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WORLD IS FLOODED WITH
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS(ES).
So what basically is EMBEDDED SYSTEM???
In layman's language, its like something
which doesnt look like computer but has got a
microprocessor.
Actually ES=hardware+software+other mechanicalparts to perform additional work.
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Examples of ES
Modem, Floppy drive, soundcard
Satellites, Washing machine, robots , cordless phone,
automobiles. Unmanned space probes, computerized traffic lights, aircraft
flight control systems
Kitchen (bread-machine, food processor, oven)
Workplace (Fax machine, pagers, laser printers credit card
readers)
Note: If ES is well designed existence of processor and softwarecould be completely unnoticed by user
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Embedded Systems
The embedded system
is completely enclosedin the main system.
It does not interact
directly with the
environment.
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Attributes of an ES
Computational power
Memory
Real-time
Communication
Dynamic decisions
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Challenges for an ES
Limited OS support for programming
Limited secondary memory
Limited RAM Limited processing time
Interaction with hardware
Absence of standard I/O devices
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Fundamental components of ES
Computational/Processing Power
Memory
Real time
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Real Time Systems
Real time systems have to guarantee that they will
respond to an external event within a specified
amount of time.
Real Time systems dont haveto be real fast.
They do have to be reliably on time.
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Type of Real Time Systems
Based on the type of timing guarantee they
provide, real time systems are classified as
soft real time
or
hard real time.
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Soft Real Time Systems
Soft real time systems provide a time guarantee,
but missing an event is not catastrophic.
For example, image decoding used during
satellite TV reception must be completed within aframe time.
If this guarantee is missed, there will be a visible
glitch.
Annoyingbut not catastrophic!
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Hard Real Time Systems
Hard real time systems are used when missing a
timing deadline will lead to catastrophic results.
For example, a missile guidance system should
not miss any events!
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So why use soft real time
systems at all?
Both soft and hard real time systems provide a
real time guarantee. But if we can afford to miss a
few events, this guaranteed response time can be
much shorter.
Soft real time systems would be used in non-
critical applications which need to be very fast.
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Hard and Soft
Real Time Systems
The time guarantee provided by soft real time
systems is statistical in naturewhereas that
provided by hard real time systems is absolute.
Design of soft real time systems optimizes average
case responsewhereas hard real time systems
must be designed for worst case situations.
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What is an Embedded System?
Embedded systems are more limited in hardware
and/or software functionality than a personal
computer.
An embedded system is designed to perform a
dedicated function. An embedded system is a computer system with
higher quality and reliability requirements than
other types of computer systems.
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Embedded System?
Computational
but not first-and-foremost a computer
Integral with physical processes
sensors
Reactive
at the speed of the environment
Heterogeneous
hardware/software, mixed architectures
Networked
shared, adaptive
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Embedded Systems: Common Situation
Different hardware devices and architectures
Increased complexity
Non-standard tools and design processes
Redundant development efforts
Increased R&D and sustaining costs
Lack of standardization results in greater quality
risks
Customer confusion
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HISTORY of ES
1st micro processor was made in 1971 by INTELproductions.
In 1969, 4004 was designed by Intel for use in a line ofbusiness calculators produced by Japanese company
BUSICOM. Here instead of designing a custom hardware for each
calculator a general-purpose circuit was usedthroughout the line of calculators. The processor was
designed to read and execute a set of instructionssoftware) stored in an external memory chip.
Real idea of Intel --- The software would give eachcalculator its unique feature.
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Embedded systems are on the cutting edge of consumer electronics,
poised to revolutionize various technologies by making them "smarter."
Embedded System Applications describes the latest techniques for
embedded system design in a variety of applications
Music systems
Card Reader
Washing machine Digital watch
Washing machine
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Music system
Includes advanced complex ES
Uses 8-bit micro processor for handling user inputs anddisplay
Decoders for decoding inputs stream for varioussupported media
RAM varies from 64KB to a few MB displaying onhow complex the systems
For real time feature media should be read ,decodedand the stream must be sent to the speaker/videooutput at a predefined rate
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Card Reader
This mechanism is used in security systems of some buildings.
System requirements :
1)A Reader with sensors to give input to
microprocessor which has an access control list
2) Magnetic card of user3)Software in a ROM
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Design of ES
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Difficulties in designing ES
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What the ES stores in the proximity
of future
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Languages used for programming
ES
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Wireless Embedded System Networks
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Embedded System: A Connected Effort
Key Challenges
Control environmental parameters:
Temp, Humidity etc.Minimize power consumption
Cheap and small
Limited operation range of network:
Maximum 50 to 100 m
Low data rate per node: 1
10 bits/node(average)
Low mobility (at least 90% of nodes stationary)