Animal Bites &
Rabies
Rabies virus
Disease
• Rabies virus causes an acute encephalitis in all warm-blooded hosts, including humans, and the outcome is almost always fatal. Although all species of mammals are susceptible to rabies virus infection, only a few species are important as reservoirs for the disease
Rabies family• Rabies virus belongs to the order
Mononegavirales, viruses with a nonsegmented, negative-stranded RNA genomes. Within this group, viruses with a distinct "bullet" shape are classified in the Rhabdoviridae family.
• The genus Lyssavirus includes rabies virus, Lagos bat, Mokola virus, Duvenhage virus, European bat virus 1 & 2 and Australian bat virus.
Transmission
• The rabies virus is transmitted when infected saliva of a host is passed to an uninfected animal. Various routes of transmission have been documented and include contamination of mucous membranes (i.e., eyes, nose, mouth), aerosol transmission, and corneal transplantations. The most common mode of rabies virus transmission is through the bite and virus-containing saliva of an infected host.
Oregon Administrative Rules
Animal Bites & Rabies Oregon Administrative Rules (OARS) Chapter 333, Division 19 ‑ Health
Division 333‑019‑
• Except where specifically exempt, all dogs at least three months old shall be immunized against rabies by the age of six months. The following are exempt
Animal Bites & Rabies Oregon Administrative Rules
• Vaccination of an animal against rabies is valid only when performed: a) by a licensed veterinarian; b) by a veterinary technician (certified according to OAR 875-030-0010) under the supervision of a licensed veterinarian; or
• Except as provided in (3), any dog, cat, or ferret that has bitten a person shall be held for observation until the tenth day following the bite. This observation shall be under the supervision of a Licensed Veterinarian or other person designated by the Local Public Health Authority.
Animal Bites & Rabies Oregon Administrative Rules
• A Rabies Vaccination Certificate shall be completed and signed by the person performing the vaccination.
Animal Bites & Rabies
• (iii) Destruction of the head of a biting animal. No person shall destroy or allow to be destroyed without authorization by the local health officer or administrator (or designee) the head of a rabies susceptible animal which has bitten a person.
•
• (B) Laboratory Testing of the Head of a rabies susceptible animal which has bitten a person. The head of the biting animal shall be submitted immediately and under refrigeration to the Oregon Public Health Laboratory
Rabies in the US
Human Rabies Data 1996-2005
Human Rabies DataUS acquired cases only
1990 1 case TX Bat related
1991 2 cases AK, GA Bat related
1993 2 cases NY, TX Bat related
1994 4 cases CA, AL Bat related
1995 4 cases CA(2), CT, WA Bat related
1996 2 cases MT, KY Bat related
1997 4 cases MT, WA, NY, TX Bat related
1998 1 case VA Bat related
2000 5 cases CA, NY, GA, MN,WI Bat related
2002 3 cases CA, TN, IW Bat Related
2003 1 case VA Raccoon Related
2004 2 cases CA, WI Bat related
Rabies
Information from the
Oregon Health Division
Rabies
Silver-haired bats
Lasionycteris noctivagans
SILVER HAIR…………… BAT
Rabies in Oregon
ANIMAL RABIES Oregon 1960 - 2002
JACKSON21B, 8 F
JOSEPHINE 4 B, 2F
TILLAMOOK
BAKER4B,1 Hu
CROOK1B
DESCHUTES14B
GRANT4B
HARNEY7B
JEFFERSON 7B
LANE31 B, 1D, 1F
MALHEUR6B
MORROW
UMATILLA6B 1S
UNION4B
WALLOWA3 B
WHEELER
CURRY5B, 2F1 Co
COOS5B, 1F,
DOUGLAS 10B, 1D, 1C. 1F
KLAMATH8B
LAKE19B
WASCO4B
HOOD RIVER3B, 1R
GILLIAM
LINN24B, 1FBENTON
25 B, 2F
LINCOLN4B, 1C
POLK1B
YAMHILL2B, 1C
MARION14 B
CLACKAMAS26 B, 1C, 1S
CLATSOP5B
COLUMBIA3B
WASHINGTON12B, 1S, 1Hu
MULTNOMAH21B, 1D, 1C,1S,1Hu
SHERMAN
Last:Cats 1999 Douglas Co.Dog 1990 Mexico/ Douglas Co.
Fox 2000 Josephine Co.Human 1989 Washington Co.Skunk 1979 Multnomah Co.
Raccoon 1967Hood River Co.Cow 1999 Curry Co.
Legend:B BatC CatD DogF FoxHu HumanR Raccoon
S Skunk
Co Cow
Updated Jan 2001
Rabies-positive animalsOregon, 2005
GILLIAM
MAN
WASCO
CLATSOP
BAKER
CROOK
DESCHUTES
DOUGLAS
GRANT
LAKE
MALHEUR
MORROW
UMATILLA
UNION
WALLOWA
WHEELER
SHER-
COLUMBIA
CURRY
POLK
TILLAMOOK
LINCOLN
WASHINGTON
CLACKAMAS
JACKSON
LANE
BENTON
JOSEPHINE
HARNEY
JEFFERSON
MULTNOMAH
MARION
KLAMATH
LINN
HOOD RIVER
COOS
YAMHILL
= 1 Bat
JOEPHINE
TILLAMOOK
BAKER
CROOK
DESCHUTES
GRANT
HARNEY
JEFFERSON
LANE
MALHEUR
MORROW
UMATILLA
UNION
WALLOWA
WHEELER
CURRY
COOSDOUGLAS
KLAMATH
LAKE
WASCO
HOOD RIVER
GILLIAM
LINNBENTON
LINCOLN
POLK
YAMHILL
MARION
CLACKAMAS
CLATSOPCOLUMBIA
WASHINGTON
MULTNOMAH
SHERMAN
JACKSON
Rabies positive animals OREGON
MAP 2006
Year Bat Cat Dog Fox Other Animals
1990 1/29 0/61 0/34 0/1 0/14
1991 4/40 1/85 1/54 1/4 0/19
1992 2/29 0/98 0/54 0/4 0/54
1993 2/43 1/96 0/34 4/10 0/59
1994 10/47 0/88 0/58 3/7 0/78
1995 3/47 0/98 0/61 5/5 0/159
1996 3/48 0/51 0/33 0/5 0/58
1997 14/116 1/83 0/52 0/6 0/45
1998 6/95 0/95 0/56 0/3 0/49
1999 11/115 1/95 0/45 0/1 1/47 (Cow)
2000 8/73 0/79 0/56 1/4 0/4
2001 4/59 0/67 0/46 0/1 0/41
2002 12/134 0/102 0/27 2/4 0/29
2003 6/61 0/75 0/36 1/5 0/39
2004 7/88 0/105 0/42 0/2 0/27
2005 8/83 0/100 0/48 0/1 0/23
2006 23/126 0/72 0/26 2/4 0/41
2007 12/153 0/80 0/33 0/1 0/26
Totals1990-2007
136/13869.8%
4/15300.26%
1/7980.12%
19/6828%
1/8120.1%
Prevention or PEP
• Preexposure vaccination is recommended for persons in high-risk groups, such as veterinarians, animal handlers, and certain
laboratory workers. • Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) is
indicated for persons possibly exposed to a rabid animal. Possible exposures include animal bites, or mucous membrane contamination with infectious tissue, such as saliva
• Preexposure prophylaxis consists of three doses of rabies vaccine given on days 0, 7, and 21 or 28.
Preexposure prophylaxis regimen
Postexposure prophylaxis regimen
• In the United States, PEP consists of a regimen of one dose of immune globulin and five doses of rabies vaccine over a 28-day period.
• Rabies immune globulin and the first dose of rabies vaccine should be given as soon as possible after exposure.
• Additional doses of rabies vaccine should be given on days 3, 7, 14, and 28 after the first vaccination. Current vaccines are relatively painless and are given in your arm, like a flu or tetanus vaccine
Rabies Testing
Laboratory Diagnosis
Human Rabies, New York, 2000. Immunofluorescence Staining of Rabies Nucleoprotein, Cerebellum, 160x.
Purkinje Cells
Grey Matter Molecular Layer
Grey Matter Granular Layer
RABIES LAB
WADSWORTH CENTER
NYS DOH
TRIMARCHI
Human Rabies, New York, 2000. Immunofluorescence Staining of Rabies Nucleoprotein, Brainstem, 160x.
Clusters of intracyto-plasmicinclusions disclose nerve cell bodies
RABIES LAB
WADSWORTH CENTER
NYS DOH
TRIMARCHI