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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 8, August 2017, pp. 1707–1715, Article ID: IJCIET_08_08_185
Available online at http://http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=8
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
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AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON BEHAVIER OF
MODIFIED BITUMEN USING RECYCLED
PLANT
Dr. A. Gandhimathi
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Coimbatore
S. Abinaya
M.E Structural Engineering, PSG Technology, Coimbatore
ABSTRACT:
Plastic roads would be a boom for India’s hot and extremely humid climate, where
temperatures frequently cross 50°C and torrential rains create heavy damage, leaving
most of the roads with big potholes. Since the road network is used so extensively in
our country, we need a road network which is durable, strong, reliable, niggle Free,
environment friendly & cost effective. Roads either have Flexible pavement or rigid
pavement. The recent increase in traffic of commercial vehicles with notable
variations in the temperature inevitably requires an alternative and improved
pavement of high quality which shall also deliver good strength and better economy.
To construct & maintain such a dense network of roads, we need heavy amount of raw
materials which involves huge capital and time. The considerable use of packaged
drinking water in the present days and the pollution threat imposed on the
environment due to used non- degradable Polyethylene terephthalate [PET] bottles is
very high. This demands the use of these waste PET bottles for some beneficial
purposes. The present investigation was carried out to propose the use of shredded waste plastic
bottles (PET) for the modification of bitumen binder with particular focus on the development
of an effective pavement material that utilizes the plastic waste while catering to the needs
of varying climatic conditions prevailing in India and also the heavy loads on pavements. This paper in
detail presents the study on the methodology of using waste plastic bottles (PET) in
modifying bituminous binders and the various tests performed on 60/70 grade
bitumen. A detailed analysis of the engineering properties such as Penetration test,
Ductility test, Viscosity test, Softening point test and Specific Gravity test are
conducted on both conventional and modified bitumen samples for various
percentages of replacements such as 0, 10, 20 and 30% respectively. This PET
modified bitumen showed improved quality with % of optimum replacement falling
between 10 to 20%.
Keywords: Recycled Plastic roads, Modified bitumen, Flexible Pavements, etc.
Analysis of the Evolution of the Phenomenon of Clogging of the Layers of the Mixing Of Gravel in A
Center of Storage of the Household Waste (Cshw)
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Cite this Article: Dr. A. Gandhimathi and S. Abinayab, An Experimental Study on
Behavier of Modified Bitumen using Recycled Plant, International Journal of Civil
Engineering and Technology, 8(8), 2017, pp. 1707–1715.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=8
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. GENERAL:
Bitumen is used as a binder in pavement construction. Bitumen may be derived from the
residue left by the refinery from naturally occurring asphalt. As per definition given by the
American Society of Testing Materials bitumen has been defined as “Mixtures of
hydrocarbons of natural or pyrogenous origin, or combination of both, frequently
accompanied by their non-metallic derivatives, which may be gaseous, liquid, semi-solid or
solid, and which are completely soluble in carbon disulphide.”
Bitumen found in natural state known as asphalt contains large quantities of solid mineral
matter. When petroleum crude is refined in a refinery, they are separated by fractional
distillation in the order of decreasing volatility. On distillation of the residual bituminous
residue, straight-run bitumen is obtained. This bitumen is known as penetration grade bitumen
or steam refined petroleum bitumen.
The grades of bitumen used for pavement construction is known as paving grades and that
used for water proofing of structures is known as industrial grades. The grade of straight run
bitumen is chosen depending upon the climatic conditions of the region in which surface
dressing is to be constructed.
In most parts of India 60/70 and 80/100 grade bitumen is used. Heavier grade cut backs,
rapid setting emulsions or heavier grade tars may also be used. The grade of basic bitumen is
altered either by controlled refining or by mixing with diesel oil or other oils. For single
dressings on WBM base course, quantity of bitumen needed ranges from 17 to 195 kg per 10
m2 areas and 10 to 12 kg per 10 m
2 area in case of renewal of black top surfacing. For second
coat of surface dressing, the quantity of bitumen needed ranges from 10 to 12 kg per 10 m2
area. Bulk bitumen Lorries with tanks of capacity ranging from 5000 to 15000 litres are used
to transport bulk bitumen.
1.2. TYPES AND PROPERTIES
The paving bitumen available in India is classified into two categories:
• Paving bitumen from Assam petroleum denoted as A-type and designated as grades
A35, A90, etc.
• Paving bitumen from other sources denoted as S-type and designated as grades S35,
S90, etc.
Important properties of bitumen are:
• Viscosity of bitumen should be adequate at the time of mixing and compaction.
• It is achieved by heating prior to mixing and by use of cutbacks and emulsion.
• In presence of water bitumen should not strip off from aggregate.
• Bitumen should be durable in all seasons.
• It should not become too soft during summers and develop cracks during winters.
B. Bahel, E. Yamb, S. Owona and G. E. Ekodeck
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1.3. NEED OF THE STUDY:
The growth in various types of industries together with population growth has resulted in
enormous increase in production of various types of waste material world over. The creation
and disposal of non-decaying waste material such as plastics, scrap tyres, blast furnace slag,
fly-ash, steel slag, etc. have been posing problems in the developed as well as developing
countries. Plastic is everywhere in today’s lifestyle. Use of this non-biodegradable product is
growing rapidly and creating the problem of disposal of plastic waste particularly. Plastic
bags is a menace and has become a serious problem, especially in urban areas, in terms of its
misuse, its dumping in the dustbins, clogging of drains, reduced soil fertility and aesthetic
problems etc.( A. U. Ravi Shankar et.al., 2013)
In India the road transport carries close to 90% of passenger traffic and (70%) of freight
transport. Investigations in India and abroad have revealed that properties of bitumen and
bitumen mixes can be improved to meet out requirements with addition of certain additives
called “Bitumen Modifiers’. The different types of modifiers used are polymers, natural
rubber and crumb rubber ( Yadav Santosh et.al.,2013)
The background of the plastic/ polymer modified bitumen as described by Dr. P. K. Jain,
Chief Scientist and Head Flexible Pavement Division and Coordinator AcSIR of CSIR‐
Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi is that
• Efficient transport system needed for growth of economy
• India has extensive road network of 3.3 million kms
• 79.8% comprise rural and other low volume roads
• Road network to be extended to all terrains and environment
• Flexible pavement preferred major pavement type
• Conventional construction materials depleting fast
• Need of the high performance/alternate materials
• Modified bitumen are in use over a decade
• High cost of PMB/CRMB is a threat for its use
• Waste plastic modified mixes may serve purpose
• Disposal of non-biodegradable waste plastic is serious problem
He also describes the merits of waste plastics modified mixes as:
• Stiffen binders and mix at high temperatures to minimize Rutting
• Minimizing non-load associated thermal cracking
• Improve fatigue resistance, where higher strains are imposed on bituminous mixes
• Improve aggregate-bitumen bond and reduce stripping
• Improve bituminous pavement durability
• Reduce cost of maintenance
• Clean environment
The conventional methods of disposal are found to be inadequate. Due to population
growth, industrialization, consumerism and technological development there has been a
tremendous increase in the rate of production of waste. Every year, 7.2 million tonnes of
hazardous waste is produced and its disposal is becoming a major issue and about one km2 of
additional landfill area is needed every year. Indian government spends about Rs 1600 crore
for treatment & disposal of these wastes. In addition to this, industries discharge about 150
Analysis of the Evolution of the Phenomenon of Clogging of the Layers of the Mixing Of Gravel in A
Center of Storage of the Household Waste (Cshw)
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million tonnes of high volume low hazard waste every year, which is mostly dumped on open
low lying land areas. (Mercy Joseph Poweth et.al, 2013)
In order to contain this problem, experiments on Waste Plastic modified bituminous materials
have been carried out to reuse the wastes productively in bringing out real benefits to highway
maintenance/construction, in terms of better and longer lasting roads, and savings in total road life costings. 1.4. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:
• To propose an effective method of disposal of waste plastic bottles (PET) by using
them in flexible pavements.
• To conduct a series of laboratory tests conventional and modified bitumen binders and
to study the suitability of the same for use in flexible pavement.
• To improve the quality of flexible pavement construction by combining the
bituminous binder with identified recycled materials.
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE:
Review of literature revealed that the use of plastic wastes in flexible pavements reduces the
cost of maintenance while reducing the cost and quantity of bitumen in construction and
reducing the carbon di oxide emissions to the atmosphere. Modification of bitumen up to 10%
had yielded the highest Marshall Stability, strength, tensile strength, stripping infraction point,
porosity and moisture absorption capacity. The studies also showed that the stiffness modulus
of mixture increased at lower amount of PET content and PET reinforced mixtures exhibit
significantly higher fatigue lives compared to mixtures without PET. The optimum amount of
waste PET was determined to be between 4-6% by weight of bitumen content. Mixtures with
PET modified bitumen showed improvement in resistance against permanent deformation,
increase in stiffness, higher rutting resistance and reduction in excessive SMA drain down.
The studies on the waste plastic coated aggregates showed improved resistance against
permanent deformation, reduced rutting, raveling and pothole formation, reduction in air
voids and increase in toughness value, specific gravity, hardness, low crushing value and
reduction in water absorption. Such roads were capable of withstanding heavy traffic with
increased durability, high temperature stiffness and increased Marshall Stability values of
stabilized SMA. The estimated consumption of waste plastic is 1 tonne/lane/km.
3. METHODOLOGY
3.1. STEPS INVOLVED:
• Shredding of plastic pet bottles
• Heating of bitumen
• Adding the shredded plastic to the bitumen
• Stirring it thoroughly
• Pour it into the required mould
• Cooling it in air for 30 minutes
• Cooling in the water bath for 30 minutes
B. Bahel, E. Yamb, S. Owona and G. E. Ekodeck
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SHREDDED PLASTIC PET BOTTLES:
Figure 1 Shredded Plastic PET bottles
MIXING OF PLASTIC TO BITUMEN:
Figure 2 Mixing of Plastic to bitumen
3.2 TESTS ON BITUMEN:
Properties of the altered materials of bitumen are investigated by the conducting the following
tests
3.2.1. Penetration Test (IS 1203-1978):
The penetration test determines the hardness or softness of bitumen by measuring the depth in
tenths of a mm to which a standard loaded needle will penetrate vertically in 5 seconds.
3.2.2. Ductility Test (IS 1208 -1978):
The ductility is expressed as the distance in centimeters to which a standard briquette of
bitumen can be stretched before the thread breaks. The test is conducted at 27~c and at a rate
of pull of 50mm per minute. The test set up is shown in the fig. the cross section at minimum
width of the specimen is 10mm X 10mm
Figure 3 Ductility test
WASTE PET BOTTLES SHREDDED PLASTIC PET BOTTLES
SHREDDED PLASTIC
MIXING OF PLASTIC
WITH BITUMEN
WEIGHING OF BITUMEN
Analysis of the Evolution of the Phenomenon of Clogging of the Layers of the Mixing Of Gravel in A
Center of Storage of the Household Waste (Cshw)
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3.2.3. Float Test (IS 1210 – 1978)
The float assembly is floated in a water bath at 50°C and the time required in seconds for
water to force its way through the bitumen plug is noted as the float test value. The higher the
float test value, the stiffer is the material.
3.2.4. Softening Point Test (IS 1205 – 1978) and
The softening point is the temperature at which the substance attains a particular degree of
softening under specified condition of test. The temperature at which the softened bitumen
touches the metal plate at a specified distance below the ring is noted as softening point of
bitumen.
Figure 4 Softening Point test
3.2.5. Specific Gravity (IS 1202 – 1978):
The specific gravity of bituminous materials is determined by preparing a specimen in
semisolid or solid state and by weighing in air and water.
Specific gravity = W1 / (W1 –W2)
Where, W1 = Weight in air
W2 = Weight in water
Figure 5 Specific Gravity test
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
The results given below are obtained from the testing of conventional 60/70 grade of bitumen
and the plastic modified bitumen based on the Indian standards. The testing is done separately
for each % of modification by taking various trials as per the standard and the mean values
have been computed.
SPECIMEN
WEIGHED IN WATER
B. Bahel, E. Yamb, S. Owona and G. E. Ekodeck
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Table 1 Bitumen test results
4.1. Penetration test results:
Figure 6 Penetration test results
The Comparison of the penetration values of 0% modified bitumen with various % of
modifications indicated a decrease by 1.54%, 42.57% and 72.31% for 10%, 20 % and 30%
plastic modified bitumen respectively.
4.2. Ductility test results:
Figure 7 Ductility test results
The Ductility values of 0% modified bitumen with various % of modifications showed a
reduction in the ductility value by 3.64%, 46.88% and 44.83% for 10%, 20 % and 30%
plastic modified bitumen respectively.
Analysis of the Evolution of the Phenomenon of Clogging of the Layers of the Mixing Of Gravel in A
Center of Storage of the Household Waste (Cshw)
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4.3. Float test results:
Figure 8 Float test results
On studying the float test values for 0% modified bitumen and other % of modified
bitumen, the float test value indicates an increase in the viscosity values by 19.74%, 27.15%
and 71.59% for 10%, 20 % and 30% plastic modified bitumen respectively.
4.4. Softening Point test results:
Figure 9 Softening Point test results
On addition of 10% plastic to the bitumen the softening point value increased by 5.42%.
For addition of 20% plastic to the bitumen the value is decreased by 0.85% and for addition of
30% plastic to the bitumen the test results increased by 18.23%.
4.5. Specific Gravity test results:
Figure 10 Specific Gravity test results
B. Bahel, E. Yamb, S. Owona and G. E. Ekodeck
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The specific gravity test result values on addition of 10% plastic to the bitumen remained
the same as that for conventional bitumen but the value increased by 5.36% and 53.57% for
20% and 30% plastic modifications respectively.
From table 1, it is seen that the optimum replacement of bitumen by plastic (PET) falls
between 10 to 20%.
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