(JUN09CHEM101)APW/Jun09/CHEM1 CHEM1
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General Certificate of EducationAdvanced Subsidiary ExaminationJune 2009
Time allowed� 1 hour 15 minutes
Instructions� Use black ink or black ball-point pen.� Fill in the boxes at the top of this page.� Answer all questions.� You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Answers written
in margins or on blank pages will not be marked.� All working must be shown.� Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work that you do not
want to be marked.� The Periodic Table/Data Sheet is provided as an insert.
Information� The marks for questions are shown in brackets.� The maximum mark for this paper is 70.� Your answers to the questions in Section B should be written in
continuous prose, where appropriate.� You will be marked on your ability to:
– use good English– organise information clearly– use specialist vocabulary where appropriate.
Advice� You are advised to spend about 50 minutes on Section A and about
25 minutes on Section B.
For this paper you must have:� the Periodic Table/Data Sheet, provided as an insert
(enclosed)� a calculator.
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Chemistry CHEM1
Unit 1 Foundation Chemistry
Wednesday 3 June 2009 9.00 am to 10.15 am
SECTION A
Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
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1 (a) Complete the electronic configuration for the sodium ion, Na+
ls2 ........................................................................................................................................(1 mark)
1 (b) (i) Write an equation, including state symbols, to represent the process for which theenergy change is the second ionisation energy of sodium.
...................................................................................................................................(2 marks)
1 (b) (ii) Explain why the second ionisation energy of sodium is greater than the secondionisation energy of magnesium.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................(3 marks)
1 (b) (iii) An element X in Period 3 of the Periodic Table has the following successiveionisation energies.
First Second Third Fourth
Ionisation energies /577 1820 2740 11600
kJ mol–1
Deduce the identity of element X.
...................................................................................................................................(1 mark)
(02)
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1 (c) State and explain the trend in atomic radius of the Period 3 elements from sodium tochlorine.
Trend ..................................................................................................................................
Explanation .........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................(3 marks)
1 (d) Explain why sodium has a lower melting point than magnesium.
.............................................................................................................................................
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.............................................................................................................................................(3 marks)
1 (e) Sodium reacts with ammonia to form the compound NaNH2 which contains the NH2
– ion. Draw the shape of the NH2– ion, including any lone pairs of electrons.
Name the shape made by the three atoms in the NH2– ion.
Shape of NH2–
Name of shape ....................................................................................................................(2 marks)
1 (f) In terms of its electronic configuration, give one reason why neon does not formcompounds with sodium.
.............................................................................................................................................(1 mark)
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2 Under suitable conditions magnesium will react with dilute nitric acid according to thefollowing equation.
Mg(s) + 2HNO3(aq) → Mg(NO3)2(aq) + H2(g)
A 0.0732 g sample of magnesium was added to 36.4 cm3 of 0.265 mol dm–3 nitric acid. Theacid was in excess.
2 (a) (i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of magnesium in the 0.0732 g sample.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................(1 mark)
2 (a) (ii) Hence calculate the amount, in moles, of nitric acid needed to react completelywith this sample of magnesium.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................(1 mark)
2 (a) (iii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of nitric acid originally added to this sample ofmagnesium.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................(1 mark)
2 (a) (iv) Hence calculate the amount, in moles, of nitric acid that remains unreacted.
...................................................................................................................................
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2 (b) In a second experiment, 0.512 mol of hydrogen gas was produced when anothersample of magnesium reacted with dilute nitric acid. Calculate the volume that thisgas would occupy at 298 K and 96 kPa. Include units in your final answer.(The gas constant R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1)
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2 (c) Concentrated nitric acid reacts with magnesium to form an oxide of nitrogen whichcontains 30.4% by mass of nitrogen.
Calculate the empirical formula of this oxide of nitrogen. Show your working.
.............................................................................................................................................
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(06)
3 (a) Two organic compounds with similar relative molecular masses are shown below.
3 (a) (i) State the type of bond present between the C and H atoms in both of thesemolecules. Explain how this type of bond is formed.
Type of bond .............................................................................................................
Explanation ...............................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................(2 marks)
3 (a) (ii) State the strongest type of intermolecular force present in each compound.
Liquid ethanol ..........................................................................................................
Liquid propane .........................................................................................................(2 marks)
3 (b) Ethanol dissolves in water. Draw a diagram to show how one molecule of ethanolinteracts with one molecule of water in the solution. Include partial charges and alllone pairs. The ethanol molecule has been drawn for you.
(3 marks)
H C
H H H
Ethanol
H
C
H
O H C
H H
Propane
H
C C
H
H
H
H
H C
H H H
H
C
H
O
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3 (c) Ethanol was the fuel used in the first mass-produced car, the Model T Ford.
3 (c) (i) Write an equation which shows how ethanol burns completely in air to formcarbon dioxide and water as the only products.
...................................................................................................................................(1 mark)
3 (c) (ii) Suggest one environmental problem caused by incomplete combustion of ethanolin a car engine.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................(1 mark)
3 (c) (iii) Suggest one economic problem for the car user caused by incompletecombustion of ethanol in the car engine.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................(1 mark)
3 (d) Propane is also used as a fuel, although sometimes it can be contaminated with sulfur-containing impurities. When this propane burns, these impurities form sulfurdioxide.
3 (d) (i) State how the sulfur dioxide can be removed from the waste gases producedwhen this propane is burned on a large scale in industry. Suggest a reason whythe method you have stated may not be 100% efficient.
How removed ...........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
Reason for less than 100% efficiency .....................................................................
...................................................................................................................................(2 marks)
3 (d) (ii) Although propane has a boiling point of –42 °C, it is usually supplied as a liquidfor use in camping stoves. Suggest why it is supplied as a liquid.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................(1 mark)
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(08)
4 Hexane is a member of the homologous series of alkanes.
4 (a) State two characteristics of a homologous series.
Characteristic 1 ...................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
Characteristic 2 ...................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................(2 marks)
4 (b) (i) Hexane can be converted into 2,2-dichlorohexane.
Draw the displayed formula of 2,2-dichlorohexane and deduce its empiricalformula.
Displayed formula
Empirical formula ....................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................(2 marks)
4 (b) (ii) Explain why 2,2-dichloro-3-methylpentane is a structural isomer of2,2-dichlorohexane.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................(2 marks)
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4 (c) A reaction of hexane with chlorine is shown by the equation below.
C6H14 + 2Cl2 → C6H12Cl2 + 2HCl
Calculate the percentage atom economy for the formation of C6H12Cl2 in this reaction.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................(2 marks)
4 (d) The boiling points of some straight-chain alkanes are shown below.
Alkane C4H10 C5H12 C6H14
Boiling point / °C –0.5 36.3 68.7
4 (d) (i) Explain the trend in these boiling points.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................(2 marks)
4 (d) (ii) Name a process which can be used to separate C5H12 from C6H14
...................................................................................................................................(1 mark)
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(10)
SECTION B
Answer Question 5 in the spaces provided.
5 (a) (i) Define the term relative atomic mass (Ar) of an element.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................(2 marks)
5 (a) (ii) A sample of the metal silver has the relative atomic mass of 107.9 and exists astwo isotopes. In this sample, 54.0% of the silver atoms are one isotope with arelative mass of 107.1
Calculate the relative mass of the other silver isotope.
State why the isotopes of silver have identical chemical properties.
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...................................................................................................................................(4 marks)
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5 (b) The isotopes of silver, when vaporised, can be separated in a mass spectrometer.
Name the three processes that occur in a mass spectrometer before the vaporisedisotopes can be detected.
State how each process is achieved.
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Question 5 continues on the next page
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(12)
5 (c) State the type of bonding involved in silver.
Draw a diagram to show how the particles are arranged in a silver lattice and show thecharges on the particles.
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5 (d) Silver reacts with fluorine to form silver fluoride (AgF).
Silver fluoride has a high melting point and has a structure similar to that of sodiumchloride.
State the type of bonding involved in silver fluoride.
Draw a diagram to show how the particles are arranged in a silver fluoride lattice andshow the charges on the particles.
Explain why the melting point of silver fluoride is high.
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.............................................................................................................................................(5 marks)
END OF QUESTIONS
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INSERT TO/APW/Jun09/CHEM1
Tabl
e 2
1 H n
.m.r.
che
mic
al s
hift
dat
a
Typ
e of
pro
ton
δ/pp
m
RO
H0.
5 –
5.0
RC
H3
0.7
– 1.
2
RN
H2
1.0
– 4.
5
R2C
H2
1.2
– 1.
4
R3C
H1.
4 –
1.6
RC
H2C
l or
Br
3.1
– 4.
2
RC
C2.
1– 2
.6
HO
RO
C3.
1 –
3.9
H
R4.
5 –
6.0
CH
C
O
RC
O3.
7 –
4.1
C H
9.0
– 10
.0R
OC
H
10.0
– 1
2.0
RO O
C
H
RC
C20
– 5
0
O
CC
5 –
40
OC
50 –
90
alco
hols
,et
hers
or
este
rs
RC O
160
– 18
5es
ters
or
acid
s
RC O
190
– 22
0al
dehy
des
or k
eton
es
Cl o
r B
rR
C10
– 7
0
NR
C25
– 6
0
90 –
150
CC
Tabl
e 3
13C
n.m
.r. c
hem
ical
shi
ft d
ata
Typ
e of
car
bon
δ
/ppm
CR
N11
0 –
125
110
– 16
0
Tabl
e 1
Infr
ared
abs
orpt
ion
data
Bon
dW
aven
umbe
r/c
m–1
N
H33
00 –
350
0(a
min
es)
O
H32
30 –
355
0(a
lcoh
ols)
C
H28
50 –
330
0
O
H25
00 –
300
0(a
cids
)
C
N22
20 –
226
0
C
O16
80 –
175
0
C
C16
20 –
168
0
C
O10
00 –
130
0
C
C 7
50 –
110
0
GC
E C
hem
istr
y D
ata
Sh
eet
1.0 H
hyd
rog
en
1
4.0 He
heliu
m
2
10
.8 Bb
oro
n
5
12
.0 Ccarb
on
6
14
.0 Nnitro
gen
7
16
.0 Oo
xyg
en
8
19
.0 Ffluo
rine
9
20
.2N
eneo
n
10
27
.0 Al
alu
min
ium
13
28
.1 Si
sili
co
n
14
31
.0 Pp
ho
sp
ho
rus
15
32
.1 Ssulfur
16
35
.5C
lchlo
rine
17
39
.9A
rarg
on
18
6.9 Li
lithiu
m
3
9.0 Be
bery
llium
4
1
2
3 4
5 6
7 0
* 58
– 7
1 L
an
than
ides
† 9
0 –
103
Actin
ides
rela
tive a
tom
ic m
ass
sym
bo
lnam
e
ato
mic
(p
roto
n)
nu
mb
er
The
Per
iod
ic T
able
of
the
Ele
men
ts
23
.0N
aso
diu
m
11
39
.1 Kp
ota
ssiu
m
19
40
.1C
acalc
ium
20
45
.0S
cscand
ium
21
47
.9 Ti
tita
niu
m
22
50
.9 Vvanad
ium
23
52
.0C
rchro
miu
m
24
54
.9M
nm
an
gan
ese
25
55
.8Fe iro
n
26
58
.9C
oco
balt
27
58
.7N
inic
kel
28
63
.5C
uco
pp
er
29
65
.4Z
nzin
c
30
69
.7G
ag
alli
um
31
72
.6G
eg
erm
an
ium
32
74
.9A
sars
enic
33
79
.0S
esele
niu
m
34
79
.9B
rb
rom
ine
35
83
.8K
rkry
pto
n
36
85
.5R
bru
bid
ium
37
87
.6S
rstr
ontium
38
88
.9 Yytt
rium
39
91
.2Z
rzirco
niu
m
40
92
.9N
bnio
biu
m
41
96
.0M
om
oly
bd
enu
m
42
[98
]Tc
tech
netiu
m
43
10
1.1
Ru
ruth
eniu
m
44
10
2.9
Rh
rho
diu
m
45
10
6.4
Pd
palla
diu
m
46
10
7.9
Ag
silv
er
47
11
2.4
Cd
cad
miu
m
48
11
4.8
Inin
diu
m
49
11
8.7
Sn
tin
50
12
1.8
Sb
antim
ony
51
12
7.6
Tete
llurium
52
12
6.9 I
iod
ine
53
13
1.3
Xe
xeno
n
54
13
2.9
Cs
caesiu
m
55
13
7.3
Ba
barium
56
13
8.9
La *
lanth
anum
57
17
8.5
Hf
hafn
ium
72
18
0.9
Tata
nta
lum
73
18
3.8
Wtu
ng
ste
n
74
18
6.2
Re
rheniu
m
75
19
0.2
Os
osm
ium
76
19
2.2
Iririd
ium
77
19
5.1
Pt
pla
tinum
78
19
7.0
Au
go
ld
79
20
0.6
Hg
merc
ury
80
20
4.4
Tl
thalli
um
81
20
7.2
Pb
lead
82
20
9.0
Bi
bis
muth
83
[20
9]
Po
po
loniu
m
84
[21
0]
At
asta
tine
85
[22
2]
Rn
rad
on
86
[22
3]
Frfr
anciu
m
87
[22
6]
Ra
rad
ium
88
[22
7]
Ac
†actiniu
m
89
14
0.1
Ce
cerium
58
14
0.9
Pr
pras
eody
miu
m
59
14
4.2
Nd
neo
dym
ium
60
[14
5]
Pm
pro
meth
ium
61
15
0.4
Sm
sam
arium
62
15
2.0
Eu
euro
piu
m
63
15
7.3
Gd
gad
olin
ium
64
15
8.9
Tb
terb
ium
65
16
2.5
Dy
dysp
rosiu
m
66
16
4.9
Ho
ho
lmiu
m
67
16
7.3
Er
erb
ium
68
16
8.9
Tm
thuliu
m
69
17
3.1
Yb
ytt
erb
ium
70
17
5.0
Lulu
tetium
71
23
2.0
Th
tho
rium
90
23
1.0
Pa
pro
tactiniu
m
91
23
8.0
Uura
niu
m
92
[23
7]
Np
nep
tuniu
m
93
[24
4]
Pu
plu
toniu
m
94
[24
3]
Am
am
ericiu
m
95
[24
7]
Cm
curium
96
[24
7]
Bk
berk
eliu
m
97
[25
1]
Cf
calif
orn
ium
98
[25
2]
Es
ein
ste
iniu
m
99
[25
7]
Fmfe
rmiu
m
10
0
[25
8]
Md
men
del
eviu
m
10
1
[25
9]
No
no
beliu
m
10
2
[26
2]
Lrla
wre
nciu
m
10
3
24
.3M
gm
ag
nesiu
m
12
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
Key
[26
7]
Rf
ruth
erfo
rdiu
m
10
4
[26
8]
Db
dub
niu
m
10
5
[27
1]
Sg
seab
org
ium
10
6
[27
2]
Bh
bo
hrium
10
7
[27
0]
Hs
hassiu
m
10
8
[27
6]
Mt
meitnerium
10
9
[28
1]
Ds
darm
stad
tium
11
0
[28
0]
Rg
roentg
eniu
m
11
1
Ele
men
ts w
ith a
tom
ic n
umb
ers
112-
116
have
bee
n re
por
ted
but
not
fully
aut
hent
icat
ed