An Invitation to HealthAn Invitation to HealthChapter 2 Chapter 2
Psychological HealthPsychological Health
Dr. Lana Zinger
©2004 Wadsworth Publishing Co.
Psychological HealthPsychological Health
Mental Health Emotional Health
Spiritual Health
Our ability to perceive reality as it is, to respond to its challenges, and to develop rational strategies
for living.
Feelings and moods.
Our ability to identify our basic purpose in life and to experience the fulfillment of achieving our full potential.
Emotional HealthEmotional Health Determination and effort to be healthy.Determination and effort to be healthy. Flexibility and adaptability to a variety of circumstances.Flexibility and adaptability to a variety of circumstances. Development of a sense of meaning and affirmation of Development of a sense of meaning and affirmation of
life.life. An understanding that the self is not the center of the An understanding that the self is not the center of the
universe.universe. Compassion for others.Compassion for others. The ability to be unselfish in serving or relating to others.The ability to be unselfish in serving or relating to others. Increased depth and satisfaction in intimate Increased depth and satisfaction in intimate
relationships.relationships. A sense of control over the mind and body that enables A sense of control over the mind and body that enables
the person to make health-enhancing choices and the person to make health-enhancing choices and decisions.decisions.
Mental HealthMental Health
The ability to function and The ability to function and carry out responsibilities.carry out responsibilities.
The ability to form The ability to form relationships.relationships.
Realistic perceptions of the Realistic perceptions of the motivation of others.motivation of others.
Rational, logical thought Rational, logical thought processes.processes.
The ability to adapt to The ability to adapt to change and to cope with change and to cope with adversity.adversity.
Other Components of Other Components of Psychological HealthPsychological Health
Emotional Emotional IntelligenceIntelligence
Self-awarenessSelf-awareness AltruismAltruism Personal Personal
motivationmotivation EmpathyEmpathy Ability to love and Ability to love and
be lovedbe loved
Spiritual IntelligenceSpiritual Intelligence The capacity to The capacity to
sense, understand, sense, understand, and tap into the and tap into the highest parts of highest parts of ourselves, others, and ourselves, others, and the world around us.the world around us.
Focus on the Focus on the discovery of a wisdom discovery of a wisdom withinwithin
The Three Pillars of The Three Pillars of Positive PsychologyPositive Psychology
PositiveEmotions
Positive Traits PositiveInstitutions
“Treatment is not just fixing what is
broken, it is nurturing
what is best within ourselves”.
ValuesValues
TerminalGoals
AchievementsIdeal states
InstrumentalImportant ways of
thinking and acting.(being loving or loyal)
Self EsteemSelf Esteem
Definition: Belief and pride in ourselves which
develops overtime starting in childhood. Boosting self esteem:
Positive affirmations, compliments, kudos and encouragement.
Lowering self esteem: Feelings of a lack of love and
encouragement, and seeking out people who think poorly of them.
MoodMood DefinitionDefinition::
A sustained emotional state that colors our A sustained emotional state that colors our view of the world for hours or days.view of the world for hours or days.
Mood ManagementMood Management:: MenMen: distraction or alcohol and drug use.: distraction or alcohol and drug use. WomenWomen: talking with someone or to ruminate : talking with someone or to ruminate
on why they feel bad.on why they feel bad. Cognitive reappraisal.Cognitive reappraisal. Alter your negative feelings.Alter your negative feelings. Get moving.Get moving. Take your mind off your troubles.Take your mind off your troubles.
Factors Factors Affecting Affecting HappinessHappiness
Relationships
Genetics
Gender andRace
Education Intelligence
Age,Health, and
Wealth
Life Events
What is a Mental What is a Mental Disorder?Disorder?
American’s Psychiatric Association’s American’s Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical ManualDiagnostic and Statistical Manual, ,
44thth edition (DSM-IV) edition (DSM-IV)
““a clinically significant behavioral or a clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and that is occurs in an individual and that is associated with present distress or associated with present distress or disability or with a significantly increased disability or with a significantly increased risk of suffering death, pain, disability, or risk of suffering death, pain, disability, or an important loss of freedom.”an important loss of freedom.”
The Anatomy of a NeuronThe Anatomy of a Neuron
NucleusNucleus AxonAxon Axon TerminalAxon Terminal DendritesDendrites GliaGliaOther Important Other Important
TerminologyTerminology:: NeurotransmitteNeurotransmitte
rsrs SynapseSynapse ReceptorsReceptors
Are Men’s and Women’s Are Men’s and Women’s Brains Different?Brains Different?MenMen
Have bigger brains.Have bigger brains. Have eyes which are Have eyes which are
more sensitive to more sensitive to bright light.bright light.
Retain ability to see Retain ability to see well at long distances well at long distances longer in life.longer in life.
Loses brain tissue more Loses brain tissue more rapidly than women.rapidly than women.
WomenWomen Use more neurons.Use more neurons. Hears a broader Hears a broader
range of sounds.range of sounds. Hearing remains Hearing remains
sharper, longer.sharper, longer. Responds more Responds more
intensely to emotions.intensely to emotions.
The Bottom Line:Neither gender’s brain is “better”.
Anxiety DisordersAnxiety DisordersPhobiasPhobias
Characteristic SymptomsCharacteristic Symptoms Excessive or Excessive or
unreasonable fear of a unreasonable fear of a specific object or specific object or situation.situation.
Immediate, invariable Immediate, invariable anxiety when exposed to anxiety when exposed to the object or situation.the object or situation.
Recognition that the fear Recognition that the fear is excessive or is excessive or unreasonable.unreasonable.
Avoidance of the feared Avoidance of the feared object or situation.object or situation.
Inability to function as Inability to function as usual.usual.
TreatmentTreatment Behavior therapy Behavior therapy
including systematic including systematic desensitization.desensitization.
Anxiety DisordersAnxiety DisordersPanic Attacks and Panic DisorderPanic Attacks and Panic Disorder
CharacteristicsCharacteristics Panic attackPanic attack: Rapid : Rapid
onset of dizziness or onset of dizziness or lightheadedness with lightheadedness with rapid breathing or rapid breathing or hyperventilation, hyperventilation, numbness of fingers or numbness of fingers or toes, and a terrible toes, and a terrible sense that something sense that something horrible is about to horrible is about to happen.happen.
A A panic disorderpanic disorder develops when attacks develops when attacks recur or apprehension recur or apprehension about them affects about them affects normal daily function.normal daily function.
TreatmentTreatment Cognitive-behavior Cognitive-behavior
therapy.therapy. Medication.Medication.
Anxiety DisordersAnxiety DisordersPanic DisordersPanic Disorders
CharacteristicsCharacteristics Excessive or unreasonable Excessive or unreasonable
fear of a specific object or fear of a specific object or situation.situation.
Immediate, invariable Immediate, invariable anxiety when exposed to anxiety when exposed to the object or situation.the object or situation.
Recognition that the fear Recognition that the fear is excessive or is excessive or unreasonable.unreasonable.
Avoidance of the feared Avoidance of the feared object or situation.object or situation.
Inability to function as Inability to function as usual.usual.
TreatmentTreatment Behavior therapy Behavior therapy
including systematic including systematic desensitization.desensitization.
Anxiety DisordersAnxiety DisordersGeneral Anxiety DisorderGeneral Anxiety Disorder
DefinitionDefinition Excessive or unrealistic Excessive or unrealistic
apprehension that apprehension that causes physical causes physical symptoms that lasts for symptoms that lasts for six months or longer.six months or longer.
CharacteristicsCharacteristics Faster heart rate, Faster heart rate,
sweating, increased sweating, increased blood pressure, muscle blood pressure, muscle aches, intestinal pains, aches, intestinal pains, irritability, sleep irritability, sleep problems, and difficulty problems, and difficulty concentrating.concentrating.
TreatmentTreatment Psychotherapy.Psychotherapy. Behavioral therapy.Behavioral therapy. Antianxiety drugs.Antianxiety drugs.
Anxiety DisordersAnxiety DisordersObsessive-Compulsive DisorderObsessive-Compulsive Disorder
CharacteristicsCharacteristics ObsessionObsession:: a a
recurring idea, recurring idea, thought, or image thought, or image that they realize, at that they realize, at least initially, is least initially, is senseless.senseless.
CompulsionCompulsion: : Repetitive behavior Repetitive behavior performed according performed according to certain rules or in a to certain rules or in a stereotyped fashion.stereotyped fashion.
TreatmentTreatment Cognitive therapy.Cognitive therapy. Behavioral Behavioral
therapy.therapy. Medications.Medications.
Depressive DisordersDepressive DisordersCharacteristicsCharacteristics
Feeling depressed, sad, empty or discouraged, tearful.Feeling depressed, sad, empty or discouraged, tearful.Loss of interest or pleasure in once-enjoyable Loss of interest or pleasure in once-enjoyable
activities.activities.Eating more or less than usual with weight changesEating more or less than usual with weight changes..
Changes in sleep patternsChanges in sleep patternsFeeling slowed down or restless.Feeling slowed down or restless.
Lack of energy.Lack of energy.SurgerySurgery
Difficulty concentrating and forgetfulness.Difficulty concentrating and forgetfulness.Persistent thoughts of death or suicide.Persistent thoughts of death or suicide.
Withdrawal from others, lack of interest in sex.Withdrawal from others, lack of interest in sex.Headaches, digestive problems, aches and pains.Headaches, digestive problems, aches and pains.
Depressive DisordersDepressive DisordersTreatmentsTreatments
PsychotherapyPsychotherapyCognitive-behavior therapyCognitive-behavior therapy
Interpersonal therapyInterpersonal therapy
MedicationsMedicationsAntidepressantsAntidepressants
ExerciseExercise
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Bipolar DisorderBipolar Disorder
CharacteristicsCharacteristics Mood swings that take Mood swings that take
individuals from individuals from manic manic states of feeling states of feeling euphoric and energetic euphoric and energetic to depressive states of to depressive states of utter despair.utter despair.
Involves, mood swings, Involves, mood swings, and changes in and changes in thinking, behavior and thinking, behavior and physical condition. physical condition.
TreatmentTreatment Cognitive therapy.Cognitive therapy. Behavioral therapy.Behavioral therapy. Medications.Medications.
Suicide RiskSuicide Risk
Who attempts Who attempts suicide?suicide?
Who Who completes completes suicide?suicide?
SexSex FemaleFemale MaleMale
AgeAge Under 35Under 35 Under 20 or Under 20 or over 60over 60
MeansMeans Less deadly, Less deadly, such as wrist such as wrist slashing.slashing.
More More deadly, such deadly, such as a gun.as a gun.
CircumstaCircumstancesnces
High chance High chance of rescue.of rescue.
Low chance Low chance of rescue.of rescue.
Factors Contributing to Factors Contributing to SuicideSuicide
FemalesFemales Violence.Violence. Medical symptoms.Medical symptoms. Having a friend Having a friend
attempt or complete attempt or complete suicide.suicide.
Illicit drug use.Illicit drug use. History of mental History of mental
health problems.health problems.
MalesMales Violence.Violence. Carrying a weapon at Carrying a weapon at
school.school. Same sex romantic Same sex romantic
attraction.attraction. A family history of A family history of
suicide or suicide suicide or suicide attempts.attempts.
Skipping school.Skipping school. Illicit drug use.Illicit drug use. Being held back or Being held back or
skipping grades.skipping grades.
What Leads to Suicide?What Leads to Suicide?
Mental Disorders
HopelessnessSubstance Abuse
Family History
PhysicalIllness
BrainChemistry
Access toGuns
Suicide PreventionSuicide Prevention Encourage your friend Encourage your friend
to talk.to talk. Don’t offer trite Don’t offer trite
reassurances.reassurances. Suggest solutions or Suggest solutions or
alternatives to alternatives to problems.problems.
Don’t be afraid to ask Don’t be afraid to ask whether your friend has whether your friend has considered suicide.considered suicide.
Don’t think that people Don’t think that people who talk about killing who talk about killing themselves never carry themselves never carry out their threat.out their threat.
Mental Health Mental Health ProfessionalsProfessionals
Psychiatrist (MD)Psychiatrist (MD) PsychologistPsychologist Certified social workers or licensed Certified social workers or licensed
social workerssocial workers Psychiatric NursesPsychiatric Nurses Marriage and family therapistsMarriage and family therapists Psychiatric Facilities and OrganizationsPsychiatric Facilities and Organizations
HospitalsHospitals Community Mental Health CentersCommunity Mental Health Centers Voluntary AgenciesVoluntary Agencies E-therapyE-therapy
Options for TreatmentOptions for Treatment
PsychodynamicPsychodynamicPsychotherapyPsychotherapy
Cognitive-Cognitive-BehaviorBehaviorTherapyTherapy
Interpersonal Interpersonal TherapyTherapy
Psychiatric Psychiatric Drug TherapyDrug Therapy
Attention DisordersAttention DisordersAttention Deficit/Hyperactivity DisorderAttention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
CausesCauses Genetic and biological.Genetic and biological. Differences in the brainDifferences in the brain Prenatal use of alcohol, Prenatal use of alcohol,
tobacco and cocaine.tobacco and cocaine. Delivery complications.Delivery complications. Postnatal problems.Postnatal problems.
Meningitis, encephalitis, Meningitis, encephalitis, chronic lead exposure or chronic lead exposure or severe head trauma.severe head trauma.
Three Primary Three Primary SymptomsSymptoms
HyperactivityHyperactivity ImpulsivityImpulsivity DistractibilityDistractibility
TreatmentTreatment MedicationsMedications PsychotherapyPsychotherapy General counselingGeneral counseling Vocational rehabilitationVocational rehabilitation Academic tutoringAcademic tutoring
SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
SymptomsSymptoms Hallucinations, delusions, inability to think in a Hallucinations, delusions, inability to think in a
logical manner, talking in rambling or logical manner, talking in rambling or incoherent ways, making odd or purposeless incoherent ways, making odd or purposeless movements or not moving at all, mimicking movements or not moving at all, mimicking gesture or words, showing few, if any, gesture or words, showing few, if any, emotions, lacking will or motivation, and emotions, lacking will or motivation, and functioning at a much lower level than normal.functioning at a much lower level than normal.
PhasesPhases Prodromal, active and residual phases.Prodromal, active and residual phases.TreatmentTreatment Antipsychotic medicationsAntipsychotic medications
The Keys to Psychological The Keys to Psychological WellnessWellnessAccept yourselfAccept yourself
Respect yourselfRespect yourself
Trust yourselfTrust yourself
Love yourselfLove yourself
Stretch yourselfStretch yourself
Look at challenges as opportunities for personal Look at challenges as opportunities for personal growthgrowth
Where and who do you want to be a decade from Where and who do you want to be a decade from now?now?