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Dato Muhamad b. Lebai Juri, Ph.D.
Director GeneralMalaysian Nuclear Agency (Nuclear Malaysia)
Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia (MOSTI)
ASEAN Regional Conference on Food Security; Penang, 8-10 ct. 2013
Ministry of Science, Technology
and Innovation Malaysia
Malaysian Nuclear Agency
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Outline
Nuclear technologies in agriculture.
Nuclear technology applications in
agrofood industry in Malaysia.
Strategies to harness nucleartechnology for a sustainable food
production in Malaysia.
The way forward.
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Nuclear Technologies
in Agriculture
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Nuclear Technologies in Agriculture
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-ray
, X, n, ion beam
, X, e-beam
N-15, C-13
N-15, C-13, P-32,
P-33, K-40, Rb-86
, n
N-15, C-13
Ionising radiation; stable & radioactive tracers; nuclear instrumentation
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Food SecurityFood
Availability
Domestic
production
Importcapacity
Food stocks
Food aid
Food utilization
Food safety
Hygiene & Good
Practices applied in
food chain
Diet quality &
diversity: meeting
needs of energy,
macro/micro
nutrients
Access (Physical
& economics)
Purchasing
power
Income ofpopulation
Transport &
market
infrastructure
Dimensions of food security
& sustainable production
Stability (of supply
&
access)
Weather
variabilityPrice fluctuations
Political
/economic factors
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Nuclear technologies provide unique or substantial complementary values in addressing
food security challenges. They are used in to increase production sustainably by
breeding improved crops, enhancing livestock reproduction and nutrition, as well as
controlling animal and plant pests and diseases. Post-harvest losses can be reduced
and safety increased with nuclear technology. Soil can be evaluated with nuclear
techniques to conserve and improve soil productivity and water management.
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Physical87%
Chemical
13%
Mutant varieties generated through radiation breeding programmes
2012: 3218 officially released mutant varieties worldwide from 214
different plant species.
More than 80% mutant varieties have been developed by using
nuclear techniques.
http://mvgs.iaea.org
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Radiation Mutation Breeding in Japan
(e,g. economic value of 1.2 billion yen)
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Nuclear Technology Application
in Malaysian Agrofood Industry
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Induced Mutation Breeding
In 1984, Nuclear Malaysia started a coordinatedresearch programme under RCA/IAEA/FAO entitled
Semi-dwarf mutants for rice improvement in Asia and
Pacific using the variety Manik. The main objective of
the project was to generate semi-dwarfs in both native
and improved cultivars for possible use as new
cultivars, or as parents in cross breeding programs.Within five years, 101 semi-dwarf mutants with were
recovered and evaluated. Among them, twenty-nine of
these lines were reported to have grain yields of
between 6.0-7.3 t/ha from experimental plots, higher
than the parent, which yielded 5.7 t/ha; forty-seven
lines had similar grain yields (5.0-6.0 t/ha) to theparent. Twelve mutants were resistant to brown
planthopper (BPH) but had poorer yields.
MA 03, a rice mutant , dubbed tongkat ali developed through
Nuclear Malaysia R&D under the RCA/IAEA/FAO Coordinated
Research Program.9-Oct-13 9
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Development of Improved Rice Varieties through the Use of Induced
Mutations in Malaysia
The first rice mutant through radiation induced mutation breeding
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Useful Rice Mutants Derived From Mutation Breeding Programmes in Malaysia
Mutant Original or parent
variety
Characteristics or traits observed in mutant
Mahsuri Mutant Mahsuri Good eating quality (high quality rice); elongation trait for cooked rice
MM98 Mahsuri Mutant Early maturity; splitting of cooked rice.
Q34 Mahsuri Mutant Good eating quality
Muda 2 Muda Short stature; good grain elongation
MR90 Muda Moderate improvement in BPH resistance
MA03 Manik Semidwarf; high yield and upright panicle
Manik 817 Manik Short stature; glutinous endosperm
PS1297 Pongsu Seribu 2 Reduce pigmentation on the panicles and grains; shorter and erect flag
leaf; more tiller per plant; shorter panicles with less spikelets; increasedamylose content and higher spikelet sterility
SPM29 & SPM39 Jarum Mas Reduce maturation period; increase number of tiller per plant; reduced
percentage of sterile grains; reduced panicle length; increase 1,000-grain
weight
SPM 68 Basmati Reduce plant height; higher yield; grain quality reduce (does not quality as
Basmati rice)
SPM 106 through
115
MR 162 Higher grain weight (in preliminary yield trial)
Y 1281 Q31 Reduced maturation period; reduced plant height
Y 1290 Mayang Bunga Reduced maturation period; reduced plant height; higher yield potential
MR 215 & MR
216
Y 1150 Better resistance to BLB and PMV
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Mutation Breeding for Varietal Improvement
of Irrigated Rice under Minimal Water Conditions
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Collaboration of UPM, MARDI,
DOA, MADA, Nuclear Malaysia
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Rice mutants MR219-4 and MR219-9
under aerobic condition
Trial Plot at MARDI Serdang
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just recently
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Mutation breeding of groundnut
for Cercospora leaf spot disease
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Groundnut mutants launched in 2005
KARISMA Serene was derived from variety Matjan which received 200 Gray
of gamma radiation. It is high yielding (4.8 6 t/ha), resistant to Cercospora
leaf spot disease and efficient at fixing atmospheric nitrogen (>70% of the total
N sources)
KARISMA Sweet was derived from variety Matjan which received 400 Gray
of gamma radiation. It is high yielding (4.6 5.9 tone/ha), resistant to
Cercospora leaf spot disease and efficient at fixing atmospheric nitrogen
(60% of the total N sources)
Seeds of KARISMA Sweet and KARISMA Serene
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Mutation breeding of Cavendish banana undertaken by IAEA-Nuclear
Malaysia-UM-UP Berhad leading to development of Novaria
Grand Naine GN-60A mutagenesis with gamma radiation. 1990 - field trials in Malaysia.
Released in August 1994. Flowering ten weeks earlier than parent.
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Selected mutants resistance to Papaya Ring Spot Virus
(PRSV) with improved fruit quality (bigger fruit size and higher
sugar content)
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Collaboration of MARDI, UM, Nuclear Malaysia
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Micropropagation using bioreactor systems
Gamma irradiation induced mutation for the improvement of
Josapine pineapple against bacterial heart rot and multiple crown.
To evaluate and select mutations
with resistance to bacterial heart rot
disease and single crown
characteristic with improved fruit
quality.
A total of 10,000 mutant plants were
irradiated with 10,20,30 and 40Gy of
gamma rays and screened in the field
a) Cylindrical fruit shape with bigger
fruit size between 800-900g (Highest
recorded 1,160g and Control 300-500g)
b) Higher sugar content (20-25 sugar
index, control only 18 sugar index)
c) Smooth leaves
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Field test in MARDI Kluang, Johor
Josapine pineapple
In vitro shoots from bioreactor
Rooting and hardening of in vitro shoots
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Nuclear and Isotopic Techniques
in Agronomic Management Nitrogen-15 labelled fertilizer identifying factors that affect nitrogen fertilizer
use efficiency; determine amount of N fixed through BNF.
Soil moisture neutron probe monitoring soil water to improve water use
efficiency.
18O, 2H isotopes partitioning soil evaporation and crop transpiration from
total ET to minimize water losses; identifying sources and pathways of
agricultural water. Carbon isotope discrimination () selecting crops tolerant to drought and
salinity.
13C for quantifying carbon sequestration and organic matter turnover.
15N natural abundance for tracing sources of agricultural N to improve
farming practices. Natural cosmic ray neutron for area-wide agricultural water management to
improve water productivity.
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Nuclear Techniques in Soil-Water-Crop-Nutrient Management
15N
15N
14N
13C
12C
13CO2
12CO2
18O 2H
Carbon isotopediscrimination to
assess adaptation of
crops tolerant to
drought and salinity
To quantify the flow andfate of N fertilizers to
improve fertilizer use by
crops
To quantify biologicalnitrogen fixation to
save N fertilizers
To assess soil organic carbon
storage
To estimate sourcesand fluxes of water
to improve WUE
15N 15N 13C
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Oil Palm Plot UPM, Golden Hope (Prang Besar, Carey Island).
Rubber LGM Sg Buloh Sgor, Pegoh Melaka, Siliau & Sunggala NS
(rubber & cash crop)
Coffee MARDI Serdang, Kluang, Pontian, Parit Botak.
Cocoa MARDI Serdang, Plot DOA Serdang, DOA Tawau Sabah
Black pepper MARDI Kluang, Serdang, DOA Semonggok Sarawak
Acacia mangium FRIM Kepong, Setol Forestry Neg. 9, Jengka Forestry
Pahang, Forestry Sandakan Sabah
Rattan manau FRIM, Lanchang Pahang.
Guava, Star fruit, Groundnut, Rice - NM
Banana Felcra, Batu Kurau Perak
Dokong LDBJ Jerangau Terengganu.
Rice, Tobacco (15N) MARDI, DOA, Kelantan
Sago CRAUN Mukah Sarawak
Highlights on use of isotopic tracers in agronomic studies
involving various agencies 1980s-1990s
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32P isotope aided experiment to delineate active rootzones of sago palm on peat (CRAUN-NM)
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Defence against insect pestsNuclear techniques can be used as part of an integrated
approach to control insect pests that destroy crops and spread
disease. Diseases and pests destroy more than a third of cropsbefore and after harvesting.
Insect pests can be controlled using the sterile insect technique
(SIT). In SIT, an environmentally friendly alternative to
insecticides, male, laboratory-raised insects, are sterilized withgamma radiation. When they are released into the wild and mate,
no offspring are produced. Over time, insect populations shrink
and are eventually fully suppressed, reducing the need for
pesticides. SIT has been used to eradicate the medfly, a threat to
some 250 species of fruit and vegetables, from Chile and Mexico,
as well as from parts of Guatemala and the United States.
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Malaysia, 1990s SIT trials on P l u t e l la x y l o s t e l l a (diamond back
moth) of cabbage MARDI, UPM, DOA, Nuclear Malaysia
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Improving Food Safety by Irradiation
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Improving Food Safety by Control of Food Hazard
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Improving Food Quality and Safety
Food irradiation for food processing andphytosanitary applications (UKM, UPM, DOA,MARDI, Nuclear Malaysia)
Nuclear and related analytical techniques for
multi-residue or multi-target; fate of pesticide inrice ecosystem (MARDI, MADA, UPM, DOA, UKM,MOH, Nuclear Malaysia)
Development of techniques for traceability of
food products (USM, MARDI, MADA, NuclearMalaysia)
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Malaysia
4 Gamma plants (Sinagama, Sterilgamma,Isotron, Ansell).
7 Electron beam machines (Alurtron in NuklearMsia: 3 MeV).Cross-linking of wire, cable,film, tubes,
hydrogel, medical product sterilization
Irradiation facilities
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Types of Food Purpose of Irradiation Max. Dose
(kGy)Milled rice Insect disinfestation 1.0
Pepper Reduce microbes 10.0
Frozen shrimp Eliminate pathogenic microbes 5.0
Chilled chicken Eliminate pathogenic microbes
and extend shelf-life
3.0
Fresh ginger Inhibit sprouting 0.05
Cocoa beans Disinfect fungi 6.0
Fresh fruits-papaya Disinfest insect (quarantine) 0.15 (min)
FI R D activities in Malaysia (1980s 2000)
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Quantity/Types of Irradiated Food
Year Metric Ton1997 - 1999 100
2005 475
2006 800
2007 728
2008 691
2009 826
2010 785
Spices curry powder, coriander, white and black pepper, lemon grass,fennel, fenugreek, aniseed, bay leaves, ginger, cumin, paprika, nutmeg,
cardamom, chili
Herbs - tongkat ali, kacip fatimah, ginseng, misai kucing, mengkudu,Chinese herbs, Ganoderma, Spirulina, green tea, chitosan, birds nest.
Commercial application in Malaysia
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Pre-audit by USDA officials at Sinagama, Nuclear Malaysia & fruit packaging
facility, DOA
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No demand for the benefit provided - due to
unawareness / limited knowledge of technology
Image of technology
Cost-benefits
Competitiveness with alternative processes
Unharmonised regulations
Current restricted market for irradiated products
Uncertainty of consumer acceptance / perceived
consumer resistance
Factors delaying commercial application
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Application of food irradiation controlled by:Food Act 1983 Regulation 396(2)(a):Prior approval required from Director-General of
Health for importation, preparation, advertisement
for sell and sale of irradiated food in Malaysia
Food Irradiation Regulation 2011
Gazetted April 2011 (not enforced yet)
Approval of 8 classes of food
Registration of Food Irradiation Premises
Certificate of Irradiation
Packaging and Labelling Requirements
Regulatory control
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Strategies to Harness Nuclear
Technology for Sustainable FoodProduction in Malaysia
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Strategies to Harness Nuclear Technology for a
Sustainable Food Production in Malaysia
Collaborative work between Nuclear Malaysia andagricultural agencies in R&D and services (e.g. through
inter-ministerial/inter-departmental Joint Committees).
Promotion of nuclear technologies to the agroindustry,
especially the gamma irradiation facilities for varietal
crop improvement, and for food preservation and
phytosanitary purposes.
Facilitating fruit export to USA and European countries compliance to phytosanitary requirements through
gamma irradiation.
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The Way Forward
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The Way Forward
Blue Ocean @ multi-agency approach utilisationof nuclear technology in Malaysian agrofood sectors;
including allocation of a developmental budget for
enhancement of agrofood industry (e.g. tropical fruit
export) through nuclear technology. Enhancement of nuclear application in the socio-
economic sectors, especially for agriculture (from the
current 0.03% to the GDP; cf. 0.3% for Japan).
Promotion of atoms for peace schoolchildren,
youths, public/consumers & the agroindustry.
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Terima Kasih/Thank You
MALAYSIAN NUCLEAR AGENCY
Acknowledgment:
Organisers of ARCoFS
Universiti Malaysia Kelantan & Jabatan Pertanian Malaysia; MOSTI & Central Agencies for financial support;
Project collaborators and all researchers and support staff involved.
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