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AP Biology 2014-2015
Summer Assignment
Mrs. Pamela Griffin
!"y is t"ere a summer assignment#The first topics of the year are chemistry and biochemistry. If you are a junior or senior, you were taught the majority of
this content in chemistry and biology. If you are a sophomore, then you may have learned some of these concepts inmiddle school. The goal of the summer assignment is to review and/or learn these concepts prior to the first week of
school.
Reviewing this material over the summer will:
. !llow us to spend more time on the content with which students are less familiar and did not e"perience in
introductory biology.
#. Re$uire you to practice reading and interpreting the te"tbook.
%. !llow you to become familiar with the difficulty and design of !& 'iology tests.
!"en is t"e summer assignment $ue#The summer assignment is due the first $ay of school, (eptember #, #)*. %o late &or &ill 'e a((epte$.
!"at is t"e a(tual assignment#The summer assignment covers chapters #+ of the te"t and consists of learning objectives, review assignments, and practice tests.
-or hapters #+:
. )evie& the attached objectives. These are %*+ $uestions for you to answer, but you should use these to guide
your reading and use them as a checklist for self assessment.
#. )ea$ each chapter thoroughly.
%. )evie& the key terms for each chapter.
a. It is recommended that you review the terms and their definitions. There is %* specific assignment for
the terms this summer. Recommended formats to learn the terms:
i. -lash cards using colored paper/markers and adding pictures or diagrams to your cards can behelpful0
ii. Two columns place concepts on one side and definitions on the other so that the page can be
folded over for self $ui11ing.0
iii. reate practice matching tests for the vocabulary words break the lists into groups of +2 termsat once and make sure to answer the tests as well0
*. ,omplete the attached assignments specific to each chapter.
. ,omplete the attached practice tests you will write on the tests but make sure to also bubble in the scantron
sheets provided 3 make certain each scantron is labeled correctly with the test name0.
44 The te"tbook covers greater detail than is necessary for you to know at this point. Therefore it is important for you to
focus mainly on the objectives and vocabulary specified by the summer assignment.
ust to $ou'le ("e( &"en is t"e summer assignment $ue#
The summer assignment is due the first $ay of school, (eptember #, #)*. %o late &or &ill 'e a((epte$.
,an / get "elp over t"e summer if / $o not un$erstan$ some of t"e material#I can be contacted through email which I will check appro"imately once a week: pgriffin5spotsylvania.k#.va.us
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,AP+) 2 +"e ,"emi(al ,onte3t of ife
Learning Objectiveslements an$ ,ompoun$s
. 6istinguish between an element and a compound.
#. Identify the four elements that make up 789 of living matter.
%. 6efine the term tra(e element and give an e"ample.Atoms an$ Mole(ules
*. 6raw and label a simplified model of an atom.
. 6istinguish between each of the following pairs of terms:
a. neutron and proton
b. atomic number and mass number 8. "plain how the atomic number and mass number of an atom can be used to determine the number of neutrons.
2. "plain how two isotopes of an element are similar. "plain how they are different.
;. 6escribe two biological applications that use radioactive isotopes.
7. 6efine the terms energy and potential energy. "plain why electrons in the first electron shell have less potential energythan electrons in higher electron shells.
). 6istinguish among nonpolar covalent, polar covalent and ionic bonds.
. "plain why strong covalent bonds and weak bonds are both essential in living organisms.#. 6istinguish between hydrogen bonds and van der <aals interactions.
%. =ive an e"ample that illustrates how a molecule>s shape can determine its biological function.
*. "plain what is meant by a chemical e$uilibrium.
,ommon Stu$ent Mis(on(eptions
. The simplified models of the atom -igure #.*0, electron shells -igure #.;0, and covalent bonding -igure #.0 can confuse
students who take them too literally. It is important to make sure that you understand that:
• !toms do not have defined surfaces.
• lectrons do not travel in planetary orbits around the nucleus of the atom.
• (hared electron pairs are not paired spatially in covalent bonds.
• lectron shells represent energy levels rather than the position of electrons.
#. (tudents have difficulty fully grasping the concept of energy, and especially the concept of potential energy. &otential energy
can be misunderstood as a substance or fuel that is somehow stored in matter. ?nderstand that potential energy is associated
with an object>s ability to move to a lower+energy state, thus releasing some of the potential energy. Return to the concept of potential energy in discussing electron shells, understand that electrons in different electron shells differ in potential energy
rather than in position.
%. (tudents should recogni1e that weak bonds play important roles in the chemistry of life, despite the transient nature of eachindividual bond. &age *# gives the e"ample of the gecko, able to walk on ceilings because of the van der <aals interactions
between the ceiling and the hairs on the gecko>s toes. @now that strong and weak bonds are both important in the chemistry
of life, and be able to provide e"amples illustrating this.
Stems
an- A not anion: a negatively charged ion0
(o- A togetherB -valent A strength covalent bond: an attraction between atoms that share one or more pairs of outer+shell electrons0
ele(tro- A electricity electronegativity: the tendency for an atom to pull electrons towards itself0
iso- A e$ual isotope: an element having the same number of protons and electrons but a different number of neutrons0
neutr- A neither neutron: a subatomic particle with a neutral electrical charge0
pro- A before proton: a subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge0
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ey +erms for ,"apter 2
anion
atom
atomic mass
atomic nucleus
atomic number
cationchemical bond
chemical e$uilibrium
chemical reaction
compound
covalent bond
dalton
electron
electron shell
electronegativity
elementenergy
energy level
hydrogen bond
ion
ionic bond
ionic compound
isotope
mass number
matter
molecular formula
molecule
neutron
nonpolar covalent bond
orbital
periodic table of theelements
polar covalent bond
potential energy
product
proton
radioactive isotopereactant
salt
structural formula
trace element
valence
valence electron
valence shell
van der <aals interactions
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Chapter 2 Worksheet
1. Fill out the following chart for the major subatomic particles of an atom.
Particle
Charge Mass Location
Proton
Neutron
Electron
2. Distinguish between valence # and valence electrons. Also, explain the concept of theoctet rule in relation to valence electrons.
. Diagram each of the following atoms!
Atom# o
Protons
# o Neutro
ns
# o Electro
ns
!alence #
"iagram
Carbon
"
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$%rogen
O&$gen
Nitrogen
". Distinguish between the following bonds!
Covalent 'onic $%rogen
polar covalent!
nonpolar covalent!
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,". 2 ,"emi(al ,onte3t of ife Pra(ti(e +est
. !bout # of the 7# natural elements are known to be
essential to life. <hich four of these # elements make upappro"imately 789 of living matterC
a. carbon, sodium, chlorine, nitrogen
b. carbon, sulfur, phosphorus, hydrogen
c. o"ygen, hydrogen, calcium, sodiumd. carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, o"ygen
e. carbon, o"ygen, sulfur, calcium
#. Trace elements are those re$uired by an organism inonly minute $uantities. <hich of the following is a trace
element that is re$uired by humans and other vertebratesC
a. nitrogen
b. calcium
c. iodined. sodium
e. phosphorus
%. <hat is the appro"imate atomic mass of an atom with
8 neutrons, protons, and electronsC
a. daltons
b. 8 daltonsc. %) daltons
d. % daltons
e. *8 daltons
*. D"ygen has an atomic number of ; and a mass
number of 8. Thus, the atomic mass of an o"ygen atom isa. e"actly ; grams.
b. e"actly ; daltons.c. appro"imately 8 grams.
d. appro"imately 8 daltons.
e. #* amu atomic mass units0.
. alcium has an atomic number of #) and an atomic
mass of *). Therefore, a calcium atom must have
a. #) protons.
b. *) electrons.
c. *) neutrons.
d. ! and ' onlye. !, ', and
8. 6ifferent atomic forms of an element contain the
same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.<hat are these different atomic forms calledC
a. ions
b. isotopes
c. neutronic atomsd. isomers
e. radioactive atoms
2. Dne difference between carbon+# and
carbon+* is that carbon+* has
a. two more protons than carbon+#.
b. two more electrons than carbon+#.
c. two more neutrons than carbon+#.d. ! and only
e. ' and only
;. lectrons e"ist only at fi"ed levels of potentialenergy. Eowever, if an atom absorbs sufficient energy, a
possible result is that
a. an electron may move to an electron shell farther out from
the nucleus. b. an electron may move to an electron shell closer to the
nucleus.
c. the atom may become a radioactive isotope.
d. the atom would become a positively charged ion, or cation
$
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e. the atom would become a negatively charged ion, or anion.
Use the figure below to answer the following questions.
7. <hich drawing depicts the electron configuration of
o"ygen D0C
). <hich drawing depicts the electron configuration of
nitrogen F0C
. <hich drawing is of an atom with the atomic number of 8C
#. <hich drawing depicts an atom that is inert or
chemically unreactiveC
%. <hat does the reactivity of an atom depend onC
a. number of valence shells in the atom
b. number of orbitals found in the atomc. number of electrons in each orbital in the atom
d. presence of unpaired electrons in the outer valence shell of the
atom
e. presence of hybridi1ed orbitals in the atom
*. <hat are the chemical properties of atoms whose
valence shells are filled with electronsC
a. They form ionic bonds in a$ueous solutions. b. They form covalent bonds in a$ueous solutions.
c. They are stable and chemically unreactive or inert.
d. They e"hibit similar chemical behaviors.
e. and 6 only
Use the information extracted from the periodic table in the
figure below to answer the following questions.
. Eow many electrons does nitrogen have in itsvalence shellC
8. 'ased on electron configuration, which of these
elements would e"hibit chemical behavior most like that of
o"ygenCa. carbon
b. hydrogen
c. nitrogen
d. sulfur
e. phosphorus
Use the figure below to answer the following questions. .
2. <hat results from the chemical reactionC
a. a cation with a net charge of G
b. a cation with a net charge of +c. an anion with a net charge of G
d. an anion with a net charge of +
e. ! and 6
;. <hat is the difference between covalent bonds and
ionic bondsC
a. ovalent bonds involve the sharing of protons between
atoms, and ionic bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms.
b. ovalent bonds involve the sharing of neutrons between
atoms, and ionic bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms.
c. ovalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between
atoms, and ionic bonds involve the electrical attraction
between atoms.d. ovalent bonds involve the sharing of protons between
atoms, and ionic bonds involve the sharing of neutrons
between atoms.
e. ovalent bonds involve the transfer of electrons betweenatoms, and ionic bonds involve the sharing of neutrons
between atoms.
7. <hich of the following is not considered to be aweak molecular interactionC
a. a covalent bond
b. a van der <aals interaction
c. an ionic bond in the presence of water d. a hydrogen bond
e. ! and ' only
#). <hich of the following describes any reaction thathas attained chemical e$uilibriumC
a. The concentration of the reactants e$uals the concentratio
the products.
b. The rate of the forward reaction is e$ual to the rate of thereverse reaction.
c. !ll of the reactants have been converted to the products o
reaction.
d. !ll of the products have been converted to the reactants oreaction.
e. 'oth the forward and the reverse reactions have stopped w
no net effect on the concentration of the reactants and the
products.
%
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,". 6 !ater an$ t"e 7itness of ife*'8e(tives
+"e Properties of !ater
1. <ith the use of a diagram or diagrams, e"plain why water molecules are:a. polar
b. capable of hydrogen bonding with four neighboring water molecules
2. Hist four characteristics of water that are emergent properties resulting from hydrogen bonding.6. 6efine (o"esion and a$"esion. "plain how water>s cohesion and adhesion contribute to the movement of water from the
roots to the leaves of a tree.4. 6istinguish between heat and temperature, using e"amples to clarify your definitions.5. "plain the following observations by referring to the properties of water:
• oastal areas have milder climates than adjacent inland areas.
• Dcean temperatures fluctuate much less than air temperatures on land.
• Insects like water striders can walk on the surface of a pond without breaking the surface.
• If you slightly overfill a water glass, the water will form a conve" surface above the top of the glass.
• If you place a paper towel so that it touches spilled water, the towel will draw in the water.
• Ice floats on water.
• Eumans sweat and dogs pant to cool themselves on hot days.
9. 6istinguish among a solute, a solvent, and a solution.:. 6istinguish between hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances.
+"e ;isso(iation of !ater Mole(ules
<. Fame the products of the dissociation of water and give their concentration in pure water.=. 6efine a(i$ 'ase and p.
10. "plain how acids and bases may directly or indirectly alter the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.11. ?sing the bicarbonate buffer system of human blood as an e"ample, e"plain how buffers work.12. 'riefly e"plain the causes and effects of acid precipitation.
Stu$ent Mis(on(eptions
. To understand the emergent properties of water and the importance of these properties to living things, you must fully
understand the structure of water and its ability to form hydrogen bonds with neighboring molecules.
#. (ome students think that water forms hydrogen bonds only in the li$uid state. Recogni1e that fro1en water molecules form a
crystalline lattice, with each water molecule forming four hydrogen bondsB E+bonds form in solid states of matter as well.%. Recall the difference between physical and chemical changes. !n ability to distinguish between these is important in
understanding many of the key properties of water, such as its role as a solute and its dissociation to form hydro"ide and
hydronium ions.*. any students do not fully understand the e"change of protons between water molecules. !n appreciation of water>s
dissociation to form hydro"ide and hydronium ions is crucial to understanding acid+base relationships, the effects of e"cess
DE+ and E%DG ions in solution, and the role of buffers.
Stems
-"y$ro - waterB
&
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-p"ilos + lovingB
-p"o'os +fearing hydrophilic: having an affinity for waterB hydrophobic: having an aversion to water0-ilo - a thousand kilocalorie: a thousand calories0
ey +erms
acid
acid precipitation
adhesion
a$ueous solution
base
buffer
calorie cal0
elsius scale
cohesion
evaporative cooling
heat
heat of vapori1ation
hydration shell
hydrogen ion
hydrophilichydrophobic
hydro"ide ion
joule J0
kilocalorie kcal0
kinetic energy
molarity
mole mol0
pE
polar molecule
solutesolution
solvent
specific heat
surface tension
temperature
'
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(hapter 1. (omplete the following chart for the properties of water.
Propert$ E&planation o Propert$ E&le o (ene)t to Lie
)*drogen bonds holdmolecules together and
adhere them to h*drophilicsurfaces
)igh +pecic)eat
-emperature changes inenvironment and organismsare moderated
)*drogen bonds must bebroen for water toevaporate
/ater molecules with highinetic energ* evaporate0
remaining molecules arecooler
ce oats
3ost chemical reactions in lifeinvolve solute dissolved inwater
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2. Draw a collection of ve 45 water molecules and label the diagram with the followingterms! h*drogen, ox*gen, polar covalent bond, and h*drogen bond.
. (omplete the following table on p) 4the rst one is completed as an example5.
*+, *O-, PAci%ic. basic.or neutral/
01-2 01-02 2 aci%ic
01 00 3
01-4 4
01-02
01-5
". 6xplain how the bicarbonate bu7er s*stem wors to regulate the p) of human blood.
. Describe the causes and e7ects of acid precipitation.
," 6. !ater an$ t"e 7itness of ife Pra(ti(e +est
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. The slight negative charge at one end of one water
molecule is attracted to the slight positive charge of another
water molecule. <hat is this attraction calledCa. a covalent bond
b. a hydrogen bond
c. an ionic bond
d. a hydrophilic bond
e. a hydrophobic bond
#. <ater is able to form hydrogen bonds because
a. o"ygen has a valence of #. b. the water molecule is shaped like a tetrahedron.
c. the bonds that hold together the atoms in a water molecule
are polar covalent bonds.d. the o"ygen atom in a water molecule has a weak positive
charge.
e. each of the hydrogen atoms in a water molecule is weakly
negative in charge.
%. <hat do cohesion, surface tension, and adhesion
have in common with reference to waterC
a. !ll increase when temperature increases. b. !ll are produced by ionic bonding.
c. !ll are properties related to hydrogen bonding.
d. !ll have to do with nonpolar covalent bonds.
e. and 6 only
*. <hich of the following is possible due to the high
surface tension of waterC
a. Hakes donKt free1e solid in winter, despite low temperatures. b. ! water strider can walk across the surface of a small pond.
c. Drganisms resist temperature changes, although they give off
heat due to chemical reactions.
d. <ater can act as a solvent.
e. The pE of water remains e"actly neutral.
. <aterKs high specific heat is mainly a conse$uence of
thea. small si1e of the water molecules.
b. high specific heat of o"ygen and hydrogen atoms.
c. absorption and release of heat when hydrogen bonds break
and form.d. fact that water is a poor heat conductor.
e. inability of water to dissipate heat into dry air.
8. <hich bonds must be broken for water to vapori1eCa. ionic bonds
b. nonpolar covalent bondsc. polar covalent bonds
d. hydrogen bondse. covalent bonds
2. 6esert rabbits are adapted to the warm climate because their large ears aid in the removal of heat due to the
a. high surface tension of water.
b. high heat of vapori1ation of water.
c. high specific heat of water.d. buffering capacity of water.
e. dissociation of water molecules.
;. !t what temperature is water at its densestC
a. )L
b. *Lc. %#L
d. ))L
e. ##L
7. <hy does ice float in li$uid waterC
a. The li$uid water molecules have more kinetic energy and support the ice.
b. The ionic bonds between the molecules in ice prevent the
from sinking.
c. Ice always has air bubbles that keep it afloat.d. Eydrogen bonds stabili1e and keep the molecules of ice
farther apart than the water molecules of li$uid water.
e. The crystalline lattice of ice causes it to be denser than li$
water.
The picture below illustrates a solute molecule surrounded by
a hydration shell of water. Use it to answer the following
question.
). 'ased on your knowledge of the polarity of water
molecules, the solute molecule is most likely
a. positively charged. b. negatively charged.
c. without charge.
d. hydrophobic.
e. nonpolar.
. <hich of the following solutions has the greatest
concentration of hydrogen ions MEGNCa. gastric juice at pE #
b. vinegar at pE %
c. tomato juice at pE *
d. black coffee at pE
e. household bleach at pE #
#. <hich of the following solutions has the greatest
concentration of hydro"ide ions MDE+NC
a. lemon juice at pE # b. vinegar at pE %
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," 4 ,ar'on an$ t"e Mole(ular ;iversity of ife*'8e(tives
+"e /mportan(e of ,ar'on
. "plain how carbon>s electron configuration accounts for its ability to form large, comple", and diverse organic molecules.
#. 6escribe how carbon skeletons may vary, and e"plain how this variation contributes to the diversity and comple"ity of organic
molecules.
%. 6escribe the basic structure of a hydrocarbon and e"plain why these molecules are hydrophobic.
7un(tional Groups
*. Fame the major functional groups found in organic molecules. 6escribe the basic structure of each functional group and outline
the chemical properties of the organic molecules in which they occur.
Stems
(ar'- coal carboxyl group: a functional group present in organic acids, consisting of a carbon atom double+bonded to an o"ygen
atom and a hydro"yl group0
"y$ro- water hydrocarbon: an organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen0
iso- e$ual isomer: one of several organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and, therefore,
different properties0
sulf- sulfur sulfhydryl group: a functional group that consists of a sulfur atom bonded to an atom of hydrogen0
t"io- sulfur thiol: organic compounds containing sulfhydryl groups0
ey +erms
adenosine triphosphate !T&0
amino group
carbonyl group
carbo"yl group
functional group
hydrocarbon
hydro"yl group
organic chemistry
phosphate group
sulfhydryl group
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(hapter " /orsheet1. Describe the structure of carbon atoms and explain wh* the* are able to function as
8bacbones9 for some man* di7erent molecules.
2. Fill in the following table on the functional groups.
6unctional7roup
Molecular6ormula 89tructural6ormula
Names an% characteristics o organic compoun%s containing the
group:
-O
Aldeh*de or etone0 polar group, watersoluble, often found in sugars4carboh*drates5
(arbox*l
-N2
-hiols0 cross:lins stabili;e proteinstructure, often 8smell*9 compounds
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<hosphate
," 4 ,ar'on an$ t"e Mole(ular ;iversity of ife Pra(ti(e +est
. Drganic chemistry is a science based on the study of
a. functional groups.
b. vital forces interacting with matter.c. carbon compounds.
d. water and its interaction with other kinds of
molecules.
e. inorganic compounds.
#. <hich property of the carbon atom gives it
compatibility with a greater number of different elements than
any other type of atomCa. arbon has 8 to ; neutrons.
b. arbon has a valence of *.
c. arbon forms ionic bonds.d. ! and onlye. !, ', and
%. <hat types0 of bonds0 does carbon have a tendency
to formCa. ionic
b. hydrogen
c. covalent
d. ! and ' onlye. !, ', and
*. <hat is the reason why hydrocarbons are not soluble
in waterCa. The majority of their bonds are polar covalent carbon to
hydrogen linkages.
b. The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon+to+
hydrogen linkages.c. They are hydrophilic.
d. They e"hibit considerable molecular comple"ity and diversity.
e. They are lighter than water.
Use the figure below to answer the following questions.
. <hich is a hydro"yl functional groupC
8. <hich is an amino functional groupC
2. <hich is a carbonyl functional groupC
;. <hich is a functional group that helps stabili1e
proteins by forming covalent cross+links within or between
protein moleculesC
7. <hich is a carbo"yl functional groupC
). <hich is an acidic functional group that candissociate and release EG into a solutionC
. <hich is a basic functional group that can accept EG
and become positively chargedC
Use the molecules shown in the figure below to answer the
following questions.
#. <hich molecule is water+soluble because it has ahydro"yl functional groupC
%. <hich molecule is an alcoholC
*. <hich molecules contain a carbonyl groupC
. <hich molecule has a carbonyl functional group in
the form of a ketoneC
8. <hich molecule has a carbonyl functional group in
the form of an aldehydeC
2. <hich molecule contains a carbo"yl groupC
;. <hich molecule can increase the concentration of
hydrogen ions in a solution and is therefore an organic acidC
Use the molecules shown in the figure below to answer the
following questions..
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7. <hich molecule functions to transfer energy between
organic moleculesC
#). <hich molecule contains an amino functional group,
but is not an amino acidC
,". 5 +"e Stru(ture an$ 7un(tion of Ma(romole(ules
*'8e(tives
+"e Prin(iples of Polymers
. Hist the four major classes of macromolecules.
#. 6istinguish between monomers and polymers.
%. 6raw diagrams to illustrate condensation and hydrolysis reactions.
,ar'o"y$rates Serve as 7uel an$ Buil$ing Material *. 6istinguish among monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
. Identify the elements that compose carbohydrates.
8. Identify e"amples of carbohydrates and describe their functions.
2. 6escribe the role of symbiosis in cellulose digestion.
ipi$s Are a ;iverse Group of y$rop"o'i( Mole(ules
;. 6escribe the building+block molecules, structure, and biological importance of fats, phospholipids, and steroids.
7. Identify the elements that compose lipids.
). 6istinguish between saturated and unsaturated fats.
. Identify e"amples of lipids and describe their functions.
Proteins ave Many Stru(tures an$ Many 7un(tions
#. 6istinguish between a protein and a polypeptide.
%. "plain how a peptide bond forms between two amino acids.
*. Hist and describe the four major components of an amino acid. "plain how amino acids may be grouped according to the physical and chemical properties of the R group.
. "plain what determines protein conformation and why it is important.
8. "plain how the primary structure of a protein is determined.
2. Fame two types of secondary protein structure. "plain the role of hydrogen bonds in maintaining secondary structure.
;. "plain how weak interactions and disulfide bridges contribute to tertiary protein structure.
7. Hist four conditions under which proteins may be denatured.
%u(lei( A(i$s Store an$ +ransmit ere$itary /nformation#). Hist the major components of a nucleotide, and describe how these monomers are linked to form a nucleic acid.
#. 6istinguish between:
a. pyrimidine and purine
b. nucleotide and nucleoside
c. ribose and deo"yribose
d. > end and %> end of a nucleotide
##. 'riefly describe the three+dimensional structure of 6F!.
Stu$ent Mis(on(eption
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. (tudents may think that two+dimensional representations of organic molecules are accurate. These molecules are less
static than you imagine. onveniently drawn as linear, monosaccharides usually form rings in a$ueous solutions. There
may be considerable rotation around single bonds within organic molecules, unless their conformation is stabili1ed by
interactions between regions of the molecule. ?nderstand that #6 drawings of organic molecules are convenient butgreatly oversimplified representations of molecular structure.
#. (tudents may not reali1e that every protein has primary, secondary, and tertiary structures and may think that any
particular protein is characteri1ed only by one level of structure. ach level contributes to protein conformation.
%. The majority of students have difficulty visuali1ing the different levels of protein structure and the interaction of the
regions of the protein molecule. To fully understand levels of protein structure, you must be able to mentally constructthree+dimensional images of proteins. This can be very challenging. Try to construct your own %+6 models or look at
models online.
*. (tudents tend to define nucleic acids by the most familiar e"amples, 6F! and RF!, rather than understanding thestructure of nucleotide monomers. This causes confusion when students encounter important molecules such as !T& and
c!& and fail to recogni1e them as nucleotides. Take the time to understand the monomers 3 building blocks+ of nucleic
acids
Stems
(on- together condensation reaction: a reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of
a small molecule, usually water0$i- two disaccharide: two monosaccharides joined together0gly(o- sweet glycogen: a polysaccharide sugar used to store energy in animals0
"y$ro- waterB -lyse break hydrolysis: breaking chemical bonds by adding water0ma(ro- large macromolecule: a large molecule0meros- part polymer: a chain made from smaller organic molecules0mono- singleB -sa(("ar sugar monosaccharide: simplest type of sugar0poly- many polysaccharide: many monosaccharides joined together0tri- three triacylglycerol: three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule0
ey +erms
alpha O0 heli"
amino acid
antiparallel
beta P0 pleated sheet
carbohydrate
catalyst
cellulose
chaperonin
chitin
cholesterol
condensation reaction
dehydration reaction
denaturation
deo"yribonucleic acid 6F!0
deo"yribosedisaccharide
disulfide bridge
double heli"
en1yme
fat
fatty acid
gene
glycogen
glycosidic linkage
hydrolysis
hydrophobic interaction
lipid
macromolecule
monomer
monosaccharide
nucleic acid
nucleotide
peptide bond
phospholipid
polymer
polynucleotide
polypeptide
polysaccharide primary structure
protein
purine
pyrimidine
$uaternary structure
ribonucleic acid RF!0
ribose
saturated fatty acid
secondary structure
starch
steroid
tertiary structure
triacylglycerol
unsaturated fatty acid
Q+ray crystallography
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Ch ; Macromolecules Worksheet6or each o the macromolecules belo<= list the major unctions. list an% %escribe >or %ra<? thmonomers an% pol$mers:
Macromolecule
List o Major6unctions
Monomers orcommonsubunits
9tructure o subunits
CommonPol$mers or
large molecules
9tructure o Pol$mers
Carboh$%rates
C==O0=2=0
Lipi%s
C. . O
Nucleic
Aci%s
C. . O. N.P
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(hapter " and Applications!=elow are structural formulas for several organic molecules. For each one, circle andlabel each functional group present and identif* the molecule as a carboh*drate, lipid,nucleic acid or protein.
E@AMPLE
POBE'N
carbo&$l
carbon$l
h$%ro
&$l
amino
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," 5 +"e Stru(ture an$ 7un(tion of Ma(romole(ules Pra(ti(e +est
. <hich of the following is not one of the four major groups
of macromolecules found in living organismsCa. glucose
b. carbohydrates
c. lipids
d. proteinse. nucleic acids
#. &olymers of polysaccharides, fats, and proteins are all
synthesi1ed from monomers by which processCa. connecting monosaccharides together condensation
reactions0
b. the addition of water to each monomer hydrolysis0
c. the removal of water dehydration reactions0d. ionic bonding of the monomers
e. the formation of disulfide bridges between monomers
%. <hich of the following best summari1es the relationship between dehydration reactions and hydrolysisC
a. 6ehydration reactions assemble polymers, and hydrolysis
breaks down polymers. b. Eydrolysis only occurs in the urinary system, and
dehydration reactions only occur in the digestive tract.
c. 6ehydration reactions can occur only after hydrolysis.
d. Eydrolysis creates monomers, and dehydration reactions
break down polymers.e. ! and are correct.
*. ! molecule with the chemical formula 8E%#D8 is
probably aa. carbohydrate.
b. lipid.
c. protein.
d. nucleic acid.e. hydrocarbon.
. If #; molecules of the general type shown in the figure
below were covalently joined together in se$uence, thesingle molecule that would result would be a
a. polysaccharide.
b. polypeptide.c. polyunsaturated lipid.
d. monosaccharide.
e. disaccharide.
8. Hactose, a sugar in milk, is composed of one glucose
molecule joined by a glycosidic linkage to one galactose
molecule. Eow is lactose classifiedC
a. as a pentose
b. as a he"osec. as a monosaccharide
d. as a disaccharide
e. as a polysaccharide
2. <hich of the following is true of both starch and
celluloseC
a. They are both polymers of glucose. b. They are geometric isomers of each other.
c. They can both be digested by humans.
d. They are both used for energy storage in plants.
e. They are both structural components of the plant cell w
;. Eumans can digest starch but not cellulose becausea. the monomer of starch is glucose, while the monomer
cellulose is galactose. b. humans have en1ymes that can hydroly1e the beta
glycosidic linkages of starch but not the alpha
glycosidic linkages of cellulose.
c. humans have en1ymes that can hydroly1e the alpha
glycosidic linkages of starch but not the beta
glycosidic linkages of cellulose.
d. humans harbor starch+digesting bacteria in the digestiv
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tract.
e. the monomer of starch is glucose, while the monomer of
cellulose is maltose.
7. ! molecule with the formula ;E%8D# is probably a
a. carbohydrate.
b. lipid.
c. protein.
d. nucleic acid.e. hydrocarbon.
). Triacylglycerol is aa. protein with tertiary structure.
b. lipid made with three fatty acids and glycerol.
c. lipid that makes up much of the plasma membrane.d. molecule formed from three alcohols by dehydration
reactions.
e. carbohydrate with three sugars joined together by
glycosidic linkages.
. (aturated fatty acids
a. are the predominant fatty acid in corn oil.
b. have double bonds between carbon atoms of the fattyacids.
c. have a higher ratio of hydrogen to carbon than do
unsaturated fatty acids.
d. are usually li$uid at room temperature.e. are usually produced by plants.
#. The molecule shown in the figure below is a
a. polysaccharide. b. polypeptide.
c. saturated fatty acid.
d. triacylglycerol.
e. unsaturated fatty acid.
%. The hydrogenation of vegetable oil would result in which
of the followingCa. a decrease in the number of carbon+carbon double bonds
in the oil fat. molecules
b. an increase in the number of hydrogen atoms in the oil
fat. moleculec. the oil fat. being a solid at room temperature
d. ! and only
e. !, ', and
*. <hat is the structure shown in the figure belowC
a. starch molecule
b. protein moleculec. steroid molecule
d. cellulose molecule
e. phospholipid molecule
. The #) different amino acids found in polypeptides e"hibit
different chemical and physical properties because of
different
a. carbo"yl groups attached to an alpha carbon
b. amino groups attached to an alpha carbon
c. side chains R groups0.d. alpha carbons.
e. asymmetric carbons.
8. The chemical reaction illustrated in the figure below
results in the formation of a an0
a. ionic bond.
b. peptide bond.
c. glycosidic linkage.
d. ester linkage.e. phosphodiester linkage.
2. <hich bonds are created during the formation of the
primary structure of a proteinCa. peptide bonds
b. hydrogen bonds
c. disulfide bonds
d. phosphodiester bondse. !, ', and
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;. <hich type of interaction stabili1es the alpha heli"
and the beta pleated sheet structures of proteinsC
a. hydrophobic interactions
b. nonpolar covalent bondsc. ionic bonds
d. hydrogen bonds
e. peptide bonds
7. ! strong covalent bond between amino acids that functions
in maintaining a polypeptideKs specific three+dimensional
shape is a an0
a. ionic bond. b. hydrophobic interaction.
c. van der <aals interaction.
d. disulfide bond.
e. hydrogen bond.
). !t which level of protein structure are interactions between
the side chains R groups. most importantC
a. primary
b. secondaryc. tertiary
d. $uaternary
e. all of the above
. <hat would be an une"pected conse$uence of changing one
amino acid in a protein consisting of %# amino acidsC
a. The primary structure of the protein would be changed.
b. The tertiary structure of the protein might be changed.
c. The biological activity or function of the protein might be
altered.
d. Dnly ! and are correct.
e. !, ', and are correct.
#. !ll of the following molecules are proteins except a. hemoglobin.
b. transthyretin.
c. collagen.
d. lyso1yme.
e. glycogen.
%. <hat is the term used for a change in a proteinKs three+
dimensional shape or conformation due to disruption of
hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, or ionic bondsCa. hydrolysis
b. stabili1ation
c. destabili1ation
d. renaturatione. denaturation
*. <hat is the term used for a protein molecule that assists in
the proper folding of other proteinsCa. tertiary protein
b. chaperonin
c. en1yme protein
d. renaturing proteine. denaturing protein
. Df the following functions, the major purpose of RF! is to
a. transmit genetic information to offspring.
b. function in the synthesis of protein.
c. make a copy of itself, thus ensuring genetic continuity
d. act as a pattern or blueprint to form 6F!.e. form the genes of higher organisms.
#8. <hich of the following descriptions best fits the class of
molecules known as nucleotidesC
a. a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group b. a nitrogenous base and a pentose sugar
c. a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose
sugar d. a phosphate group and an adenine or uracil
e. a pentose sugar and a purine or pyrimidine
#2. <hich of the following are nitrogenous bases of the
pyrimidine typeC
a. guanine and adenine
b. cytosine and uracilc. thymine and guanine
d. ribose and deo"yribose
e. adenine and thymine
#;. <hich of the following statements best summari1es the
structural differences between 6F! and RF!C
a. RF! is a protein, whereas 6F! is a nucleic acid.
b. 6F! is a protein, whereas RF! is a nucleic acid.c. 6F! nucleotides contain a different sugar than RF!
nucleotides.
d. RF! is a double heli", but 6F! is single+stranded.
e. ! and 6 are correct.
#7. If one strand of a 6F! molecule has the se$uence of bases
K!TT=!%K, the other complementary strand would havethe se$uence
a. KT!!=T%K.
b. %KT!!=TK.c. K?!!=?%K.
d. %K?!!=?K.
e. K?=!!?%K.
%). The element nitrogen is present in all of the following
except
a. proteins.
b. nucleic acids.c. amino acids.
d. 6F!.e. monosaccharides.
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The following questions are based on the 15 molecules illustrated below. ach molecule may be used once! more than once! or not at
all.
<hich of the following combinations could be linked together to
form a nucleotideC
a. , #, and
b. %, 2, and ;
c. , 7, and )
d. , #, and %
e. #, *, and
%#. <hich of the following molecules contains0 an aldehyde type
of carbonyl functional groupC
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