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571 study material
Study all 411 terms Study 0 termterms only
1. __________ is a change in the microstructure of certain carbon steels and
0.5 Mo steels after long term operation in the 800 to 1100 range.!. "raphiti#ation$. Softening%. &emper 'mbrittlement(. %reep
!
). *hat structure is +04 stainless steel,!. Martensitic
$. !ustenitic%. (uple-(. erritic
$
+. _________ is the result of cyclic stress caused by ariations in temperature.!. %reep$. &hermal atigue%. %yclic %rac/ing(. Stress %orrosion %rac/ing
$
4. "eneral or locali#ed corrosion of carbon steels and other metals caused bydissoled salts gases organic compounds or microbiological actiities is called
________.!. lue "as %orrosion$. !tmospheric %orrosion%. %ooling *ater %orrosion(. one of the !boe
'. !ll of the !boe
%
5. *hat structure is 410 stainless steel,!. Martensitic$. !ustenitic
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%. (uple-(. erritic
!
2. &he sudden rapid fracture under stress 3residual or applied here the materiale-hibits little or no eidence of ductility or plastic deformation is called _________.!. 885 'mbrittlement$. &emper 'mbrittlement%. Stress %orrosion %rac/ing(. $rittle racture
(
7. *hat structure is 406 stainless steel,
!. Martensitic$. !ustenitic%. (uple-(. erritic
(
8. o alloy steels contain a ma-imum of _______ chrome.!. 5$. 2%. 7.5(. 6
(
6. *hich of the folloing can be a9ected by 885 'mbrittlement,!. 410 SS$. 4+0 SS%. +08 SS(. !lloy ))05'. ! $ and (
'
10. or 5%r:0.5Mo hat is the threshold temperature for creep,!. 500 $. 800
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%. 200 (. 700
$
11. ________ has been a ma;or problem on co/e drum shells.!. &hermal fatigue$. Stress crac/ing%. 'rosion(. &emper embrittlement
!
1). &hermal fatigue crac/s propagate ________ to the stress and are usually daggershaped transgranular and o-ide:)S damage generally focuses on _____ and ______.!. *eld seams$. o##les%. &rays(. (on comers'. ! and $
'
14. ________ is a form of erosion caused by the formation and instantaneous collapseof innumerable tiny apor bubbles.!. %ondensate corrosion$. %aitation%. (e:?oint corrosion
(. !tmospheric corrosion
$
15. *ith %@= corrosion rates __________ ith increasing metal temperatures up tothe point here the ater eaporates Auic/ly.!. (ecrease
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$. =ncrease%. Stay the same(. one of the aboe
$
12. *hich of the folloing metals is the most anodic,!. Binc$. %arbon Steel%. ic/el(. Monel
!
17. %rac/ing of dissimilar eld metals occurs on the _________ side of a eld
beteen an austenitic and a erritic material operating at high temperatures.!. !ustenitic$. erritic%. !nodic(. %athodic
$
18. Soil to !ir interface areas are usually more susceptible to corrosion than the restof the structure because of ___________ and __________ aailability.!. Moisture$. $acteria%. C-ygen(. $ and %'. ! and %
'
16. %arburi#ation can be conardness
$. &ensile Strength%. (uctility(. ! and $'. ! and %
'
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)0. iAuid metal embrittlement can occur if +00 Series SS comes in contact ithmolten _______.!. %opper$. Mercury%. Binc
(. ead%
)1. %rac/s that are typically straight non:branching and deoid of any associatedplastic deformation are li/ely associated ith hich type of failure,!. Stress corrosion crac/ing$. $rittle fracture%. &hermal fatigue(. &emper embrittlement
$
)). !t high temperatures metal components can sloly and continuously deformunder load belo the yield strength. &his time dependent deformation of stressedcomponents is /non as _______,!. %reep$. (uctility%. Softening(. >ardening
!
)+. ?ermanent deformation occurring at relatiely lo stress leels as a result oflocali#ed oerheating is called ________.!. Stress crac/ing$. $rittle fracture%. &emper embrittlement(. Stress rupture
(
)4. _____________ usually occurs hen a colder liAuid contacts a armer metalsurface.!. $rittle fracture$. &hermal fatigue%. &hermal shoc/(. Stress rupture
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%
)5. ic/el based alloys usually contain ________ nic/el.!. D+0
$. D)0%. D10(. D1)
!
)2. _________ is a change in the microstructure of certain carbon steels and 0.5Mosteels after long:term operation in the 800 to 1100 range that may cause aloss in strength ductility andEor creep resistance.!. 'mbrittlement$. %arburi#ation
%. "raphiti#ation(. Sensiti#ation
%
)7. __________ is usually found in aAueous enironments or serices here ater issometimes or alays present especially here stagnant or lo:Fo conditionsallo the groth of microorganisms.!. M=%$. >=%
%. SC>=%(. one of the aboe
!
)8. *ith chloride stress corrosion crac/ing __________ temperatures ________ thesusceptibility for crac/ing.!. (ecreasing =ncreases$. =ncreasing =ncreases%. =ncreasing (ecreases(. (ecreasing 'liminates
$
)6. __________ is a form of crac/ing that results hen certain molten metals come incontact ith speci
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%. !'&(. SC>=%
$
+0. !mine crac/ing has been reported don to ambient temperatures ith someamines. __________ temperatures and stress leels _______ the li/elihood and seerityof crac/ing.!. =ncreasing increases$. =ncreasing decreases%. (ecreasing increases(. =ncreasing reduces
!
+1. %arbonate stress corrosion crac/ing usually occurs at elds or cold or/edareas that __________.!. >ae been stressed relieed$. >ae not been stressed relieed%. >ae high residual stress(. >ae high:applied stress
%
+). itriding is usually con
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+4. &he grain si#e has an important inFuence on the high temperature ductility andon the reheat crac/ing susceptibility. ! ________ grain si#e results in _______ ductileheat a9ected #ones ma/ing the material more susceptible to reheat crac/ing.!. arge more$. Small. ess
%. arge ess(. Small More
%
+5. 'Auipment that is temper embrittled may be susceptible to _______ during start:up and shutdon.!. %reep$. &hermal fatigue%. $rittle fracture(. Stress fatigue
%
+2. !mine stress corrosion crac/ing is a term applied to the crac/ing of steels underthe combined actions of ________ and __________ in aAueous al/anolamine systemsused to remoeEabsorb >GS andEor %CG and their mi-tures from arious gas andliAuid hydrocarbon streams.!. &emperature pressure$. ?ressure stress%. &emperature corrosion
(. &ensile stress corrosion(
+7. ______ is similar to >=% but is a potentially more damaging form of crac/inghich appears as arrays of crac/s stac/ed on top of each other. &he result is athrough thic/ness crac/ that is perpendicular to the surface and is drien by highleels of stress.!. M=%$. SC>=%%. Sulfuric S%%
(. one of the aboe
$
+8. *eld heat a9ected #one graphiti#ation is most freAuently found in the heat:a9ected #one ad;acent to elds in a narro band corresponding to the lotemperature edge of the heat a9ected #one =n multi:pass elded butt ;oints these
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#ones oerlap each other coering the entire cross section. $ecause of itsappearance this type of graphiti#ation is called________.!. >alf:moon$. 'yebro%. Hadii
(. one of the aboe$
+6. !t a gien pressure the >GS concentration in the sour ater _________ astemperature _________.!. =ncreases increases$. (ecreases decreases%. =ncreases decreases(. (ecreases increases
(
40. =n order for ?!S%% to occur the material must be ______.!. ?*>&$. on:?*>&%. Sensiti#ed(. !ustenetic
%
41. *hich !?= H? recommends programs to monitor small:bore piping Fange facesblistering and >=%ESC>=% in > al/y units,!. 574$. 751%. 571(. 680
$
4). o creep ductility is __________ seere in high tensile strength materials and
elds.!. More$. ess%. @sually(. ot
!
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4+. _________ is most li/ely found in hard eld and heat:a9ected #ones and in highstrength components.!. >=%$. SS%%. SC>=%
(. $listering$
44. !t eleated temperature the carbide phases in certain carbon steels areunstable and may decompose into _______. &his decomposition is /non asgraphiti#ation.!. Silicon$. "raphite nodules%. %arbon dust(. "raphite dust
$
45. >ydrogen blisters may form as surface bulges on the =( the C( on ithin theall thic/ness of a pipe or pressure essel. $listering occurs from hydrogengenerated by ______ not hydrogen gas from the process stream.!. >GS$. %orrosion%. >ydriding(. Sulfur
$
42. Since all fuels contain some amount of sulfur sulfuric and sulfurous acid__________ can occur if the metal temperature is belo this temperature.!. %orrosion$. ?itting%. (e point corrosion(. !ll of the aboe
%
47. &he best ay to preent 885 embrittlement is to use lo ________ alloys or toaoid e-posing the susceptible material to the embrittling range.!. !ustenite$. Martensite%. errite(. %hromium
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%
48. &he amplitude and freAuency of ibration as ell as the _________ of thecomponents are critical factors in ibration:induced fatigue.
!. Ielocity$. &emperature%. atigue resistance(. Material properties
%
46. %aitation is best preented by aoiding conditions that allo the absolutepressure to fall belo the ___________ of the liAuid or by changing the materialproperties.!. Minimum pressure
$. ?ressureEapor ratio%. Ma-imum pressure(. Iapor pressure
(
50. >ardness leels aboe ________ are highly susceptible to hydrogen stresscrac/ing 3>.&ime:to:failure decreases as the hardness increases.!. ))5 $>$. )+7 $>
%. )41 $>(. )47 $>
$
51. __________ are the most common type of eAuipment susceptible to carburi#ationin the reeat e-changers%. >eater tubes(. in ans
%
5). (i9erent organisms thrie on di9erent nutrients including inorganic substances3Sulfur >GS and organic substances 3>ydrocarbons Crganic acids. =n addition allorganisms reAuire a source of carbon nitrogen and _______ for groth.!. C-ygen
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$. *ater%. Manganese(. ?hosphorous
(
5+. =n design and fabrication it is adisable to aoid sharp changes in cross sectionsuch as short radius GS(. &emperature
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%
57. &he loss in strength from spheroidi#ation 3Softening is usually accompanied bya3n _________ in ductility hich allos for deformation at stress concentrations.
!. =ncrease$. (ecrease%. Heduction(. Jield
!
58. *hich of the folloing materials is not susceptible to high temperaturehydrogen attac/,!. +00 Series SS$. 5 %r:1Mo
%. 6%r:1Mo(. !ll of the aboe
(
56. *hich of these materials are susceptible to creep damage,!. %arbon steel$. Stainless steel%. o alloy steel(. !ll of the aboe
(
20. >igh temperature hydrogen attac/ results from e-posure to hydrogen ateleated temperatures and pressures. &he hydrogen reacts ith __________ in steelto produce _________ hich cannot di9use through the steel. &he loss of carbidescauses an oerall loss in strength.!. %arbides o-ygen$. !lloys hydrogen dio-ide%. %arbides methane(. >ydrogen dio-ide >GS
%
21. erritic stainless steels are usually not used in __________ applications.!. on:pressure boundary$. ?ressure boundary
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%. >igh temperature(. o temperature
$
2). Stress ruptures are characteri#ed by _________ failures and are usuallyaccompanied by thinning at the fracture surface.!. Hapid$. ish:mouth%. &ensile(. one of the aboe
$
2+. *ith hydroFuoric acid corrosion corrosion rates increase ith _______
temperatures and ______ > concentrations.!. =ncreasing decreasing$. (ecreasing increasing%. =ncreasing increasing(. (ecreasing decreasing
!
24. *hich of the folloing materials is susceptible to %CG corrosion,!. %arbon steel$. Stainless steel%. (uple- stainless steel(. $oth $ and %
!
25. Steel hardness __________ and stress are critical factors in causing hydrogenstress crac/ing.!. &emperature$. !lloy composition%. Strength
(. one of the aboe
%
22. =f the $> is 400:500 it may indicate __________.!. %arburi#ation$. >ydriding
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%. &emper embrittlement(. %austic embrittlement
$
27. &he graphiti#ation rate _______ ith increasing temperature.!. =ncreases$. (ecreases%. Stops(. ?roceeds
!
28. &he leel of creep damage is a function of the material and the coincident_________ leel at hich the creep deformation occurs.
!. ?ressureE&emperature$. ?ressureEStress%. &emperatureEStress(. one of the aboe
%
26. &itanium should not be used in /non hydriding serices such as _____ or ______.!. %austic amine$. !mine sour ater%. Sour ater !l/ylation(. !ll of the aboe
$
70. %onert these temperatures : 152 % and 450 !. +04 151 %$. )84 )18 %%. +1) )+) %(. )62 )42 %
%
71. *hich of the folloing al/anolamine systems is the most aggressie in causingamine corrosion,!. Monoethanolamine 3M'!$. (iglycolamine 3("!
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%. (iethanolamine 3('!(. Methyldiethanolamine 3M('!
!
7). ________ is a loss in toughness due to a metallurgical change that can occur inalloys containing a ferrite phase as a result of e-posure in the temperature range200 to 1000 .!. %austic embrittlement$. otch toughness%. 885 embrittlement(. (uctile embrittlement
%
7+. >ydrochloric acid corrosion is a general and locali#ed corrosion and is eryaggressie to most common materials of construction. (amage in reGC(. %CG
%
74. *hen connected to a more anodic material titanium may su9er seere__________.!. %orrosion$. >ydriding%. Stress(. otch toughness
$
75. __________ is a form of stress corrosion crac/ing normally occurring duringshutdons startups or during operation hen air and moisture are present.%rac/ing is due to sulfur acids forming from sul
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%
72. ________ usually occurs hen a colder liAuid contacts a armer metal surface.!. Stress crac/ing
$. &hermal fatigue%. &hermal shoc/(. Stress shoc/
%
77. *hich of these materials is not susceptible to amine crac/ing,!. %arbon steel$. +00 Series SS%. 400 Series SS(. $oth $ and %
(
78. &he presence of ________ in >GS streams increases the seerity of hightemperature sulydrogen%. Sul
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%
81. %austic embrittlement crac/ing can be e9ectiely preented by means of ?*>&at a temperature of _______.
!. 1100 $. 1150 %. 1)00 (. 1)50
$
8). "eneral or locali#ed corrosion of carbon steels and other metals caused bydissoled salts gases organic compounds or microbiological actiity is called
_______.!. %ooling ater corrosion
$. C-idation%. M=%(. one of the aboe
!
8+. *ith %CG corrosion increasing temperatures _________ corrosion rates up to thepoint here %CG is apori#ed.!. (ecrease$. =ncrease
%. 'liminate(. one of the aboe
$
84. @nits here graphiti#ation may be suspected are the %%@ and the _____ unit.!. >ydrotreater$. %o/er%. !l/y(. one of the aboe
$
85. *here is ?!S%% normally located,!. !d;acent to elds$. Cn impellers%. !t stress risers(. !t Fanges
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!
82. !ll ________ based materials and lo alloy materials +00 Series SS and 400Series SS are susceptible to Sul!B as a result of e-posure to aAueous > acidserice.!. Sulydrogen stress crac/ing%. %austic stress crac/ing(. >ydrogen induced crac/ing
$
60. >%l acid corrosion is found in seeral units especially _______ and ________units hydroprocessing units and catalytic reformer units.
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!. !mine crude$. %rude !l/ylation%. Iacuum !mine(. %rude Iacuum
(
61. %rac/ing can occur at lo caustic leels if a concentrating mechanism ispresent. =n such cases caustic concentrations of ________ ppm are suKcient tocause crac/ing.!. 50:100$. 100:150%. 150:)00(. )00:)50
!
6). *hich of these materials is susceptible to 885 embrittlement,!. 400 Series SS$. (uple- SS%. 5%r:1Mo(. $oth ! and $
(
6+. Spheroidi#ation and graphiti#ation are competing mechanisms that occur atoerlapping temperature ranges. Spheroidi#ation tends to occur preferentiallyaboe _______ hile graphiti#ation predominates belo this temperature.!. 1000 $. 10)5 %. 1050 (. 1100
$
64. SulGS%. Sulfur trio-ide(. Sulfates
$
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65. (amage from sigma phase appears in the form of ________.!. %orrosion$. >ardness%. %rac/ing(. (uctility
%
62. &he e-tent and depth of decarburi#ation is a function of temperature and ______.!. ?ressure$. Material properties%. '-posure time(. Ielocity
%
67. %orrosion of the anode may be signiigh%. egatie(. ?ositie
!
66. Susceptibility to temper embrittlement is largely determined by the presence ofthe alloying elements manganese and _______.
!. %hromium$. Moly%. Silicon(. one of the aboe
%
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100. =mproed resistance to erosion is usually achieed through increasingsubstrate ________ using harder alloys hard facing or face:hardening treatment.!. %omposition$. Stress%. >ardness
(. one of the aboe%
101. !lloys ith nic/el content aboe _________ are highly resistant to %l S%%. &hegreatest susceptibility is 8 to 1) nic/el.!. 15$. )0%. +0(. +5
(
10). _________ corrosion rates are found in a gas oil desulfuri#ers and hydrocrac/ersthan naphtha desulfuri#ers and hydrocrac/ers by a factor of almost L)L.!. oer$. >igher%. Sulydrogen corrosion
$
10+. &he accepted ay to test for temper embrittlement is ________.!. =mpact testing$. Metallographic%. H&(. @& Shear ae
!
104. ________ eliminates the susceptibility of most common steels to S%%.
!. ?reheat$. >igh temperature%. ?*>&(. !ll of the aboe
%
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105. %hanging to a more corrosion resistant andEor higher hardness material_________ improe caitation resistance.!. *ill$. May%. *ill not
(. May not(
102. (e point corrosion can occur if the metal temperature is belo the de point.&he de point of sulfuric acid is __________.!. )80 $. ))0 %. +10 (. 160
!
107. !ll piping and eAuipment e-posed to > acid at any concentration ithhardness leels aboe ________ are sub;ect to hydrogen stress crac/ing.!. )00 $>$. )10 $>%. ))7 $>(. )+7 $>
(
108. %ooling ater corrosion and __________ are closely related and should beconsidered together.!. Stress$. Ielocity%. ouling(. 'rosion
%
106. *hich of the folloing materials is not susceptible to S%%,!. %arbon steel$. +00 Series SS%. o alloy steel(. $oth ! and %
(
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110. "raphiti#ation can be preented by using chromium containing lo alloyssteels for long:term e-posure aboe ________.!. 250 $. 700 %. 750
(. 800 (
111. *elds ;oining dissimilar materials 3ferritic and austenetic may su9er __________related damage at high temperatures due to di9erential thermal e-pansion stresses.!. Stress$. %reep%. atigue(. &hermal stress
$
11). %arbon steel and lo alloy steels are sub;ect to e-cessie hydrochloric acidcorrosion hen e-posed to any concentration of >%l acid that produces a p>belo______.!. 2.0$. 5.5%. 5.0(. 4.5
(
11+. !mine corrosion depends on the design operating practices the type ofamine amine concentration temperature and _________.!. ?ressure$. Ielocity%. Stress(. one of the aboe
$
114. _________ is the main concern during start:up shutdon andEor hydro testingfor eAuipmentEpiping operating at eleated temperatures. &his eent can also occurin an auto refrigeration eent in units processing light hydrocarbons.!. Stress fracture$. %arburi#ation%. Spheroidi#ation(. $rittle fracture
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(
115. =f et electrodes or high moisture content Fu- eld electrodes are used toeld carbon steel hydrogen can be charged into the steel resulting in _________.
!. Heduced tensile strength$. oss of ductility%. (elayed crac/ing(. !ll of the aboe
%
112. &hermal fatigue crac/s usually initiate on the _________ of the component. &heyare generally ide and
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%
1)0. (issimilar eld metal crac/ing forms at the toe of the eld in the heat a9ected#one of the ________ material.
!. erritic$. !ustenitic%. Martensitic(. $oth $ and %
!
1)1. &he ma;or factors a9ecting high temperature sulGS and the __________.!. !lloy content$. Ielocity
%. ?ressure(. *ater content
!
1)). Stainless steels hae higher coeKcients of thermal e-pansion than carbonsteel or lo alloy steel or nic/el based alloys and are more li/ely to see _________.!. >igher temperatures$. >igher stresses%. >igher pressure
(. one of the aboe
$
1)+. *hat standard refers to His/:$ased:=nspection,!. H? 581$. H? 576%. H? 588(. H? 528
!
1)4. %arburi#ation can be con
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!
1)5. =n essels and piping creep crac/ing can occur here high metal temperaturesand _________ occur together.
!. ?ressures$. Stress concentrations%. Ielocities(. one of the aboe
$
1)2. &emper embrittlement _________ be preented if the material contains criticalleels of the embrittling impurity elements and is e-posed in the embrittling range.!. %an$. %annot
%. *ill(. one of the aboe
$
1)7. %l S%% usually occurs at metal temperatures aboe ________.!. 1)5 $. 175 %. 140 (. )00
%
1)8. %orrosion rates of the anode ill be less a9ected if there is a _________ anodeto cathode ratio.!. arge$. Small%. Seere(. one of the aboe
!
1)6. >ydrogen permeation or di9usion rates hae been found to be minimal at p>_______ and increase at both higher and loer p>s.!. 4$. 5%. 2(. 7
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(
1+0. %ooling ater corrosion can result in many di9erent forms of damage includinggeneral corrosion pitting corrosion ________ stress corrosion crac/ing and fouling.
!. M=%$. >=%%. SC>=%(. !ll of the aboe
!
1+1. !mmonium chloride salts may be hitish greenish or _________.!. Heddish$. $ronish%. Jelloish
(. $luish
$
1+). Stainless steel cyclones piping ductor/ and ales in high temperature %%regeneration serice are susceptible areas for _________.!. $rittle fracture$. Sigma phase%. %aitation(. %orrosion fatigue
$
1++. on:stressed relieed __________ is susceptible to stress corrosion crac/inghen in contact ith moist > apors in the presence of o-ygen.!. %arbon steel$. !lloy 400%. +00 Series SS(. 400 Series SS
$
1+4. >igher __________ containing alloys are used for improed resistance tonaphthenic acid corrosion.!. %hromium$. %arbon%. Molybdenum(. !ll of the aboe
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%
1+5. *hich material belo is not susceptible to caustic corrosion,!. %arbon steel
$. 400 Series SS%. +00 Series SS(. o alloy steel
$
1+2. =f eld repairs are reAuired the e9ects of temper embrittlement can betemporarily reersed 3de:embrittled by heating at ______ for ) hours per inch ofthic/ness and rapidly cooling to room temperature.!. 1000 $. 1150
%. 1)00 (. 1)50
$
1+7. or carbon steel common elocity limits are generally limited to _________ fpsfor rich amine and _______ fps for lean amine.!. 8:10 +0$. 2:6 15%. 4:8 10
(. +:2 )0
(
1+8. >eat treatment can hae a signi
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$. >igh%. 'en(. one of the aboe
!
140. &emperature ________ and stress are critical factors of stress rupture. &his isusually found in furnaces ith co/ing tendencies and
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agglomerate from their normal plate:li/e appearance.!. %arburi#ation$. Spheroidi#ation%. "raphiding(. 885 'mbrittlement
$
145. %orrosion rates of the anode can be high if there is a _______ anode to cathoderatio.!. arge$. Small%. Seere(. one of the aboe
$
142. !pplication of a post:fabrication stress relieing heat treatment of about ______is a proen method of preenting carbonate crac/ing.!. 1100 $. 1150 %. 1)00 (. 1)50
$
147. !mmonium chloride corrosion is the general or locali#ed corrosion oftenpitting normally occurring under ammonium chloride or amine salt deposits. !llcommonly used materials are susceptible to ammonium chloride corrosion. ! smallamount of _________ can lead to ery aggressie corrosion.!. !mmonium chloride$. !mine%. *ater(. Salt
%
148. _________ is a mechanical form of degradation that occurs hen a component ise-posed to cyclical stresses for an e-tended period often resulting in suddenune-pected failure.!. Stress fatigue$. Mechanical fatigue%. &hermal fatigue(. %yclic fatigue
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$
146. ________ and _______ damage deelop ithout applied or residual stress so that?*>& ill not preent them from occurring.
!. SC>=% $listering$. S%% SC>=%%. >=% S%%(. $listering >=%
(
150. %orrosion protection in the boiler is accomplished by laying don andcontinuously maintaining a layer of _____.!. Manganese$. Magnetite
%. %arbon mono-ide(. %arbonate
$
151. Susceptibility to hydrogen stress crac/ing __________ ith __________ hardness.!. =ncreases increasing$. (ecreases increasing%. (ecreases (ecreasing(. $oth ! and %
(
15). *hich of these materials are not susceptible to Spheroidi#ation,!. %arbon steel$. 6%r:1Mo%. +12 SS(. $oth ! and $
%
15+. aphthenic acid corrosion is most seere in _________ FoN in areas of highelocity or turbulence and in distillation toers here hot apors condense to formliAuid phase droplets.!. Single phase$. &o phase%. &hree phase(. egatie phase
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$
154. itriding begins aboe ________ and becomes seere aboe _______.!. 500 800
$. 200 600 %. 800 1000 (. 700 1100
$
155. =n
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(
156. =n piping and eAuipment creep crac/ing can occur here high metaltemperatures and _________ occur together. %reep crac/ing once initiated can
progress rapidly.!. ?ressures$. Stress risers%. Ielocities(. one of the aboe
$
120. !t eleated temperatures dissimilar eld metal crac/ing is aggraated by thedi9usion of carbon out of the eld metal and into the base metal. &he temperatureat hich carbon di9usion becomes a concern is aboe ________.
!. 700 $. 750 %. 800 (. 600
%
121. '-posure to high solution strength caustic can result in general corrosion orhigh corrosion rates aboe ________.!. 175
$. 150 %. 1)5 (. 100
$
12). &ypical > !l/ylation units operate ith 1 to + ater in the acid eAuialentto an >:in:ater concentration of 67 to 66 and the temperatures are generallybelo _________.!. +00 $. )50 %. )00 (. 150
(
12+. *ith decarburi#ation the decarburi#ed layer ill be free of carbide phases.%arbon steel ill be ______.
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!. !nnealed$. Ouenched%. ?ure iron(. one of the aboe
%
124. *hat is the chemical symbol for ethane or ethylene,!. %G$. %+%. %4(. %>4
!
125. aphthenic acid corrosion is a form of high temperature corrosion that occursprimarily in crude and acuum units and donstream units that process certainfractions that contain naphthenic acid. *hich of the folloing materials issusceptible to naphthenic acid corrosion,!. %arbon steel$. +00 Series SS%. 400 Series SS(. !ll of the aboe
(
122. ! form of corrosion caused by liing organisms such as bacteria algae or fungiis _______ .!. >=%$. SC>=%%. M=%(. one of the aboe
%
127. ____________ are characteri#ed by a locali#ed loss in thic/ness in the form of
pits grooes gullies aes rounded holes and alleys. &hese losses often e-hibit adirectional pattern.!. 'rosion$. %orrosionE'rosion%. 'nironmental corrosion(. $oth ! and $
(
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128. &he best method to inspect for S%% is ____.!. *M&$. @& Shear ae%. !'&
(. !ll of the aboe
!
126. Stainless steels ith sigma can normally ithstand normal operating stressesbut upon cooling to temperatures belo _______ may sho a complete lac/ offracture toughness as measured by a %harpy impact test.!. 800 $. 200 %. 500
(. 400 %
170. Hegular and controlled carbon grades of stainless steels such as types+04E+04> and +12E+12> are particularly susceptible to sensiti#ation in the eld>!B. o carbon LL grades are less susceptible and usually can be elded ithoutsensiti#ing. &he LL grades ill not sensiti#e proided long term operatingtemperatures do not e-ceed about __________.!. 700 $. 750
%. 800 (. 600
$
171. =ncreasing the chromium in steels o9ers no ma;or improement in resistance to%CG corrosion until a minimum of __________ is reached.!. 6$. 1)%. 5
(. 7
$
17). _________ signi=%and SC>=%.!. >ydrogen
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$. C-ygen%. %yanide(. %austic
%
17+. !nnealed steels are more resistant to Spheroidi#ation than normali#ed steels.
_________ grained steels are more resistant than ______ grained steels.!. ine %ourse$. %ourse ine%. ?*>& on:?*>&(. on:?*>& ?*>&
$
174. >igh strength lo allo steels such as !16+:$7 bolts and compressor parts aresusceptible to hydrogen stress crac/ing. !16+:$7M bolts are susceptible if
__________.!. '-posed$. CertorAued%. (ouble nutted(. one of the aboe
$
175. *hich of the folloing materials is not susceptible to %l S%%,!. 400 Series SS$. (uple- SS%. ic/el based alloys(. !ll of the aboe
!
172. %austic embrittlement is a form of stress corrosion crac/ing characteri#ed bysurface:initiated crac/s that occur in piping and eAuipment e-posed to causticprimarily ad;acent to non:?*>& elds. *hich of the folloing materials is the most
resistant to embrittlement,!. %arbon steel$. ic/el based alloys%. o alloy steels(. 400 Series SS
$
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177. ___________ is the result of cyclic stresses caused by ariations in temperature.!. %yclic crac/ing$. Stress crac/ing%. Stress fatigue(. &hermal fatigue
(
178. %orrosion due to acidic sour ater containing >GS at a p> beteen 4.5 and 7.0is called sour ater corrosion. %arbon dio-ide 3%CG may also be present. *hich ofthe folloing materials is susceptible to sour ater corrosion,!. %arbon steel$. +00 Series SS%. 400 Series SS(. $oth $ and %
!
176. ________ of a component is the most important factor in determining acomponents resistance to mechanical fatigue.!. (esign$. &emperature%. Stress(. ?ressure
!
180. ! condition here steel loses strength due to the remoal of carbon andcarbides leaing only an iron matri- is called decarburi#ation. &his occurs duringhigh temperatures during ?*>& and from e-posure to ardness
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%. %rac/ing(. one of the aboe
$
18). Stress leels and __________ are the critical factors causing carbonate stresscorrosion crac/ing.!. &emperature$. Ielocity%. *ater chemistry(. one of the aboe
%
18+. %rac/ing of dissimilar eld metals occurs in the __________ side of a eld
;oining +00 Series SS and carbon steel.!. !ustenitic$. erritic%. $oth of the aboe(. one of the aboe
$
184. *et >GS serices or _________ acid serices are process here hydrogendi9uses into the steel and hydrogen embrittlement 3>' is an issue.!. >$. Sulfuric%. %austic(. >%
!
185. *hich of the folloing materials is susceptible to sigma phase embrittlement,!. %arbon steel$. o alloy steel%. +00 Series SS
(. $oth ! and $
%
182. ! Auic/ test for embrittlement from _________ is a bend test or crush test.@na9ected material ill be crushed in a ductile fashion hile embrittledcomponents ill crac/ ith no signs of ductility.
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!. &itanium >ydriding$. &emper embrittlement%. %austic embrittlement(. one of the aboe.
!
187. Hefractory anchors must be resistant to __________ in high temperatureserices.!. &hermal fatigue$. &hermal crac/ing%. Stress crac/ing(. C-idation
(
188. or a speci&>! is dependent on temperature hydrogen partialpressure time and _________.!. Stress$. ?ressure%. Ielocity(. !lloy composition
!
186. &he seerity of hydrochloric acid corrosion ________ ith _________ >%lconcentration and increasing temperatures.!. (ecreases decreasing$. =ncreases increasing%. (ecreases increasing(. =ncreases decreasing
$
160. %orrosion from o-ygen tends to be __________ type damage and can sho upanyhere een if only ery small amounts brea/ through the scaenging system.
!. "eneral$. ocali#ed%. ?itting(. %rac/ing
%
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161. Iessels constructed after (ecember 1687 are sub;ect to the reAuirements of________ of !SM' Section I=== (iision 1.!. @*:)2$. @":+1%. @$:54
(. @%S:22(
16). =n most cases brittle fracture occurs only at temperatures belo the %harpyimpact transition temperature. Steel cleanliness and ________ hae a signi
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%. Ielocities(. one of the aboe
%
162. C-idation of carbon steel begins to become signi=%
$. >=%%. S%%(. one of the aboe
$
168. ?*>& is ___________ in preenting caustic S%%.!. '9ectie$. ot e9ectie%. ot practical(. one of the aboe
!
166. Sulfur and chlorine species in fuel ill form sulfur dio-ide sulfur trio-ide andhydrogen chloride ithin the combustion products. !t lo enough temperaturesthese gases and the ater apor in the Fue gas ill condense to form _________acid.!. >ydrochloric$. >ydroFuoric%. Sulfuric
(. $oth ! and %
(
)00. *ith thermal fatigue time to failure is a function of the magnitude of the stressand the number of cycles and decreases ith _________ stress and ________ cycles.!. =ncreasing (ecreasing
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$. =ncreasing =ncreasing%. (ecreasing (ecreasing(. (ecreasing =ncreasing
$
)01. %arbonate crac/ing typically propagates _________ to the eldN the pattern ofcrac/ing obsered on the surface is sometimes described as ________.!. &ranserse 'yebro$. ?arallel Spider eb%. (iagonal >alf moon(. ?erpendicular Stair step
$
)0). (issimilar eld metal crac/ing occurs because the coeKcients of thermale-pansion beteen ferritic steels and +00 Series stainless steels di9er by ________ ormore.!. 10$. 15%. )0(. +0
(
)0+. ___________ is hen o-ygen reacts ith carbon steel and other alloys at hightemperatures conerting the metal to o-ide scale.!. >igh temperature corrosion$. C-idation%. (ealloying(. &hermal fatigue
!
)04. *ith steam blan/eting failure occurs as a result of _________ in the tube fromthe internal steam pressure at the eleated temperature.
!. Stress risers$. Ielocity%. >oop stress(. &ensile strength
%
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)05. Cnce crac/ing from M' has occurred grinding out the a9ected area ______ anacceptable ardness is primarily an issue ith SS%. &ypical lo strength carbon steelsshould be controlled to produce eld hardness less than ________.!. ))5 $>$. )+7 $>%. )00 $>(. )40 $>
%
)08. %haracteristic stress corrosion crac/s hae many branches and may be isuallydetectable by a __________ appearance on the surface.!. &ree shaped$. %ra#e:crac/ed%. Multiple crac/(. one of the aboe
$
)06. *hich of these materials are not susceptible to ?!S%%,!. %arbon steel$. +00 Series SS%. 400 Series SS(. $oth ! and %
(
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)10. ___________ cooling ater outlet temperatures andEor process side outlettemperatures tend to __________ corrosion rates as ell as fouling tendency.!. =ncreasing decrease$. (ecreasing decrease
%. (ecreasing increase(. =ncreasing increase
(
)11. ocali#ed corrosion due to the concentration of caustic or al/aline salts thatusually occurs under eaporatie conditions is ___.!. %arbonate corrosion$. %austic corrosion%. !l/aline corrosion
(. one of the aboe$
)1). ____________ is the reduction in toughness due to a metallurgical change thatcan occur in some lo alloy steels as a result of long:term e-posure in thetemperature range of about 250 to 1100 .!. >ardening$. "raphiti#ation%. Spheroidi#ation(. &emper embrittlement
(
)1+. Iibration:induced fatigue can be eliminated or reduced through _________ andthe use of supports and ibration dampening eAuipment. Material upgrades are notusually a solution.!. >angers$. (ummy legs%. (esign(. one of the aboe
%
)14. ean amine is generally not corrosie because they hae either loconductiity andEor high p>. %orrosion rates increase ith increasing temperaturesparticularly in rich amine serice. &emperatures aboe _________ can result in acidgas Fashing and seere locali#ed corrosion.
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!. 170 $. 160 %. ))0 (. )40
%
)15. %rac/ing of a metal due to stress rela-ation during ?*>& or in serice ateleated temperatures is called ______. =t is most often found in heay all sections.!. &hermal crac/ing$. Heheat crac/ing%. Step:li/e crac/ing(. one of the aboe
$
)12. *hich if the folloing materials are not susceptible to hydrogen stresscrac/ing,!. %arbon steel$. o alloy steel%. Stainless steel(. one of the aboe
%
)17. %arbon dio-ide corrosion results hen %CG dissoles in ater to form _________acid.!. Sulfuric$. >ydrochloric%. %arbonic(. one of the aboe
%
)18. =n pressure containing eAuipment SC>=% and S%% damage is most oftenassociated ith __________.
!. =nternals$. *eldments%. $ranches(. one of the aboe
$
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)16. Hefractory lined eAuipment should be designed for erosion thermal shoc/ and__________.!. &hermal fatigue$. &hermal e-pansion%. &hermal contraction
(. !ll of the aboe$
))0. !mine corrosion refers to the general andEor locali#ed corrosion that occursprincipally on _________ in amine treating processes. %orrosion is not caused by theamine itself but results from dissoled acid gases 3%CG and >GS amine degradationproducts heat stable amine salts and other contaminants.!. %arbon steel$. (uple- SS%. +00 Series SS
(. 400 Series SS
!
))1. aphthenic acid is _____ by catalytic reactions in donstream hydroprocessingand %% units.!. 'nhanced$. (estroyed%. %oncentrated(. (iluted
$
))). M=% is often found in _________ bottom ater of storage tan/s piping ithstagnant or lo Fo and piping in contact ith some soils.!. Iessels$. >eat e-changers%. (rums(. !ll of the aboe
$
))+. &hermal fatigue crac/s usually propagate _______ to the stress and they areusually dagger:shaped.!. ?arallel$. (iagonal%. &ranserse(. !cross
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%
))4. Surface initiated crac/s caused by enironmental crac/ing of +00 Series SSand some nic/el based alloys under the combined action of tensile stress
temperature and an aAueous chloride enironmental is called ________. &hepresence of dissoled o-ygen ___________ the propensity for crac/ing.!. %l S%% =ncreases$. Stress crac/ing =ncreases%. %l S%% (ecreases(. Stress crac/ing (ecreases
!
))5. *hat is the chemical symbol for propane or propylene,!. %G
$. %+%. %4(. %>4
$
))2. =n general the resistance of iron and nic/el based alloys to sul
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%. !n electrical connection(. one of the aboe
%
))6. &he signature mar/ of a fatigue failure is a _______ type
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!. >ydrogen$. %austic%. !mmonia(. *ater
!
)+4. +00 Series SS 400 Series SS and duple- SS are sub;ect to pitting and locali#edcorrosion under insulation. =n addition __________ are also sub;ect to S%% if chloridesare present hile _________ are less susceptible.!. (uple- SS o alloys$. +00 Series SS (uple- SS%. (uple- SS +00 Series Ss(. one of the aboe
$
)+5. SulGS C-ygen(. *ater >GS
(
)+2. %orrosion in boiler feedater and condensate return systems is usually theresult of dissoled gases o-ygen and ________.!. %arbon mono-ide$. %arbon dio-ide%. Material properties(. >GS
$
)+7. >ydrogen blisters may form at many di9erent depths from the surface of thesteel in the middle of the plate or near a eld. =n some cases neighboring orad;acent blisters that are at slightly di9erent depths 3planes may deelop crac/sthat lin/ them together. =nterconnecting crac/s beteen the blisters often hae a
__________ appearance.!. %rescent$. 'yebro
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%. Step li/e(. Pagged
%
)+8. &here is currently no /non metal alloy that is immune to _________ under allconditions.!. %arburi#ation$. Metal dusting%. (ecarburi#ation(. one of the aboe
$
)+6. o creep ductility is _____ prealent at the loer temperatures in the creep
range. Cr lo stresses in the upper creep range.!. More$. ess%. 'Aually(. one of the aboe
!
)40. ! hard brittle surface layer ill deelop on some alloys due to e-posure tohigh temperature process streams containing high leels of nitrogen compoundssuch as ammonia or cyanides particularly under reducing conditions is called
_______.!. %arburi#ation$. Spheroidi#ation%. itriding(. one of the aboe
%
)41. ormation of a metallurgical phase /non as sigma phase results in a loss of_________ in some stainless steels as a result of high temperature e-posure.
!. (uctility$. racture toughness%. 'mbrittlement(. one of the aboe
$
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)4). Metallic components form a surface __________ hen e-posed to sulfurcompounds. &his may react ith air 3o-ygen and moisture to form sulfur acids3polythionic acid.!. C-ide$. Sul'.!. %arbon steel$. 400 Series SS%. o alloy steel(. !ll of the aboe
(
)42. Sul
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!
)47. %rac/s associated ith brittle fracture ill typically be _________.!. Pagged
$. $ranching%. Straight(. ?erpendicular
%
)48. %orrosion under insulation becomes more seere at metal temperaturesbeteen ________ and ________ here ater is less li/ely to apori#e and insulationstays et longer.!. 100 % 1)1 %$. 6) % 112 %
%. 114 % 1+) %(. one of the aboe
!
)46. >igh strength steels are susceptible to M' hen they come in contact ithmolten ________.!. %admium$. Binc%. ead
(. $oth ! and %
(
)50. &he more noble material called the ________ is protected by sacri
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%. H? 588(. H? 528
$
)5). Metal dusting is preceded by ________ and is characteri#ed by rapid metalastage.!. (ecarburi#ation$. %arburi#ation%. "raphiti#ation(. one of the aboe
$
)5+. __________ testing is the best method to determine the susceptibility of a
material to hydrogen stress crac/ing.!. >ardness$. !coustic%. S*@&(. !@&
!
)54. =n a pump the di9erence beteen the actual pressure or head of a liAuidaailable 3measured on the suction side and the apor pressure of that liAuid iscalled et ?ositie Suction >ead 3?S> aailable. &he minimum head reAuired topreent caitation ith a gien liAuid at a gien Fo rate is called et ?ositieSuction >ead __________. =nadeAuate ?S> can result in caitation.!. Surplus$. HeAuired%. Hesere(. one of the aboe
$
)55. *hich of the folloing are a9ected by sul
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)52. *hat is the chemical symbol for butane of butylenes,!. %G$. %+%. %4(. %>4
%
)57. *hen carbon is absorbed into a material at eleated temperatures hile incontact ith a carbonaceous substance it is called carburi#ation. &emperaturesusually hae to be aboe __________ for this to occur.!. 1000 $. 1100 %. 1)00 (. 1400
$
)58. &he most common method used for monitoring underground structures ismeasuring the structure to soil ______ using dedicated reference electrodes near thestructure.!. Hesistiity$. %orrosieness%. ?otential(. 'lectrolyte
%
)56. *ith short term oerheating time to failure ill ___________ as internalpressures or loading decrease.!. =ncrease$. (ecrease%. Hemain the same(. one of the aboe
!
)20. *hich of the folloing are susceptible to thermal fatigue,!. S!:512:70$. S!:18) "r $%. S!:5+ "r $(. !ll of the aboe
(
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)21. !mine crac/ing is ________ li/ely to occur in lean M'! and ('! serices than inM('! and (=?! serices.!. More$. ess
%. !s(. one of the aboe
!
)2). _________ is a form of carburi#ation resulting in accelerated locali#ed pittinghich occurs in carburi#ing gases andEor process streams containing carbon andhydrogen. ?its usually form on the surface and may contain soot or graphite dust.!. >ydrate corrosion$. %arbide corrosion
%. Spheroidi#ation(. Metal dusting
(
)2+. atigue crac/s usually initiate on the surface at notches or __________ undercyclic loading.!. $ranches$. aterals%. Stress concentrations(. "rinding mar/s
%
)24. ________ greatly increases the probability and seerity of blistering >=% andSC>=% damage.!. !cids$. %austics%. !mines(. %yanides
(
)25. ?roper application of ________ ill control but not eliminate microbes that causeM=% so that continued treatment is necessary.!. C#one$. %austic
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%. $iocides(. one of the aboe
%
)22. %arbonate stress corrosion crac/ing is the term applied to surface brea/ing orcrac/s that occur ad;acent to carbon steel elds under the combined action of
____________ and ___________ in carbonate containing systems.!. &emperature stress$. &ensile stress corrosion%. %orrosion elocity(. &ensile stress elocity
$
)27. Soils haing high moisture content high dissoled salt concentrations and high________ are the most corrosie.!. C-ygen content$. Hesistiity%. !cidity(. !ll of the aboe
%
)28. 'rosion:corrosion is a description for the damage that occurs hen corrosioncontributes to erosion by remoing protectie
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)70. !lloys ith increased amounts of _______ sho improed resistance tonaphthenic acid corrosion.!. %hromium$. Molybdenum%. ic/el
(. %arbon$
)71. Steam blan/eting is hen the heat Fo balance is disturbedN indiidualbubbles ;oin to form a steam blan/et a condition /non as (eparture from ucleate$oiling 3($. Cnce a steam blan/et forms tube rupture can occur rapidly as aresult of _________.!. &hermal fatigue$. Short term oerheating%. $rittle fracture
(. Stress
$
)7). %austic stress corrosion crac/ing typically propagates _______ to the eld inad;acent base metal but can occur in the eld deposit or heat a9ected #one.!. &ranserse$. ?erpendicular%. ?arallel(. !cross
%
)7+. Start:up and shutdon of eAuipment increase the susceptibility of thermalfatigue. &here is no set limit on temperature singsN hoeer as a practical rulecrac/ing may be suspected if the temperature sing e-ceeds about _________.!. 150 $. )00 %. )50 (. +00
$
)74. %orrosion of carbon steel and other alloys from their reaction ith sulfurcompounds in high temperature enironments is called ______. &he presence ofhydrogen accelerates corrosion.!. Suligh temperature corrosion
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%. >GS corrosion(. Sulydrotreater$. >ydrocrac/er%. %o/er(. !l/y
%
)72. ?reentatie measures to minimi#e the potential for brittle fracture in e-isting
eAuipment are limited to controlling _______ and ________ minimi#ing pressure atambient temperatures during start:up and shutdon and periodic inspections athigh stress locations.!. &emperature stress$. Stress pressure%. Ielocity stress(. &emperature ?ressure
(
)77. ______ is most li/ely found in hard elds and heat a9ected #ones and in highstrength components.!. SC>=%$. >=%%. %arburi#ation(. SS%
(
)78. M=% is often characteri#ed by _______ ithin pits in carbon steel.!. C-ide
$. &ubercles%. *orm holes(. %up shaped pits
(
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)76. >ydriding of titanium is a metallurgical phenomenon in hich hydrogendi9uses into the titanium and reacts to form an embrittling phase. &his can result ina complete loss of _________ ith no noticeable sign of corrosion or loss of thic/ness.!. Strength$. (uctility
%. %arbides(. >ardness
$
)80. *hich of the methods are e9ectie for
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)84. *hich of the folloing materials is susceptible to carburi#ation,!. o alloy steels$. +00 Series SS%. 400 Series SS
(. !ll of the aboe
(
)85. %orrosion by > 3>ydroFuoric acid can result in high rates of general orlocali#ed corrosion and may be accompanied by hydrogen crac/ing blistering and
________.!. >=%$. (elayed crac/ing%. SC>=%
(. $oth ! and %(
)82. S%% generally occurs belo about _______.!. 150 $. 180 %. )10 (. )40
$
)87. &itanium >ydriding damage occurs primarily in sour ater strippers and amineunits in the oerhead condensers heat e-changer tubes and other titaniumeAuipment operating aboe _________.!. +00 $. )70 %. )10 (. 125
(
)88. "eometry stress leel _________ and material properties are the predominatefactors in determining the fatigue resistance of a component.!. &emperature$. ?ressure%. Ielocity(. umber of cycles
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(
)86. Sigma phase occurs in erritic martensitic austenitic and duple- stainlesssteels hen e-posed to temperatures in the range of _____.
!. 5+7 % : 654 %$. 2)1 % : 6)2 %%. 272 % : 720 %(. 584 % : 840 %
!
)60. *hich of the folloing materials are sub;ect to mechanical fatigue,!. %arbon steels$. Stainless steels%. o alloy steels
(. !ll of the aboe
(
)61. >ydrogen stress crac/ing is the same mechanism that is responsible for sulGS enironments e-cept that > acid is generatingthe __________.!. Sulydrogen
(. *ater
%
)6). Sul
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%. %arburi#ation(. ?referentially eld attac/
$
)64. !mine units are used in reGS %CG and _________ fromprocess streams originating in many units including the co/er crude %% andhydrogen.!. !G$. %lG%. Mercaptans(. one of the aboe
%
)65. !reas of ulnerability in sulfuric acid !l/ylation units include reactor eQuentlines reboilers deisobutani#er oerhead systems and the _________ treatingsystem.!. %austic$. Sulfuric acid%. %atalyst(. >GS
!
)62. !lloy 400 is susceptible to M' hen it comes in contact ith molten ________.!. %admium$. Mercury%. Binc(. ead
$
)67. &hermal fatigue damage is in the form of crac/ing that may occur anyhere ina metallic component here relatie moement is constrained particularly underrepeated __________.
!. %yclic stresses$. &hermal cycling%. ?ressure ariations(. !ll of the aboe
$
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)68. ____________ is often found in piping and eAuipment that handles causticincluding >GS and mercaptan remoal units as ell as eAuipment that uses causticfor neutrali#ation in sulfuric acid and > acid units.!. %arburi#ation$. Sulydrogen crac/ing
%
)66. Soil corrosion appears as e-ternal thinning ith locali#ed losses due to_________.!. Hesistiity$. ?itting%. "eneral corrosion(. ?otential
$
+00. !t high temperatures metal components can sloly and continuously deformunder load belo the yield stress. &his time dependent deformation of stressedcomponents is /non as __________.!. (eformation$. atigue%. %reep(. &hermal fatigue
%
+01. oul smelling ater may be a sign of fouling andEor _______!. M=%$. >=%%. SC>=%(. !ll of the aboe
!
+0). %austic is sometimes added to process streams for ________ or as a reactant.!. Stability$. %orrosion control%. eutrali#ation(. =nhibiting
%
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+0+. %ontrary to a pure mechanical fatigue there is no _________ load in corrosion:assistant fatigue. %orrosion promotes failure at a loer stress and number of cyclesthan the materials normal endurance.!. &ensile
$. Stress%. (uctile(. atigue limit
(
+04. ! form of fatigue crac/ing in hich crac/s deelop under the combined e9ectsof cyclic loading and corrosion is called _______. %rac/ing often initiates at stressconcentrations such as a pit in the surface.!. %yclic crac/ing
$. %orrosion fatigue%. Stress fatigue(. Stress crac/ing
$
+05. Hefractory anchor material must be compatible ith the _________ of the basemetal!. %omposition$. *elding%. &hermal coeKcient
(. (uctility
%
+02. _________ material sections also hae a ___________ resistance to brittle fracturedue to higher constraint hich increases tria-ial stresses at the crac/ tip.!. &hinner oer$. &hic/er oer%. &hinner >igher(. &hic/er >igher
$
+07. Stresses acting on the eldments are signi
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!. oer$. >igher%. !ltered(. one of the aboe
$
+08. S%% usually occurs at p> alues aboe to 3). S%% tendency __________toard the al/aline p> region.!. =ncreases$. (ecreases%. Stabili#es(. one of the aboe
$
+06. ___________ crac/ing has been a ma;or problem in co/e drum shells.!. Stress$. %arburi#ation%. &hermal fatigue(. Sul
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+1). *ith 885 embrittlement increasing amounts of ________ increasesusceptibility to damage hen operating in the high temperature range of concern.!. %hromium$. >ardness%. errite
(. >ydrogen%
+1+. =n susceptible materials the primary factor that a9ects sigma phase formationis the ________ at eleated temperatures.!. &ime of e-posure$. ?ressure%. Stress(. Ielocity
!
+14. Sigma phase in elds can be minimi#ed by controlling ferrite in the range of_________ for &ype +47 SS.!. +:5$. 5:7%. 7:6(. 5:6
(
+15. Steel cleanliness and _______ hae a signi
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+17. &he rate of creep deformation is a function of the material load andtemperature. &he rate of damage is sensitie to both load and temperature."enerally an increase of about _______ or an increase of ________ on stress can cutthe remaining life in half.
!. )5 15$. 50 10%. 50 15(. )5 10
!
+18. %reep and stress rupture is more li/ely in a _________ grained material than a_______ grained material.!. %ourse ine
$. ine %ourse%. !ustenetic Martensitic(. one of the aboe
!
+16. &he creep threshold temperature for 1 R ) R 5 and 6 %r is ________.!. 200 $. 700 %. 800 (. 1000
%
+)0. &he creep threshold temperature for carbon steel is ________.!. +15 %$. +71 %%. 4)2 %(. 5+8 %
$
+)1. ey factors a9ecting thermal fatigue are the magnitude of the temperatureand the __________.!. umber of cycles$. ?ressure%. Stress(. !lloy composition
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!
+)). ! form of thermal crac/ing __________ can occur hen high and non:uniformthermal stresses deelop oer a relatiely short period of time in a piece of
eAuipment due to di9erential e-pansion and contraction.!. &hermal e-pansion$. &hermal stress%. &hermal shoc/(. inear e-pansion
%
+)+. "eometry stress leel number of cycles and _________ are the predominatefactors in determining the fatigue resistance of a component.!. &emperature
$. Material properties%. ?ressure(. Ielocity
$
+)4. *ith cooling ater corrosion _________ o-ygen content tends to ________carbon steel corrosion rates.!. =ncreasing increasing$. (ecreasing decreasing
%. (ecreasing increasing(. =ncreasing decreasing
!
+)5. +00 Series SS can su9er pitting corrosion creice corrosion and ________ infresh blac/ish and salt ater.!. "eneral corrosion$. C-idation%. S%%(. one of the aboe
%
+)2. *ith ery fe e-ceptions cooling ater should alays be on the ________ sideto minimi#e stagnant areas.!. &ube$. Shell
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%. =nlet(. Cutlet
!
+)7. %orrosion in boiler feedater and condensate return systems is usually theresult of dissoled gases o-ygen and _______.!. %arbon mono-ide$. >GC%. &emperature(. %arbon (io-ide
(
+)8. %arbon dio-ide 3%CG corrosion results hen %CG dissoles in ater to form
________.!. %arbon mono-ide$. %arbonic acid%. >ydroFuoric acid(. one of the aboe
$
+)6. &he primary factors a9ecting high temperature o-idation are metaltemperature and _______.!. ?ressure$. !lloy composition%. Stress(. C-ygen
$
++0. _______ is the primary alloying agent that a9ects resistance to o-idation.!. %hromium$. Molybdenum%. Silicon
(. !luminum
!
++1. *ith sul
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%. >as no e9ect on(. Stops
!
++). Ma;or factors a9ecting sul
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!. >ardness$. Softness%. $rittleness(. C-idi#ing
$
++7. _________ is accelerated high temperature astage of materials that occurshen contaminants in the fuel form deposits and melt on the metal surfaces.!. Spheroidi#ation$. (ealloying%. uel ash corrosion(. one of the aboe
%
++8. itriding layers are magnetic. &herefore _________ should be chec/ed formagnetism as an initial screening for nitriding.!. +00 Series SS$. 400 Series SS%. (uple- SS(. o alloy steel
!
++6. _________ is surface initiated crac/s caused by enironmental crac/ing of +00Series SS and some nic/el based alloys under the combined action of tensile stresstemperature and an aAueous chloride enironment. &he presence of dissoledo-ygen increases the propensity for crac/ing.!. SS%$. SC>=%%. %l S%%(. >=%
%
+40. ! fatigue fracture is brittle and the crac/s are most often __________.!. ?arallel$. &ransgranular%. =ntergranular(. &ranserse
$
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+41. *hen caustic stress corrosion crac/ing is a concern steam out of _________carbon steel piping and eAuipment should be aoided.!. ?*>&$. on:?*>&%. erritic
(. >ardened$
+4). !lthough crac/s may be seen isually crac/ detection for caustic stresscorrosion crac/ing is best detected by *M& '% H& and ______.!. ?&$. M&%. !%M(. !ll of the aboe
%
+4+. *ith ammonia stress corrosion crac/ing eld hardness should not e-ceed_______ $>.!. )+7$. ))5%. )+5(. )18
$
+44. "alani#ed steel components should not be elded to ________ due to M'.!. +00 Series SS$. 400 Series SS%. %arbon steel(. (uple- SS
!
+45. =f et electrodes or high moisture content Fu- is used ________ can be charged
into the steel resulting in delayed crac/ing.!. !tomic hydrogen$. >ydrogen%. C-ygen(. >GC
$
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+42. &o preent hydrogen embrittlement use loer strength steels and _________ totemper the microstructure improe ductility and reduce residual stresses.!. !lloys$. ?reheat%. ?*>&
(. !ll of the aboe%
+47. !mine crac/ing is a form of ________ stress corrosion crac/ing.!. >ydrogen$. %austic%. ?olythionic(. !l/aline
(
+48. SS% is a form of ________ stress corrosion crac/ing.!. >ydrogen$. %austic%. ?olythionic(. !l/aline
!
+46. _________ of the amine system is the most e9ectie ay to preent aminecorrosion.!. ?roper concentration$. ?roper operation%. ?roper design(. ?roper startup
$
+50. !mmonium chloride salts are hydroscopic and readily absorb ater. ! ________amount of ater can lead to ery aggressie ammonium chloride corrosion.
!. arge$. Small%. ?roper(. =mproper
$
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+51. &he ma;or factors a9ecting high temperature sulGS concentration and the ________.!. ?ressure$. Stress%. !lloy composition
(. Ielocity%
+5). *ith > acid corrosion o-ygen contamination _________ the corrosion rate ofcarbon steel and promotes accelerated corrosion and S%% of !lloy 400.!. =ncreases$. (ecreases%. Maintains(. 'liminates
!
+5+. *ith sour ater corrosion at a gien pressure the >GS concentration in thesour ater _________ as temperatures ________.!. =ncreases increases$. (ecreases decreases%. =ncreases decreases(. (ecreases increases
(
+54. *ith sulfuric acid corrosion carbon steel corrosion rates increases signi=% and SC>=% hae been found to occur beteen ambient and________.!. )50 $. +00 %. +50 (. 400
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$
+52. SS% generally occurs belo about ________.!. ))5
$. )00 %. 180 (. 150
%
+57. SC>=% is drien by locali#ed stresses so that __________ is somehat e9ectiein preenting SC>=% damage.!. ?*>&$. ?reheat%. &emperature
(. one of the aboe
!
+58. $listering >=% SC>=% and SS% damage can occur hereer there is a____________ enironment.!. *et >GS$. >ydrogen%. Sulfur(. !Aueous
!
+56. %rac/ing susceptibility increases ith __________ p> and carbonateconcentration.!. =ncreasing$. (ecreasing%. o(. >igh
!
+20. (issimilar eld metal crac/ing can be aggraated by _______.!. Stress$. ?ressure%. &hermal cycling(. %yclic stresses
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%
+21. Stress relief and stabili#ation heat treatment of +00 Series SS for ma-imi#ingchloride S%% and ?!S%% resistance can cause ____________ problems especially in
thic/er sections.!. &hermal fatigue$. Heheat crac/ing%. >ydrogen(. >=%
$
+2). &he depoint of hydrochloric acid depends on the concentration of hydrogenchloride. =t is typically about _________.!. 180
$. 120 %. 1+0 (. 110
%
+2+. S%% tendency ________ toards the al/aline p> region.!. (ecreases$. =ncreases%. Hemains constant
(. Iaries
!
+24. =t is generally accepted that stresses approaching _________ are reAuired forS%% to occur so that thermal stress relief is e9ectie in preenting caustic S%%.!. M!*?$. Jield%. %reep range(. %ritical
$
+25. %admium and lead ill cause M' on _____________.!. %opper alloys$. +00 Series SS%. !luminum alloys(. >igh strength steel
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(
+22. &he regenerator reboiler and the regenerator are areas here the temperatureand __________ of the amine stream are the highest and can cause signi4>Sconcentration and __________ elocity.!. =ncreasing (ecreasing
$. =ncreasing =ncreasing%. (ecreasing (ecreasing(. (ecreasing =ncreasing
$
+28. C-ygen and iron in the ash ater in;ected into reactor eQuent can lead to__________ corrosion and fouling.!. =ncreased$. (ecreased
%. Substantial(. Minimal
!
+26. ________ in;ection donstream of the desalter is another common method usedto reduce the amount of >%l going oerhead.!. >ydrogen$. itrogen%. *ater(. %austic
(
+70. Susceptibility to sul
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+75. ! minimum of ________ to ______ molybdenum is needed in an alloy to resistnaphthenic acid corrosion.!. ) +$. 1 T ) T %. ) ) T
(. 1 )%
+72. !% may be found in hot hydrocarbon streams donstream of the crude andacuum units __________ any hydrogen mi- point.!. @pstream of$. (onstream of%. !d;acent to(. !round
!
+77. _________ acid is most often used as a catalyst in polymeri#ation units.!. ?olythionic$. aphthenic%. ?hosphoric(. Sulfuric
%
+78. *ith sour ater corrosion streams ith a p> belo ________ indicate thepresence of a strong acid.!. 7.0$. 5.5%. 2.0(. 4.5
(
+76. Sour ater corrosion in _________ containing enironments may be
accompanied by carbonate S%%.!. >GC$. >GS%. %CG(. CG
%
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+80. ?hosphoric acid corrosion is usually found in ________ areas.!. >igh elocity$. o elocity%. >igh temperature(. o temperature
$
+81. &ype +04 SS is satisfactory for phosphoric acid concentration of 100 up toabout _________. &ype +)1 is reAuired from there to ))5 .!. 140 $. 150 %. 100 (. 1)0
(
+8). +00 Series SS can be used for sour ater serice at temperatures belo_______ here %hloride S%% is not li/ely.!. 1)0 $. 140 %. 150 (. 175
$
+8+. *ith sulfuric acid corrosion mi- points ith _______ cause heat to be releasedand high corrosion rates can occur here the acid becomes diluted.!. *ater$. >ydrogen%. >GS(. %austic
!
+84. *ith sulfuric acid corrosion the presence of o-idi#ers can _______ the corrosion
rate.!. =ncrease$. (ecrease%. Stabili#e(. 'liminate
!
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+85. *ith sulfuric acid corrosion alloys such as !lloy )0 resist dilute acid corrosionand form a protectie ________
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+60. =n order to minimi#e and preent amine S%% ?*>& all carbon steel elds inaccordance ith !?= H? _____.!. 751$. 61)%. 510
(. 645(
+61. SS% is a form of hydrogen stress crac/ing resulting from the absorption ofatomic hydrogen that is produced by the ______ corrosion process on the metalsurface.!. >%l$. >%. SulGS
%
+6). ________ signi=%and SC>=% damage.!. %austic$. %yanides%. Stress(. &emperature
$
+6+. !ll piping and eAuipment e-posed to > acid at any concentration ithhardness leels aboe the recommended limit 3)+7 $> are sub;ect to _________.!. >ydrogen stress crac/ing$. Sulydrogen stress crac/ing is the same mechanism that is responsible for sulGS enironments e-cept that > acid is generatingthe __________.!. Sulydrogen(. one of the aboe
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%
+65. %arbonate S%% can occur at relatiely lo leels of ________ but usually occursat elds that hae not been stressed relieed.
!. Hesidual stress$. !pplied stress%. !cid concentration(. one of the aboe
!
+62. %arbonate S%% may easily be mista/en for SS% or SC>=%N hoeer thecarbonate crac/s are usually ________ the toe of the eld and hae multiple parallelcrac/s.!. urther from
$. %loser to%. (iagonal to(. ?erpendicular to
!
+67. +00 Series SS 5%r 6%r and 1)%r alloys are not susceptible to ________ atconditions normally seen in re=%
%. >&>!(. >&!
%
+68. *ith high temperature hydrogen attac/ ________ using a combination ofelocity ratio and bac/scatter hae been the most successful in
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%. (ense(. &reated
!
400. >&>! is dependant on temperature hydrogen partial pressure time and_________.!. ?ressure$. Stress%. Jield(. &ensile strength
$
401. __________ is a form of damage found mostly in older intage carbon steels and
%:0.5 Mo lo alloy steels under the combined e9ects of deformation and aging at anintermediate temperature.!. Spheroidi#ation$. &hermal fatigue%. Strain aging(. one of the aboe
%
40). ! acuum toer operating at 740 is being entered to inspect. Seeral sets of&ype 410 SS trays are bent at arious angles. &he trays are remoed in order tostraighten them. *hen an attempt is made to straighten them crac/s form at thebends. *hat type of damage mechanism ould cause the crac/s to form,!. >ydrogen embrittlement$. Suligh temperature corrosion
%
40+. ! steam actuated soot bloer has condensate in the
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404. ! 2L !102 "r $ Fanged line carrying caustic ash ater at )00 has signs ofatmospheric corrosion. *hich of the folloing may hae help accelerate thecorrosion,!. Sul
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406. *hich of the folloing materials are the least susceptible to causticembrittlement,!. %arbon steel$. Stainless steel
%. 6%r:0.5 Mo(. ic/el base alloys
(
410. ! carbon steel bundle from the oerhead condenser in the crude unit operatesat +00 and is in hydrochloric acid serice. =t shoed seere pitting type corrosionhen pulled for inspection. *hat type of material ould be best suited for thisserice,!. 5%r:0.5Mo
$. +12 stainless steel%. 6%r:1Mo(. &itanium
(
411. +00 series stainless steel heater tubes in an oil:burning furnace in thehydrocrac/er began to lea/ and the furnace as brought don. *hat as theprobable cause of the crac/ing,!. %hloride stress corrosion$. ?olythionic acid stress corrosion
%. !mine stress corrosion(. Stress oriented hydrogen induced crac/ing
$