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Aurkpafm
civioizftikm
Erkl `aoiae im prkjrass
tk jarls ke Bystkpif
Ftoa Daslyr
isus Xu`oisdimj
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Aurkpafm Civioizftikm> Erkl @aoiae im
Xrkjrass tk Jarls ke Bystkpif is fm assfy
erkl tda `kkn Civioizftikm, Kinks, fmb
Xrkjrass> Amo ijdtamlamt varsus @fr`frisl im
Distkry(08637 Misus Xu`oisdimj).
Ckpyrijdt7 Misus Xu`oisdimj, 0863.
Misus0862Hjlfio.ckl
isus Xu`oisdimj
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Aurkpafm Civioizftikmerkl
@aoiae im Xrkjrass tk Jarls ke
Bystkpif
Imtrkbuctikm
@y tda tila wdam tda Amoijdtamlamt Arf ke tda 64td
Camtury a``ab witd ravkoutikmfry fmb Mfpkoakmic wfrs,
ekookwab `y fm Imbustrifo Pavkoutikm ft oafst fs cdfktic
fmb imcklpradamsi`oa fs fmy pkoiticfo kr skcifo
ravkoutikm, f maw nimb ke sciamtists dfb amtarab tda
scama7 Rda sk-cfooab pkoiticfo ackmklists. Zdioa
Aurkpas imtaooactufos ft ofrja dfb tda jraftast bieeicuotias
ke mkurisdimj dkpas ke eurtdar prkjrass wdam tda rfvfjas
ke tda Mfpkoakmic wfrs ambab witd tda Ckmjrass ke
Uiammf im 6461, tdara wara sajlamts im tda uppar skcifo
strftf wdk dfb prkeitab erkl foo tda wfr bastructikms fmb
tda dulfm sueearimjs, fmb im tdft wfy cofilab tk dfva
ekumb tda ekrluof fs tk dkw tda Aurkpafm Civioizftikmwara tk `a pusdab ekrwfrb. Rda dibbam dfmb ke tda
Lfrnat, cfrriab km `y dafvy lfcdimary fmb jum`kft
bipoklfcy, `acfla tda maw Crabk.
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Rda Amoijdtamlamt fmb tda Fmciamts
Rda 64tdCamtury Rda Amoijdtamlamt wdksa imsijdts`uiot km tda sciamtieic bisckvarias ke tda pravikus camtury,
wfs strkmjoy ekcusab km brfwimj oasskms erkl tda
fmciamt Jrack-Pklfm civioizftikm, imcoubimj tda
kvarwdaolimj maab tk skrt kut tda cfusas ekr tda bacoima
ke tdis civioizftikm fmb its rapofcalamt `y `fr`frisl fmb
eaubfoisl. Xfyimj fttamtikm tk tdasa cdiooimj efcts,
Lkmtasquiau pkimtab tk tda efct tdft civic virtua
bisfppafrab erkl tda Pklfms wdam prkparty
ckmcamtrftikms fmb fcculuoftikm ke ricdas foiamftab tda
ckllkm skio cuotivftimj citizam erkl tda `fsic lafms ke
oiea. Im tdft wfy da kr sda okst fmy nimb ke pkoiticfo
imeouamca> f batarikrftikm tdft Ri`arius fmb Jfius
Jrfccdus bib darkic fttalpts tk ravarsa witd tdair raekrlaeekrts tkwfrbs yafr 688 @. C. Erkl tda tila ke fmciamt
Jraaca tdara wara Fristktoas wkrns tk juiba tda
ckllkm lfm fs waoo fs tda scdkofrs, fmb im tdis ckmtaxt
kma bkas waoo tk lamtikm dis vadalamt amckurfjalamts
im tda kpamimj stfjas keXkoitics, wdara da wfrms citizams
ke tda Jraanpkoaisfjfimst oksimj ekcus km tda cuotivftikm
ke tda skio fmb ckmsarvimj its eartioity, im efvkr ke trfbimj
`usimassas. Suraoy, tdara wfs mkt tfon ke fm aitdar/kr ekr
maitdar Fristktoa mkr tda Jrfccdis, `ut tday alpdfsizab
tdft tda dkusadkob kriamtab su`sistamca fjricuotura wkuob
dfva tk al`kby tda `fsis ke cuoturfo oiea fmb ke tda
ackmkly. Rda axfjjarftab ekcus km trfba fmb
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ckokmizftikm dfb rapaftaboy brfwm Jraans fs waoo fs
Pklfms imtk axdfustimj wfrs witd Xarsifms fmb
Cfrtdfjimifms raspactivaoy. Distkricfooy ckmscikus
pdiokskpdas mkticab tdft maitdar Fristktoas mkr tda
Jrfccdis wfrmimjs wara daabab, witd eftfo ckmsaquamcas
ekr tda twk cuoturas fmb f brflftic batarikrftikm ke tda
kmca ricd skios frkumb tda Labitarrfmafm. Rda pkpuofr
distkricfo varsikm im tdis raspact tda foo tkk slkktd fmb
afsy wfy ke fppradambimj distkry cofils Fristktoassuppkrt ke tda ilparifoist fbvamturas ke Foaxfmbar tda
Jraft fetar tda bacoima ke Ftdams fmb tda risa ke
Lfcabkmif, gust `acfusa tda ekrlar wfs tda tutkr ke tda
ofttar. Rdis flkumts im fm axflpoab wfy tk wdft
Miatzscdaim dis lkra spiritab lklamtsof`aoab f`usa
ke distkry.6f
Fs bkculamtab `y F. A. Rfyokr, im dis
cofssic Fristktoa-stuby, tda tutkr dilsaoe ckuob dfrboyckllumicfta witd dis ekrlar pupio fetar tda Jraft
Ilparifoist oaet dis scdkko fmb al`frnab km dis aeekrt tk
ckmquar Fsif.6`
Rda amoijdtamabSpirit
Zdam spafnimj ke tda `aoiae im Xrkjrass burimj tda
Amoijdtamlamt Arf it wkuob `a quita prkpar witd fm
aof`krftikm ke wdft tdis kptilisl rastab km. Rda saoe
avibamt fspact is, ke ckursa, tda alfmcipftikm erkl
raoijikus bkjlfs wdicd dfb daob Aurkpas pakpoas im f
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psycdkokjicfo, cuoturfo fmb ackmklicfo irkm jrip
tdrkujdkut camturias, wdara tda Paekrlftikm
`rafntdrkujd ekr tda vfst lfgkrity ke pakpoa bibmt lafm
lkra tdfm tdft tk tkio fmb of`kr ft oafst wfs mkt f
cklpoata wfsta ke amarjy im efvkr ke fm iboa coarjy. Rda
mktikm tdft tdara jkas f lkra kr oass strfijdt oima erkl tda
prktastfmt wkrn atdic tk cfpitfoisl, fs Lfx Za`ar
ckmtambab, dfs kmoy oab tk mularkus fcfbalic `oimb
fooays fmb basart wfonf`kuts. Rda ckrruptikm ke LabiavfoCftdkoicisl dfb jkma sk efr tdft tda coarjy fmb ktdar
umprkbuctiva skcifo strftf dfb baprivab pakpoa ke tda
eruits ke tdair of`kr, tk tda axtamt tdft pkvarty wfs f`kut
tk `a astf`oisdab fs f spiritufo ibafo. Rdara cfm mavar `a
fmy cuotura wdicd cfm tdriva km sucd mkmsamsa, `acfusa it
bamias tda lkst aoalamtfo mfturfo ofws. Dkwavar, tda
ruoimj aoitas ke imcrafsimjoy camtrfoizab stftas im 65 tdcamtury Aurkpa wara dfrboy imtarastab im f jamarfo
oi`artfrifm lkvalamt flkmj tda lfssas, fmb tda axtamt
tk wdicd raoijikus craab wfs stioo tk `a alpokyab fs f
ckmtrkooimj tacdmiqua is cruaooy axprassab tdrkujd tda
balkmkokjy ke tdft spacieic arf. Its tarrkr bib mkt kmoy
strina ckmeusab fmb liseit imbivibufos wdk cofilab tk `a
fooiab witd avio pkwars, `ut avam pakpoa wdk of`krab
witd tilaoass fmb skcifooy fbvfmtfjakus crfets sucd fs
`ktfmy fmb dar`fokjy. Fs f skcifo critic tfrjatimj
cfpitfoisl it is, ke ckursa, rftdar talptimj tk brfw tda
oima `atwaam tdasa fspacts ke tda Paekrlftikm fmb tk tda
irrftikmfo fspacts ke tdis systals ibakokjuas, `ut tda
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pkimt is tkk cdafp fmb I wioo praear tk sticn tk
eumbflamtfo okjicfo ckmtaxts. Im fmy fttalpt tk prasarva
tda spirit ke tda Amoijdtamlamt it is ke tda jraftast imtarast
tk naap cdafp raoijikus pkimts cklpoataoy kut ke tda
fctufo tdalftic. Zdft cfm `a stftab coafroy ft tdis pkimt is
tdft avam ie pkvarty mavar cfm `a f vif`oa ibafo, tda efct
ralfims tdft pakpoa fra spiritufo `aimjs witd balfmbimj
maabs ke tda skuo wdicd cfm mavar `a sftiseiab tdrkujd
tda lkmatfry fcculuoftikm spirfo fmb tda k`sassikm witdsyl`koic vfouas wdicd dfva bklimftab tda wkrob avar
simca tda Camtury ke Amoijdtamlamt pfssab imtk distkry.
Damca, im tda distkricfo sajlamt `atwaam tda rastkrftikm
ke tda vfoua ke of`kr im tda 65td
camtury fmb tda
dajalkmy ke cfpitfo im tda 69td
camtury, tdara oias
ilpkrtfmt cuoturfo tamsikms im tda lkbarmity pdfsas ke
Aurkpafm civioizftikm> tamsikms wdksa kutcklas im mkwfy wara jivam ft tda tila wdam Lkmtasquiau
fccklpoisdab dis cofssicfo wkrn, Rda Spirit ke tda Ofws,
im 6:24.
Im okknimj upkm tda Amoijdtamlamt erkl f distkricfo
parspactiva it is lucd tkk afsy tk ijmkra tda immkvftikms
lfba `y fjrfrifm pakpoas im tdair frts fmb crfets, avam iefmykma cfm umbarstfmb tdft f parsistamt fmb sustfimf`oa
imcrafsa ke prkbuctivity flkmj tdasa skcifo jrkups is tda
vary prackmbitikm ekr vitfo citias, ur`fm ackmklic
fctivitias im jamarfo, fmb cuoturfo lfmieastftikms ke f
vif`oa civioizftikm. Fs flkmj tda fmciamt Jraans fmb
Pklfms, fmb foo ktdar civioizftikms, pakpoa dfva `aam
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fwfra tdft skios lfy `a axdfustab fmb oksa tdair eartioity.
Dkwavar, tda cfusas fmb aeeacts raoftimj tk tdis cklpoax
pdamklamkm wara ekr tda eirst tila lkra euooy
umbarstkkb im tda 64td
camtury. Lkra spacieicfooy> wdft
ckuob `a bkma tk pravamt tda skio erkl `aimj axdfustab ke
tda cklpoax pkoo ke mutriamts wdicd tda cuoturab pofmts
maab; Flkmj lkbarm distkrifms tdara pravfios f
wibasprafb fmb ofrjaoy ibakokjicfo lisraprasamtftikm
wdicd taoos us tdft tda fjricuoturfo ravkoutikm im tda 64
td
camtury prilfrioy ckmsistab im lacdfmizftikm, km f pfr
witd tda ckmvamtikmfo cfpitfoist okjic wdicd rasts km tda
mktikm tdft dulfms im skla wfy kr ktdar dfva tk wrast
tda raskurcas tday maab erkl f lkra kr oass stimjy
mftura. Rda efct is tdft it wfs f lkra kr oass ackokjicfo
umbarstfmbimj ke fjricuotura wdicd ckmtri`utab tk tda
f`kva lamtikmab imcrafsas im prkbuctivity. Fm ackmklicdistkrifm, F. @irmia, is flkmj tdksa wdk dfva pkimtab tk
tdis prk`oalftic7
Simca tda afroiast tilas, tda prkjrass ke fjricuotura dfs
`aam dflparab `y fm ilpkrtfmt pdysicfo efct tda
tambamcy ke tda skio tk oksa its eartioity umbar ckmtimukus
cuotivftikm. Ie crkps fra jrkwm witdkut imtarlissikm km fpiaca ke jrkumb, tda aoalamts ke pofmt mutritikm im tda skio
`ackla jrfbufooy usab up, fmb ie tda prkcass is ckmtimuab
okmj amkujd, tda ofmb is stricnam witd `frrammass.6c
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Rda Fjricuoturfo Pavkoutikm varsus tda
Amcoksura lkvalamtEkrlaroy, tda fmswar tk tdis prk`oal dfb `aam efookwimj,
im fbbitikm tk coafrfmcas ke maw fjricuoturfo ofmb. @ktd ke
tdasa raspkmsas dfva majftiva ckmsaquamcas,
ackmklicfooy fs waoo fs ackokjicfooy. Im bistricts wdara
tda fvfiof`ioity ke jrfssofmb fmb ekbbar dfs `aam
f`umbfmt, fbaqufta flkumts ke fmilfo lfmuras dfvaofrjaoy `aam f`oa tk kutwaijd tda kuttfna ke mutriamts
erkl tda skio, fs okmj fs tda fmilfo ekbbar dfb f ricd
amkujd cklpoaxity. Rda vary `ast jufrfmtaa, dkwavar,
wfs bavaokpab `y k`sarvfmt skio cuotivftkrs, im
ckl`imftikm witd tda Amoijdtamlamt pdiokskpds, fmb it
ckmsistab `fsicfooy im tryimj tk ckpy tdasuccassikmjkimj
km im acksystals witdkut fmy dulfm imtarearamca.Fcckrbimjoy, tda issua wfs f`kut crkp rktftikm,
cuotivftikm ke dulus `uiobimj jraam lfmura crkps, fmb
mitrkjam eixftimj pofmts (oajulas) sucd fs cokvar, fmb f
`fofmca `atwaam fmilfo dus`fmbry fmb cuotivftikm ke
pofmts sucd fs wdaft. Foo ke tdis wfs juibab `y fm
fcnmkwoabjalamt ke tda ilpkrtfmca ke tda skio ekr
dulfm waoo `aimj im jamarfo, fmb it wfs sklatdimj tdft
mk lfcdima im aitdar tdis kr fmy efmtfsy wkrob ckuob
pkssi`oy rapofca. Forafby im fmciamt tilas tda efvkrf`oa
aeeacts ke oajulas km tda eartioity ke tda skio fmb km pofmt
jrkwtd wara vary waoo nmkwm, `ut tdara is strkmj rafskms
tk `aoiava tdft tda bacoima ke tdair civioizftikms fpfrt
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erkl tda forafby lamtikmab bistrfctikms ke ckllarca fmb
ckmquasts wdicd Fristktoa wfrmab f`kut, fmb wdicd kma
ke tda lkra raspkmsi`oa pupios ke dis, Rdakpdrfstus,
picnab up km fetar tda tutkrs baftd cfm `a ofrjaoy
fttri`utab tk f ckllarcifo jraab im ckmmactikm witd f
maw fmb lkmstrkus ekcus km ofrja scfoa pofmtftikms (tda
rklfm oftieumbif), fmb f pfrfooao dafvy dfmbab tfxftikm
ke tda efrlars, wdicd bflfjab tda ekcus km tda oajula
crkps wdicd maab tk `a cuotivftab ekr tda sfna ke tdaskios im tdalsaovas, fmb witdkut oambimj fm aya tk
sdkrtsijdtab ackmklicfo jfims.6b
Zdatdar kma lfy `a
imtarastab im fjrkmkly kr mkt, tdis fcquirab nmkwoabja
raprasamts Amoijdtamlamt ft its `ast, fmb avam tda lkst
skpdisticftab citizam im tdaavam `y tda stfmbfrbs ke tda
64td
camtury dijdoy ur`fmizab Xfris kr Okmbkm ckuob
tdfmn tdasa maw imsijdts, `fsab km tda rabisckvary ke tdaimsijdts ke Fmciamt Jraaca, ekr tdair jkkb kppkrtumity tk
spamb tdair bfys axfctoy im tdasa citias witd tdair sk-
cfooab dijd cuoturfo fctivitias. Im tdis ckmmactikm, it is
foo tkk talptimj tk fbb tdft flkmj tda fmciamt Jraans
ur`fm oiea wfs prilfrioy kriamtab tkwfrbs biract pkoiticfo
pfrticipftikm, wdamca tda fttambfmts im its balkcrftic
fssal`oias wara efrlars wdk oivab tdair bfioy oivas im tda
ckumtrysiba fmb dfb tk trfvao ekr sdkrtar kr okmjar
bistfmcas km f rajuofr `fsis tk ckmbuct tdair pkoiticfo
raspkmsi`ioitias witd kr witdkut cklpamsftikm ekr tda
okss ke of`kr tila imvkovab. Zdft `acfla ke tda Pklfm
rapu`oic, wdicd imdaritab tdis oajfcy, is foo tkk waoo
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nmkwm im foo its trfjic lajfoklfmif avkovimj fetar tda
fssfssimftikm ke tda Jrfccdis fmb tda f`krtikm ke tdair
ofmb raekrl aeekrts.6a
Rda ckokmizftikm `y tda Aurkpafm stftas fmb tdair
poumbarimj ke skciatias fmb cuoturfo ricdas foo kvar tda
wkrob, erkl tda Spfmisd ckmquistfbkraskm, dfbflkmj
lucd aosa`rkujdt f`kut tda sfla k`sassikm witd siovar
fmb jkob wdicd dfb fosk `aoafjuarab tda Pklfms im tdair
bacoimimj pdfsas. Rdrkujd tda 6:td camtury camtrfoizftikm
ke stfta pkwarbrflfticfooy ofumcdab im tda wfna ke tda
Paekrlftikm lfmieastab itsaoe im f larcfmtioist
ackmklic strftajy wdara axfctoy tda ekcus km tdasa
latfos wfs dijd km tda fjambf. Damca, tda raoijikusoy
imbucab Rdirty Yafrs Zfr skkm bavaokpab imtk f pura
ackmklic striea `atwaam tda `ij Aurkpafm pkwars,wfjimj tdair dafvioy lioitfrizab stftas fjfimst afcd ktdar.
Im tda sdfbas ke tdis striea tda jrkwimj Alpira km tda
@ritisd Isoas ckuob `uiob up its eoaat ekrcas wdicd im tila
wara tk rafcd wkrob dajalkmy. @ut avam `aekra tdft tda
@ritisd pkwars tdft `a fmb its privioajab cofssas dfb tk
su`bua fmb biscipoima fm umruoy pafsfmtry, wdicd im Rda
Amjoisd Pavkoutikm im tda 6528s0 ekujdt f basparftaeijdt fjfimst tda imdulfma fmb skcifooy bisruptiva
amcoksuralkvalamt, wdicd dfb `aam im tda keeimj simca
tda 65td
camtury. It wfs gust f`kut fs oittoa pdiofmtdrkpy im
tda afroy @ritisd wkko imbustry fs im Stfoims eiva yafrs
pofms im tda 6938s, fmb tda bflfjas ekr tda fjricuoturfo
pkpuoftikm, fmb ekr tda ekkb sacurity ke tda raspactiva
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pkpuoftikms im tdasa ckumtrias raspactivaoy, wara
fcckrbimjoy fppfooimj. Rkjatdar tdasa distkricfo axflpoas
stfmb kut fs `afckms eofsdimj wfrmimj sijmfos fs tk dkw
cuoturfo bacoima fmb skcifo bisimtajrftikm rajuofroy
ekookws tda futdkritfrifm fmb camtrfoizimj tambamcias ke
stfta `urafucrfcias, wdam tdasa fra fookwab tk `ackla
dajalkmikus.
Rda cofsd kvar tda kinksfmb ofissaz efira
Zitd tda eijdt ekr wkrob dajalkmy wdicd bavaokpab
`atwaam tda Aurkpafm stftas erkl tda 6:td
camtury km,
fmb wdicd dfb f eirst cuolimftikm im tda Aurkpafm Savam
Yafrs Zfr (6:15-53), tdara macassfrioy amsuab f
tralambkusoy fccaoarftimj tfxftikm prassura km tda
raspactiva ckumtrias efrlimj pkpuoftikms tfx lkmay
tdft wfs suppksab tk eimfmca tda `uiob-up ke tda eoaats fs
waoo fs larcamfry frlias fmb f`umbfmt ckurt
fblimistrftikms, foo im tda mfla ke Jkb. Kma wkuob bk
waoo tk viaw tda wkrn ke tda Amoijdtamlamt pdiokskpds
`rkfboy fs f ckooactiva, dulfmistic rafctikm fjfimst tdawkrob viaw fmb tda imtarpratftikm ke civioizftikm wdicd
lfrnab tda Aurkpafm ckurts, fmb tda erivkoity tday
al`kbiab `ktd fs rajfrbs tdair wiooimjmass tk sfcrieica
tdair kwm pkpuoftikms, tda lal`ars ke ekraijm cuoturas,
fmb tda Afrtds raskurcas erkl skios tk latfos. Erkl tda
snapticisl axprassab `y @fyoa im dis Bictikmmfira
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distkriqua at critiqua (6591-9:), tdrkujd Lkmtasquiaus
sftiricfo wkrns erkl tda `ajimmimj ke tda 64td
camtury,
umtio Vuasmfys Rf`oafu Ackmkliqua (6:14)3 tda ofst
kma pu`oisdab wdioa tda Savam Yafrs Zfr wfs rfjimjit
wfs coafroy balkmstrftab tdft tda camtra ke dulfmisl
wfs Erfmca, baspita its f`skoutist fmciam rjila. Fs
Xatar Slitd suls up im dis rasafrcd wkrn km tda distkry
ke Okmbkm im tda 64td
camtury, tda bklimfmt ilparifoist
pkwar ft tda tilabrfwimj its stramjtd `fsicfooy km tdadafvy mfvy sdips rftdar tdfm km fmy suparikr ackmklic
imjamuitytda cfpitfo wfs pofjuab `y dkrrambkus scamas
ft tda coksimj stfjas ke tda wfr. Baspita tda @ritisd
victkry, kr kma lfy witd aqufo samsa sfy, tdfmns tk tda
@ritisd victkry (fmb ie sucd it wfs, it wfs f victkry kvar
Pafskm itsaoe), tda eruits ke tda aeekrt imcoubab tda
ekookwimj bislfo scamas7
Rda ktdar siba ke tda pictura is bfrn. Sfumbars Zaocd
tda lfjistrfta tkob Gkdmskm tkob tdft lkra tdfm twamty
pakpoa im Okmbkm biab waanoy ke stfrvftikm mkt
biractoy, `ut imbiractoy. Oijdt is tdrkwm km tda k`scura
trfjabias ke Okmbkm `y f cfsa im 6:53 wdicd sdkcnab f
ckllumity wdicd (gustieif`oy) rajfrbab itsaoe fs dulfma.F prkspactiva purcdfsar wfs `aimj sdkwm kvar fm alpty
dkusa im Stkmacuttar Straat wdam im twk ke tda rkkls
tdraa bafb wklam wara ekumb, tarri`oy alfciftab, fmb
folkst cklpoataoy mfnab> im tda jfrrat wara twk wklam
fmb f jiro ke f`kut sixtaam, twk ke wdkl saalab tk `a km
tda varja ke stfrvftikm, tda ktdar (mflab Xfttamt) im
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`attar cfsa ^\ It is sijmieicfmt tdft foo tda victilssdkuob
dfva `aam wklam> tdara cfm `a oittoa bku`t tdft tda
dfrbsdips ke tda fja `kra witd aspacifo waijdt upkm
tdal. Skcifo ckmbitikms tambab tk prkbuca dijd
prkpkrtikm ke wibkws, basartab wivas fmb umlfrriab
lktdars, wdioa wklams kccupftikms wara kvar-stkcnab,
ioo-pfib fmb irrajuofr.2
Rda fbkrftikm tdft lfmy pakpoa dfb eaot ekr Jraft
@ritfims cuotura fmb ruoimj systal, fs tday dfb `aam
prasamtab tdrkujd Gkdm Okcnas Rwk Rraftisas km
Jkvarmlamt (6598), fmb wdicd da dfb ekookwab up witd
Rda Pafskmf`oamass ke Cdristifmity (6591) avfpkrftab
wdam tda Alpira (Rda Lkbarm Nfrtdfjk) ravafoab its
trua cdfrfctar im tda yafrs `atwaam 6:15 fmb 6:53. Rdam
it `acfla coafr ekr amoijdtamab pakpoa tdft tda ricdas keJraft @ritfim wara `fsab km rk``ary, fmb tdft tda isofmb,
rftdar tdfm raprasamtimj f skoiboy fmcdkrab civioizftikm,
wfs uttaroy vuomarf`oa fmb cklpoataoy bapambamt km
cdafp rfw lftarifos eurmisdab `y sofva wkrnars
wdatdar bklastic kr ekraijm. K`vikusoy, tda wkrns ke tda
Eramcd Amoijdtamlamt pdiokskpdars bib f jraft bafo tk
wafnam tda wfr amtdusifsls ke tda Eramcd pakpoa burimjtdis bacisiva Aurkpafm eaub, sk tdft avamtufooy Jraft
@ritfim wkuob ckla kut fs tda victkrikus pfrt, witd f wfr
`frjfim tdft ilprassab Fbfl Slitd tk tda axtamt tdft da
cofilab im dis eflkus Zafotd ke Mftikms (6::5) tk dfva
kutbkma tda ackmklic imsijdts ke tda pdysikcrfts fmb
ekumb tda racaipt ekr wafotd. Rdis wfs fctufooy ft f
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tila wdam tda Alpira ekumb itsaoe im f erasd basparfta
strujjoa tk lfimtfim its dajalkmy Rda Flaricfm Zfr
ke Imbapambamca. Rdft sfla yafr, Rdklfs Xfimas
Ckllkm Samsawfs pu`oisdab, f wkrn tdft folkst fokma
wkm tda Zfr ke Imbapambamca ekr tda ekrlar ckokmiasie
kma fookws ekr tda simjuofr daijdtamab lkrfoait imbucab
witdim tda ckokmias trkkps fmb writtam `y f lfm wdk
dfb oaet tda Lkbarm Nfrtdfjk `adimb im prktast fjfimst
its traftlamt ke its kwm dfrb tkioimj efrlars fmbwkrnars.
1fZitdim tda imcrafsimjoy kvarsilpoieyimj
fcfbalic distkry writimj Xfimas stfmca dfs `aam
ckmvamiamtoy succul`ab umbar Rdklfs Gaeearskms
pkoiticfo fjambf burimj tda Flaricfm Zfr ke
Imbapambamca fmb tda pfrfooao ravkoutikmfry
bavaokplamts witdim tda skcik-ackmklic structura, fs
waoo fs tda aof`krftikm ke mkvao pkoiticfo imstitutikmseittimj tda ekumbimj ke tda maw rapu`oic ijmkrimj tda
efct tdft tda twk ke tdal wara jfofxias fpfrt wdam it
cfla tk tda imstitutikm ke sofvary fmb its ilpoicftikms ekr
skciaty ft ofrja, imcoubimj tda prkspacts ekr tda rapu`oic
tk tdriva fmb surviva. Zdioa Gaeearskm, fs f sofva kwmar
km dis kwm pofmtftikm, ekumb dilsaoe umf`oa tk `rafn tda
tias su`stfmtifooy ckmmactimj dis ckokmy tk tda @ritisd
alpira fookwimj kmoy ekr f supareicifo pkoiticfo
imbapambamca erkl tda ofttar Xfima sfw tda maab ekr f
lkra tdkrkujd `rafn witd tda pfst im tdis fctufo
ravkoutikmfry distkricfo ckmtaxt. Rdus, im dis writimjs kma
eimb f jamarfo fvarsikm fjfimst amoistimj distkry fmb
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trfbitikm fs juibimj oimas fs rajfrbs dulfm kriamtftikm
tkwfrbs tda eutura wdicd, dkwavar, cartfimoy bkas mkt
flkumt tk f racaipt ekr majoactimj tda maab ekr distkric
ckmscikusmass, witdkut wdicd Xfima dfrboy ckuob dfva
writtam fmy ke dis ofta 64td
camtury wkrns. Fs Aoisdf X.
Bkujofss, im ckllamtimj km Gaeearskms ckmbuct burimj
tda Flaricfm Pavkoutikm, mkticab7
Da euooy sdfrab tda Zdij ckmvictikm tdft tda purpksa ke
kppksimj @ritisd ilparifo oajisoftikm wfs tk rascua
trfbitikmfo @ritisd rijdtserkl tda fttfcns umbartfnam `y
fm klmipktamt fmb tdaraekra ravkoutikmfry pfroiflamt.
Fmb eurtdar7
kmoy oftar, fetar ckmtfcts witd ckmtalpkrfry Eramcd
tdimnars, bib dis dkrizkms wibam tk imcouba lkrackslkpkoitfm skurcas ke imspirftikm.
1`
Rda prk`oal cklpoaxas imvkovab im tda f`kva fmfoysis
fra ke ofstimj raoavfmca tk tda quastikm ke tk wdft axtamt
distkry fmb its oasskms km f jamarfo `fsis lfy `a ke
fvfio fs tkkos ekr kriamtftikm im su`saquamt arfs fmb its
skcifooy ckmsciamtikus raprasamtftivas ft fmy jivamlklamt. Zdioa tda Gaeearskmifm stfmca imvkovas f
tambamcy tkwfrb samtilamtfo trfbitikmfoisl, ketam pofyimj
biractoy imtk tda mftikmfoist parios umbarpimmimj f
bfmjarkusoy lykpic fmb fmti-imtarmftikmfoist kriamtftikm,
ekr Xfimafs f ckslkpkoita fmb fm amoijdtamab fbdaramt
tk dulfm umivarsfoisl im tda `ast 64td
camtury efsdikm
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distkry ckuob kmoy imekrl f`kut pravikus listfnas fmb
efiouras tk `a fvkibab, brfwimj imspirftikm erkl tda
wkrns ke Lkmtasquiau fmb tda Amcycokpfabists im dis
imtaooactufo tkur ba ekrca `fcn fmb ekrtd fcrkss tda
Ftofmtic im tda Fja ke Balkcrftic Pavkoutikms.
Rda camtrfo Amoijdtamlamt pksitikm ke Erfmca
Fs rajfrbs tda camtrfo pksitikm ke Erfmca burimj tda Fja
ke tda Amoijdtamlamt, witd Xfris fs tda cfpitfo ke tda
umivarsfoist Papu`oic ke Oattars axtambimj erkl
Erfmnoims eraabkl strivimj ckokmias km tda Mkrtd
Flaricfm ckmtimamt im tda wast, tk tda Pussifm
imtaooactufos fmb ravkoutikmfrias (imcoubimj Xujfcdav)
burimj Cftdarima tda Jrafts raijm im tda afst, distkrifm
Gkdm D. Lumbys fmfoysis ke tda okmj tarl bavaokplamts
is wkrtd raeoactimj upkm7
Rda sijmieicfmca ke lfms aeekrt wfs forafby fppframt.
Rda rajikm erkl tda Pdima tk tda Okira, camtarimj im
Eofmbars, dfb `ackla tda lkst ur`fmizab sactikm ke
Mkrtdarm Aurkpa, prasamtimj tda eirst axflpoa im wkrob
distkry ke fm imofmb ur`fmisl mkt `fsab km irrijftab rivar
vfooays. Fs wa dfva forafby saam, pfrt ke tdis rajikm wfs
fosk tda camtra ke tda lkst wibaoy sprafb mftikmfo cuotura
ke tdis fja, tdft ke tda Eramcd.1c
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Im tdis fja, `aekra tda astf`oisdlamt ke tda lkbarm
`urafucrfticfooy jkvarmab mftikm stfta, f mftikm lafmt
silpoy ckllkm cuoturfo trfits witdim f coafroy baeimab
jakjrfpdicfo amtity irraspactiva ke ekrls ke pkoiticfo
krjfmizftikm. Rdis wfs ilpoiab im Darbars distkricfo
ckmcaptufoizftikm ke mftikms fmb tdair umiquamass, fs waoo
fs dis fmti-stftist fttituba, fmb tda oi`arfo spirit ke tda
Eramcd Amcycokpfabists lfba ekr f umivarsfoisl afsioy
fbkptf`oa frkumb tda Jok`a> tdft is umtio tdaPavkoutikmfry fmb Mfpkoakmic Zfrs.
Rk iooustrfta tda amoijdtamab Aurkpas bisioousikmlamt
witd tda lkbarm Nfrtdfjk it is ke tda jraftast imtarast tk
pfy fttamtikm tk tda bavaokplamt ke Vuasmfys
ackmklicfo parspactivas burimj tda ckursa ke tda Savam
Yafrs Zfr. Im dis eirst frticoa ekr tda Amcycokpfabif erkl6:15Efrlars da spkna efvkrf`oy ke ekookwimj tda
bavaokplamt ke Amjoisd fjricuoturatkwfrbs cfpitfoistic
efrlimj. @ut fetar tda wfr `rkna kut it saals tk dfva
`ackla coafr tk dil tdft sucd nimbs ke fjricuoturfo
prfcticas dfb baprivab tda Amjoisd efrlars, su`vartab tda
raprkbuctikm ke tda Afrtds ricdas fmb lfba tda Alpira
dijdoy vuomarf`oa fs efr fs ekkb sacurity wfs ckmcarmabdamca its maab tk fcdiava jraftar ckmtrko kvar tarritkrias
im tda ckokmias fmb jufrfmtaaimj baoivarfmcas ke
fjricuoturfo prkbuca erkl tdal. Zdft dfb pfssab ekr
trfba im fm Krwaooifm ofmjufja ravafoab itsaoe fs wfr
suppkrtab poumbar. Ekr im dis sackmb frticoa ekr tda
Amcycokpfabif, Ckrm (6:1:) it is ktdar primcipoas wdicd
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sdimas tdrkujdsucd fs tda camtrfo pdysikcrftic ckmcapt
tdft foo ricdas stal erkl tda skio, fmb tda okjicfo
ckmsaquamca ke tdis> cfpitfo fmb curramcy bk mkt dfva fmy
imdaramt vfoua. Im dis lfim wkrn, Rf`oau Ackmkliqua
(6:14) da brfws tda ckmcousikm fs efr fs it wfs pkssi`oa
tk bk fs f limistar ke tda Rrafsury umbar Oubvij TUs
ruoa, fmb oat tda ekookwimj wkrbs ke wisbkl jk imtk primt7
^Zara tda ofws\ tk f`fmbkm tda dkmast pafsfmt tk
ckmtalpt, kpprassikm fmb pkvarty, fmb tdara`y ruim
dus`fmbry> ^\ tk efvkr tda luotipoicftikm ke ofw-suits
fmb luotipoy tda tarri`oa tkoos ke cdicfma, im krbar tk
imcrafsa tda stflp butias> ^\ tk okwar tda prica ke tda
illabifta eruits ke tda Afrtd im krbar tk suppkrt
lfmuefcturas> atc.> foo tdasa tdimjs lijdt `a gustoy
ckmsibarab fs sk lfmy biskrbars im lfmmars, klams keruim, fmb axcrascamcas ke `frram axpamcas.
5
Rwk biflatricfooy kppksab ckmcapts ke
civioizftikm
Im ckmvamtikmfo pksitivist distkry writimj tdara dfs `aam
fm kvarsilpoieiab tambamcy tk pkrtrfy tda pkoiticfo
ackmklists, Slitd, Sfy, Picfrbk, at.fo., fmb tdair
tdakrias fs f ckmtimuftikm ke tda pdysikcrfts viaws
imbaab, avam fs vfstoy prkjrassiva cklpfrab tk tda
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ofttar. Rdft tdis rasts km fm axcaptikmfo lystieicftikm
sdkuob fppafr coafroy erkl tda f`kva lamtikmab efcts. Im
rafoity tda twk stfmbs fra lioas fpfrt f wkrob turmab
upsiba bkwm fmb tda ckmsaquamcas wara tk `ackla
coafr tk fmykma wdk axpariamcab tda ckoofpsa ke
civioizftikm im 6962. Zdft dfs umquastikmf`oy
ckmtri`utab tk tda ckmeusikm is tdft tda pdysikcrfts fs
waoo fs tda pkoiticfo ackmklists fra tfonimj f`kut eraa
trfba. Rda pkimt is, dkwavar, tdft tda ofttar, im tdairk`sassikm witd siovar fmb jkob fmb ktdar syl`koic vfouas
saan tk trfmscamb tda fjrfrifm `fsis ke kur civioizftikm,
witd tda macassfry aeeact tdft tdair eraa trfba `acklas
bapambamt upkm wfrefra, spacuoftikm fmb witdbrfwfo ke
vitfo efcts erkl tda viaw ke tda pu`oic foo ke wdicd wfs
waocklab `y Fbfl Slitd im dis firy tdakrias prasamtab
im wdft wfs tk `ackla tda `i`oa ke Cfpitfoisl.: Diswkrn is f lix-up ke efcts fcculuoftab tdrkujd tda
Amoijdtamlamt, imtarsparsab witd coafroy bystkpifm
praearamcas fmb flkrfo ilpoicftikms. Flkmj ktdar tdimjs
da lfnas f `ij pkimt kut ke tda efvkrf`oamass fmb
pkssi`ioitias ke sacracy fmb spacuoftikm fs efr fs
ackmklic fctivitias fra ckmcarmab4, fmb is mkt im tda oafst
fsdflab tk pkimt kut tda efvkrf`oa ackmklic aeeacts ke
tda Savam Yafrs Zfr ekr Amjofmbs pfrt.9Mktdimj ckuob
`a lkra kee tda pkimt ekr tda Amoijdtamlamt pdiokskpdas
fmb pdysikcrfts. Rdft it is imckllamsurf`oa witd tda
lkst aoalamtfo balkcrftic primcipoas jkas witdkut
sfyimj. Rda amboass aof`krftikms ke tda vfryimj vfoua ke
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jkob tdrkujdkut Aurkpafm distkry wdicd lfrs Zafotd ke
Mftikms, sfys it foo f`kut tda ekcus ke Lr. Slitd.
Vuasmfy, ekr dis pfrt, wfs amjfjab im prkcurimj
ekkbstuees ke tda dijdast pkssi`oa qufoity tk tda pakpoa ke
Erfmca, wdioa lfimtfimimj tda eartioity ke tda skio fmb tk
crafta f skoib eumbflamt ekr tda ur`fm pkpuoftikms
ackmklic fctivitias. Dis wkrn wfs f`kut ilpoalamtimj
raekrls> Slitds wfs ekjjy spaacd.
Fs tda raeoactab rafbar dfs umbarstkkb `y mkw tdis assfy
is maitdar f pflpdoat fjfimst trfba mkr imbustry. It is,
dkwavar, fm fttalpt tk sdkw dkw tda Aurkpafm
Civioizftikm ckuob jk sk efr kee tda rfios sk fs tk prkbuca
jamkciba, wkrob wfrs fmb ackokjicfo ckoofpsa. Daraim
tdara is, ke ckursa, maitdar fmy jokrieicftikm ke tyrfmmicfo
ruoa tdakcrftic kr sacuofr wdicd dfs dfb tdakppkrtumity tk jrkw im oiau ke tda fmti-dulfmistic fmb
fmti-ackokjicfo eoipsiba ke tda civioizftikm ckim. Im tda
sfla vaim fs tda Pklfm Alpira jkt its `fr`frifm
amalias wdam it wfvab jkkb`ya tk tda imascfpf`oa `fsis
ke fmy civioizftikm, tda lkbarm Aurkpafm Civioizftikm
dfs jkt its kwm amaliaswitdim kr witdkut.
Zkrob distkry dfs prkbucab savarfo Civioizftikms. Zdft
tday foo dfva im ckllkm is tdair f`ioity tk ckmsarva tda
eartioity ke tdair skiosim f okmj rfmjalfmmar. Erkl tda
tila ke tda krijim ke fjricuotura im Cftfo Duyn skl 4-
68888 yafrs fjk tda sfla primcipoas ke skio ckmsarvftikm
pravfioab im tda sk-cfooab rivar Civioizftikms fokmj tda
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Imbus, tda Aupdrftas, Rijris fmb tda Mioa, tda Jraan-
Pklfm, tda tarrfca fjricuotura ke tda Imcfs, fmb im tda
lkbarm Aurkpafm Civioizftikm fmb its umbarstfmbimj ke
tda prackmbitikms ekr `uiobimj up tda eartioity ke tda skio
rftdar tdfm `rafn it bkwm. Foo ke tdasa Civioizftikms dfva
prkbucab citias fccklpfmiab `y writtam ofmjufja,
crfets, imbustry fmb trfba. Rda distkricfooy ckmscikus
pdiokskpdaske tda Amoijdtamlamt jfva tda ilpatus tk tda
`fsic dulfm ckmscikusmass ke wdft ckmstitutas tdaimascfpf`oa eumbflamt ke Civioizftikm. Dkwavar, wdam
tda lkrfo pdiokskpdar fmb tda eftdar ke pkoiticfo
ackmkly, Fbfl Slitd, triab tk pfrfba fs f distkrifm, da
bib tda nfrtdfjimifm wkrn ke frt tk axpofim tda dijd
cuoturas ke tda afroy Civioizftikms `y tdair f`ioity tk sfio
fmb mfvijfta km tda rivars.68
Da bkas mkt lamtikm
fjricuotura, fmb tda Imcfs wfs mkt ke fmy lfgkr imtarast tkSlitd, k`vikusoy. Ie kma wfs tk ekookw tda okjic ke
Slitd it wkuob dfva tk fppafr fs f nimb ke lystary tdft
mk Civioizftikm avar bavaokpab im tda Fmtfrctic,
`acfusa tdara saal tk `a avary kppkrtumity tk sfio fmb
mfvijfta im its circulvamtimj saf.
Rda ckllarcifoizftikm ke tda skio wdicd dfs rasuotab imckmtalpt ekr tda skio im oftar lkbarm jok`foizab
Civioizftikm, fmb wdicd oab tk bacoima fmb efoo ke kur
Pklfm prabacasskrs, wamt km im savarfo stfjas. Zitd its
rubilamtfry `ajimmimjs fetar tda @ofcn Baftd im tda
libboa ke tda 62td
camtury, tdis batarikrftimj prkcass wfs
imtarsparsab witd tda bisskoutikm ke tda skcifo fmb
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ackmklic structuras ke eaubfoisl. Rda macassfry fmb
umfvkibf`oa kvartdrkw ke eaubfoisl wfs f`kut tk `a
cklpoatab burimj tda Amoijdtamlamt Arf fmb wfs ekr f
wdioa pkimtimj tkwfrbs fm krjfmic lkbarmity, wdam
jakpkoiticfo fmb bymfstic cklpoicftikms erkl tda Savam
Yafrs Zfr km, fmb umtio tda Ckmjrass ke Uiammf im 6461,
imcoubab f pfmic stricnam Imbustrifo Pavkoutikm wdicd
tkra fpfrt tda tias `atwaam tkwm fmb ckumtry, fmb cfla tk
su`bua tda prkbuctiva structuras ke tda ofttar umbar tdamaabs ke tda ekrlar. Zdioa ekr tda pdysikcrfts (fs ekr
Fristktoa) it dfb `aam saoe avibamt tdft tda ackmklic
fctivitias ke tda citias rastab km tda eruits ke tda
fjricuoturfo skios, tda pkoiticfo ackmklists erkl tda
tila ke Fbfl Slitd km wara sk `oimbab `y tda imcrafsas
im fjricuoturfo prkbuctivity fmb tda lfstarimj ke tda
wkrob safs, tdft tday erkl tdair tdakraticfo fmb saoesarvimj stfmcas ijmkrab wdft it tfnas tk naap tdis
prkbuctivity ft tda sfla dijd oavao im tda okmj rum. Fs
sujjastab f`kva tdis wfs lfmieastab im Slitds
umbarstfmbimj ke distkry, wdara da al`frns km tda
utkpifm (im tda majftiva samsa ke tda wkrb) prkgact ke
filimj ft trfmscambimj tda fjricuoturfo `fsis ke
Civioizftikm, im efvkr ke trfba f talptftikm wdicd
Fristktoa dfb strkmjoy wfrmab dis eaookws fjfimst wdam
da sfw tdft tdis vamtura `rkujdt tda Jraan Civioizftikm
tkwfrbs its bkkl. Zdam tda skcifo ckmsaquamcas ke tdis
utkpifm trfmscambimj prkgact `acfla coafr ekr avarykma
im tda ckursa ke tda 69td
camtury, fmb tda lfmy criticfo
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vkicas eimfooy wfs kvarsdfbkwab `y Nfro Lfrxs, tda
wkrob bibmt efra `attar tdfm tdft it wfs sarvab f bku`oa
trfmscambimj aeekrt im tda wfy tdft Lfrx tkkn Slitds
fmb tda pkoiticfo ackmklists tk put it lioboy firy
ckmcapts ke Civioizftikm fs dis pkimt ke bapfrtura. Ie tda
imtarast im tda eartioity ke tda skio dfb `aam uttaroy
bamijrftab `y Slitd, it wfs mkm-axistamt im Lfrx wdk
avam ekumb it im prkpar pofca tk viaw tda lfmieastftikms
ke tda pkoiticfo ackmklists fs prkjrassivafmb rajfrbavarytdimj tdft dfb tk bk witd tda fjrfrifm `fsis ke kur
Civioizftikm fs bar fota Scdaissa. Mk wkmbar tdft
lkbarm pafsfmt lkvalamts cfla tk viaw tda Lfrxists fs
f jkb ekrsfnam `umcd.
Fs it dfb fppafrab flkmj ktdar erkl Lkmtasquiaus Rda
Spirit ke tda Ofws, tda Eramcd pdiokskpdasdfb `aam fpttk racnkm Amjofmb fs f skcifo fmb pkoiticfo juibimj ekrca,
ckmerkmtab fs tday wara witd tdair kwm bacfbamt
f`skoutisl. Rda baspktic ruoa ke tda sum nimj, Okuis
TIU fmb dis starm camtrfoizftikm fmb lioitfrizftikm ke tda
Eramcd stfta, dfb `aam biractoy tdraftamimj tkwfrbs
Civioizftikm. Damca, dis succasskr tk tda tdrkma, fmb Dafb
ke tda Amoijdtamab f`skoutisl, Okuis TU wfs lkra kroass bisfrlab `y tda raprasamtftivas ke tda
Amoijdtamlamt, fmb da dfb tk ckpa witd f rkoa fs f pfpar
nimj. Rda lfssiva ckmeoict `atwaam tda twk oafbimj
pkwars ke Aurkpa gust fs tda wkrob al`frnab km tda
sackmb dfoe ke tda 64td
camtury, ckmtri`utab tk ravafo tda
dkookwmass im tda @ritisd Civioizftikm erflawkrn fmb tda
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ackmklic eumbflamt ke tda ckumtry. Fbfl Slitd, wdk
dfb pu`oisdab dis lkrfo pdiokskpdy burimj tda Savam
Yafrs Zfr, im Rdakry ke Lkrfo Samtilamts (6:19)
wdicd im tda lfim raprasamts f pdiokskpdicfo aeekrt tk
gustiey saoe imtarast fmb ajktisl fs juibimj oimas ekr
dulfm ckmbuctstfyab im Erfmca ekr tda eirst twk yafrs
fetar tda wfr (6:52-55), wdara da skujdt kut Vuasmfy,
fmb tda fetarlftd ke tdair bisputas fppafr coafroy im tda
ofttars Fmfoysis (6:55), wdicd iooustrftas tda Eramcdpdiokskpdas bisioousikmlamt witd tda lkbarm
Nfrtdfjk7
Efimt fmb efosa oijdts dfva joittarab im tda bfrnmass, fmb
tda mfturfo krbar dfs `aam turmab upsiba bkwm `y
imbivibufo imtarasts, wdicd fowfys diba umbar tda cokfn ke
jamarfo waoefra fmb lfna tdair raquasts im its mfla.
66
Avar simca Lkmtasquiau put tda imfoiamf`oa primcipoa ke
civic virtua km tda fjambf ke lkbarmity im 6:24, it cfla
tk put its lfrn km tda wdkoa tdimnimj ke tda
Amoijdtamlamt Arf, wdicd tda f`kva qukta erkl Vuasmfy
witmass. Dkwavar, Fbfl Slitd, km tda ckmtrfry, wamt
dkla tk tda @ritisd Isoas fmb pammab burimj tda ekookwimjtam yafrs wdft wfs tk `ackla tda @i`oa ke Cfpitfoisl.
Stfrtimj witd axfctoy tda sfla saoe imtarast tdft
Lkmtasquiau fs waoo fs Vuasmfy dfb ekumb tk `a
tdraftamimj tkwfrbs fmy nimb ke Civioizftikm ekr tda
fmciamt Pklfms fs waoo fs im tdair kwm tilas tda
dibbam dfmb ke tda lfrnat (lafmimj jkb kr
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prkvibamca ekr Slitd) wfs suppksab tk ckmtri`uta tk
avarykmas waoefra. Sucd mktikms wara mkt imcoubab im
ekr imstfmca Rdklfs Xfimas Ckllkm Samsa wdicd wfs
pu`oisdab siluotfmakusoy witd Zafotd ke Mftikms, burimj
tda eijdt ke tda Flaricfm ckokmias ekr oi`arftikm erkl tda
@ritisd Alpira, wdicd ft tdft tila wfs im basparfta maab
ke pusdimj tdrkujd tda jokry ke trfba sarvimj its saoe
imtarasts. Vuasmfy fs waoo fs Xfima stkkb eirloy fmcdkrab
im f dkusadkob `fsab ackmklic pdiokskpdicfo trfbitikm,wdara fjricuotura wfs tda vary saoe avibamt `fsis ekr
avary nimb ke vfoua prkbuctikm fmb tda umfvkibf`oa `fsis
ke civic virtua. Fs stftab `y Vuasmfy7
Rda larcdfmt trias tk `uy ft tda okwast pkssi`oa prica,
sk fs tk lfna dis jfim fs dijd fs pkssi`oa ft tda axpamsa
ke tda mftikm> dis imbivibufo imtarast fmb tdft ke tda mftikmfra kppksab.
60
Rdus, im tdis batarlimimj pdfsa ke Aurkpafm distkry,
erkl tda Savam Yafrs Zfr umtio tda Pavkoutikmfry fmb
tda Mfpkoakmic Zfrs, tdara umrfvaoab f cofsd ke
Civioizftikms wdara twk kppksab ckmcaptikms ke
Civioizftikm tul`oab fjfimst afcd ktdar. Rda ckmeoict wfsfoo f`kut wdftavar it is tdft ckmstitutas tda ackmklic
`fsis ke skciaty fmb skurca ke waoo `aimj ekr its
imdf`itfmts, fmb, im fbbitikm, wdft ckuob `a cfooab lkrfo
pdiokskpdicfo primcipoas wdicd fra tk juiba tda imbivibufo
im dar kr dis ackmklicfo fmb pkoiticfo fctivity. Jrkssoy
silpoieiab kma ckuob sfy tdft km tda kma siba stkkb tda
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Fristktaoifm-quasmfyifm parspactiva, eirloy fmcdkrab im
fjrfrifm skciaty fmb ckllumity kriamtab stfmbfrbs ekr
dulfm ckmbuct, fmb km tda ktdar siba> tda nfrtdfjimifm-
slitdifm viaw wdara tda ekcus wfs biractab tkwfrbs
trfba fmb imbivibufo jfim. Rda ekrlar tambs irraeutf`oy
tkwfrbs su`sistamca ackmklias fmb okmj tarl
ckmsarvftikm prfcticas fs rajfrbs skciatys mfturfo
su`strfta> tda ofttar pkimts tkwfrbs sdkrt tarl lkmatfry
jfim, ckmtalpt ekr skciatys mfturfo su`strfta, fmbilparifoisl. Ckmsaquamtoy, rijdt tdrkujd tdis ckmeoict
tdara jkas ckmtrfstimj viaws km dulfm eraabkl, `fsic
dulfm rijdts, fmb tda umbarstfmbimj fmb oajitilftimj ke
prkparty, kwmarsdip fmb usueruct. Im ktdar wkrbs, tdis
striea wfs f`kut tda batarlimimj critarif ekr tdft civic
virtua witdkut wdicd mk skciaty cfm prkspar fs sucd,
ktdar tdfm guxtfpksimj it tkwfrbs f stfta keparlfmamtoy fmtfjkmistic pfrticuofristic imtarasts fmb,
damca, immar bisskoutikm, stfta ke civio wfr fmb tda maab
ekr ekraijm tdrafts. Im dis wkrns km lkrfo pdiokskpdy
fmb ackmkly Fbfl Slitd dfb triab tk oajitilfta
imbivibufo saoe imtarast fs tda juibimj oima, fmb avam
ckmtambab tdft tda imbivibufo ft fmy tila saans tk poafsa
avary`kby aosa im dar kr dis bfioy oiea fmb wkrn. Rda
k`vikus pktamtifoity ekr maurksis ilpoicit im tdis wfy tk
raofta tk tda surrkumbimj wkrob, fmb tk wdft axtamt it
`afrs tda saab tk su`vart fmy futdamtic dulfm eraabkl
fmb bijmity, wfs `riooifmtoy bispofyab `y Lfry
Zkoostkmacrfet im 6:90 im dar Uimbicftikm ke tda Pijdts ke
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Zklam, ft f lklamt wdam tda Jraft Eramcd Pavkoutikm
wfs amtarimj its batarlimimj stfjas7
Ie wa rafooy basarva kur kwm jkkb kpimikm wa sdfoo
ckllkmoy `a raspactab im tda wkrob> `ut ie wa pfmt fetar
dijdar ilprkvalamt fmb dijdar fttfimlamts, it is mkt
sueeiciamt tk viaw kursaovas fs wa suppksa tdft wa fra
viawab `y ktdars, tdkujd tdis dfs `aam imjamikusoy
frjuab, fs tda ekumbftikm ke kur lkrfo samtilamts.63
Ft tdis distkricfo gumctura it dfb `ackla coafr tdft tda
oi`arfoisl wdicd dfb `aam kma ke tda imtaooactufo
prkbucts ke tda Amoijdtamlamt im its eijdt fjfimst tda
futdkritfrifm fmb rijib skcifo, pkoiticfo fmb ackmklic
structuras wfs f`kut tk `a spoimtarab. Its pkoiticfo fmb
ackmklicfo fspacts wara tkrm fpfrt, fmb tday dfva avar
simca kparftab im f lutufooy fmtfjkmistic raoftikmsdip. Rk
wdft axtamt tda ibakokjuas ke pkoiticfo ackmkly
tdalsaovas ckmtri`utab tk tda su`varsikm ke tda
pdiofmtdrkpic ckmtamt ke cofssicfo oi`arfoisl, fppafrs
coafroy erkl tda lfjmul kpus ke tda eftdar ke
utioitfrifmisl, Garaly @amtdfl, Fm Imtrkbuctikm tk tda
Xrimcipoas ke Lkrfos fmb Oajisoftikm(6:49). Im tdis wkrnda ekookws up Slitds lkrfoity ke saoe imtarast `y
ckmtambimj tdft virtua lust `a `fsab km f cfocuous ke
pfim fmb poafsura. It dfs `ackla coafr `y mkw tdft witd
sucd f pkimt ke bapfrtura fmy lafmimjeuo umbarstfmbimj
ke fmb afjarmass tk prasarva tda primcipoa ke civic
virtua, wioo arkba. Imbaab, it wioo `a tfmtflkumt tk
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lfimtfim tdft it is f cdiob im its tdirb yafr wdk sdkuob put
tda lkrfo stfmbfrb im pofca im fmy jivam skciaty, oina tda
wdkoa parskmfo jrkwtd parikb ke tda imbivibufo dfs
mktdimj wdftavar tk bk witd tda `uiobimj ke cdfrfctar
(pfibaif). Fs okmj fs sucd f stfta ke limb is fookwab tk
ruoa tdara is mkt tda soijdtast cdfmca ke raimstitutimj civic
virtua. Vuita tk tda ckmtrfry it rasuots im vary lafjar
ckmbitikms ekr dulfm rijdts, balkcrfcy fmb fm
ackokjicfooy sustfimf`oa skciaty. Zitd tda lkrfopralisas pammab `y @amtdfl it is mk surprisa tdft ofrja
pfrts ke dis wkrn ravkovas frkumb gurisbictikm fmb
pumisdlamt fmb tdft tda skcifo ibafo tdft da
amvisikmab, Xfmkptickm, wfs suppksab tk lfimtfim f
structura cklpfrab tk f priskm umbar eirl survaioofmca.
(!) Rdft tdis wdkoa prkgact dfs pfssab umbar tda atiquatta
ke oi`arfoisl im lkra tdfm 088 yafrs taoos mafroy tdawdkoa stkry f`kut tda wfrpab rfmja ke eraabkl umbar
cfpitfoisl. Gust fs oittoa fs tdara is f balkcrftic ckra im
Slitds pdiokskpdy, kma cfmmkt dkpa tk eimb fmy sucd im
@amtdfls wkrn aitdar, fmb da stftas tdft7
Za lust eirst nmkw wdft ckmstitutas tda bictftas ke
oajisoftikm, `aekra wa cfm nmkw wdft ckmstitutas tdabictftas keprivftaatdics.
62(ly itfoics. F. D.)
Axfctoy wdara tda gubicifry pkwar ralfims suraoy is f
ckra issua fs rajfrbs tk wdft axtamt f skciaty cfm `a
ckmsibarab balkcrftic. Zitdim fm futdamtic balkcrfcy
tdis pkwar ke jivimj tda ofws rasts witd tda pakpoa
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tdalsaovas. Rdus, it is imtarwkvam witd tda atdicfo
stfmbfrbs ke tda imbivibufo `aokmjimj tk tdft raspactiva
skciaty. Rda eictikmfo bicdktkly `atwaam tda bictftas ke
gurisbictikm fmb f privfta atdics is kmoy lafmimjeuo fs
okmj fs tda fctufo skciaty ckmsists ke tdksa wdk
ckllfmbs fmb tdksa wdk k`ays. Fs okmj fs tda
imbivibufo is tkrm kee erkl tda oajisoftiva wkrn, kma
cfmmkt maitdar axpact fmy raeoactab kr skoiboy fmcdkrab
atdicfo ckmscikusmass mkr ckmbuct erkl dar kr dil, wdioatdksa skcifo fjamts wdk dfva lkmkpkoizab tdis pkwar
dfva eraa kppkrtumity tk usa it ekr tdair kwm saoe imtarast.
Frkumb 18 yafrs `aekra tda pkoiticfo ackmklists
cofilab tda eraabkl tk ribicuoa tda wdkoa ke tda
oi`arfoistic trfbitikm, Lkmtasquiaurackjmizab fs kma ke
its ekumbimj eftdars alpdfsizab tdft7
Rdara lust `a f lkra axtamsiva ckba ke ofws ekr f
pakpoa fttfcdab tk ckllarca fmb tda saf tdfm ekr f
pakpoa sftiseiab tk cuotivfta tdair ofmbs.61
Imbaab, tdis ckmvictikm wfs suraoy mk rasuot ke fmy
pftriktic kr mftikmfoistic rdatkric ekr Lkmtasquiaus pfrt,
wdk dfb usab f wdkoa okt ke amarjy im biractimj fttamtikmft efiouras fmb bisjrfcas im dis afroy 64
td camtury Eramcd
skciaty, `ut km tda ckmtrfry `fsab km dis distkricfo imsijdt
im jamarfo, fmb aspacifooy km dis ckmscikusmass ke tda
rafskms ekr tda bacoima fmb efoo ke tda Pklfm civioizftikm.
Rda bavaokplamt ke tda Aurkpafm civioizftikm fetar tda
Pavkoutikmfry fmb Mfpkoakmic Zfrs pfy witmass tk tda
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efct tdft Lkmtasquiaus amckurfjalamts wara daabab im
fmy lafmimjeuo wfy. Qmbar tda ekrluof eraa trfba
(ofissaz efira) tda fccaoarftimj jok`foizftikm prkcass
wfs skkmar tk jat tda kppkrtumity tk lfna axcdfmja ke
jkkbs `atwaam pakpoas fmb mftikms imtk f ckmtimuimj
striea ekr wkrob dajalkmy wdara ckrpkrfta fjamts wara
jivam eraa dfmbs im tdair rijdt tk poumbar tda Afrtds
raskurcas fmb prfctica tdair cfmmkm `kft bipoklfcy
tkwfrbs rasistfmt cuoturas fmb skciatias wdk praearrabktdarwisa. Erkl `aimj f lafmstkwfrb sacurimj pakpoas
waoo `aimj im fmy jivam ckumtry, trfbimj fctivitias dfb
`aam trfmsekrlab imtk fm amb im itsaoe, fmb Fbfl Slitds
visikm tdft foo dulfms fra larcdfmts wfs
imcrafsimjoy ckmsibarab fs f mfturfo ofw.
Rda Pavkoutikmfry fmb Mfpkoakmic
Zfrs
Rda lytd ke eraa trfba im tda lkbarm wkrob fmb tdakppkrtumity tk oat it pfss umcamskrab fs ckmbuciva tk
Civioizftikm im jamarfo, rastab krijimfooy km tda efct tdft
it ckuob `a pkisab fjfimst tda rafctikmfry Mfpkoakmic
alpira fmb its tfctics im tda ekrl ke tda Ckrsicfms
ckmtimamtfo `okcnfba im tda sfla vaim fs it dfs oftar
racaivab oajitilizftikm `y pkisimj it fjfimst stfta
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wkrsdippimj fmb tktfoitfrifm axparilamts witd f pofmmab
ackmkly. Zitdkut tda crfza ke Mfpkoakm it is dfrb tk
amvisikm tdft tda ricd trfbitikms fmb tda axdiofrftimj
prkjrassiva dkpas km tda pfrt ke dulfmity fs f wdkoa,
ckuob `a rapofcab `y sucd f `oftfmt ekrl ke irrftikmfoisl
wdicd cfla tk bklimfta Aurkpafm distkry tdrkujdkut tda
69td
camtury im tda ekrl ke ackmklic spacuoftikm,
k`sassikm witd syl`koic vfouas, dfzfrbkus
imbustrifoizftikm, mftikmfoisl, fmb uotilftaoy f mkvao fmbumpracabamtab ilparifoistic eaub fmb quast ekr wkrob
dajalkmy.
Rda amtira Amoijdtamlamt trfbitikm im jamarfo, fmb
aspacifooy tda Eramcd Amcycokpfabif, dfb ckmcarmab
itsaoe witd f vadalamt strujjoa fjfimst suparstitikm, ekr
kpammass fmb dkmastyim pkoiticfo fmb ackmklic vamturas,fmb tda prkoiearftikm ke pu`oic nmkwoabja wdicd wfs
rajfrbab fs umivarsfo. It wfs assamtifooy f pdiofmtdrkpic
pdamklamkm, fmb wfs ft tda sfla tila strkmjoy `ifsab
tkwfrbs fm ackokjicfo samsi`ioity. Rda kob fmb bacfbamt
Aurkpafm ckurts ft tda amb ke tda 64td
camtury raprasamtab
tda kppksita ckmtalpt ekr tda dkmast pafsfmt fmb fm
k`sassikm witd siovar fmb jkob. Zdam tda MkrtdFlaricfm ckokmias, witd tdair skcifo structura `fsab km
wdft wfs assamtifooy fm ajfoitfrifm yaklfmry, dfb tdair
eimfo `okw ft tda @ritisd stawfrbsdip burimj tda 6:58s
km tda `fsis ke ckllkmoy rackjmizab primcipoas sucd fs
mk tfxftikm witdkut raprasamtftikm fmb ribicuoa ke
umprkbuctiva ilparifoists aeekrts tk afrm f ekrtuma
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tdrkujd imjamikus scdalas oina tda Stflp Fct f
wdkoa okt pkimtab tkwfrbs tda amb ke lkmfrcdy fs f ekrl
ke jkvarmlamt. Jakrja III fmb dis Amjoisd pfroiflamt
dfb sdkwab kee tdair trua efcas ekr fm amtira wkrob, fmb im
tda ckursa ke gust f eaw yafrs okst tda prastijikus fmb
primcipoab eijdt kvar tda `fsis ke skvaraijmty fmb tda
skurcas ke ricdas> f oivimj pu`oic jkvarmlamt fmb f eartioa
skio. Im tdis ckmtaxt tda Eramcd @kur`km lkmfrcdy
pfrfbab fs tda ofst erkmtiar ke f`skoutisl, f efct tdftckmtri`utab tk tda cklpoax bku`oa bafoimj wdicd wamt km
`atwaam tda @ritisd fmb tda Eramcd futdkritias burimj tda
ofst eaw bacfbas ke tda 64td
camtury. Siluotfmakusoy fs
tday wara kob amalias fmb stkkb km afcd sapfrfta sibas
burimj tda Flaricfm Zfr ke Imbapambamca, tday dfb f
ckllkm imtarast im naapimj tda okwar skcifo strftf ft `fy.
Fetar okmj fmb pftiamt wfitimj km Vuasmfys raekrl wkrn
fmb tda Amoijdtamlamt spirit im jamarfo tk `afr eruits fmb
`a eurtdar aof`krftab km, tdara kccurrab vikoamt aruptikms
flkmj tda Eramcd pafsfmts fetar tda Eramcd rkyfo
succassikm im 6::2.65
Ft tda kutsat Okuis TUI dfb
ckmsamtab tk cartfim raekrls, `ut tdarafetar tda maw
lkmfrcd jrfbufooy triab tk tijdtam dis jrip km tdimjs, fbavaokplamt tdft ekr imstfmca oab tk tda bislissfos ke tda
twk ackmklic raekrlars, Rurjkt fmb Macnar wdk dfb
stftab tdair fils tk aof`krfta km Vuasmfys ekrluofs ekr
ackmklicfo oiea. Mfturfooy, tda bavaokplamt im Erfmca
fppafrab fs f tdraft fjfimst tda ckurts fmb tda uppar
cofssas aspacifooy tda mk`ioity fmb tda coarjy im
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Amjofmb fs waoo fs km tda Aurkpafm ckmtimamt.
Eurtdarlkra, imstafb ke f`ibimj `y rafskm fmb daab tda
balfmbs ekr raekrls rfisab `y tdair raspactiva
pkpuoftikms, tday al`frnab km tdft oima ke pokttimj
fjfimst f Eramcd pakpoa im ravkoutikmfry updafvfo wdicd
wioo dfva tk `afr its sdfra ke raspkmsi`ioity ekr tda
ravkoutikmfry tarrkr rajila erkl 6:93 km fmb foo tda wfy
tk Mfpkoakms su`saquamt trfmsjrassikms. Rdus, Rdklfs
Xfima axprassab tda pu`oic imbijmftikm kvar tda rkyfoistpokts7
Zdft, im tda mfla ke dafvam, fra @kur`km nimjs tk tda
pakpoa ke Amjofmb; It is `attar tdft tda pakpoa dfva
`rafb.6:
F quita spacieic rafskm ekr tda Amjoisd uppar cofssas fmb
tdair nimj Jakrja III tk su`vart fmb baeaft tda Jraft
Eramcd Pavkoutikm, wfs tda axpoicit fvarsikm fmb
criticisl tdft ravkoutikmfry citizams oina Ckmbkrcat fmb
Xfima uttarab fs rajfrbs sofvary fmb sofva trfba kma ke
tda jrkssast lfofbias prkbucab `y tda lkbarm Aurkpafm
civioizftikm. Fmktdar rafskm wfs tda jamarfo updafvfo
fjfimst tda vastab mktikms witd raspact tk tda ckmcapt keprkparty, im tda wibast samsa, fmb fjfimst tda
ckllarcifoizftikm ke of`kr fmb skio, tdft rfm fokmj witd
tda maw balkcrfticfooy kriamtab ekcus km primcipoas ke
usueruct fmb km tda dulfm rijdts fjambf. Rda duja
prkparty ckmcamtrftikms wdicd dfb brivam ofrja lfssas ke
pakpoa imtk lisary fmb basparfta yafrmimj ekr oivaoidkkb
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im tda jrkwimj citias, wara dfrlkmizimj pkkroy witd tda
Bacofrftikm ke Dulfm Pijdts erkl tda maw, imbapambamt
Qmitab Stftas fmb erkl tda ravkoutikmfry Eramcd pakpoa
wdk eirst fmb ekralkst wfs kut tk fcdiava tda rijdt ke
usueruct tk tda ofmb fmb jufrfmtaa tda rijdt ke afcd lfm
tk tda eruits ke dis of`kr, witd tda ckllkm jkkb fs f
juibimj tdrafb. It dfs `aam f okt ke tfon f`kut tda bieeicuot
ckmbitikms amburab `y Eramcd pafsfmts im tda yafrs up tk
tda Pavkoutikm. Rda efct is tdft tdasa ckmbitikms wara mktavam soijdtoy `attar flkmj tdair ckmtalpkrfry Amjoisd
efrlars im tda sfla tila parikb. Rda bieearamca `atwaam
tdal prk`f`oy ckmsistab lfimoy im tda efct tdft tda
ekrlar dfb jraft dkpas ekr ilprkvalamts im tdair
ckmbitikms fmb jfimab ckmsibarf`oa suppkrt im tdair
strujjoa ekr bijmieiab axistamcas. Zdam tda Amjoisd
futdkritias im sdaar eafr ke Pavkoutikm imtrkbucabtdair Spaamdflofmb-Fct im 6:91, tk raskova tda situftikm
ekr tda lkst maaby km tda Amjoisd ckumtrysiba, it wfs
bkma km tda pralisas ke tda kob uppar cofssas fmb `fsab
km tdair pfrticuofristic imtarasts. Rda Spaamdflofmb-Fct
ckmtri`utab tk lfimtfim f duja frly ke rasarva wkrnars
wdicd ckuob afsioy `a utioizab `y tda rfpib wfva ke
imbustrifoizftikm. Ft tdis stfja tda Pavkoutikmfry Zfrs
`atwaam tda Papu`oicfm Erfmca fmb dar lkmfrcdist
Aurkpafm amalias pofyab kut its bymflics, fmb tda
ravkoutikmfry ibafos im tdalsaovas ambab im f lfcf`ra
tdaftar. Rda rkyfoist pokttimj `atwaam tda rajila ke Okuis
TUI fmb its bymfstic ckoof`krftkrs im tda Aurkpafm
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ckurts, im f wfy puooab bkwm tda curtfim ekr tda camtury
ke Amoijdtamlamt. Zdam tda Eramcd ravkoutikm wfs jkimj
tdrkujd f batarlimimj stfja, fmb tda pokttimj wfs
ravafoab `y tda Eramcd ravkoutikmfrias, tda urja ekr
ravamja rfm kee witd tda citizams ke Xfris, wdioa tda
vioofjars forafby wara f`kut tk rafp tda eruits ke tdair
afroy strujjoas. Rda cdfks fmb tarrkr ekookwimj tda
axacutikm ke tda nimj fmb quaam, fmb tda su`saquamt
wfva ke sylpftdy tdft tda Aurkpafm lkmfrcdias ckuobsure km im tda wfna ke tdasa `oumbars, safoab tda efta ke
tda Pavkoutikm. Dkw it wkuob dfva bavaokpab ie tda
sujjastikm tdft tda nimj fmb quaam sdkuob `a samt tk tda
Qmitab Stftas ekr abucftikm, fs Rdklfs Xfima fmb
ktdars prkpksab, mk kma wioo avar nmkw. Dkwavar, it is
mkt efreatcdab tk eijura kut tdft tda bfys ke lkmfrcdy
wkuob dfva `aam jkma ekr jkkb, Mfpkoakm wkuob dfvastfyab `fcn dkla im Ckrsicf, Jarlfm mftikmfoisl kmoy
fm immkcamt ef`oa, trfba wkuob dfva stfyab kmoy f lafms
tkwfrbs sacurimj macassfry suppoias imstafb ke `acklimj
fm amb im itsaoe, Aurkpa wkuob dfva saam balkcrftic
primcipoas fmcdkrab im f sustfimf`oa stawfrbsdip ke tda
skio, at catarf -- tdft is tk sfy, f mfturfo prkoiearftikm ke
tda spirit fmb raekrl wkrn ke tda Amoijdtamlamt Arf.
Rda wfy it foo bavaokpab rafctikmfry ekrcas fmb
ckllarcifo wfr prkeitaars ckuob brfw tdair kwm saoe-
sarvimj ekrtumas kut ke tda circulstfmcas, fmb im tdis wfy
sat tda stfmbfrb ekr tda imbustrifo bavaokplamt forafby
ekr f okmj tila umbar wfy tdfmns tk tda fjrfrifm
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ravkoutikm. It wamt km foo fokmj witdkut fmy pkpuofr
ckmtrko. Zdam Rurjkt wamt fdafb witd dis raekrl wkrn
umbar tda amoijdtamab f`skoutisl ke tda 6::8s, da dfb
jraft visikms f`kut tda `attarlamt ke tda oivas ke tda
pu`oicekr imstfmca tdrkujd pu`oic scdkkoimj wdicd wfs
suppksab tk oiet tda jraft lfgkrity kut ke ijmkrfmca. Rda
oi`artfrifm spirit tdft Rurjkt fmb tda ktdar
amcycokpfabists raprasamtab wfs f`dkrramt tk tda
rkyfoists fmb tda privioajab cofssas. Rday umbarstkkbvary waoo tdft pu`oic scdkkos im tda spirit ke tda
Amoijdtamlamt pdiokskpdas wkuob mkt dfva sarvab vary
waoo fs biscipoimfry imstitutikms ekr tda Eramcd stfta
fppfrftus, mkr ekr tda Amjoisd kma. Zdam sucd pu`oic
scdkkos eimfooy fmb euooy wara put km tda fjambf im pkst-
Mfpkoakmic Aurkpa tdrkujdkut tda 69td
camtury, it wfs
rajrattf`oy mkt criticfo tdimnimj im tda spirit ke tdaAmoijdtamlamt tdft wfs dijd km tda scdabuoa, `ut km tda
ckmtrfry lalkrizftikm ke `i`oicfo varsas. Sklawdft
dijdar up im tda abucftikmfo systal lkst ckllkm pakpoa
wara lfba eflioifr witd Ablumb @urnas uppar cofss
ckmbalmftikm ke tda Jraft Eramcd Pavkoutikm, wdioa ekr
imstfmca Ziooifl Jkbwims raeoactab parspactivas km its
ibafs, avamts fmb ckursa64
wdicd ckmsaquamtoy tk f ofrja
axtamt wara witddaob erkl tda limbs ke tda ckllkm
wklam fmb lam. Sucd f gujjoimj witd tda Aurkpafm
spiritufo daritfja, wdicd im sucd f wfy dfs fccamtuftab
tda raeoactikms ke f ckmsarvftiva uppar cofss eaookw fmb
pfroiflamtfry Zdij imstafb ke tda tdkujdts ke f eraa
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tdimnimj rfbicfo, balfmbs its prica. Fs efr fs tda
oilitftikms ke @urnas pdiofmtdrkpy is ckmcarmab it is
amkujd tk raear tk dis basijmftikm ke tda pu`oic fs tda
swimisd luotituba. Rda succass tdft dis wkrn,
Paeoactikms km tda Pavkoutikm im Erfmca su`saquamtoy
avamtufooy wfs tk racaiva, wfs efcioitftab kmoy tdrkujd
tda trfjic turmkut ke tda Pavkoutikm fmb tda ekookwimj
Mfpkoakmic turlkio. Mk assfy writar wdk wkuob dfva
kptab ekr ralfrns sucd fs tda swimisd luotitubawkuobavam `a ckumtab fs f pkssi`oa assfy futdkr ekr tda Eramcd
Amcycokpfabif, fmb tda cdkica ke wkrbs wara f wfrmimj
f`kut tda bislfo prkspacts ekr tda okwar skcifo strftf
irraspactiva ke tdair vkcftikmfo spacieicitias im tda
camtury tdft ofy fdafb.
Rda ckllkm rafctikmfry coilfta im Aurkpa fetar tdaCkmjrass ke Uiammf, fosk sat tda stfmbfrb ekr tda maw
ackmklic ibafos. Rda pfimeuo `irtd ke Cfpitfoisl wfs
umbartfnam, mkt `y tda daop ke pdiofmtdrkpy `ut rftdar fs
f rasuot ke imbustrifo wfr lk`ioizftikm fmb dijdoy
ckllarcifoizab wfr prkeits. Rdus, tda supareicifo pftimf
ke dulfmisl im wdicdFbfl Slitd dfb triab tk cokfn
dis wkrn im 6::5, wfs avfpkrftab `y tda tila dispkoiticfo ackmkly wfs ekookwab up `y Bfvib Picfrbks
Xrimcipoas ke Xkoiticfo Ackmkly fmb Rfxftikmim 646:. Im
tdis wkrn, jok`fo ackmklic um`fofmcas fmb ricd mftikms
axpokitftikm ke pkkr is f eirloy sattoab lfttar7
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Mk pkimt im pkoiticfo ackmkly cfm `a `attar astf`oisdab
tdfm tdft f ricd ckumtry is pravamtab erkl imcrafsimj im
pkpuoftikm, im tda sfla rftik fs f pkkr ckumtry, `y tda
prkjrassiva bieeicuoty im prkvibimj ekkb. Rdft bieeicuoty
lust macassfry rfisa tda prica ke ekkb fmb jiva
amckurfjalamt tk its ilpkrtftikm.69
Rdus, ilpkrtftikm ke cdafp ekkb is bavaokpab imtk f
prackmbitikm ekr tda civioizab Aurkpas waoo `aimj fmb
prksparity, fmb it is umbarstkkb tdft ricdas fra fcquirab
km ktdar pakpoas ckst. Damca, tda tdakraticfo erflawkrn
ke pkoiticfo ackmkly rasts km f cymicfo rackjmitikm ke
tda jok`fo um`fofmcas im tdksa bfysum`fofmcas tdft tda
ricd ckumtrias (im Picfrbks samsa) tdalsaovas dfva
ckmtri`utab tk sdfpa. Rda lykpic, flkrfo cdfrfctar ke
pkoiticfo ackmkly fmb its ckmmactikms witd vfrikusmftikmfoisls, `acklas wkaeuooy coafr. Fs witd Slitd tda
imdaramt fmti-ackokjicfo cdfrfctar ke tdair ackmklic
viaws is ravafoab, im tdis imstfmca wdam Picfrbk sats kut
tk axpofim tda oiea vfouas `adimb pkoiticfo ackmkly7
Zftar fmb fir fra f`umbfmtoy usaeuo, tday fra imbaab
imbispamsf`oa tk axistamca, yat umbar krbimfrycirculstfmcas, mktdimj cfm `a k`tfimab im axcdfmja ekr
tdal. Jkob, km tda ckmtrfry, tdkujd ke oittoa usa
cklpfrab tk fir fmb wftar, wioo axcdfmja ekr f jraft
qufmtity ke ktdar jkkbs.06
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Sk, wdft `acklas lkra mfturfo ekr tda pkoiticfo
ackmklists tdfm tk jk ekr jkob fs vfoua lafsura
stfmbfrb, fmb tda eijura kut dkw lucd wkrn tdara wioo
`a tk lima it; Rda sfla erfla ke limb jkas tk sdkw im
tdair viaw km fjricuotura, ekr imstfmca, wdaraim
prkbuctivity is tdkujdt tk rast km tda lkst pkwareuo
lfcdimary. Rda wdkoa limbsat is lfrrab `y tda maurktic
cdfrfctar ke tda Imbustrifo Pavkoutikm. Im tda cdfptar
bafoimj witd Rdklfs Lfotdus Assfy km Xkpuoftikm,wdicd Picfrbk `y tda wfy fppofubsquita imbieearamt tk
tda jamarfo fmti-dulfmist cdfrfctar ke tdft wkrn it
fppafrs tk wdft axtamt tda skios ke Amjofmb forafby
(646:) wfs f`kut tk jat axdfustab ke its eartioity fs f
ckmsaquamca ke tda cfpitfoist lkmkcuoturas. Dkwavar, im
ckmtrfst tk Vuasmfy fmb tda pdysikcrfts tda pkoiticfo
ackmklists mavar sfw tda ckmmactikm tdft is tk sfy tdfttda skio fmb its bivarsa licrk`ikokjicfo oiea ekrls maab tk
`a eab ieits eartioity sdfoo ralfim. Imstafb, tday bib tdair
`ast tk ribicuoa tdis alpdfsis km pdysis, wdicd im tda
spirit ke Fristktoa ekumb axprassikm flkmj tda
pdysikcrfts, fmb sat kut fs cdflpikms ekr f dfzfrbkus
skcifo bavaokplamt wdara tda ckmsarvftikm ke tda skio
wfs tk `a kparftab km tda pralisas ke imbustry fmb trfba
im sdkrt, fm ackokjicfo ilpkssi`ioity. Rda mfrrkwimj
fmb wfrpimj ke tda ckmcapt ke dulfm eraabkl ekookwimj
tda utkpifm prkgact al`frnab upkm im tda wfna ke
Lkbarm Nfrtdfjks victkry kvar Lkbarm Foaxfmbar
tdft is, tda fttalpt tk trfmscamb tda fjrfrifm `fsis ke
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civioizftikm cfrrias eurtdar bystkpifm jarls pkimtimj
tkwfrbs tda ckoofpsa ke Civioizftikm im 6962 fmb its
fetarlftd. Rda pkoiticfo ackmklists lfba of`kr fmb
skio imtk ckllkbitias fmb ckmtambab tdft tda umraoamtimj
axpokitftikm ke tda `ktd ke tdal wara camtrfo aoalamts ekr
tda euoeioolamt ke dulfm eraabkl.
Rda cofss wfrs tdrkujdkut tda wdkoa ke tda 69td
camtury
spafn okuboy wdam it cklas tk tda eirst dfoe ke tda
ckmcapt ke eraabkl fmb tdksa strujjoas wara ketam
lktivftab `y tda rafctikm fjfimst tda badulfmizftikm
prasamt im amekrcimj vioofja pakpoas tk `ackla
prkoatfrifms. Fs rajfrbs tda saoe fppkimtab eraabkl tk
bafo fmb wafo witd fjrfrifm prkparty fmb skios fmb,
damca, jfl`oa witd tda `fsis ke Civioizftikm tda
pkoiticfo ackmklists al`frnab km f wfr fjfimst tdavary mfturfo ofws tday wfmtab tk utioiza. Ie it is kma fspact
wdicd rastricts dulfm eraabkl lkra tdfm lfy`a
fmykma aosa, it is axfctoy tda ckmsarvftikm ke skio fmb tda
umfvkibf`oa maab tk naap fmb, im tda `ast ke cfsas,
amdfmca its eartioity. Fs f rasuot ke Slitd, Picfrbk, at.fo.
fmb tdair lkrfo pdiokskpdizimj fmb ackmklic
pfrfbijlsfmb tda stfmbfrbs tday sat ekr tda AurkpafmCivioizftikm ft tda kpamimj stfjas ke tda 69
tdcamturytda
wdkoa ke tda frbamt tkio tdrkujd tda pracabimj camtury ekr
aoavftimj `fsic dulfm rijdts wara fmmuooab, fmb tda
erflawkrn ekr f lafmimjeuo dulfm eraabkl folkst
ilpkssi`oa tk baeima. Eraabkl tk axpokit of`kr fmb
eraabkl tk rfvfja tda skio tdksa twk trfmsjrassikms
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wdicd ft mk stfja im distkry dfva cfrriab tfstaeuo,
civioizab eruits saalab tk pravfio wdam tda rafctikm sat im
im tda afroy 6488s.Im tdis wfy tda pkoiticfo ackmklists
lfba tdair ckmtri`utikm tk tda bavaokplamt wdicd
imcoubab tda kvarsdfbkwimj ke tda `fsic fmb fbaqufta
bklfims ke imbivibufo eraabkl eraa axcdfmja ke
kpimikms, pkoiticfo pfrticipftikm fmb tda prktactikm ke f
craftiva privfta spdara.
Mktas7
6f Fmy parskm witd fm imtamt tk imvastijfta distkricfo
bavaokplamts, fmb tda skurcas ke axpofmftikm ke avamts
fmb turmimj pkimts im tdis raspact, wkuob bk waoo tk naap
Miatzscdas Rda Qsa fmb F`usa ke Distkry (Maw
Ykrn/Okmbkm7 Lfclioofm, 691:) coksa ft dfmb fmb im dis
kr dar limb. Rdis rftdar k`scura wkrn `y tda fmti-
mftikmfoist Jarlfm pdiokskpdar wfs trfmsoftab imtk
Amjoisd `y Fbrifm Ckooims fmb krijimfooy pu`oisdab im
tdft ofmjufja im tda Aijdtaam vkoulas ckooactikm ke dis
wkrn, abitab `y Kscfr Oavy (Okmbkm, 6989-63).
Fs rajfrbs tda f`usa ke Fristktoawdicd stfrtab witd tda
pabfmtic Cftdkoicist tdakokjifm, Fquimfs, im tda 63td
camtury Aurkpa fmb wdicd flkumtab tk tda mafr
k`oitarftikm ke tda wdkoa Fristktaoafm, fmb damca
sciamtieic oajfcy, fetar tda efioura tk lfna fvfio ke dil
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fetar tda Xrktastfmt Paekrlftikm, avam lkbarm
pu`oicftikms dfva ckmtri`utab tk tda imtaooactufo lass. Im
f pu`oicftikm ke Bfvib Dulas alpiricfooy kriamtftab
Bifokjuas Ckmcarmimj Mfturfo Paoijikm (6::9)f wkrn
witdim tda Amoijdtamlamt oajfcy wdicd wfs ofrjaoy
bastrkyab burimj tda Savam Yafrs Zfr (6:15-53) burimj
wdicd avam tda amtira ofissaz efira ackmklics wfs
wfrpab `y fmktdar Scktslfm, Fbfl Slitd (saa tda
prasamt assfy). Dula ckoof`krftab coksaoy witd flkmjktdars tda Eramcd Amcycokpfabist @frkm BDko`fcd (wdk
pkpuofrizab Gkdfmm Jkttscdfon Zfooarius coksa stuby ke
Mftura fmb its cklpoax `ikcdalicfo prkcassas, fmb is
rackjmizab fs tda ekumbar ke tda sciamtieic `fsis ke tda
fjricuoturfo ravkoutikm), fmb wfs k`vikusoy imeouamcab `y
tda sciamtieic fmb pdiokskpdicfo oajfcy erkl Fristktoa
kmwfrbs. Im f 6949 pu`oicftikm `y Xrklatdaus @kkns,Maw Ykrn, Dulas ofrjaoy ftdaistic kriamtftikm is
okcftab witdim tda Xoftkmic trfbitikm, fcckrbimj tk tda
prasamtftikm km tda `kkn ckvar. Zitd sucd ribicuokus
k`euscftikms tda vary stuby ke pdiokskpdy itsaoe `acklas
assamtifooy lafmimjoass, fpfrt erkl tda aeeacts it dfva
prkbucab im tda prkcass ke wipimj kut tda ckmmactikm
`atwaam tda `irtd ke Zastarm Civioizftikm im fmciamt
Jraacafmb tda lkbarm kma.
6`Saa F. A. Rfyokrs cofssic,Fristktoa(Maw Ykrn7 Bkvar
Xu`oicftikms, Imc., 6911), cdfptar Kma.
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6cF. @irmia7Fm Ackmklic Distkry ke Aurkpa, 6:58-6938
(Okmbkm7 Latduam & Ck., 6938), p. 62. Saa fosk tda
fjrfrifm distkricfo stuby, Rda Fjrfrifm Pavkoutikm im
Mkrtdarm Aurkpa, 6:18-6448> Mitrkjam, Oajulas, fmb
Crkp Xrkbuctivity, `y J. Cdkroay, pu`oisdab im Rda
Ackmklic Distkric Paviaw, Sackmb Sarias, vkoula
TTTIU, Mk. 6, 6946.
6b Rdakpdrfstus wfs ckmerkmtab `y tda kvarwdaolimj
cdfooamjas ke f bacoimimj Jraan civioizftikm fs wfs
Fristktoa fmb tda fccklpfmyimj axdfustikm ke tda
Labitarrfmafm skios. Fetar da tkkn kvar tda
raspkmsi`ioitias ke fblimistarimj Fristktoas fcfbaly, ft
tda Oycaul, da su`saquamtoy wrkta axtamsivaoy km tda
cuotivftikm ke pofmts fmb its prackmbitikms. Dis wkrns km
`ktfmy fmb fjricuotura wara pu`oisdab im Amjoisdtrfmsoftikm im tda axcaooamt sarias ke Rda Oka` Cofssicfo
Oi`rfry im 6965 fmb raprimtab `y tda Dfrvfrb Qmivarsity
Xrass im savarfo abitikms erkl 6924 kmwfrbs, witd tda
krijimfo Jraan taxt imcoubab. Saa Rdakpdrfstus7 Amquiry
imtk Xofmts, 9 vkos. (Cfl`ribja, Lfssfcdusatts/Okmbkm,
Amjofmb7 Dfrvfrb Qmivarsity Xrass, 6998). It is
suppoalamtab `y Km tda Cfusas ke Xofmts, wdicd lfy `afpprkpriftaoy saam fs tda `ajimmimj ke sciamtieic
fjrkmkly. Rdasa taxts `y tda fmciamt scdkofr traft upkm f
vfst frrfy ke tkpics, erkl skio ckmsarvftikm tk tda
labicimfo prkpartias ke dar`s.
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6aF dijdoy rafbf`oa fcckumt ke tda fctufo arf ke Pklfm
civioizftikm is tk `a ekumb im D. D. Scuoofrb7 Erkl tda
Jrfccdi tk Mark> F Distkry ke Pkla 633@C tk FB 54
(Okmbkm/Maw Ykrn7 Pkutoabja, 6996), krijimfooy
pu`oisdab `y Latduam & Ck., Otb., 6919.
0 Saa aspacifooy D. M. @rfioekrb7 Rda Oavaooars fmb tda
Amjoisd Pavkoutikm (6956> Mkttimjdfl7 Spknaslfm
Qmivarsity, 69:5), Cd. TTI.
3 Lkmtasquiau7 Xarsifm Oattars (6:06> Ksok7 Rdkroaie
Bfdos Nuotur`i`oiktan, 6994)> Er. Vuasmfy7 Rf`oafu
Ackmkliqua, amj. Rrfmsoftikm Rda Ackmklic Rf`oa
(6:147 Dkmkouou, Qmivarsity Xrass ke tda Xfcieic, 0882).
2L. Bkrktdy Jakrja7 Okmbkm Oiea im tda Aijdtaamtd
Camtury (Maw Ykrn7 Cfprickrm @kkns, 6951), pp. 6:6-:0. F ckooactikm ke distkricfo stubias ckmbuctab,
iooustrftivaoy, erkl tda 6908s kmwfrbs.
1fRwk `riooifmt `ikjrfpdicfo stubias fra G. Erucdtlfm, gr.
Rdklfs Xfima> Fpkstoa ke Eraabkl (Maw Ykrn7 Ekur
Zfoos Aijdt Zimbkws, 6992), fmb D. M. @rfiosekrb7
Sdaooay, Jkbwim fmb tdair Circoa(Okmbkm7 Ziooifls fmbMkrjfta, 6963).
1` Aoisdf X. Bkujofss7 Pa`aos fmb Balkcrfts> Rda
Strujjoa ekr Aqufo Xkoiticfo Pijdts fmb Lfgkrity Puoa
Burimj tda Flaricfm Pavkoutikm(Cdfpao Dioo7 Qmivarsity
ke Mkrtd Cfrkoimf Xrass, 6911), p. 098. (Ly itfoics. F.D.)
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1c Gkdm D. Lumby7 Aurkpa im tda Dijd Libboa Fjas,
6618-6389 (Okmbkm7 Okmjlfm Jrkup Otb., 69:3), p.
663.
5Vuasmfy7 Rda Ackmklic Rf`oa, p. 613.
: Fbfl Slitd7 Rda Zafotd ke Mftikms (6::5>
Dfrlkmbswkrtd7 Xamjuim @kkns Otb., 6946).
4
I`ib, p. 653.9I`ib, p. 695.
68I`ib, p. 602.
66VuasmfysFmfoysis, im P. O. Laans7 Rda Ackmklics ke
Xdysikcrfcy(Okmbkm7 Fooam fmb Qmwim, 6950), p. 653.
60I`ib, p. 652.
63 Lfry Zkoostkmacrfet7 F Uimbicftikm ke tda Pijdts ke
Zklam (6:90> @ueefok7 Xrklatdaus @kkns, 6949), p.
623.
62 Garaly @amtdfl7 Fm Imtrkbuctikm tk tda Xrimcipoas ke
Lkrfos fmb Oajisoftikm (6:48> Limakof7 Bkvar
Xu`oicftikms, 088:), p. 300.
61 Lkmtasquiau7 Rda Spirit ke tda Ofws (6:24>
Cfl`ribja7 Cfl`ribja Qmivarsity Xrass, 6949), p. 049.
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65Zaoo bkculamtab `y X. F. Nrkpktnim im dis Rda Jraft
Eramcd Pavkoutikm (69897 Lkmtrafo7 @ofcn Pksa @kkns,
6949), Cd. I-U.
6: Rdklfs Xfima7 Fjrfrifm Gustica (6:91> Maw Ykrn7
Eraatdkujdt Xrass Fsskciftikm, 6925), p. 5.
64Ziooifl Jkbwim7Amquiry Ckmcarmimj Xkoiticfo Gustica
(6:9> Dfrlkmbswkrtd7 Xamjuim Cofssics, 6941), p. 055.
69 Bfvib Picfrbk7 Xrimcipoas ke Xkoiticfo Ackmkly fmb
Rfxftikm (646:> Fldarst7 Xrklatdaus @kkns, 6995), p.
019.
08I`ib, p. 6:.
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