8/7/2019 Appendix - The Continuing Story of the Computer Age Past, Present, and Future
1/23
The Continuing Story of theComputer Age:
Past, Present, and Future
Appendix
8/7/2019 Appendix - The Continuing Story of the Computer Age Past, Present, and Future
2/23
Objectives
Describe the generations of computer design leading
up to the present
Describe the story of personal computer development
Explain the underlying concepts and terms of artificial
intelligence
Explain the fundamentals of expert systems, robotics,
and virtual reality
Give examples of the impact these fields have on
business and everyday life
8/7/2019 Appendix - The Continuing Story of the Computer Age Past, Present, and Future
3/23
Contents
The Computer Age
The First Generation The Second Generation
The Third Generation
The Fourth Generation
The Fifth Generation
8/7/2019 Appendix - The Continuing Story of the Computer Age Past, Present, and Future
4/23
The Computer Age
Rapid changes
Four generations over 50 years
Trends across generations
Decrease size
Increase speed
8/7/2019 Appendix - The Continuing Story of the Computer Age Past, Present, and Future
5/23
The First Generation
1951-1958
Vacuum Tube Heat Burnout
Machine language
Magnetic core
memory
Storage Punched cards
Tape (1957)
UNIVACUniversal Automatic Computer
First computer built for business.
8/7/2019 Appendix - The Continuing Story of the Computer Age Past, Present, and Future
6/23
The Second Generation
1959-1964
Transistor Smaller
No warm-up time
Less energy
Less heat
Faster More reliable
Storage Removable disk
pack (1954) Magnetic tape
Programminglanguages Assembly language
FORTRAN (1954) COBOL(1959)
Used primarily by business, university, government
8/7/2019 Appendix - The Continuing Story of the Computer Age Past, Present, and Future
7/23
The Third Generation
1965-1970
Integrated Circuit Electronic circuit on
small silicon chip
Reliability
Compactness
Low cost Inexpensive mass-
produced
Family of computers
Software Upward compatibility
Unbundled software
Several programs
share computers
resources Interactive
processing
8/7/2019 Appendix - The Continuing Story of the Computer Age Past, Present, and Future
8/23
The Fourth Generation
1971-Present
Microprocessor
General-purpose processor on a chip
Explosive growth Digital watches Pocket calculators
Personal computers Cars Copy machines Television sets
8/7/2019 Appendix - The Continuing Story of the Computer Age Past, Present, and Future
9/23
Personal Computer History
Apple (1975)
Home use
Keyboard
Screen
VisiCalc spreadsheet software
8/7/2019 Appendix - The Continuing Story of the Computer Age Past, Present, and Future
10/23
Personal Computer History
IBM (1981)
Became industry standard
Improved keyboard
80-character screen
Add memory
Expansion slots
Encouraged hardware and softwaredevelopment by others
Nonproprietary parts
Clones
8/7/2019 Appendix - The Continuing Story of the Computer Age Past, Present, and Future
11/23
Personal Computer History
Microsoft/Intel
Wintel Microsoft supplies operating system for PC
MS-DOS
Windows
Intel supplies microprocessor
Continually challenged others making
inroads
8/7/2019 Appendix - The Continuing Story of the Computer Age Past, Present, and Future
12/23
Personal Computer History
The Internet Revolution
Started as ARPANet a network of
computers that could survive a nuclearattack
Attractive to the average user
Links Graphical browser
8/7/2019 Appendix - The Continuing Story of the Computer Age Past, Present, and Future
13/23
The Fifth Generation
Mid 1990s
Intelligent computers Artificial intelligence
Expert systems
Natural language
8/7/2019 Appendix - The Continuing Story of the Computer Age Past, Present, and Future
14/23
The Fifth Generation
AI Artificial Intelligence
How computers can be used for tasks
that required human characteristics
How to make computers do things that
people currently do better
Evolving science
8/7/2019 Appendix - The Continuing Story of the Computer Age Past, Present, and Future
15/23
The Fifth Generation
AI How Computers Learn
Improve performance based on past errors
Knowledge base set of facts and rules
Inference engine applies rules to the facts
to create new facts
ExampleFact: Amy is Kens wife
Rule: If X is Ys wife, then Y is Xs husband
Created Fact: Ken is Amys husband
8/7/2019 Appendix - The Continuing Story of the Computer Age Past, Present, and Future
16/23
The Fifth Generation
Data Mining
Extracting previously unknown
information from existing data Relationships
Trends
Look for hidden information that cannotbe found because of the size of thedatabase
8/7/2019 Appendix - The Continuing Story of the Computer Age Past, Present, and Future
17/23
The Fifth Generation
Natural Language
Humans communicate with computers
in the language they use on a daily
basis
Ambiguities of natural language
8/7/2019 Appendix - The Continuing Story of the Computer Age Past, Present, and Future
18/23
The Fifth Generation
Expert Systems
Software used with an extensive set of
organized data that presents the computer asan expert on a particular topic
User Knowledge seeker
Asks questions in English-like format Computer responds with an answer and
explanation
8/7/2019 Appendix - The Continuing Story of the Computer Age Past, Present, and Future
19/23
8/7/2019 Appendix - The Continuing Story of the Computer Age Past, Present, and Future
20/23
The Fifth Generation
Robotics
Computer-controlled device that can
physically manipulate its surroundings
Primarily found in factories
Field robots Dangerous work Dirty jobs
8/7/2019 Appendix - The Continuing Story of the Computer Age Past, Present, and Future
21/23
The Fifth Generation
VR Virtual Reality Engage a user in a computer-created
environment
User physically interacts with computer-createdenvironment
Immersion user becomes absorbed in the VRinteraction
How it works Alters perceptions Appeals to several senses at once
Presents images that respond immediately tousers movements
8/7/2019 Appendix - The Continuing Story of the Computer Age Past, Present, and Future
22/23
The Fifth Generation
VR Virtual Reality
The future of VR
Virtual showroom Try new medical procedures on simulated
patients
Problem Simulator sickness Costs
8/7/2019 Appendix - The Continuing Story of the Computer Age Past, Present, and Future
23/23