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CHAPTER 2
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2.1 MATTER
Most of the things thatwe could see in this world
are MATTER
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What is matter?
Matter means:- anything that occupies space &
has mass- made up of tiny & discrete
particles- Exist as element@compound
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A pure substance whichcannot be broken down into
simpler substance physically& chemically
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Usually made up of
two or more elements
which are chemically
bonded together
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1. Matter are made up of tiny &discrete particles
2. Size of particles are veryminute ~~ 1x 10-7cm
3. Consist of atoms, moleculesions
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Lets see the particles inbromine liquid
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The smallest particle of an elementand not breakable anymore.
Examples:Atom of hydrogen
atom of magnesium
atom of oxygen
atom of chlorine
H
Mg
Cl
O
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A group of two @ more atoms,which might consist of:
one type of element (Element)
@ different types of element(Compound)
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Examples of element molecules:
Molecule of hydrogen gas
Molecule of oxygen gas
Molecule of chlorine gas
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Examples of compound molecules:
Molecule of water, H2O
Molecule of ammonia, NH3
Molecule of ethanol, C2H5OH
N
C C
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Ions are atoms which havecharge
Positively-charged ion /cation(loss e-)
Negatively charged ion / anion (gain e-)
+
-
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Hydrogen atom Hydrogen ion
Magnesium atom Magnesium ion
Oxygen atom Oxide ion
Chlorine atom Chlorine ion
H+H Lose electron
Mg2+Lose electronMg
O2
-
Gain electronO
Cl-
Gain electronCl
Examples of ions:
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Kinetic means motion (move) Kinetic theory states that:
1. Matter consist of particles whichconstantly moving
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2. particles move in random motion ,
collide with each other
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A. substance is cooled,
- particles lose kinetic energy- move slower
B. substance is heated,- particles gain kinetic energy- move faster
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Experiment which supports
the kinetic theory:
Investigating the diffusion of
particles in asolid, liquid and gas
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What is diffusion ?
How diffusion supports thekinetic theory ?
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Is the rate of diffusion
different in solid, liquid,and gas state?
Lets get an experimentto check it out!!!
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The conclusion is.
Diffusion happens in solid, liquid,and gas states
Diffusion occurs slowest in solid,faster in liquid and fastest in gas
Diffusion occurs faster in subtance
with lower density Diffusion supports kinetic energy
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KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER
The kinetic particle theory is a model
used to explain the properties ofmatter.
Kinetic Theory of Matter states that:
(i) All matter is made up of tiny particles
and they exist as atoms, molecules orions. (The particles are attracted toeach other by attractive forces)
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KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER
(ii)The particles are always in continuousrandom motion and hence possess kineticenergy.
**(The kinetic energy of a particleincreases with temperature and pressure,the higher the temperature and pressure,
the faster the particles move. At fixedtemperature, lighter particles movefaster than heavier particles.)
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KINETIC THEORY OF MATTERThe particles in a substance are of the same
type, in solid, liquid or gaseous state. Thediffer only in
their arrangement
how strongly the particles are held togetherand
the amount of kinetic energies that they
possess.
Kinetic theory can be used to explain howsolids, liquids and gases differ in movement
and arrangement.
3 t t f tt
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3 states of matter(Difference)
Property Solid Liquid Gas
Volume Fixed Fixed Not Fixed
Shape Fixed Not Fixed Not Fixed
CompressibilityNot
compressibleNot
compressiblecompressible
Density Very Dense Dense Not dense
Packing andarrangement
betweenparticles
Closelypacked in an
orderlyarrangement
Closelypacked in andisorderly
arrangement
Far apart inrandom
arrangement.
3 t t f m tt
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3 states of matter(Difference)
Property Solid Liquid Gas
Forces ofAttractionbetweenparticles
Very strongforces ofattraction
betweenparticles
Strong forcesof attraction
betweenparticles
Negligibleforces ofattraction
betweenparticles
Motion of
particles
Vibrate abouta fixed
position
Slide and rollpass each
other
Move aboutrandomly at
high speed
Energy ofparticles
Least energy Mostenergy
3 f
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3 states of matter
(Difference)Property Solid Liquid Gas
DiagrammaticRepresentation
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solid
liquid
gas
http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/states_of_matter/
http://www.educationusingpowerpoint.org.uk/index.html?ks3science.html~mainFrame
http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/states_of_matter/http://www.educationusingpowerpoint.org.uk/index.html?ks3science.html~mainFramehttp://www.educationusingpowerpoint.org.uk/index.html?ks3science.html~mainFramehttp://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/states_of_matter/7/31/2019 Assignment 4- Power Point Presentation
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The Physical States of Matter
Solid Liquid Gas
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The Solid State
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Arrangement of
particles(In a solid)Arrangement and movement
of particlesProperties of solids
The particles are closelypacked together, with littleempty space between them.
Solids haveand
The particles are in an orderlyarrangement.
Solid crystals have flat faces,and sharp
points
high densitiescannot be compressed
straight edges
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The particles are heldtogether by strong forcesof attraction between
them, in fixed positions. Solids have shapesand becompressed.The particles can only
vibrate about their fixed
positions.
Arrangement of
particles(In a solid)Arrangement and
movement of particlesProperties of solids
fixedcannot
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The Liquid State
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Arrangement of
particles(In a Liquid)Arrangement and movement
of particles
Properties of Liquids
The particles are closelypacked together (but slightlyfurther apart than those in
solid), with little empty spacebetween them.
Liquids havedensities and becompressed.
The particles are in adisorderly arrangement.
Liquids have fixed shapes.
moderately high
no
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Arrangement of
particles(In a Liquid)Arrangement and
movement of particles
Properties of Liquids
The particles are heldtogether by strong forcesof attraction between
them (but slightly weakerthan the forces in a solid)
Liquids becompressed.
The particles can move pastone another and throughout
the liquid.
Liquids can andtake the of their
containers.
cannot
flow
shape
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The Gaseous State
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Arrangement of
particles(In a Gas)
Arrangement andmovement of particles Properties of Gas
The particles are farapart, with a lot of emptyspace between them.
Gases have densitiesand can becompressed.
The particles are in arandom arrangement.
Gases have shapes.
loweasily
no
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Arrangement of
particles(In a Gas)Arrangement and
movement of particles
Properties of Gas
There are no (negligible)forces of attractionbetween the particles.
Gases can becompressed, hence
volume.
The particles are free tomove randomly in alldirections, at highspeed.
Gases have noshapes and take theof their containers.
no definite
definiteshape
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The Physical Changes of Matter
GasLiquid
Solid
D t i th
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Determine theMelting Point of Naphthalene
Melting point
the temperaturewhich a solid
becomes liquid
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Diagram of heating naphthalene
Q1-Q4 Q5-Q7
Solid naphthalene
Water
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Heating curve of naphthalene
A
CB
D
Temperature / C
Time / minute
79C
Q1-Q4 Q5-Q7
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What is the Melting point?A: 79C
What is the physical state at B-C?A: solid and liquid
Where is point that Melting process started?
A: B
Where is point that Melting process ended?A: C
graph apparatus
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Why the curve of heating has no change at B-C?A: because the heat energy absorbed by
naphthalene molecules to overcome the forces ofattraction to becomes liquid
Why solid naphthalene heated in water ?
A: to ensure a uniform heating
If the melting point of Substance X is 123C, canwe still use water as medium? Why?
A: No. Because its melting point is higher thanthe boiling point of water. We can use oil bath toreplace water. graph apparatusPhysical changes
D t i th
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Determine theFreezing Point of Naphthalene
Freezing point the
temperature which a solutionbecomes solid
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Cooling curve of naphthalene
Q1-Q4 Q5-Q7
79C
E
Temperature / C
G
H
Time / minute
F
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Is the freezing point same with the Melting point?A: Yes, both are 79C
What is the physical state change in thisexperiment?A: Liquid naphthalene changes to solid
Where is the point thatfreezing process started?A: F
Where is the point thatfreezing process ended?A: G
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Why the curve of heating has no change at F-G?
A: because the heat energy released during
formation of bonds is equal to the heat released tosurroundings
Why liquid naphthalene in the boiling tube is cooled
inside a conical flask?
A: to ensure a uniform cooling
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Diagram of cooling naphthalene
Q1-Q4 Q5-Q7
Liquid naphthalene
Empty conical flask
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2.2 ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Th Hi t i l D l t Of
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The Historical Development OfAtomic Models
John Dalton
imagine atom as aindivisible tiny ball
J.J. Thomsondiscovered electrons
Ernest Rutherford
discovered proton,mass of atom concentrated in nucleus
Neils Bohrproposed the electrons
move in shells around the nucleus James Chadwick proved the existence
of neutrons
S b t i P ti l I A At
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Subatomic Particle In An Atom
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S b t i P ti l I A At
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Subatomic Particle In An Atom
Proton Electron
Neutron
Nucleusof atom Electron
shells
S b t i P ti l I A At
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Subatomic Particle In An Atom
S b t i P ti l I A At
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Subatomic Particle In An Atom
S b t i P ti l I A At
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Subatomic Particle In An Atom
PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON
Symbol
Electric Charge
Relative MassLocation
S b t i P ti l I A At
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Subatomic Particle In An Atom
PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON
Symbol p
Electric Charge
Relative MassLocation
S b t i P ti l I A At
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Subatomic Particle In An Atom
PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON
Symbol p n
Electric Charge
Relative MassLocation
S b t i P ti l I A At
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Subatomic Particle In An Atom
PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON
Symbol p n e-
Electric Charge
Relative MassLocation
S b t i P ti l I A At
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Subatomic Particle In An Atom
PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON
Symbol p n e-
Electric Charge +1
Relative MassLocation
S b to i P ti l I A Ato
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Subatomic Particle In An Atom
PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON
Symbol p n e-
Electric Charge +1 0
Relative MassLocation
Subato ic Particle I A Ato
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Subatomic Particle In An Atom
PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON
Symbol p n e-
Electric Charge +1 0 -1
Relative MassLocation
Subatomic Particle In An Atom
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Subatomic Particle In An Atom
PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON
Symbol p n e-
Electric Charge +1 0 -1
Relative Mass 1Location
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Subatomic Particle In An Atom
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Subatomic Particle In An Atom
PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON
Symbol p n e-
Electric Charge +1 0 -1
Relative Mass 1 1 1/1240 0Location
Subatomic Particle In An Atom
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Subatomic Particle In An Atom
PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON
Symbol p n e-
Electric Charge +1 0 -1
Relative Mass 1 1 1/1240 0Location in the
nucleusatom
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Subatomic Particle In An Atom
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Subatomic Particle In An Atom
PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON
Symbol p n e-
Electric Charge +1 0 -1
Relative Mass 1 1 1/1240 0Location in the
nucleusatom
in thenucleusatom
Electronshells whicharound the
nucleus atom
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Symbol of Element
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40
20CaNucleon number
Proton number
Symbol of Element
-When an atom is neutral ,(1.refer ions)
its number of proton = e-
- number of protons = 20
so number of elecrons = 20- 2.electron configuration = 2.8.8.2valence electron = 2
Symbol of element
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Electron Configuration
Also known as electron arrangement
How electrons fill into the shells?
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Helium HeProton number 2
2
Hydrogen HProton number 1
1
Lithium LiProton number 3
2 . 1
Beryllium BeProton number 4
2 . 2
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Boron Bproton number 5
2 . 3
Carbon CProton number 6
2 . 4
Nitrogen NProton number 7
2 . 5
Oxygen OProton number 8
2 . 6
Fluorine F Neon Ne
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Proton number 9
2 . 7
Proton number 10
2 . 8
Sodium NaProton number 11
2 . 8 . 1
Magnesium MgProton number 12
2 . 8 . 2
Aluminium AlP t b 13
Silicon Si
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Proton number 13
2 . 8 . 3
Proton number 14
2 . 8 . 4
Phosphorus PProton number 15
2 . 8 . 5
Sulphur SProton number 16
2 . 8 . 6
Chlorine Cl Argon Ar
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Chlorine ClProton number 17
2 . 8 . 7
Argon ArProton number 18
2 . 8 . 8
Potassium KProton number 19
2 . 8 . 8 . 1
Calcium CaProton number 20
2 . 8 . 8 . 2
C l i
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Conclusion:
1st Shell: max 2 e-
2nd Shell: max 8 e-
3rd Shell: max 8 e-
ARRANGEMENT OF SHELLS IN AN ATOM
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NUCLEUS
2 ELECTRONS
8 ELECTRONS
8ELECTRONS
18 ELECTRONS
1
23
4
Electron arrangement in the
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Electron arrangement in thecarbon atom
C12
6
proton number = 6
number of protons = 6
number of electrons = 6
2 . 4
= electron
nucleus
Number of valenceelectrons = 4
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23
11 Na
2 . 8 . 1
number of protons = 11
proton number = 11
number of electrons = 11
= electron
Nucleus
Number of valenceelectrons = 1
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Draw & state the electron arrangement ofthe elements below
X
15
7 Y
24
12 Z
39
19
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P t b ( )
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Proton number (p) number of protons in the nucleus of atom
Nucleon number (p+n)total number of protons and neutrons inthe nucleus of atom
3. Valence electron the electrons in the outermost shell
4. Electron configuration arrangement of electron
Repeat them !!
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Repeat them !!Proton number
number of protons in the nucleus of atomNucleon number
total number of protons and nucleons
in the nucleus of atom
Valence electronthe electrons in the outermost shell
Electron configuration arrangement of electron
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Try this out!!!
Q1 Fill in the blanks
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Elements Proton
Number
Nucleon
Number
Number
ofNeutrons
A 3 7
B 6 12
C 19 10
D 16 16
E 17 18
F 40 20
Q1 Fill in the blanks
Q1 Answers
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Elements Proton
Number
Nucleon
Number
Number
ofNeutrons
A 3 7 4
B 6 12 6
C 9 19 10
D 16 32 16
E 17 35 18
F 20 40 20
Q1 Answers
Q2 Fill in the blanks
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Elements NumberofNeutron
NucleonNumber Numberofelectrons
ElectronConfiguration
A 5 9
B 8 2.6C 19 2.7
D 14 2.8.3
E 32 16
F 20 40
Q2 Fill in the blanks
Q2 Answers
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Elements NumberofNeutron
NucleonNumber Numberofelectrons
ElectronConfiguration
A 5 9 4 2.2
B 8 16 8 2.6C 10 19 9 2.7
D 14 27 13 2.8.3
E 16 32 16 2.8.6
F 20 40 20 2.8.8.2
Q2 Answers
2 3 ISOTOPES
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2.3 ISOTOPES
What is isotopes?
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Isotopes is just like twins,
same genetic but different of DNA
atoms of the same element withsame number of protons butdifferent number of neutrons
What is isotopes?
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Take a look at Wikipedia isotopes table
Hydrogen :
Graphite :
Oxygen :
1
1
H3
1
H2
1
H
12
6C
14
6C
13
6C
16
8O18
8O17
8O
Isotopes of Hydrogen
http://isotope%20table%20%28complete%29%20-%20wikipedia%2C%20the%20free%20encyclopedia.htm/http://isotope%20table%20%28complete%29%20-%20wikipedia%2C%20the%20free%20encyclopedia.htm/7/31/2019 Assignment 4- Power Point Presentation
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Isotopes of Hydrogen
Hydrogen :
1
1
H
2
1
H
3
1
H
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OxygenIsotopes
No of proton
No of neutron
No of e-
e- configuration
Valence e-
16
8O
18
8O17
8O
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OxygenIsotopes
No of proton 8
No of neutron
No of e-
e-
configurationValence e-
16
8O
18
8O17
8O
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OxygenIsotopes
No of proton 8 8
No of neutron
No of e-
e
-
configurationValence e-
16
8O
18
8O17
8O
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OxygenIsotopes
No of proton 8 8 8
No of neutron
No of e-
e
-
configurationValence e-
16
8O
18
8O17
8O
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OxygenIsotopes
No of proton 16 16 16
No of neutron 16
No of e-
e
-
configurationValence e-
16
8O
18
8O17
8O
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OxygenIsotopes
No of proton 16 16 16
No of neutron 16 17
No of e-
e
-
configurationValence e-
16
8O
18
8O17
8O
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OxygenIsotopes
No of proton 16 16 16
No of neutron 16 17 18
No of e-
e
-
configurationValence e-
16
8O
18
8O17
8O
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OxygenIsotopes
No of proton 16 16 16
No of neutron 16 17 18
No of e- 16
e
-
configurationValence e-
16
8O
18
8O17
8O
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OxygenIsotopes
No of proton 16 16 16
No of neutron 16 17 18
No of e- 16 16
e
-
configurationValence e-
16
8O
18
8O17
8O
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OxygenIsotopes
No of proton 16 16 16
No of neutron 16 17 18
No of e- 16 16 16
e
-
configurationValence e-
16
8O
18
8O17
8O
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OxygenIsotopes
No of proton 16 16 16
No of neutron 16 17 18
No of e- 16 16 16
e
-
configuration 2.8.6Valence e-
16
8O
18
8O17
8O
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OxygenIsotopes
No of proton 16 16 16
No of neutron 16 17 18
No of e- 16 16 16
e- configuration 2.8.6 2.8.6
Valence e-
16
8O
18
8O17
8O
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OxygenIsotopes
No of proton 16 16 16
No of neutron 16 17 18
No of e- 16 16 16
e- configuration 2.8.6 2.8.6 2.8.6
Valence e-
16
8O
18
8O17
8O
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OxygenIsotopes
No of proton 16 16 16
No of neutron 16 17 18
No of e- 16 16 16
e- configuration 2.8.6 2.8.6 2.8.6
Valence e- 6
16
8O
18
8O17
8O
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OxygenIsotopes
No of proton 16 16 16
No of neutron 16 17 18
No of e- 16 16 16
e- configuration 2.8.6 2.8.6 2.8.6
Valence e- 6 6
16
8O
18
8O17
8O
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OxygenIsotopes
No of proton 16 16 16
No of neutron 16 17 18
No of e- 16 16 16
e- configuration 2.8.6 2.8.6 2.8.6
Valence e- 6 6 6
16
8O
18
8O17
8O
Conclusion:
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Conclusion:
Number of valence electron are same
The chemical properties also same
The physical properties might besame, might be different
Try this out!!!
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Try this out!!!
Q3. Answer the structure questions
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Elements Proton Number Nucleon Number
P 3 7
Q 9 19
R 16 32
S 15 31T 16 33
U 18 40
q
a ) What means proton number?
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A: The numbers of proton in the nucleus of an atom
b) What means nucleon number?A: The numbers of proton & neutron in the nucleus
of an atom
c) Write the electron arrangement for element Q.
A: 2.7
d) How many valence electrons that element Q has?
A: 7
e) How many electron shells that element Q has?
A: two
f) Which pair of elements are isotopes? Explain.
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4018
U
A: R & T.
Because they have same proton number butdifferent nucleon number
g) Is R&T have same chemical properties? Why?
A: Yes. Because they have same valence electron
h) How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are
there in atom S?
A: 15 protons, 16 neutrons and 15 electrons
i) Write the symbol to represent atom U.A: 40
18U
7/31/2019 Assignment 4- Power Point Presentation
116/118
7/31/2019 Assignment 4- Power Point Presentation
117/118
7/31/2019 Assignment 4- Power Point Presentation
118/118