Download - An Overview of the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory

NASA Space Radia*on Laboratory A. Rusek

Bldg. 911B Brookhaven Na*onal Laboratory

Upton, NY 11973

[email protected], (631)344-‐5830

FISO Telecon 4/1/15 hRp://spirit.as.utexas.edu/~fiso/archivelist.htm

Origins

•  Mo*va*on: Ground based ion source for simula*ng solar and cosmic ray radia*on to study its affects on biology. –  Assess the risks. –  Study countermeasures.

•  Funding: NASA ($33M) •  Know how: BNL (DOE) •  Project started 2000, commissioned 2003. •  On *me, on budget.

NSRL Brookhaven National Laboratory 1

Beam Design

•  Designed based on the experience gained through work at LBL and BNL (AGS) (dose-‐based cutoff) –  Beam as uniform as possible (±10% was typical)

–  Usually round beam

–  Cutoff achieved by means of ion chambers/computer/extrac*on controls

•  NSRL beam is geared towards (but not restricted to) biology work (dose-‐based cutoff) –  Beam uniformity in the useful area is ±2.5%

–  Square beam (during biology work)

–  Cutoff achieved by means of ion chambers/computer/extrac*on controls


Beam

•  Tandem/Linac/EBIS to Booster •  Booster to NSRL beam line by slow extrac*on

•  Beam shaped in the 100 m beam line and •  Delivered to the NSRL target room (300ms spill every 4 sec)

EBIS (ions, 20 MeV)

Tandem (ions, 20 MeV/n)

Slow extrac*on into NSRL

Booster synchrotron

(up to 1000 MeV/n)

Shape and deliver to the target room

NSRL Brookhaven National Laboratory

Linac (protons, 200 MeV)

3

Schedule

•  3 runs, or campaigns a year: Spring, Summer and Fall •  6-‐9 weeks each

–  Total of about 24 weeks per year, typically.

–  spring and summer have been run as one 16 week long run for the past 3 years

•  Irradia*ons take place during 1-‐2 shiis daily, on week days only (almost true) –  Leave a cushion for machine down *me

–  Allow for lab *me following irradia*on


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Range in water (m

m)

LET in water (KeV/µm)

H 1500

1000 800 700 600 500 400

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100 80 70 60 50

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He

C O Ne

Si Cl Ar Ti Fe

Kr Nb

Xe Ta

Au

5


NSRL NASA Space Radia*on Laboratory

RHIC Relatevis*c Heavy Ion Collider

AGS Alterna*ng Gradient Synchrotron

TANDEM Ion Source

LINAC Linear Accelerator Proton Source

BOOSTER Synchrotron

EBIS Electron Beam Ion Source

Medical Department Labs and User Support


Support Building

•  Beam and dosimetry control center •  Experiment staging area

•  Cell labs (3) separated from animal labs (2) •  Physics support lab (1)


C

C

C A A

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P

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12” beam pipe

8” beam pipe

R-‐Line: From Booster to NSRL

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1.0 -‐ 5.0 cm (fwhm)

5cm x 5cm -‐ 20cm x 20cm


NSRL Beam Shapes and Sizes

Beams can be both slow-‐extracted (300 – 500 ms) Or fast-‐extracted (<1µs), once per 2-‐4 s cycle

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Target Room

Size: 20’ x 20’

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Calibra*on

•  NIST-‐traceable calibra*on chambers •  Self calibra*on against scin*lla*on counters – Use heavy ions where overlap is good – Contact made through dE/dx tables

– Agreement with NIST-‐traceables within 2%

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P, 200 MeV

C, 300 MeV/n

Ti, 1000 MeV/n


Digital Beam Imager

Beam




300 MeV/n Fe

Binary Filter

PlasRc caps Water-‐filled

Empty

DBI Screen

Beam view


Fe 300

0.0 mm 35.5 mm

37.0 mm 36.5 mm

36.0 mm

37.5 mm

38.5 mm 39.5 mm 41.5 mm 18

Single Eye Exposure

•  Right eyes of three rats at a *me.

collimator


Single Eye Exposure

•  Right eyes of three rats at a *me. •  Two plates, 9 tubes, for

streamlined opera*on.

•  Lots of flexibility, easy alignment.


Special Beams

•  Time-‐structured beams •  “smooth” beam •  10-‐60Hz beam

•  Fast-‐extracted beam •  Beam extracted in one booster

cycle, in about 800 ns.

20 Hz

“Smooth”

60 Hz

20 Hz

FEB

FEB 800 ns

Ion Chamber

Scin*llator NSRL Brookhaven National Laboratory 21

Space Environment

Requirements

•  Lower dose rates •  Longer exposures (chronic) •  Mixed fields and energies •  Higher upper energy

Response

•  Specialty imaging and dosimetry

•  Exposure incubtors •  Rapid energy changing •  Rapid ion changing •  Beam line upgrade to 1.5

GeV/n


•  Can image the beam at very low fluence

• 2 Fe/cm2

• 1,000 p/cm2

•  Coupled with schin*lla*on counter cutoff • can deliver “homeopathic” doses – 100tracks/cm2

30,000 p/cm2 22,500 Fe/cm2

Pixel Ion Chamber with Gain

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Large Beam

•  60x60 cm2 (50x50 cm2 useful area).

•  Large pixel chamber (8x8) to monitor beam uniformity.

•  Exposure incubator for long exposures.


SPE SimulaRon

Requires

•  Fast energy changing –  Directly from the booster

–  By binary filter •  Large beam

–  For long, low dose-‐rate exposures

“spin-‐off”

•  Fast energy changes –  Easier opera*ons –  Easier scheduling


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0.001

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FracRon

of Total Dose

Energy (MeV)

August 1972 SPE

NSRL 1972 SPE

An SPE SimulaRon

Used 50 MeV to represent 0 – 50 MeV 60 MeV to represent 50 – 60 MeV 70 MeV to represent 60 – 70 MeV 80 MeV to represent 70 – 80 MeV And so on….


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Depth (µm)

Dose (arbitrary)

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GCR SimulaRon

Requires

•  Fast ion changes. •  Availability of many ion

species.

•  Upper energy of at least 1.5 GeV/n.

•  Large beam. –  For long, low dose-‐rate

exposures

“spin-‐off”

•  Ul*mately we should be able to change ions from NSRL dosimetry room(!)


Type of Studies and InvesRgaRons

•  Biology >90% –  Tending more and more to the lower doses now –  Ion, LET, Energy studies –  Cancer, CNS, Cardio-‐Vascular, BPO, Acute effects…..

•  Shielding •  Materials (radia*on hardness etc.) •  Electronics (radia*on hardness etc.)

–  NASA, NRO, others •  Instrument tes*ng and calibra*on

–  NASA, others. •  Therapy research

–  Limited to physics and biology


When not providing service

•  Fragmenta*on Cross sec*ons. –  4He, 3He, C, O, on elemental targets and water

•  Detector and readout developments. –  Specialty ion-‐chambers, adapta*on of commercial readout for medical

imaging to mul*-‐channel ion chamber.

•  Calibra*on and tes*ng. –  Example: ZDC’s, water-‐based liquid scin*llator (BNL development)


ExisRng CapabiliRes

Beam •  Variety of shapes and sizes

–  Square beam from 5 to 50 cm

–  Round beam from 0.5 to 10 cm

•  Good uniformity (>95%) •  Many ions available

•  Wide energy range available

•  Slow-‐extracted beam

•  Fast-‐extracted beam

Dosimetry •  Good dynamic range

–  1 – 2000 rads/min (ion chambers)

–  < 1 rad/min (scin*llator)

•  Self calibra*on capabili*es •  Cutoff within >1% of total dose

•  Good imaging methods –  DBI

–  Ion chambers with gain


Missing CapabiliRes

Beam •  Sub cm pencil beam

•  Scanning capability •  Exposure vacuum chamber

Dosimetry


Thanks for your aaenRon!
