Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide Sources
2010:
1) Combustion of Fossil Fuels:Fossil Fuel + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water Vapour + Heat
3) Deforestation
2) Cement ProductionLimestone (CaCO3) + Clay or SiO2 heated to produce “clinker”
CO2
Combustion of fossil fuels: 8.7 Gigatonnes of carbon (109 kg C) Cement production: 0.4 Gigatonnes of carbon (109 kg C)
Cumulative emissions from 1850 to 2010:
Fossil fuel combustion + Cement Productions:365 Gigatonnes of carbon (109
kg C) Deforestation & land use emissions:
162 Gigatonnes of carbon (109 kg C) Today deforestation has contributed 1/3 of the problem
Tomorrow reforestation can contribute 1/3 of the solution
Land Use Change: 0.9 Gigatonnes of carbon (109 kg C)
Aerial photograph of part of the Amazon
Part of the Amazon in 1975
in 1975today
Fossil Fuel & Cement CO2 Emissions
Peters et al. 2011, Nature CC; Data: Boden, Marland, Andres-CDIAC 2011; Marland et al. 2009
Growth rate1990-1999
1% per year
Growth rate2000-2010
3.1% per year
Growth rate20105.9% yr
Growth rate2009
-1.3% per year
+-
Trends in Emissions
Trends in Emissions
Trends in Emissions
Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions (Production and Consumption)
Peters et al. 2011, Nature CC
CO2 Emissions by Fossil Fuel Type
Updated from Le Quéré et al. 2009, Nature Geoscience; Data: Boden, Marland, Andres-CDIAC 2011
Time (y)
3
4
2
1
0
Oil 34%
Coal 41%
Gas
Cement
20101990 2000
CO
2 e
mis
sion
s (P
gC
y-1)
• USA has produced ~30% of total cumulative anthropogenic CO2
emissions since 1900 with only 4.5% of the global population!
Combustion: Fuel + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water Vapour + Heat
The Path to Decarbonization
C
CCC
CC
CC
CC
CCC
CC
C
CCC
CC
C
C
C
H H
H
H
H
H
HH
H
H
H
H
Coal C/H = 2.0Coal C/H = 2.0
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
H H
Oil C/H = 0.5Oil C/H = 0.5
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
H H
Propane C/H = 0.375Propane C/H = 0.375
C
H
H
H H
Methane C/H = 0.25Methane C/H = 0.25
H H
Hydrogen C/H = 0Hydrogen C/H = 0
• Not only less CO2 produced with decreasing C/H but more energy too.
Trends in Emissions
Trends in Emissions
Trends in Emissions
Updated from Le Quéré et al. 2009, Nature Geoscience
CO2 Emissions from Fossil Fuel (FF) and Land Use Change (LUC) (1960-2010)
Current LUC emissions~10% of total CO2 emissions
Emissions from Land Use Change (1850-2010)
R.A. Houghton 2010, personal communication; GFRA 2010
-400-200
0200400600800
10001200140016001800
1850
1860
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Tropical
Temperate
CO
2 e
mis
sion
s (T
gC
y-1)
Time (y)
Emissions from Land Use Change (1850-2010)
R.A. Houghton 2010, personal communication; GFRA 2010
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1850
1860
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Latin AmericaS & SE Asia
Tropical Africa
CO
2 e
mis
sions
(Tg C
y-1)
Time (y)
Trends in Atmospheric CO2 Concentration
Trends in Atmospheric CO2 Concentration
Anthropogenic Radiative Forcing
Anthropogenic Radiative Forcing