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Teknisk- naturvetenskaplig fakultetUTH-enheten
Besksadress: ngstrmlaboratorietLgerhyddsvgen 1Hus 4, Plan 0
Postadress:Box 536751 21 Uppsala
Telefon:018 471 30 03
Telefax:018 471 30 00
Hemsida:http://www.teknat.uu.se/student
Abstract
Analysis of a load frequency control implementation inSwedish run-of-river hydropower stations
Andreas Westberg
The total amount of frequency deviations have during the last decade increasedexponentially in the Nordic synchronous power system. The transmission systemoperators have therefore decided to implement load frequency control as a newautomatic control system to stem these frequency deviations.
The aim of this feasibility study is to analyse the effects of an LFC implementation inSwedish hydropower stations by using a more dynamic river governing. The methodchosen to analyse the effects of LFC-governing was to create a Matlab Simulink hydropower station library including dynamic modules for rivers and turbinegovernors. The library is then used to create a river reach that is implemented in anENTSO-E model for the Nordic frequency reserves. The governing of the river useseconomical dispatch theory to optimally distribute a LFC setpoint signal from theENTSO-E model to the different hydropower stations.
Results show that the developed method has a future potential to create morefrequency controlled reserves. By creating a central governing unit it was possible togovern frequency controlled reserves over an entire river reach under certainscenarios, but there are still many obstacles to overcome before an actualimplementation. The method does however show both the possibilities and drawback of frequency controlled reserves in cascade coupled hydropower systems.
Key words: Hydropower, power system, frequency controlled reserves, loadfrequency control, Matlab Simulink
ISSN: 1650-8300, UPTEC ES12004Examinator: Kjell Pernestlmnesgranskare: Urban Lundin
Handledare: Niklas Dahlbck
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3
A a a a ba a a a a aK a c a a . D a ba a
a a a a . E
a a a a a ba a .
U a c a ac a a a a a 200 / a 1000 / a . D a a
a a a a a a a c aa a c a . M a a c a a a ca ( , , ) c HVDC
a b . E a E E (E E) a a a a
c a . E a a a a L a F c C (LFC) a a a a a a. (ENTSO E 2011a)
S a K a b a a a a LFC, a a , a a a a a ? F a a
, c c a a a a a .
M a a a a a a a b b a c a b a c a a ENTSO E
a a . D c a a a a b a a a a a . D a a a a a a a c a c a a a a
a c a b a a ENTSO E a a a c a a a a
a b a ba a c .
R a a a a a a a a , a ca , c a b a a
a . M c a a b a a a b a
a b a c b a a a a .T .
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1 I c .......................................................................................................................................... 5
1.1 P c a ............................................................................................................................. 5
1.2 M .................................................................................................................................. 5
1.3 L a c ................................................................................................................. 5 2 Bac ...................................................................................................................................... 7
2.1 E a .............................................................................................................................. 7
2.2 F c a .......................................................................................................................... 7
2.3 F c a ...................................................................................................... 9
2.4 H ................................................................................................................................. 10
3 T ................................................................................................................................................. 13
3.1 H ................................................................................................................................. 13 3.2 F c c .......................................................................................................... 18
4 M a M ...................................................................................................... 21
4.1 ENTSO E ............................................................................................................................ 22
4.1 H P a .................................................................................................................... 24
4.2 LFC b ........................................................................................................... 32
4.3 Ec ca a a LFC a ............................................................................... 39
5 S a ......................................................................................................................................... 40
5.1 R ac ............................................................................................................................... 40
5.2 S a .......................................................................................................................... 41
5.3 R ......................................................................................................................................... 42
6 D c ........................................................................................................................................... 53
6.1 M a ............................................................................................................... 53
6.2 R ......................................................................................................................................... 57
6.3 P c a ................................................................................................................................... 60
7 C c ......................................................................................................................................... 61
R c ............................................................................................................................................. 62
A ................................................................................................................................................ 64
A M M ........................................................................................................................... 64
B I a / a ................................................................................................................... 71
C S a ........................................................................................................................ 81
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1 T N c a a (TSO ) a acc ab c ba a 50.00 +/ 0.100 H . T acc a c a a a
a ca c a a ca a a a a a ab N c TSO a a a a b c
ca ab c . T a b a a a c a a c c c b c a
c a ca b b . I a , a a aa c c (LFC) a ca b N
.
1.1 T c a c a a c LFC a c
. T a b b a a c b a a a c b a a :
C ?
T c a a :
D a c LFC a a ac , b c a a a a c a .
A a a ca ac a a c c c a a a
A a a a ca b a a a c ab ab c b a a c LFC .
1.2 I c a c a a b c a . T b c a ac a b a N c c c a b E E (E E). T ENTSO E c a a LFC a ac
a b a ac .c ca b a a c a a LF
I a a b c a a a a a c a .
1.3 T c a a a b . T c a S a K a (S K) a
a Va a a c . T c c b c 6.1.1 A a c .
1 T a a a c c , a a
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2 O c a a a a b a c a . T b a a a a .
3 O a a c c a a a a a b .
4 T a a a c a a b , a , a .
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6 O a c c c a , ac a a . T b c c a ac a b c c a
7 T a ac ac LFC b a a +/ a a a c a a b .
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2 T a a a a a c A A , c a a c cc a a b N c TSO . O c c
a 400 MWFC b c c a c aa a 400 MW . (ENTSO E 2011a, c.2.4)
W c c a ca b 400 MW LFC , aa a TSO a a c
ac c a a a a ca ac ca a .
T c a b c ac c a a a a a .
2.1 T N a a Ja a 1 1996 a c ca S a N a . F F a , D a a E a a c T a N a a ; a c a a
ca a a b b a a a a (N S aa a a (N E ba a ). B a a b c
a b .(N AS 2011)
D a a , N c TSO a c a b . T a a a a a ba a c a (F ),
(FD ) a (F ). (ENTSO E 2007,c a . A 2)
2.2 I a a c a 50.00 +/ 0.100 H a a b a
a a c ba b N c TSO (ENTSO E 2007, a . A 3), a ba a c b c a c . T c a
, TSO a c c a a ,
c . W a ba c cc a c ca c a a , a c a a a ba a cc . T a c a a ba 50.00 +/ 0.100 H . D a a acc a a
c a a ca c ca b F 1.
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F 1: F / NORDIC 1995 2(EN O E 2011 , .3)
T a a c a b a c a b c a N a a ,
F 2: A 5 2009 2010 . (EN O E 2011 , .4)
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2.3 W NORDIC a a a a a
a c (FNR a FDR) a c a a a c . I a a c ac a a c a c
a a a c b c a . T
c ac b ac cc c F 3.
F 3: O ( ) (P) . ( C E 2009, .3) 1
W E E (ENTSO E), a a b c a ac abb a a a
FDR) (FC ) a a c a a a c a ca (F ). T ENTSO E
b .
W NORDIC , FCR a b a c c a a c . I , FCR ca b c b a
ba a c FRR a a a a baab a a cc acc a c a .
2.3.1 ( )
T FCR NORDIC c (F ) a (FD ) a a b b [MW] b N c TSO a
a a ba . T a b a a c b a2, FNR b ac a a a ba 50.00 +/ 0.100 H
FDR 49.9 49.5 H . I a b a a ac a c c NORDIC a . T b
FNR a a a a b a a 2 % a
1 UCTE C E a a ENTSO E E E
2 G a a ca ac a a 25 MW a a b a ca E c a a b a c a a . (B c 2011)
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c a a b a a 60 . F FDR, b a c a 49.500 H 50 % b a 5 a
a 30 . T N c TSO a a a a 600 MW FDR c a a a acc N 1 c3. (ENTSO E
2007, c a . A 2)
2.3.2 F a c c a a a FRR a
b c b .
( ) , C a c LFC c a b c a
c c b . T a b a a ab b ; a .
1. C a a (CA): A , a a a , a c b a
a c a c c a . (IEEE S a a C 1991 . 2. A a c (ACE): T c a a a c
a c a a a a c . T a a c a cc c c a b a c
(IEEE S a a C 1991 . 124)
B a ACE a TSO a ab b c a ac a b c a a .
T ac a LFC c N c a bb a a a LFC a b b N c
a c a SCADA a . I b a b a acc a c
. (B c 2011)
( ) T a a a a FCR a a
a ab .4 T a c a a a b ca ac b c 10 MW a b ac a 15 . O
a , b a ca TSO c a a b a a b ab c a b . W a a b a ac a a
TSO c b . (ENTSO E 2007, c a . A 2)
2.4 T a a c a :
3 D a a a c a a a c ( ca , b ba , c c.) a a a ac
a a b a acc . (ENTSO E 2007, .60)4 W a c a cc , c ca c , c a a c c , c a b ca a c . T acc a c a
c c a ab a .
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A a a a .
A a b , a c. a c c ca .
T ca b a ca ca a a ac , Fa c a a a a a
a ca ca , a c c b ca a .
F 4: , . (N . 2011)
W , a c ca b c a b a a c a a a c c ca b ac a c c . A ac a a a c a a ca b
a a . I S ca ac 33 TW (S E 201 a a a ac a a a
0 100% , a a c c
A a a a . I a b ca aa a (S a ) b ab a
c c c a (N a a ). F a b a a, c a b a a a a ,
a b a c a .
F c a c a a , a S a a a a b a a a a
c a . T b c a ca
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a c a a c a b c a . T c a a b c a a a T a c a a a a a a a a(Va a . 2011)
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3 T c c b c a a a
.
3.1 A c b a a c c c ca b c c ca a b a a a .
. 1 =
. 2 = = = E = [J]P = [W]
= a a [ ]Q = a c a [3/ ]H = a b a a ac [ ]
= a a a c a [ /2]
I . 2 a a a ; b a , a a a a c a , a a a a a
a a c a a c a c . T a a c a a a a a a a
b ab a c c a . . 2 a a ca b c a a a . B c . 3.
. 3 = a = a c c a [1]
3.1.1 T c c ac . 3 c a b a a c a , c a a a ac a a a . W a
b a a c ca a a c b c c a c a a
c a c a ab (SOPT) a c a ac a b b , F 5.
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F 5: G .
3.1.2 I F 6 a b a b Va
a (S b 2011). I c a a : PI c a c a ac c . T ca b a a a a c a a a ; a , a , b c. F
a a a a c a +/ 100 H . F a a a b a . (S b 2011, .1,2)
T b a ; c a [H ] aH a a a a [MW]. T a b a
, a c b LFC a b , b a c b c a .
77
82
87
92
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
T o t a l e f
f i c i e n c y
[ % ]
Water flow [m3/s]
G1+G2+G3
G1+G3
G1+G2
G1
G3
320150
290
185
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F 6: ; ( ) (P ), ; (P ) ; K ,
K . (K 2011)
T ca a b a :
K = 1 ; b a a [1]
T = 6, 2.4 ( 0, 1); b a c a [ ] (=1/K )
K = 0.1, 0.04 ( 0, 1) ; [1]
K a PI a a ,K c a ac c ac a0, 1 a a b a a
a ac a . T a a a a ac c b a a c a a a
2006 . 5)
. 4 = R = a [MW/H ]K = [1] = c a a c [H ]
a = a c [H ]P = a a a c a c a [MW]Pba = ba b a [MW]
I F 6, a c a a a b b ca a c c a a b a a c c
b F 6 ca b c b b :
. 5
. 5 ca b c a b .
. 6
B a ac c a ca a a . 6 . 7ac a c a , . 8
. 7
)())()()(1
()()()( s P sdP K s f sT
K s P sdP s P set govdroopi
P set gov gov ++=+=
)()(11
11)( s P s f sT
K
K K sT K K s P Set
idroop
P droop
i P
droop gov ++
++=
)(1
1
11)( s f
sT K
K K sT K
K s P
idroop
P droop
i P
droop gov
+
+
+=
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b = .( . c =( .( .
F ca ab , b a a a ba a a . (Ac & Ra c 2007, .63)
. 12 , , > 0 >
. 13 ( T ac c b a a b a
a a a 0 0.5. Acc (B.219) a ca a a a a a 0.2, a a a 0.5 a
a a a a . F a a(B . . 2008, .222). F , a a =0.2 a b c , a c a a a . (B . . 2008, .222)
. 10 a a ; a a c b b . 14 a . 15, F 7. T a
a a . W M a b c a , F 7 b
a . W c a a a c c a
ac a a a a a a . T a a a a a a a a ac a b
a a .
. 14 = (
. 15 =
F 7: G ( ) ( ) ( ICAIRE
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W a a a a c c a a a b . T b c a c a . T c
a a ac a c ac a a a b ac a b a c a .
, a a b a a a . T c
c a a .
3.1.5 A a a c ; a a a c a c a b a ac . T a ca c a . 16.
. 16 = (V = a [3]A = ac a a [2]
= ac [ ]
F . 16 ac ca b c c a , . 17, c b .
. 17 ( = + ( 0 = ac a ab [ ]
3.2 T c a ba a c b c a c ca b a
. B a a a a c , a a 1.3 L a a ca b (B a 2009, .17).
. 18 ( ( = ( + ( P = c c [MW]J = a c a [MW /H ]
= c [H ]D = a a c c [MW/H ]
W La ac a a ca b a
. 19 ( = ( ( T c a a c a ac b a
a c b a c . 19.
3.2.1 T a c a b FCR b . 20 a a ca F 8. T a a c c a a c a
a b b a a a c b a
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. 20 = 1/K = R =
F 8: G FDR (K 2011)
. 20 a a a
a a , b a c
3.2.2 T a c c R a R a ;
a , F 9
. 21
. 22
ACE = a a c P c a = = c K D = D = a a
)()( intt P t ACE erchan=
loadD p systemDroo
D K +=1
19
a [MW/H ]
FNR FDR
a a a
FCR a ca a a .
, a ab
a (CA) a a a ca c . (B a 2009, .23)
[MW]c a a b CA [MW]
[H ]c a ac c [H /MW]
c c [MW/H ]
)(t f ge +
ing ampen
. N G C
c a a
c a
2.3.2 F c (ACE). T ACE
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F 9: P LFC . (=K ) (B 2009, .2.10)
T ACE c a a ca a c , ca a cK( ), c c a a a a b , F 9. A LFC c
c a ac c c aac ac a a , . 23, . 23 a F 10. I
a c a ac b a c. (B a 2009, c a .2.4)
. 23 =
. 24
=
PLFC a = a LFC a a ca c a b cK( ) [MW] = a c a ac [1]
= a b [1]N = a b a [1]
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F 10: P LFC .
(=K ) (B 2009, .2.13)
4 T a a ac a b c a a a ba a ca
a a a b a . T c a
H a ( , , b , b c
LFC b
T a c a a LFC a , a a F 11. T c a
a a , E E a a c A & A (ENTSO E 2011a).
F 11: ( ), LFC , / EN O E LFC .
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4.1 T ENTSO E , F 12, c c FCR a FRR/LFC c
N c , a ( c a a ) c a a , a a a. M a a a c ca b
(ENTSO E 2011b).
F 12: EN O E N
. (E (EN O E 2011 )
T c a a a a b c LFC E , F 13. I c a c a . T c c a a FCR LFC a c a a a ac a . I a
ca c LFC a ac a +/ 10 MW c b c a a FRR a a . W LFC a ca , a
ENTSO E a a a +/ 390 MW, a 400 MW, LFC a , a a b . T a b c a a
a a a c + /10 MW LFC c a ENTSO E a a ca b b a a a
c a LFC b .
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F 13: EN O E LFC . I /O H LFC M . P LFC . O
.
T a a ca a LFC PI ac a c aE a a c F 14.
F 14: EN O E LFC 100 H . (EN O E 2011 , .80)
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F 17 c b a a a M a a c a a a N . Acc a a DC B
a M a 11 b ac N a a 15 N a b a c a ac (Da 2011)
F 17 ac ac N a 11
b 15 . T b b a a a ac .
F 17: 1 . . M ( ) ( ) N . 11 (660 ).
F 18 a a b c a a a a ac M . A a a aa a a a a a c a bac (
2011). T a b a a a a a
acc b c .
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F 18: P M . ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 . . .
4.1.2
F 19: R I/O G I
T , F 19, a .
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. 25
( = + ( . 26 = . 27
= (
. 28 = ( = a ca ac a [ ]A = ac a a [2]DG = ( .D ) [ ]SG = ( . ) [ ]
W ca c a ac , b ab a c a , a a b c
a ac a a c b a ca
a b .
T a b a a b a b . b a a a a a
. T ac b a a acc cF 20.
F 20: R . I , ( ) ( ) , .
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4.1.3
F 21: G : M I/O G I
T , F 21, a b a c W b a a , c 3.1.2 T b G , b
. . , a a a b ca acc . A a a bb P_ c a a a
b P a a P ac a .
T a b a a b a a c 0.002 . . ( = 0.1 H ). Acc a a c
a Pc =0.02.
. 29
. 30 ( = ( =.. = . [ I F 22 0.002 . . c a a
acc . T ca c c a aa a .
1.0,002.0)( == droop K s s f
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F 22: 0.002 . . (=0.1 H ) 0.02 . . =60 .
4.1.4
F 23: I/O G I
I , F 23, a Ma ab S L U ab a a a a c a a a . T a a
a c a a a c ab a ,
c a a .
T a b a a b a a , F 24,
a c c c a SOPT ab , F 25. T aa ab a c a a a a b a
c b a .
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F 24: R M . M
F 25: A . M OP .
A ca F 24 c F 25 c .
0,0020,0040,0060,0080,00
100,00120,00140,00160,00180,00
4 0
, 0 0
9 0
, 0 0
1 4 0
, 0 0
1 9 0
, 0 0
2 4 0
, 0 0
2 9 0
, 0 0
3 4 0
, 0 0
3 9 0
, 0 0
4 4 0
, 0 0
4 9 0
, 0 0
5 4 0
, 0 0
5 9 0
, 0 0
6 4 0
, 0 0
P o w e r
[ M W ]
discharge [m3/s]
MIDSKOG P-Q curve
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4.2
F 26: LFC I/O G I
T FC b c LFC a a , TSO SCADA , b a a c c b c a a
. 33.
. 31 = ( = ( +
. 32 = +
. 33 ( , ( , C = a a cCP = a a cCP = a a c
P a = a c [MW]PLFC = b LFC [MW]P = a b [MW]PS a c = a c a [MW]P a c = a c a [MW]
4.2.1 T a LFC b a :
Wa : U /L , / a c a
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P : M / a c a .
F a ab a c a a c a c a . T a a a c a ac a ca c b a a / a c a a a a a
ca ac . T a a
. 34 +
. 35 = +
. 36 = P a / = a / ca ab c a [MW]PFCR = FCR ca ac [MW]
T b ab a b acc a c a
a . F a a a c a a .
Sa a a a a a P. T a a a a a ab c a a a LFC a
a c a . W a a . T a c a ca c a a :
. 37 ( + = +(< ( > (
( + = , =
. 38 < ( >= ( . 39 = = ( 6 V ( ) = a [3]T = a a [ ]H = a ca ac [ ]A = ac a a [2]
. 38 c a a b a a a a . I a a acc ac
a b . T a ca ca c a b
. 40 ( + = = ( +< ( > (
. 41 ( =< ( > (6 T c () a S L ab P . Q a a (SOPT ab , 4.1.4 T
c )
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=< ( > ( S b . 41 . 39 a a .
. 42
( = < ( > (
T a c ca c a a a .
. 43 ( + = = ( +< ( > (
. 44 ( = < ( > ( T c a , B a a c a , a . Ta [ 1;0;1] c LFC a a a , a a
a a c a a c c .
. 45 ( ( ( (
. 46 ( ( ( ( I a c a c a b a a a , c LFC a
a . 47.. 47 , ,
4.2.2 T a c a a a a b
a a
P a a a
S ac a
F , a c a , . 48, . 49 a a c a c a a a a ac a a LFC a a , . 50.
. 48 = +
. 49 =
. 50 = W c a c b c b b ,
a a A A.6 LFC b .
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4.2.2.1 T a a c , . 51, LFC c
a b a a a a c :
. 51
= ,
= ac [1]
. 51 ca a b a a a a c a a
. 52 = W a c b a a c b a a ca ca c a
E . 53 = =
S b . 52 E . 53
. 54 = = . 54 ca b b
. 55
= 4.2.2.2 T ac a a c , . 56, ca a , a a a , b
a b a c c .
. 56 = = H = a a ca ac [ ]
LFC = ac c a LFC [ ] = ac [1]
A = ac a a [2]Q b = a c a [3/ ]
T a c acc c a b ca b
. 57 = = B a a a a a , a
a a a a ca b c a .
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. 69 =( , ( , ( ,
( ,( , ( , ( , ( , ( , =
( , ( , ( , ( ,( , ( , ( , ( ,
=((((
( ,( ,( , = ( ,( ,
. 70 = +
. 71 = + B a a a a c acc , b a a c, ac a c a a b a a =0, a a a ca c
, a a c .
T LFC b a a a a LFC a ;
a a a c a .
T a a LFC a a 30 MW +30 MW. A ca bc b a a b a , F 27.
F 27: LFC . .
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T a a c a a c a . F a ab a b .
S ac : M = 0.5 , N = 0.05 a S = 0.05 .
S a c Q0=500 3/ .
LFC a : 50 +60 MW.
A ca F 28 b LFC a , b a a a cc a a ac a b c b
W a a ac a a ac , a b c ac a b a 5.3 R a c 6.1.3 G LFC
F 28: LFC M . LFC .
.
I c a c a , c a , a aLFC a . T a c , c a a a
c a b b LFC a c a
a a ca c a a c a . T LFC b ca b a c a a ca b F 29. I c a
b a a a a c bM a N a c . B a LFC
c a ca LFC a a c b b . 47. A a a b c 6.1.3 G LFC b .
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F 29: LFC M . LFC .
.
4.3 7 T a a a a a c LFC a c a a c ca c a LFC a a , D c b 6 a , 5.2 S a
a a . T a b a b a a a S a K a a a ,
. 72. T a b c a a c b ,
. 73. F a c ca c a ac c a a a ca ac .
. 72 8
. 73
P c = LFC a a [MW]RK c = FCR a c [SEK/MW ]N P S c = N S c a [SEK/MW ] = a ac [ ]H = a ac a [ ]T = a a [ ]
7 I b a a TSO a c a . T a ca c a .
8 T c a b ca SEK/MW .
=t
pricetot
LFC income t T t RK t P SEK )()3600/)()((
=
t price plan
i
netHead i station
i
faceloweredSur i station
loss t T t ot NordPoolSpt P H
hSEK )()3600/)()((
,
,
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5 T c a c b a a a a b c b
a a . A a a b , ca b A C S a .
5.1
5.1.1 F J a a ac I a a J a a a
ac c a ; H , Ka a G a b a c a ac c Tab 1.
1: G J Hissmofors Kattstrupefors Granbofors
Pmax [MW] 68 62 24minimum discharge [m 3/s] 50 50 50maximum discharge [m 3/s] 440 440 440maximum head [m] 20 18 6reservoir volume 14515 [DU] 9 830 [HU] 10 142 [HU]reservoir regulationscapacity [m] 2,75 0,75 0,25river travel time [min] - 2 2
5.1.2 F Va a a ac I a a J a a a T ac c a ; M , N a S
a c a ac c Tab 2.
2: G Midskog Nverede Stugun
Pmax [MW] 155 67 48minimum discharge [m 3/s] 100 100 100maximum discharge [m 3/s] 650 670 675maximum head [m] 27 13 7.3reservoir volume [HU] 4800 50 280reservoir regulationscapacity [m] 0,6 0,1 0,1
river travel time [min] - 11 45
9 1 [DU] = 1 a = a 1 3/ a a = 24 [ ] *3600 [ / ] * 1 [3/ ]10 1 [HU] = 1 = a 1 3/ a = 3600 [ ] * 1 [3/ ]
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F 30: EN O E . A M D
.
T c c c a a a a ac aca ac , ca a , ca c b a ca ab a
a , a a a a . T a c a b a a a A 2, Ma 3 a D c 6 c
I c a a a c a , a ac a a a b ac . U a a a a
c a ; ca c a a aa .11 B ca , a a c c a a a b c a b
a a . T c a a c a b a c a b a a a .
T a a a c b FNR a FDR a a a a a a LFC a FDR a
ca ac a FDR a a c . F .
F a c c a ac a a aA B I a / a .
5.3 T c Va a ac , F aA C S a . T ac a c b ca a a ca c a a a a ca ac , c
b a b ac a a c a . (B 2011)
F ac a c a a b c a :
11 D a a a a acc ENTSO E a . I a c a a a c a a b c . T a
a a c a b c Ma ab ac S b c .
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45
F 33: LFC = ON, 2010 12 06 . M M , N .
F 34 a F 35 a ac a ac c . Ta c a c a M a FCR
F 34 ca a ac b LFC a ac a b . T b a M a S c
c a a a N . T a a N a a N c F 38. O a a ; a c a a c. A N a c
c c a c a a S a c a
F 34: LFC = OFF, 2010 12 06 . A M , N LFC LFC .
, M , LFC +
.
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46
I F 35 ca c ac a LFC a FCR a a M LFC c c a a a
FCR a a a c . O ca a LFC a a b a c c a c ca a , 6.2.1 Ac
a a .
F 35: LFC = ON, 2010 12 06 . A M , N LFC LFC .
LFC FCR F 34.
T c a LFC a a a c b F 36 a F 37. Ta c a c a a b
(Q ) a (Q ) a a ac a .
F 36: LFC = OFF, 2010 12 06 . R ( M , ), .
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47
F 37: LFC = ON, 2010 12 06 . R M , ), .
F a ab , ac ca b , FF 39. T a a c a a c a
. F F 38 a b a a N ac b a a
FCR a a M . T c a b c a b Na FCR a b ac .
F 38: LFC = OFF, 2010 12 06 . R M , N .
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F 39: LFC = ON, 2010 12 06 . R M , N .
F a , D c 6, a c ca ca c a a a a acc a c
. 72 a . 73.
F 40: A LFC M (RK , RK ) 2010 12 06.
3 2010A a b , / c a a ac b c . F a a c c c b D c b 6 2010.
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49
T a a a a a a c a Q0=3103/ , M FCR aa a a LFC a .
F 41: LFC = OFF, 2010 05 03 , M M , N .
F 42: LFC = ON, 2010 05 03 , M M , N .
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F 43: LFC = OFF, 2010 05 03 , R M , N .
F 44: LFC = OFF, 2010 05 03 , R M , N .
A ca F 44 b ac S . Ta 6.1 M a .
2 2010T a c a c a a Q0=75 3/ .
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F 47: LFC = OFF, 2010 08 02 , R M , N .
T a F 47 c a N F 102. I c a a a ac a
F 48: LFC = ON, 2010 08 02 , R M , N .
A a a a b ac c b c a .
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6 T c a c a c a a
a , a a a c a .
6.1 6.1.1 A b b a a a c a
a c .
1 Ta c c a a c c . T a
a c b c c a b a a a c a a c b a a . I b c a
a a b a a a b .
2 . T a
c a ca c a . I b a a . 60 . 62, a a Q. I b a a a c a a , b b
a a c a a ac a ca a M .
3 . T a c a c a c a a c a
a . I a a a a c a c a c ac b a a ab a ca a c .
4 , , .T a ca c c a
a a a a a ac b a c c . T a b c a a a
b . T a c c b a a , a (J 2009).
5 A T
a b ab a a , a . A a
ca b c a b a a ac a .
6 , T
b a a a ca c (B a 2009
H a a 2011; M 2011).
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7 FC +/ . I a c b b c +/ 10 MW a
b c c a a FRR a . W a a a c b b b a c b a .
6.1.2 T c b a a a a b b ab
b c ac a a a a c bT ac a a c a a c a a
a a b . S a a b c a b ab a a a c c b
a c b a b c .
F a b c ca b :
1 I a a c . T a a a c c a a ac
c a .
2 U c a a c c a (E 2004) a a .
6.1.3 T LFC a a b acc a c a :
1 T a a c LFC c aa b a a a a c
2 T ac a a c c c a a a , b a
c a b a c c . A c c a a a c a a b
a a a c c 13. I ca a b a a a a (Z 2009, a .4.2.3; V a . . 2010).
T a LFC b a a c a a caa (MPC) a b a acc a a a b a a + FC b c
a a a a c a ac b , a a . A a a a a
a a a a a LFC a a +/ 10 a b a , b FC ac a
a . T a a a a , a ab c LFC a .
13 S c c Y = P/Q = c c / a = [MW /3].
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a a a b bac , c a a ac , a
( C).
A a Va a ac Ma 3 a A 2 a ac a a . T acc ac a
b acc . 67, a a a a 1 N 1 b a a c a ac a ac . T ab
ac a , b a a b . T ac c b a ca LFC a a . F c a
ba a c c b a a ac , a a a a
a . T a a a a c b a b c b ca b b b
a b a b b b . T
a b a .
T a b a ab a a Va a a A 2, A C.2 Va a A 2 2010. T
a b ca b a c , a 30 , LFC b a . D a , a a c a a
a a a .
6.1.4 I a c a a a c a a c
c a ENTSO E . I b a a a ba a c c a ac ba a c a a
a ca (ENTSO E 2011b, c.2.8.2).
T c a a a c a , c a a ac a a a c c a c b a
W c a a c c a a a a , a c c a a a a a a c a a . T a a
a a a c a a c a ac a a
T a a a a a a . T a a a a c LFC a a a . A a
a J a D c b 6 a LFC a a H a c a a Q0=380 3/ , a Q0=350 3/
c a a ca ac .
I a a a a ca ac FCR (FNR+FDR) a LFC a c b a a ac ac
ca ac . F a LFC a FDR ac , aa FDR a FNR a LFC a . S Aa a ac . LFC a FDR ac a a
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F a a a a c a . T a c a ; a c a
a b a a a a , a a a c ac c a . T b ab b
c a c a c a ac a ac a a
6.2
6.2.1 T a a a c b a a ca b a ac
a a LFC a ;FCR LFC ac a aa .
T b a a LFC FCR a a c a LFC . T a a a a a ac a
a a c LFC c a c ba a a a a a ab a ca .
O a ca b a a FCR, LFC c a ab a a FCR. T a LFC
a a a a a c a a b c c c a . T a LFC a
a c a a b a a . a a c a a ac c a b a b a a
a b . T a b b a c a a a a .
T c b a a ac LFC a , a bc c a c c a a a b ;
a a N S a ELBAS . A a aa a c b a LFC a FDR a a
ac ac a a c .
6.2.2 A c , LFC a b c c aa a c c a a a b c a b c a
a a a a ac a . T a a b c a , MW , a LFC .
T a a a b c a ac b c a a . T ca b b a a
c a a a a a c a , F 6a c a , F 97F 105F 113.
T c c c a cc a a a b , c a a . P b a c c
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a a , c a ca , a . I a ba ca a ba a .
6.2.3 T a b a c a LFC a
a c a a c ( a ) ac a . I a c a .
W LFC a ac a b a a ac , b a a a a c
ac a a c a a . T ac a a b a c
a b a a a a a a .
F a Ma 3, A 2 a D c 6 a c a A a a ba a c Ma a D c b a a
b a ba a c , F ! H .. I c acc a a F ! H . a F 49 a c a . T
a c a , Ma D c b , a a a acc a c a , a a ab a . T acc a c a c a a acc
ba a c .
F 49: A M D LFC . B
.
T A a ba a c c a ba a c a LFC a a a c ca b F 4
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LFC a . I a b b a b FLFC a a a FDR c a
ba a c (ENTSO E 2007, c a . A 2) c a caa c . T b LFC a a F
a .
T a a a a a a b ac ac a . T c b a b a a a
b a b a b a c c ca b a .
T c a a c a b . A a a b a
b ca a a a ab a a c b a a b a . T a a ab a a a c , ca a , c ca a c.
7 T a c a c c c b
ac , c a c b c c , b a c . A a c a a a
c a c a a . A a a c a ac a a c a a
N c TSO .
W a a c b a a , a a a a
a . A
.
A a c a a c a a a c c a a a ac a a . I a
a a c c a a , b ca aa b . N a a a a c c c c a a a ca c ;
a .
T a b a a a a c b a a a c a b ab c b a a c LFC . U
c c c ca b a a a a
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B , P.B., H b , W.C. & V , B.E., 2008.H , P c Ha .
B a , H., 2009. F C , S .B a , H. & H a a, T., 2011.I A G C , CRC P .
M , P., 2011. 2 ., H aba I a ;L : BSP b ca ;CRC P .
Z , J., 2009. , J W & S .
E , K., 2004. S I ca I a C a O a UA a ab a : :// . b. / ? = : b : : : a 88916 [ a D c b2011].
D Ja , E. . ., 1994. H b a c .IEEE , 9(4), .1709 1715.
J , E., 2009. S a a a a a a . A a ab a ::// . b. / ? = : b : : : a 113284 [ a D c b 7, 2011].
K , A.D., 2009. A a a c a 70 a M .H J , 54, .43 61.
V a , K., P , N. & ac, D., 2010. O a b a c c a . I2010 IEEE I I E (I IE). 2010 IEEE
I a a S I a E c c (ISIE). IEEE, 286 291.
Ac , S. & Ra c , W., 2007. C D a 2.0.3 U Ma a . A a ab a : :// ..c / /IUT/c a /.
ENTSO E, 2011a. ANALYSIS & REVIEW OF REQUIREMENTS FOR AUTOMATIC RESERVES IN THENORDIC SYNCHRONOUS SYSTEM.
ENTSO E, 2011b. ANALYSIS & REVIEW OF REQUIREMENTS FOR AUTOMATIC RESERVES IN THENORDIC SYNCHRONOUS SYSTEM S M c .
ENTSO E, 2007. N c G C 2007 N c c c .
H , C. M., 2006. M a , b c a a a ARISTO.
IEEE S a a C , 1991. IEEE R c D T A a c GC E c c P S .
N . , 2011. a a Na a c . A a ab a ::// . . / a / a a # [ b 9, 2011].
N AS, 2011. N Ma . A a ab a ::// . a a c .c / a / a / [ c b 7, 2011].
S b , E., 2011. N a a a a a ab a .
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S E , 2011. K a S . A a ab a ::// . . / a /S a /K a %C3%A4 / a . [ a
N b 9, 2011].
UCTE, 2009. P1 P c 1: L a F c C a P a c [C]. A a ab a ::// . . / a / _ a /_ b a / b ca /c / /P c 1_ a .
B , E., 2011. R , F G a AB.
B c , C., 2011. NORDEL R , S a K a .
Da b c , N., 2011. H a c a c , Va a AB.
Da , ., 2011. M S ac , Va a AB.
. A a ab a ::// c 2. .c /VICAIRE/ _1b/c a _5/ a . [S b 14, 2011].
VICAIRE, 2011. VICAIRE M 1B C a 5. . A a ab a : :// c 2. .c /VICAIRE/ _1b/c a _5/ a . J 06, 2012
Va a . , 2011. Va a V a . A a ab:// . a . / [ a D c b 7, 2011].
Ka , R., 2011, Va a AB.
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F 50: M . M , N .
.
W a c , a ac cF 50 a c Va a ac M S .
c a c a , F 51.
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F 51: I
.1
F 52: H , /
I :
P_ [MW] a b
_ a [H ] c FCR a b
Q_ _ [3/ ] c a
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O :
A b
I a a ab :
S a c a a c a a ac b a c a a a c a a .
.2
F 53: R , /
I :
Q [ 3/ ],
O :
Q [ 3/ ], a b
V_ a _ [3], a a
I a a ab :
T_ [ ] a a a c a ac
T a [ ] M a ab
[ ] c a
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.4
F 55: G : I/O
I :
_ a [H ] a c
P_ [MW]
O :
P_ c [MW] a c a ca c
P( )_ c [MW] a FCR a
I a a ab : K [ ] T b a a
T [ ] T b a c a
[ . .] T b
Pba [MW] Ba a
_ [H ] c
P a [MW] a
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P [MW]
.5
F 56: , I/O
I :
P_ c [MW] b c a ca
O
Q_ b [3/ ] b
I a a ab :
SOPT ab a c a c (Q_ b ) c (P_ c )
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.6
F 57: LFC , I/O
I :
P_LFC_ [MW] a LFC a a TSO SCADA H_ _UP [ ] c c a a a a ca ac
H_ _DOWN [ ] c c a a a a ca
V_ _ a [ 3] a a ac a
O
P_LFC_ a [MW] c ac a
P_LFC[MW] c ac a c LFC a
P_LFC_ _OUT [MW] c a a TSO SCADA
a cL a [ ] B a ca a a c a ac
a cL a [ ] B a ca a a c a a
a [MW] c a LFC a ac a
[MW] c LFC a ac a
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I a a ab :
P a R [MW] c a a a LFC a
P R [MW] c a a LFC a
P a [MW] c a a a c T_LFC [ ] LFC a a
A_ a [ 2] c a a ac a
A_ a [1/MW2] c a a
B [c /MW] c a b c c
N [ ] b a
SOPT [MW a 3
/ ] c , c 4.1.4 T_ [ ] c a a a c ac
T a a c , . 74, LFC c
a b a a a a c :
. 74 = Pba = ba c a , a ac a [MW]
= ac [1]
. 74 ca a b a
. 75 = =
= 0 00 0 00 = 0 00 0 00
= a ac [1]W a c b a a c b a a ca ca c a
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E . 76 =
=
. 77 =
= S b E . 76 a . 78 E . 53
. 78 = + +
=
= = . 78 ca b b
. 79
= T ac a a c , . 56, ca a , a a a , b
a b a c c .
. 80 = = H = a a ca ac [ ]
LFC = ac c a LFC [ ] = ac [1]
A = ac a a [2]Q b = a c a [3/ ]
T a c acc b ca b . 3.
. 81 = = B a a a a a , a a a a ca b c a .
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75
/
.1 T c a a c a c a ac a a c a
J a a ca b F 58. F Ma 3 a A 2 a
c a a a a a c a a . F D c a a c a b LFC a , H a a a ca ac
acc ca c a .
F 58: P J M 3 2010
F 59: P J A 2 2010
T c a a a a c a a a a a a a b a a c a a c . T a
c a a a ab .
Jmtkraft, 2010-05-03
020
4060
80
100120
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
time [h]
p l a n n e
d f l o w
[ m 3 / s ]
Hissmofors, 2010-05-03
Katts trupefors, 2010-05-03
Granbofors, 2010-05-03
simulated Q0, 2010-05-03
Jmtkraft, 2010-08-02
050
100150200
250300
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
time [h]
p l a n n e
d f l o w
[ m 3 / s ]
Hissmofors, 2010-08-02
Katts trupefors, 2010-08-02
Granbofors, 2010-08-02
simulated Q0, 2010-08-02
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F 60: P J D 6 2010
T a J a a a Tab 4.
4: I J , / .
Jmtkraft 2010-05-03 2010-12-06Hissmorfors Kattstrupefors Granbofors Hissmorfors Kattstrupefors Granbofors
Q0 [m3/s] 180 180 180 350 350 350h0 setpoint [m] 2.25 0.1 0.1 2.25 0.1 0.1ep [p.u.] 0.1 1,0 1,0 0.04 1,0 1,0Pmin [MW] 8.13 3.55 1.3 35.6 35.6 29,0PminReg [MW] 8.8 3.8 1.3 39,0 37,0 30.2Pplan [MW] 16.25 11.4 4.7 60.6 50.1 18.7PmaxReg [MW] 32.3 14.5 13.3 65.3 59.4 23.1Pmax [MW] 33,0 14.8 13.3 68.7 60.6 23.1Regulation limit FDR FDR - FDR FDR -
2010-08-02Hissmorfors Kattstrupefors Granbofors
Q0 [m3/s] 280 280 280h0 setpoint [m] 2.25 0.1 0.1ep [p.u.] 0.1 1,0 1,0Pmin [MW] 8.13 3.55 1.3PminReg [MW] 8.8 3.8 1.3Pplan [MW] 12.7 7.6 3.1PmaxReg [MW] 32.4 14.5 13.3Pmax [MW] 33 14.8 13.3Regulation limit FNR FNR -
.3 F Va a ac a a a a Ma 3, A 2 aD c b 6 2010. T a c a a Va a a
a c c a a a c a , F 61, F 62 a F 63.
Jmtkraft, 2010-12-06
050
100150200250300
350400450
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
time [h]
p l a n n e
d f l o w [ m
3 / s ]
Hissmofors, 2010-12-06
Kattstrupefors, 2010-12-06
Granbofors, 2010-12-06
simulated Q0, 2010-12-06
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F 61: D M 3 2010
F 62: D A 2 2010
F 63: D D 6 2010
T c a a A 2 a b c a c a aa . T a a a ac b
050
100150200250300350400
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 p
l a n n e
d d i s c h a r g e
[ m 3 / s ]
time [h]
Vattenfall 2010-05-03
Midskog, 2010-05-03
Nverede, 2010-05-03Stugun, 2010-05-03simulated Q0, 2010-05-03
0100200300400500
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 p
l a n n e
d d i s c
h a r g e
[ m 3 / s ]
time [h]
Vattenfall, 2010-08-02
Midskog, 2010-08-02Nverede, 2010-08-02Stugun, 2010-08-02simulated Q0, 2010-08-02
0100200300400500600
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 p l a n n e d
d i s c h a r g e
[ m 3 / s ]
time [h]
Vattenfall, 2010-12-06
Midskog, 2010-12-06Nverede, 2010-08-02
Stugun, 2010-08-02simulated Q0, 2010-12-06
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a a , 1.1 P c a . T a a a 3/ b a M a b a a a
(Da 2011) a ca a c a ac 150 3/ a a c .
T a Va a a a Tab 5.
5: I , / .
VATTENFALL 2010-05-03 2010-12-06Midskog Nverede Stugun Midskog Nverede Stugun
Q0 [m3/s] 310 310 310 500 310 310h0 setpoint [m] 0.5 0.05 0.05 0.5 0.05 0.05
ep [p.u.] 0.1 1,0 1,0 0.1 1,0 1,0Pmin [MW] 56.95 10.7 24.09 99.87 36.6 24.09
PminReg [MW] 62.25 10.7 24.10 103.07 36.6 24.10Pplan [MW] 74.31 33.9 24.1 118.8 53.1 38.33
PmaxReg [MW] 92.1 35.7 47.93 152.13 66.6 47.93Pmax [MW] 97.4 35.7 47.93 155.33 66.6 47.93Regulation
limit FNR - - FNR - -2010-08-02Midskog Nverede Stugun
Q0 [m3/s] 390 310 310h0 setpoint [m] 0.5 0.05 0.05
ep [p.u.] 0.1 1,0 1,0Pmin [MW] 56.95 36.6 24.09
PminReg [MW] 59.15 36.6 24.10Pplan [MW] 92.92 42,0 30.56
PmaxReg [MW] 95.2 66.6 47.93Pmax [MW] 97.4 66.6 47.93Regulation
limit FNR - -
.3 F F a a a , 2010 12 06. T a c aa a c a a c a a a
c a a c ac (F 117, F 118 a F 119) b ab c a a a c c a a ac a .
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F 64: D F M 3 2010.
F 65: D F A 2 2010
F 66: D F D 6 2010 Q0
T a F a acc a c Tab 6.
020406080100
120140160180
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
p l a n n e d
d i s c
h a r g e
[ m 3 / s ]
time [h]
Fortum 2010-05-03
Sveg
Byaforsen
KrokstrmmenLngstrmmenStorstrmmen
020406080
100120140160180200
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
w a t e r
f l o w
[ m 3 / s ]
hour [h]
Fortum 2010-08-02
Sveg
Byaforsen
Krokstrmmen
Lngstrmmen
Storstrmmen
jeforsen
0
50
100150
200
250
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
p l a n n e d
d i s c h a r g e
[ m 3 / s ]
time [h]
Fortum 2010-12-06
SvegByaforsen
KrokstrmmenLngstrmmenStorstrmmenjeforsensimulated Q0
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.1
3 2010
F a c a ab a b c a . T a b
a ( . 4.9) a a ac a (T ca b a .
F 67: LFC = OFF, 2010 05 03 , M H , K G .
F 68: LFC = ON, 2010 05 03 , M H , K G .
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F 69: LFC = OFF, 2010 05 03 , A H , K G .
F 70: LFC = ON, 2010 05 03 , A H , K G . LFC .15
15 A ca ac a G a b b aa b a a c c 6.1.
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F 71: LFC = OFF, 2010 05 03 , R ( H ), .
F 72: LFC = ON, 2010 05 03 , R ( H ),
.
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F 73: LFC = OFF, 2010 05 03 , R H , KG . .
F 74: LFC = ON, 2010 05 03 , R H , KG . .
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2 2010
F 75: LFC = OFF, 2010 08 02 , M H , K G .
F 76: LFC = ON, 2010 08 02 , M H , K G .16
16 A =16 ca c a a ca a ab , c 6.1.
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F 77: LFC = OFF, 2010 08 02 , A H , K G .
F 78: LFC = ON, 2010 08 02 , A H , K G . LFC .17
17 A ca ac a G a b b aa b a a c c 6.1.
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F 79: LFC = OFF, 2010 08 02 , R ( H ),
.
F 80: LFC = ON, 2010 08 02 , R ( H ),
.
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F 81: LFC = OFF, 2010 08 02 , R H , KG . .
F 82: LFC = ON, 2010 08 02 , R H , KG . .
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2010
F 83: LFC = OFF, 2010 12 06 , M H , K G .
F 84: LFC = ON, 2010 12 06 , M H , K G .
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F 89: LFC = OFF, 2010 12 06 , R H , KG . .
F 90: LFC = ON, 2010 12 06 , R H , KG . .
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F 91: A LFC .
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F 94: LFC = OFF, 2010 05 03 , A M , N.
F 95: LFC = ON, 2010 05 03 , A M , N. LFC .18
18 A ca ac a S b a . F a a / S a b a a ca a a a bab
a a a a . T a a b a a c
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F 98: LFC = OFF, 2010 05 03 , R M , N .
F 99: LFC = ON, 2010 05 03 , R M , N .
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2 2010
F 100: LFC = OFF, 2010 08 02 , M H M , N .
F 101: LFC = ON, 2010 08 02 , M M , N .19
19 A =4 ca c a a ca a ab , c 6.1.
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F 104: LFC = OFF, 2010 08 02 . R ( M , ),
.
F 105: LFC = ON, 2010 08 02 . R ( M , ), .
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F 106: LFC = OFF, 2010 08 02 , R M , N .
F 107: LFC = ON, 2010 08 02 , R M , N .
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2010
F 108: LFC = OFF, 2010 12 06 , M H M , N .
F 109: LFC = ON, 2010 12 06 , M M , N .
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F 112: LFC = OFF, 2010 12 06 . R ( M , ), .
F 113: LFC = ON, 2010 12 06 . R ( M , ), .
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F 114: LFC = OFF, 2010 12 06 , R M , N
.
F 115: LFC = ON, 2010 12 06 , R M , N .
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F 116: A LFC .
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.3 F F a a a , 2010 12 06. T a c aa a c a a c a a a
c a a c ac (F 117, F 118 a F 119) b ab c a a a c c a a ac a .
F 117: D F M 3 2010.
F 118: D F A 2 2010
F 119: D F D 6 2010 Q0
Fortum 2010-05-03
020406080
100120140160180
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
hour [h]
w a
t e r
f l w o
[ m 3 / s ] Sveg
ByaforsenKrokstrmmenLngstrmmenStorstrmmenjeforsen
Fortum 2010-08-02
0
50
100
150
200
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
hour [h]
w a
t e r
f l o w
[ m 3 / s ]
Sveg
Byaforsen
KrokstrmmenLngstrmmen
Storstrmmenjeforsen
Fortu]m 2010-12-06
0
50
100
150
200
250
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
time [h]
w a
t e r
f l o w
[ m 3 / s ] Sveg
ByaforsenKrokstrmmen
LngstrmmenStorstrmmen
jeforsenQ0 2010-12-06
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2010
F 120: LFC = OFF, 2010 12 06 , M , B , KL , .
F 121: LFC = ON, 2010 12 06 , M H , BK , L , .
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F 122: LFC = OFF, 2010 12 06 , A , BK , L , .
F 123: LFC = ON, 2010 12 06 , A , BK , L , . LFC
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F 124: LFC F . .
F 125: LFC = OFF, 2010 12 06 , R ( ),
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F 126: LFC = ON, 2010 12 06 , R ( ),
.
F 127: LFC = OFF, 2010 12 06 , R , BK , L , .
.
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F 128: LFC = ON, 2010 12 06 , R , BK , L , . .
F 129: A LFC .
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T a a b b S a K a , S a , Va a , F a J a a I a
. F a LFC c ac b .
C B c ; O a a D a Ba a c c / a c a c
E L b ; C , IKT
N a Da b c ; Va a P c
Ka a a B a ; Va a R D
J a P ; Va a R D
R a Ka ; Va a R D
R H ; Va a H
J a A a ; Va a A O a N c
E B ; F G a
Ma J ; E D
A a W a ; E D