ATTAINING RACCOON RABIES MANAGEMENT GOALS: HISTORY AND CHALLENGES
Dennis Slate, Charles Rupprecht, Dennis Donovan, Jacqueline Badcock, Alain Messier, Richard Chipman, and Martin Mendoza
Joint OIE/WHO/EU International ConferenceParis, FranceMay 27-30, 2007
RACCOON RABIES MANAGEMENT GOALS
Phase 1: Prevent spread beyond current range of raccoon rabies
Phase 2: Eliminate raccoon rabies locally, regionally, nationally, continentally
© Roger Barbour/ www.discoverlife.org
Raccoon
Striped skunk
Potential for broad geographic spread inNorth America
Raccoonvariant
Raccoon Rabies ORV History1997-2006
~8 million baits in 2006Raboral V-RG®
CHALLENGES AND PROGRESS ON INITIATIVES
Real-time enhanced rabies surveillance Improve existing bait-oral vaccine/new more effective bait-oral vaccineLocal elimination of raccoon variantContinental approach to rabies management
dRIT- direct rapid immunohistochemical test
negative positive
• Central repository for:
– Public health surveillance data provided by states
– Enhanced surveillance data provided by U.S. Department of Agriculture/ Wildlife Services
• Surveillance shared via interactive mapping on the Internet
• Phased in, includes 8 states
RabID
Current Raccoon Rabies Front
Enhanced Rabies Sampling
Strange acting animalsSuggestive lesionsRoad killsAnimals found deadFocal trap or shoot
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
ORV NAÏVE w/raccoon rabies ORV NAÏVE w/out raccoon rabies POST ORV one event POST ORV 2+ events
% A
nti
bo
dy
Po
siti
ve
ALL STATES% POSITIVE (x±SD) RABIES ANTIBODY RESPONSE
7.7±6.4%
ne=11ns=7
na=1,468
8.3±11.4% 26.9±12.0% 30.3±11.1%
ne=7ns=6
na=302
ne=54ns=11
na=8,431
ne=37ns=10
na=6,813
ne = # eventsns= # statesna= # animals
…role of striped skunk in raccoon rabies dynamics?
SkunksSkunks infectedwith raccoon rabies
ORV ZoneORV Zone
Contingency Action Taken
Contingency Action Planningfor Specific Rabies Variant
beyond ORV zone (>80km)beyond but near ORV zonewithin an ORV zonepersisting within contingency zonespreading toward an ORV zonespreading-no ORV zone established
Raccoon rabies is…
Contingency Actions
Integrated actionenhanced surveillance localized population reduction trap-vaccinate-release (TVR) ORV
Quebec
Vermont
Vermont TVR, May 9 - May 23, 2007 Unique Raccoons Captures: 651 Total trap nights: 4772 10 trappers for 94 days total/trapping 12 hours/day Vaccinated Raccoons: 605 Vaccinated Foxes (Red) 6 Vaccinated Fisher 2 Vaccinated Domestic Cats 61 Euthanized Raccoons 46 Euthanized Skunks 27 Animals Trapped Testing Positive for Rabies: Raccoons: 10 Skunks: 0 Road Kills Collected During TVR Positive for Rabies: Raccoons: 4 Fox, Red 1
Ohio TVR, May 9 - May 19, 2007 Unique Raccoons Captures: 665 Total trap nights: 4043 12 trappers for 104 days trapping14 hours/day Vaccinated Raccoons: 427 Vaccinated Foxes (Red) 0 Vaccinated Skunks 1 Vaccinated Domestic Cats 0 Euthanized Raccoons 238 Euthanized Skunks 0 Animals Trapped Testing Positive for Rabies: Raccoons: 1 Skunks: 0 Road Kills Collected During TVR Positive for Rabies: Raccoons: 0 Fox, Red 0
Trap-Vaccinate-Release
oral rabies vaccine
bait/attra
ctant
delivery mode
bait distribution pattern
baitin
g fre
quen
cy
time of baiting
ORV area size and shape
bait density
target species
habitat preferences
population density
population structure
popu
latio
n dy
nam
ics
natural movement patterns
r
iver
s
lakes
mountainous habitat
major road systems
metropolitan areas
inner coastal plain pine habitat
Challenges….
translocationnon-target competition for baits
Role of vaccine spillage???
Fishmeal polymer
Coated schet
Canine Adenovirus2—Rabies Glycoprotein
Other candidates (e.g., reverse genetics modified live)
…Prospective Oral Rabies Vaccines
Human Adenovirus vector
…Prospective Oral Rabies Vaccines
ONRAB(AdRG1.3)
Encouraging results in skunks and
raccoons from field trial August 2006
Field trials continue in 2007
Local Elimination (?) of Raccoon Variant of Rabies
13
48
30 0 0 0
0
10
20
30
40
50
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
0
510
15
20
2530
35
40
4550
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
OntarioRaccoon cases
New BrunswickRaccoon and skunkcases
Success Characteristicsin Ontario and New Brunswick
Rabies Emergencenorthern periphery of raccoon rabies range
raccoon densities ~ 7-10/km2
adjacent to ORV zones in US
Integrated Control Strategyheavily dependent population reduction and TVR
ORV not used in New Brunswick
Ottawa, Canada, October 2005 RITAJacksonville, FL March 2006 Brasilia, Brazil October 2006 RITAMexico City, Mexico November 2006San Antonio, TX March 2007
North American Rabies Management Plan
Planning Team Representation: Border states and provincial agencies, federal agencies, Native peoples, Universities
Wildlife
PublicHealth
Agriculture
Information transferSurveillance and monitoringResearchRabies control
North American Rabies Management Plan
…potential areas for collaboration
Ontario Red Fox - ORV U.S. Raccoon- ORV
Ontario and New Brunswick Raccoon - TVROntario Raccoon - ORV
International Cooperation
Northeast U.S. and Canada Rabies Vaccination Zones
Canada-U.S.
SUMMARY
Real-time enhanced rabies surveillance
Baits/vaccine
Local elimination of raccoon variant
Continental approach to rabies management
Relative Progress Scale: low to high 1 2 3 4 5
4………….
2………….
1………….
3………….
Progress Challenge/Initiative