1.3 () 105 ()
(/3). S: CAIA C, 2010.
Each dot represents annualaverage SO2 concentrations
for 2008.
1.3 g/m3
105 g/m3
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F 4 D A C 2008 2.
HO = H O; AQG = ; /3= ; SO2= S
S: CAIA C, 2010.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
A 50
50
40
30
20
10
C (: 213 )
2C(/3)
18 (8%)
8
(4%)
6 (3%)
19 (9%)
85 (40%)
H AG (24) 20/3
77 (36%)
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2 200
I 2008, NO2 234 A 2
H AG (40 /3) . 73% 234 NO
2
HO AQG.
NO2 234 A 30.7 /3 HO AQG.
F 5 A (2) 234 A.
N: A NO2 1.9 () 77 ()
(/3).
S: CAIA C, 2010.
Each dot represents annualaverage NO2 concentrations
for 2008.
1.9 g/m3
77 g/m3
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F 6 D A C 2008 2.
HO = H O; AQG = ; /3= ; NO2=
N
S: CAIA C, 2010.
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
A 80
80
70
60
50
40
C (: 234 )
2
C(
/3)
H AG, 40/3
5 (2%)
9 (4%)
171 (73%)
30 (13%)
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/ A A . N,
CAIA C 200 A
A . , CAIA
10 A PM10 HO 1993.
S 1995, A 2, HO AQG.
R 2, 1993 2000, A SO2 24 HO AQG.
F 7 A A A A A A A C (19932008).
AQ = ; /3= ; S EPA = S E P A;
NAAQS = N A A Q S; E = E ; HO = H O; AQG =
; PM10= P 10 ; NO2=
N ; SO2= S .
S: CAIA, 2010. N: A CAIA C (,
) 243 A A 2010.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
PM10 NO2 SO2
C(/3)
S EPA NAAQS ()
E AQ S ()
HO AQG ()
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. I 2009, CAIA C
N A Q S A.
I A, , , ,
, HO AQG S EPA NAAQS,
. I,
, , ,
, , .
A
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S .
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AIAC
PHOO BELOM M M.
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C R (EMBNCR).
PHOO LEFA C C.
EMB R 7.
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HO
NAAQS HO A AQG. HO AQG, 1987,
.
I 2005, HO AQG PM10 PM2.5. 2005 G
PM10 15%
. I . I
HO AQG.
2005 , O3 SO2,
.
A H G EA AA
PM2.5A 10
15
24 25 35
PM10A 20
24 50 150
O (O3)8 100
147
1 235
N
(NO2)
A 40 100
1 200
S
(SO2)
A 78
24 20 365
10 500
L (P)A 0.5
3 1.5
C (CO)1 30,000
40,000
8 10,000 10,000
PM2.5= 2.5 ; PM10= 10
; HO= H O; EPA=E P A;
NAAQS=N A A Q S
HO, 2006. HO A Q G , , N S . G
2005. S R A.
://..//2006/HOSDEPHEOEH06.02.HO, 2000. G A Q. ://..//2000/HOSDEOEH00.021104.
N A A Q S ://..//.
C /
3: 1.962
C /
3: 2.616
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Most Asian countries have NAAQS, but there are still few without standards
M A NAAQS ( 1),
.
, ,
1981. I
PM2.5 O3.
R
N. E 2010, N NAAQS
(CN)
(QCN),
. H K S A
R (SAR)
A Q O (AQO).
N, A
NAAQSA,
B, L P D R (PDR)
P ( 1).
NAAQS .
Asian countries slowly establishing PM2.5standards
C .
PM2.5, HO , S E
PM2.5 ( HO) ( S E E).
A PM2.5 , . O 19
A ; PM2.5
( 1). F, ,
PM2.5 .
P
...
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1 A A A C (/3)
C
2.5 10 2 2 3 C (000)
24H
A
24H
A
24H
A
24H
A
1H
8H
1H
8H
A
A
B 65 15 150 50 365 80 100 235 157 40 10 0.5
B
C 300 100 100 200 40 20
C: G I 50 40 50 20 80 40 160 10 1
C: G II 150 100 150 60 120 80 200 10 1
C: G III 250 150 250 100 120 80 200 20 1
H K SAR 180 55 350 80 150 80 240 30 10 I* 60 40 100 60 80 50 80 40 180 100 4 2 0.5
I** 60 40 100 60 80 20 80 30 180 100 4 2 0.5
I 150 365 60 150 100 235 30 1
L PDR
M 150 50 105 10 200 120 35 10
M 30 40 120 0
N 120 70 50 80 40 10 0.5
P
P 150 60 180 80 150 140 60 35 10 1R K 100 50 131 52 113 56 196 118 28.6 10.3 0.5
S 35 15 150 365 80 100 147 40 10
S L 50 25 100 50 80 100 200 30 10
120 50 300 100 200 140 34.2 10.3
N 150 50 125 50 40 120 30 10 0.5
C: G I = , , ,
; C: G II = , / , ,
, ; C: G III= ; I*= NAAQS I, R,
R O A; I**= NAAQS E S A ( C G); A=
S A R; D = P D R; = ; 10= P 10 ; 2.5 = P 2.5
O (3) C /3: 1.962
S (2) C /3: 2.616
C (C) C /3: 1.145
N (2) C /3: 1.880
S: CAIA C, 2010. C
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, ( )
PM2.5
O A PM2.5, ,
HO AQG. S, PM2.5 HO . A PM2.5
S B, , HO I3 (15 /3).
PM10
A A , S EPA PM10 24
HO HO I1. A
HO I1 24 .
SO2
A A , S EPA E, 24 SO2
HO AQG. A 64% HO I1. M
SO2 HO .
NO2
O 18 NO2 HO AQG. M
24 NO2 HO .
O3
O 19 A , 8 O3 HO AQG. R
8H O3 HO I1. S, 59% 8
O3.
CO
M A , S EPA E, CO 1 8
HO HO AQG.
Pb
A P
HO AQG (0.5/3),
P .
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F 8 24H 2.5 A . H AG EA AA.
F 9 A 2.5 A . H AG, EA E AA.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
A
B
C
C: G I
C: G II
C: G III
H K A
I
D
K
B
I*
I**
24H 2.5 (/3)
C
H AG
25 /3H I2
50 /3H I1
70 /3H I3
37.5 /3
EA
35 /3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
A
B
C
C: G I
C: G II
C: G III
H K A
I
D
K
I*
I**
B
A 2.5 (/3)
C
H AG
10 /3H I2
25 /3H I1
35 /3H I3
15 /3
EA
15 /3E
25 /3
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F 10 24H 10 A . H AG, EA E AA.
F 11 A 10 A . H AG E AA.
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
A
B
C
D
C: G III
H K A
B
C: G II
I
I*
I**
K
C: G I
24H 10 (/3)
C
H AG
50 /3
H I2
100 /3
H I1
150 /3H I3
75 /3
EA
150 /3E
50 /3
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
A
B
C
I
D
C: G III
C: G II
I*
I**
H K A
B
K
C: G I
A 10 (/3)
C
H AG
20 /3
H I2
50 /3
H I1
70 /3
H I3
30 /3
E
40 /3
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F 12 24H 2 A . H AG, EA E AA.
F 13 A 2 A . EA AA.
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
A
B
D
B
I
H K A
C
C: G III
C: G II
K
I*
I**
C: G I
24 2 (/3)
C
H AG
20 /3
H I2
50 /3
H I1
125 /3 EA
365/3E
125 /3
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
A
B
D
C
C: G III
B
H K A
C: G II
I
K
I*
C: G I
I**
A 2 (/3)
C
EA78/3
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F 14 24H 2 A .
F 15 A 2 A . H AG, EA E AA.
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
A
B
B
D
H K A
I
C: G II
C: G III
K
C
C: G I
I*
I**
24H 2 (/3)
C
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
A
B
C
D
B
I
C: G II
C: G III
H K A
K
C: G I
I*
I**
A 2 (/3)
C
H AG
40 /3
EA
100/3
E
40 /3
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F 16 1H 3 A . EA AA.
F 17 8H 3 A . H AG, EA E AA.
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
A
B
D
H K A
B
I
C
C: G II
C: G III
K
I*
I**
C: G I
1H 3 (/3)
C
EA
235/3
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
A
B
C
C: G I
C: G II
C: G IIIH K A
I
D
B
K
I*
I**
8H 3 (/3)
C
H AG
100 /3
H I1
160 /3
EA
147/3
E
120 /3
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F 18 1H C A . H AG EA AA.
F 19 8H C A . H AG, EA E AA.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
A
B
D
B
C
H K A
I
K
C: G III
C: G I
C: G II
I*
I**
1H C (000) (/3)
C
H AG
30 /3 EA
40/3
0 5 10 15 20 25
A
B
C: G I
C: G II
C: G III
I
D
C
K
B
H K A
I*
I**
8H C (000) (/3)
C
H AG
10 /3
EA
10/3
E
10 /3
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F 20 A A . H AG E AA.
F 8 F 20.
C: G I = , , ,
; C: G II = , / , ,
, ; C: G III= ; I*= NAAQS I, R,
R O A; I**= NAAQS E S A ( C G); A=
S A R; D = P D R; = ; 10= P
10 ; 2.5 = P 2.5
; /3= ; H= H O; I= ;
AG= ; EA= S E P A; E= E .
O (3) C /3: 1.962
S (2) C /3: 2.616
C (C) C /3: 1.145
N (2) C /
3: 1.880
S: CAIA C, 2010. C
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
A
B
C
H K A
D
C: G I
C: G II
C: G III
I
B
I*
I**
K
A (/3)
C
H AG
0.5 /3
E
0.5 /3
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CAIA C,2010.
3510 R E , ADB A,O C, P C, 1605 P
: (632) 3952843/(632) 3952845
F: (632) 3952846
E: @.
: ..