Australian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausSCIG) Conference 2013 www.ausSCIG.org
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Day 2 – Solar Cooling Conference - 12/04/2013Venue: CSIRO, North Ryde, Sydney
E. Pismennyi, B. Rassamakin, S. Khairnasov,
Combined Photovoltaic- Thermal Solar Collector based on aluminium
heat pipes for solar HVAC.
E. Pismennyi, B. Rassamakin, S. Khairnasov,
National Technical University of Ukraine
"Kyiv Polytechnic Institute“, Ukraine
Y. Elgart
Engineering Scientific International Pty Ltd., Australia
Australian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausSCIG) Conference 2013 www.ausSCIG.org
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Day 2 – Solar Cooling Conference - 12/04/2013Venue: CSIRO, North Ryde, Sydney
Introduction Development of solar heating and cooling
systems requires an integrated approach:
• development of new types of solar panels
• improvement of the conventional • improvement of the conventional alternative solar cooling technologies
Some of the those technologies are well known and others have just started to be implemented today
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Day 2 – Solar Cooling Conference - 12/04/2013Venue: CSIRO, North Ryde, Sydney
A l t e r n a t i v e c o o l i n g
t e c h n o l o g i e s
Do uble e f fe ct L i B r abso rption
Liquid Desiccant
LiCl cooling
S i n g le E ffe ct
A bso rpti on abso rption C h i l le rs
LiCl cooling systems
A bso rpti on C h i l le rs
Solid Desiccant Silica Gel
cooling systems
M a i s o ts e n k o-c y c l e
e v a p o r a t i ve c o o l i n g s y s t em
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Day 2 – Solar Cooling Conference - 12/04/2013Venue: CSIRO, North Ryde, Sydney
Single Effect Absorption Chillers
� Most common solar air conditioning system
� Average cooling capacity: range from 7kW to 3000kW
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Day 2 – Solar Cooling Conference - 12/04/2013Venue: CSIRO, North Ryde, Sydney
Double effect LiBr absorption Chillers
� More efficient than single stage absorption chillers
� Can produce water of much lower t°C
� Have greater thermal COPCOP
� Require much higher inlet temperature of hot water
� Potential use of renewable energy sources are limited
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Day 2 – Solar Cooling Conference - 12/04/2013Venue: CSIRO, North Ryde, Sydney
Double effect LiBr absorption Chillers Abbreviation Name Abbreviation Name
ABS Absorber EVP Evaporator
BPHX By-pass heat exchanger HTRG High-temperature regenerator
CHSV Cooling/heating switch valve HRHX Heat recovery heat exchanger
CHWBPV Chilled-water by-pass valve HTHX High-temperature heat exchanger
CHWP Chilled-water pump LTHX Low-temperature heat exchanger
COND Condenser LTRG Low-temperature regenerator
CT Cooling tower RBPSV Refrigerant by-pass solenoid
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CT Cooling tower RBPSV Refrigerant by-pass solenoid valve
CTOF City-water overflow RP Refrigerant pump
CTWS City-water switch RPH Refrigerant pump heater
CWBPV Cooling-water by-pass valve SF Steam filter
CWDD Cooling-water drain device SP Solution pump
CWDV Cooling-water detergent valve ST Steam trap
CTF Cooling-tower fan SV Steam valve
CWP Cooling-water pump
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Day 2 – Solar Cooling Conference - 12/04/2013Venue: CSIRO, North Ryde, Sydney
Liquid desiccant LiCl cooling systems
� Air is dehumidified and cooled by its direct contact with a liquid desiccant
� Systems are heat driven
� The open cycle air conditioning is ideal for energy intensive conditioning is ideal for energy intensive buildings with high latent loads
� Systems require the low temperature heat
� It works in perfect synergy with solar thermal collectors
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Australian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausSCIG) Conference 2013 www.ausSCIG.org
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Day 2 – Solar Cooling Conference - 12/04/2013Venue: CSIRO, North Ryde, Sydney
Solid Desiccant Silica Gel Cooling Systems
� Dehumidify the ambient air through a rotary heat exchanger
� Main advantage of these systems : ability to retain substantial amounts of moisture from the air
� Solid desiccants exhibit higher dehumidification potential than liquid desiccant systems
� Can also be used to provide heating for periods with low heating demand
� Flat-plate solar thermal collectors are normally used for this systems
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Day 2 – Solar Cooling Conference - 12/04/2013Venue: CSIRO, North Ryde, Sydney
Maisotsenko-cycle evaporative cooling system
The main advantages HVAC based on a M-Cycle:• environmental safety• small running cost• design simplicity
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• design simplicity • reduction of electricity
consumption comparing with current HVAC by up to 80%
See more information
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Day 2 – Solar Cooling Conference - 12/04/2013Venue: CSIRO, North Ryde, Sydney
Maisotsenko-cycle evaporative
cooling system (cont’d)1-2 M-cycle , cooling the air in dry working channel (in the real time)1-3 air cooling in dry working channel3-7 heating and humidification of air in wet working channel3-5 difference between moisture content of direct
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moisture content of direct evaporative cooling and M-cycle2-4-6 - heating and humidification of air in wet working channel1-5 ideal process of direct evaporative cooling (humidification) 1-8 the actual process of traditional evaporative cooling
See more information
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Day 2 – Solar Cooling Conference - 12/04/2013Venue: CSIRO, North Ryde, Sydney
� In real life experiment the temperature of outlet air from dry working channel is very close to the dew point and outlet air from wet
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� At initial temperature of air 71°C in the wet channel the absolute humidity in the M-cycle increases from 0.025 to 0.53 kg / kg, i.e. it rises more than 20 fold.
� Humidity of air flow in M-cycle is more than 6.5 times higher than in traditional direct evaporative cooling,(0.025 ... 0.08 kg / kg),where humidity increases only 3.2 times.Engineering & Scientific International www.esiglobalbusiness.comwww.esiglobalbusiness.com
air from wet channel to the temperature of wet bulb .
Australian Solar Cooling Interest Group (ausSCIG) Conference 2013 www.ausSCIG.org
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Day 2 – Solar Cooling Conference - 12/04/2013Venue: CSIRO, North Ryde, Sydney
Main types of solar collectorsS o l a r T h e r m a l
c o l l e c t o r s
• transform sunlight into the thermal energy
S o l a r P h o t o v o l t a i c c o l l e c t o r s
( P V )• directly convert the sun's light into electricity
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Day 2 – Solar Cooling Conference - 12/04/2013Venue: CSIRO, North Ryde, Sydney
Main types of solar collectors (cont’d)
Solar combined PV-T collector� Combines PV and solar thermal components into a single
module
� Produces two types of energy
� Increases conversion efficiency
� Makes economic use of the space
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Day 2 – Solar Cooling Conference - 12/04/2013Venue: CSIRO, North Ryde, Sydney
Schematic diagrams of PV-T collectors
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Day 2 – Solar Cooling Conference - 12/04/2013Venue: CSIRO, North Ryde, Sydney
Characteristics of different PV-Tcollectors
PV-T modelsAverage
efficiency (%)Advantages Disadvantages
PVPVPVPV----T air T air T air T air
collectorcollectorcollectorcollector24242424----47474747
• Low costLow costLow costLow cost• Simple structureSimple structureSimple structureSimple structure
• Low thermal massLow thermal massLow thermal massLow thermal mass• Large air volumeLarge air volumeLarge air volumeLarge air volume• Poor thermal removal Poor thermal removal Poor thermal removal Poor thermal removal
effectivenesseffectivenesseffectivenesseffectiveness
• High heat lossHigh heat lossHigh heat lossHigh heat loss
• Low costLow costLow costLow cost • High PV temperatureHigh PV temperatureHigh PV temperatureHigh PV temperature
As shown in a table above, some of PV-T collectors designs with the heat pipes (HP)
PVPVPVPV----T liquid T liquid T liquid T liquid
collectorcollectorcollectorcollector33333333----59595959
• Direct contributionDirect contributionDirect contributionDirect contribution• High thermal massHigh thermal massHigh thermal massHigh thermal mass• Low flow volumeLow flow volumeLow flow volumeLow flow volume
• Unstable heat removal Unstable heat removal Unstable heat removal Unstable heat removal temperaturetemperaturetemperaturetemperature
• Complex structureComplex structureComplex structureComplex structure• Possible piping freezingPossible piping freezingPossible piping freezingPossible piping freezing
PVPVPVPV----T refrigerant T refrigerant T refrigerant T refrigerant
collectorcollectorcollectorcollector56565656----74747474
• Low PV temperatureLow PV temperatureLow PV temperatureLow PV temperature• Stable performanceStable performanceStable performanceStable performance• High efficiencyHigh efficiencyHigh efficiencyHigh efficiency• Heat rejectionHeat rejectionHeat rejectionHeat rejection
• Risk of leakageRisk of leakageRisk of leakageRisk of leakage• High costHigh costHigh costHigh cost• Unbalanced flow distributionUnbalanced flow distributionUnbalanced flow distributionUnbalanced flow distribution•
PVPVPVPV----T with heat T with heat T with heat T with heat
pipepipepipepipe42424242----68686868
• Low PV temperatureLow PV temperatureLow PV temperatureLow PV temperature• Stable performanceStable performanceStable performanceStable performance• High efficiencyHigh efficiencyHigh efficiencyHigh efficiency• Heat rejectionHeat rejectionHeat rejectionHeat rejection• High COPHigh COPHigh COPHigh COP
• High costHigh costHigh costHigh cost• Risk of damageRisk of damageRisk of damageRisk of damage• Risk of leakageRisk of leakageRisk of leakageRisk of leakage• Complex structureComplex structureComplex structureComplex structure•
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Day 2 – Solar Cooling Conference - 12/04/2013Venue: CSIRO, North Ryde, Sydney
Operational principal of a Heat pipes
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Day 2 – Solar Cooling Conference - 12/04/2013Venue: CSIRO, North Ryde, Sydney
Heat pipes (HP) thermal technology
� Excellent heat transfer capabilities
� Reasonable structural � Reasonable structural simplicity
� Cost effective solution for heat transfer Some types of heat pipes used in
Solar Thermal collectors
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Day 2 – Solar Cooling Conference - 12/04/2013Venue: CSIRO, North Ryde, Sydney
Disadvantages of using copper HPs
� Large weight
� Difficult to assemble and install
� Not versatile� Not versatile
� Unscalable
� Lack of design flexibility, which is particularly important when they are facade integrated
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Day 2 – Solar Cooling Conference - 12/04/2013Venue: CSIRO, North Ryde, Sydney
Proposed Combined Photovoltaic -Thermal solar collector (PV-TAHP )
Faculty of Heat Power Engineering of National Technical University of
Ukraine (Kyiv)
in collaboration with
Engineering and Scientific Engineering and Scientific International Pty. Ltd (Australia)
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propose to develop a new type of PV-T collector based on extruded aluminium heat pipes (PV-TAHP) with wide
fins and longitudinal grooves
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Day 2 – Solar Cooling Conference - 12/04/2013Venue: CSIRO, North Ryde, Sydney
Sample and section of extruded aluminium heat pipe
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Day 2 – Solar Cooling Conference - 12/04/2013Venue: CSIRO, North Ryde, Sydney
Working fluid for AHP
� Was selected special environmentally friendly coolant AC-KRA7.5-P1
� Temperature range is-100°С to + 250 °С
� Life span of the heat pipe is over 15 years
Real size of heat pipes
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See more about HP testings results
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Day 2 – Solar Cooling Conference - 12/04/2013Venue: CSIRO, North Ryde, Sydney
HP testings resultsParameters Values
DimensionsDimensionsDimensionsDimensions 120120120120××××1500 mm1500 mm1500 mm1500 mm
Maximal heat transfer Maximal heat transfer Maximal heat transfer Maximal heat transfer
powerpowerpowerpowernot less than 210 Wnot less than 210 Wnot less than 210 Wnot less than 210 W
Thermal resistanceThermal resistanceThermal resistanceThermal resistance 0.02 …0.07 0.02 …0.07 0.02 …0.07 0.02 …0.07 °°°°C /WC /WC /WC /WThermal resistanceThermal resistanceThermal resistanceThermal resistance
Temperature drop along the Temperature drop along the Temperature drop along the Temperature drop along the
HPsHPsHPsHPs3 С 3 С 3 С 3 С °°°°---- 7 С 7 С 7 С 7 С °°°°
Temperature rangeTemperature rangeTemperature rangeTemperature range 0 0 0 0 ---- 120 С120 С120 С120 С°°°°
Transferred heat powerTransferred heat powerTransferred heat powerTransferred heat power 50 W 50 W 50 W 50 W ---- 300 W300 W300 W300 W
Maximal heat transfer Maximal heat transfer Maximal heat transfer Maximal heat transfer
ability of the HPsability of the HPsability of the HPsability of the HPsup to 300 Wup to 300 Wup to 300 Wup to 300 W
(for the values of tilt angles
from 5° to 90°)
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Day 2 – Solar Cooling Conference - 12/04/2013Venue: CSIRO, North Ryde, Sydney
Schematic diagram of the combined solar PV-TAHP collector
1 – frame2 – glass3 – aluminium heat pipe 3 – aluminium heat pipe 4 – liquid heat exchanger 5 – dielectric layer6 – thermal insulation7 – PV element
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Day 2 – Solar Cooling Conference - 12/04/2013Venue: CSIRO, North Ryde, Sydney
Experimental research
Stand imitates spectrum of solar radiation, changes settings and registers electrical and thermal parameters of collectors
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Day 2 – Solar Cooling Conference - 12/04/2013Venue: CSIRO, North Ryde, Sydney
Testing of working model of PV-TAHP exposed to real solar radiation
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Day 2 – Solar Cooling Conference - 12/04/2013Venue: CSIRO, North Ryde, Sydney
Current-voltage characteristics of PV cells for various temperature values
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Day 2 – Solar Cooling Conference - 12/04/2013Venue: CSIRO, North Ryde, Sydney
Power-temperature characteristics ofPV-TAHP
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Day 2 – Solar Cooling Conference - 12/04/2013Venue: CSIRO, North Ryde, Sydney
Results of PV-TAHP testingParameters Values
Effective area of Effective area of Effective area of Effective area of the heat the heat the heat the heat
absorbing panels absorbing panels absorbing panels absorbing panels 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 mmmm2222
Area of Area of Area of Area of photovoltaic panelsphotovoltaic panelsphotovoltaic panelsphotovoltaic panels 1 1 1 1 mmmm2222
Maximum effective heat flowMaximum effective heat flowMaximum effective heat flowMaximum effective heat flow no more no more no more no more 900 900 900 900 WWWW
Water tank capacity Water tank capacity Water tank capacity Water tank capacity up toup toup toup to 80 80 80 80 l
Thermal COP Thermal COP Thermal COP Thermal COP 44440000 … … … … 60%60%60%60%
Inlet temperature ti=18,8°С, outlet - to=23,8°С (with coolant flow up to 1,5 l/min)
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Thermal COP Thermal COP Thermal COP Thermal COP
Electrical COPElectrical COPElectrical COPElectrical COP 14141414…………15%15%15%15%(inlet temperature of water 40 оС)
Effective heating power Effective heating power Effective heating power Effective heating power up to 450 up to 450 up to 450 up to 450 WWWW////mmmm2222
Effective electrical power Effective electrical power Effective electrical power Effective electrical power up toup toup toup to 140 140 140 140 WWWW////mmmm2222
Hydraulic resistance Hydraulic resistance Hydraulic resistance Hydraulic resistance no moreno moreno moreno more 250 250 250 250 PaPaPaPa(with coolant flow up to 3 l/min)
Temperature differenceTemperature differenceTemperature differenceTemperature difference inininin
inlet and outlet *inlet and outlet *inlet and outlet *inlet and outlet *3,53,53,53,5…………5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0 0000СССС
(with coolant flow up to 1,5…4,0 l/min)
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Day 2 – Solar Cooling Conference - 12/04/2013Venue: CSIRO, North Ryde, Sydney
Technical properties of few PVT collector types
Technical propertiesExperimental
PV-TAHP(Ukraine)
PVT “DuoSolar” IDC (Switzerland)
PVT “Volther Hybrid”
SolimPeks(Turkey)
PVT “Solar Air”GRAMMER Solar
(Germany)
HeatHeatHeatHeat----transfer agenttransfer agenttransfer agenttransfer agent waterwaterwaterwater waterwaterwaterwater waterwaterwaterwater airairairair
Maximum electric Maximum electric Maximum electric Maximum electric
capacity[W/mcapacity[W/mcapacity[W/mcapacity[W/m2222]]]]140140140140 120120120120 108108108108 135135135135
Maximum thermal Maximum thermal Maximum thermal Maximum thermal 450450450450 340340340340 475475475475 405405405405
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capacity,[W/mcapacity,[W/mcapacity,[W/mcapacity,[W/m2222]]]]450450450450 340340340340 475475475475 405405405405
Efficiency of photoelectric Efficiency of photoelectric Efficiency of photoelectric Efficiency of photoelectric
battery at 40battery at 40battery at 40battery at 40°°°°СССС 15151515 12121212 11111111 13131313
Thermal standard Thermal standard Thermal standard Thermal standard
efficiencyefficiencyefficiencyefficiency,,,, [[[[%]%]%]%] 60606060 50505050 40404040 40404040
Hydraulic resistance,[Pa]Hydraulic resistance,[Pa]Hydraulic resistance,[Pa]Hydraulic resistance,[Pa] 250250250250 5 4005 4005 4005 400 6 2006 2006 2006 200 30303030
Presence of heat pipesPresence of heat pipesPresence of heat pipesPresence of heat pipes yesyesyesyes nononono nononono nononono
ApproximateApproximateApproximateApproximate
cost per cost per cost per cost per mmmm2 2 2 2 [Euro][Euro][Euro][Euro] 495495495495 960960960960 790790790790 850850850850
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Day 2 – Solar Cooling Conference - 12/04/2013Venue: CSIRO, North Ryde, Sydney
Conclusion
Investigation of experimental combined PV-TAHP collector (1600 x 1000) shown:
� Reduces heat-sensing surface by 30-40 % versus two most common collectors on the market : one PV and the other thermal, at the same power
Absorber of PV-TAHP collector provides highly � Absorber of PV-TAHP collector provides highly effective cooling of the PV cells area. That allows increase PV cells power output of around 15-30%, compare to single PV collector, by keeping its surface temperature around 40-50 °°°°C
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Day 2 – Solar Cooling Conference - 12/04/2013Venue: CSIRO, North Ryde, Sydney
� At temperature 40-50 °°°°C PV-TAHP collector’s electric power output is about 140 W/m2,at the same time it produces up to 450W/m2 of thermal energy
� Dispersion of the PV cells surface temperature is only 2%
Conclusion (cont’d)
only 2% � Heat exchanger of PV-TAHP collector has
hydraulic resistance only 250 Pa. This greatly reduces the solar system pump’s capacity
� PV-TAHP and aluminium HPs separately can be used as building elements for roof, facade and thermal control of the buildings, to utilise modular approach:
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Day 2 – Solar Cooling Conference - 12/04/2013Venue: CSIRO, North Ryde, Sydney
Facade construction with built-in aluminium HPs & PV-TAHP
collectors
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Day 2 – Solar Cooling Conference - 12/04/2013Venue: CSIRO, North Ryde, Sydney
� Economic calculation shows that estimated cost of combined PV-TAHP collector will be
1.5-2.0times less than existing common combined solar collector
Conclusion (cont’d)
� Considering above mentioned, the best application for PV-TAHP collectors in modern, alternative solar HVAC systems are:
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Day 2 – Solar Cooling Conference - 12/04/2013Venue: CSIRO, North Ryde, Sydney
A l t e r n a t i v e c o o l i n g
t e c h n o l o g i e s
Liquid Solid
Desiccant Maisotsenko-
cycle
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Liquid desiccant
LiCl Cooling Systems
Solid Desiccant Silica Gel Cooling Systems
Maisotsenko-cycle
evaporative Cooling
Systems.
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Day 2 – Solar Cooling Conference - 12/04/2013Venue: CSIRO, North Ryde, Sydney
Your questions, please
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