8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
1/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
2/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
3/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
4/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
5/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
6/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
7/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
8/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
9/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
10/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
11/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
12/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
13/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
14/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
15/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
16/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
17/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
18/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
19/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
20/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
21/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
22/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
23/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
24/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
25/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
26/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
27/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
28/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
29/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
30/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
31/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
32/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
33/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
34/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
35/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
36/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
37/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
38/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
39/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
40/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
41/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
42/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
43/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
44/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
45/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
46/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
47/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
48/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
49/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
50/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
51/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
52/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
53/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
54/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
55/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
56/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
57/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
58/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
59/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
60/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
61/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
62/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
63/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
64/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
65/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
66/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
67/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
68/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
69/75
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
70/75
Vulnerability AssessmentAvian influenza introduction into Manitoba Domestic Poultry
70
The high risk period for human contact with infected birds or swine will be in theagricultural surrounding prior to the identification of a HPAI.
While the odds of human infection are low, Manitobans will be concerned by thesight of sick or dead wild birds if the Asian H5N1 strain of avian influenza
emerges in wild waterfowl. At least a small percentage of infected Canada Geesewould be expected to display nervous signs or death. These large animalscongregate in the same areas where people are found and sick or dead birds willbe obvious. Urban areas such as Winnipeg are major staging grounds forCanada Geese with the city home to 150,000 Canada Geese during the fallmigration. If even just 5% of Canada Geese display symptoms, significantnumber sick birds will be visible to the general public.
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
71/75
Vulnerability AssessmentAvian influenza introduction into Manitoba Domestic Poultry
71
SECTION 13 ReferencesAlexander DJ, Lister SA, Johnson MJ, Randall CJ, and Thomas PJ, 1993. An
outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza in turkeys in Great Britain in1991. Veterinary Record. 132(May 22):535-536
Becker WB. The isolation and classification of Tern virus: influenza A-Tern SouthAfrica--1961. J Hyg (Lond). 1966 Sep;64(3):309-20.
Brown IH. The epidemiology and evolution of influenza viruses in pigs. Vet Microbiol.2000 May 22;74(1-2):29-46.
Bulaga LL, Garber L, Senne DA, Myers TJ, Good R, Wainwright S, Trock S andSuarez DL, 2003. Epidemiologic and surveillance studies on avian influenza inlive-bird markets in New York and New Jersey, 2001. Avian Diseases. 47:996-1001.
Campitelli L, Mogavero E, De Marco MA, Delogu M, Puzelli S, Frezza F, Facchini M,Chiapponi C, Foni E, Cordioli P, Webby R, Barigazzi G, Webster RG, DonatelliI. Interspecies transmission of an H7N3 influenza virus from wild birds tointensively reared domestic poultry in Italy. Virology. 2004 May 20;323(1):24-36.
Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 2004. Comprehensive report on the 2004outbreak of high pathogenicity avian influenza (H7N3) in the Fraser Valley ofBritish Columbian
Capua I, Mutinelli F. Mortality in Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata) and domesticgeese (Anser anser var. domestica) associated with natural infection with ahighly pathogenic avian influenza virus of H7N1 subtype. Avian Pathol2001;30:179-183
Chen H, Smith GJ, Zhang SY, Qin K, Wang J, Li KS, Webster RG, Peiris JS, Guan Y.Avian flu: H5N1 virus outbreak in migratory waterfowl. Nature. 2005 Jul14;436(7048):191-2.
Chen H, Smith GJD, Li KS, Wang J, Fan XH, RaynerJM, Vijaykrishna D, Zhang JX,Zhang LJ, Guo GT, Cheung CL, Xu KM, Duan L, Huang K, Qin K, Leung YHC,Wu LW, Lu RL, Chen Y, Xia NS, Naipospos TSP, Yuen KY, Hassan SS, BahriS, Nguyen TD, Webster RG, Peiris SM, Guan Y. Establishment of multiplesublineages of H5N1 influenza virus in Asia: Implications for pandemic control.Proc Natl Acade Sci 2006;103(8) 28452850
Choi YK, Lee JH, Erickson G, Goyal SM, Joo HS, Webster RG, Webby RJ. H3N2influenza virus transmission from swine to turkeys, United States. Emerg InfectDis. 2004 Dec;10(12):2156-60.
Choi YK, Ozaki H, Webby RJ, Webster RG, Peiris JS, Poon L, Butt C, Leung YH,Guan Y. Continuing evolution of H9N2 influenza viruses in SoutheasternChina. J Virol. 2004 Aug;78(16):8609-14.
Choi YK, Seo SH, Kim JA, Webby RJ and Webster RG, 2005. Avian influenzaviruses in Korean live poultry markets and their pathogenic potential. Virology332: 529-537.
Claas EC, Kawaoka Y, de Jong JC, Masurel N, Webster RG. Infection of childrenwith avian-human reassortant influenza virus from pigs in Europe. Virology.
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
72/75
Vulnerability AssessmentAvian influenza introduction into Manitoba Domestic Poultry
72
1994 Oct;204(1):453-7.Claas ECJ. Pandemic influenza is a zoonosis, as it requires introduction of avian-like
gene segments in the human population. Vet Micro 2000;73:133-139Davison S, Eckroade RJ, Ziegler AF. A review of the 1996-98 nonpathogenic H7N2
avian influenza outbreak in Pennsylvania. Avian Dis. 2003;47(3 Suppl):823-7.
Du Ry van Beest Holle M, Meijer A, Koopmans M, de Jager C.Human-to-humantransmission of avian influenza A/H7N7, The Netherlands, 2003 Euro Surveill2005;10(12):264-8 http://www.eurosurveillance.org/em/v10n12/1012-222.asp
Dunn PA, Wallner-Pendleton EA, Lu H, Shaw DP, Kradel D, Henzler DJ, Miller P,Key DW, Ruano M, Davison S. Summary of the 2001-02 Pennsylvania H7N2low pathogenicity avian influenza outbreak in meat type chickens. Avian Dis.2003;47(3 Suppl):812-6.
Elbers ARW, Fabri THF, de Vries, TD, de Wit, JJ, Pjipers A, and Koch G, 2004. The highlypathogenic avian influenza A (H7N7) virus epidemic in the Netherlands I 2003 Lessons learned from the first five outbreaks. Avian Diseases. 48:691-705.
Grain 2006 Fowl play: The poultry industry's central role in the bird flu crisis.
Available From: http://www.grain.org/briefings/?id=194 Halvorson DA, Kelleher CJ and Senne DA, 1985. Epizootiology of avian influenza: Effect ofseason on incidence in sentinel ducks and domestic turkeys in Minnesota. Appliedand Environmental Microbiology. 49(April):914-919
Halvorson DA. The control of low pathogenic avian influenza in Minnesota;successful and economical 2003 15 pp. ww.veterinaria.uchile.cl/publicacion/ VIIIpatologia/SEMINARIOS/semi12.pdf
Hanson BA, Stallknecht DE, Swayne DE, Lewis LA, Senne DA. Avian influenzaviruses in Minnesota ducks during 1998-2000. Avian Dis. 2003;47(3Suppl):867-71
Hatchette TF, Walker D, Johnson C, Baker A, Pryor SP, Webster RG. Influenza Aviruses in feral Canadian ducks: extensive reassortment in nature. J Gen Virol.2004 Aug;85(Pt 8):2327-2337.
Henzler DJ, Kradel DC, Davison S, Ziegler AF, Singletary D, DeBok P, Castro AE, LuH, Eckroade R, Swayne D, Lagoda W, Schmucker B, Nesselrodt A.Epidemiology, production losses, and control measures associated with anoutbreak of avian influenza subtype H7N2 in Pennsylvania (1996-98). AvianDis. 2003;47(3 Suppl):1022-36.
Hollenbeck JE. An Avian Connection as a Catalyst to the 1918-1919 InfluenzaPandemic. Int J Med Sci. 2005;2(2):87-90.
Hulse-Post DJ, Sturm-Ramirez KM, Humberd J, Seiler P, Govorkova EA, Krauss S,Scholtissek C, Puthavathana P, Buranathai C, Nguyen TD, Long HT,Naipospos TS, Chen H, Ellis TM, Guan Y, Peiris JS, Webster RG. Role ofdomestic ducks in the propagation and biological evolution of highlypathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses in Asia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005Jul 26;102(30):10682-7.
Jang-Pin Liu. Avian influenza a pandemic waiting to happen? J Microbiol ImmunolInfect 2006;39:4-10
Kan B, Wang M, Jing H, Xu H, Jiang X, Yan M, Liang W, Zheng H, Wan K, Liu Q, CuiB, Xu Y, Zhang E, Wang H, Ye J, Li G, Li M, Cui Z, Qi X, Chen K, Du L, GaoK, Zhao YT, Zou XZ, Feng YJ, Gao YF, Hai R, Yu D, Guan Y, Xu J. Molecular
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
73/75
Vulnerability AssessmentAvian influenza introduction into Manitoba Domestic Poultry
73
evolution analysis and geographic investigation of severe acute respiratorysyndrome coronavirus-like virus in palm civets at an animal market and onfarms. J Virol. 2005 Sep;79(18):11892-900.
Karasin AI, Schutten MM, Cooper LA, Smith CB, Subbarao K, Anderson GA, CarmanS, Olsen CW. Genetic characterization of H3N2 influenza viruses isolated from
pigs in North America, 1977-1999: evidence for wholly human and reassortantvirus genotypes. Virus Res. 2000 Jun;68(1):71-85.Kishida N, Sakoda Y, Isoda N, Matsuda K, Eto M, Sunaga Y, Umemura T, Kida H.
Pathogenicity of H5 influenza viruses for ducks. Arch Virol. 2005Jul;150(7):1383-1392.
Koopmans M, Wilbrink B, Conyn M, Natrop G, van der Nat H, Vennema H, Meijer A,van Steenbergen J, Fouchier R, Osterhaus A, Bosman A. Transmission ofH7N7 avian influenza A virus to human beings during a large outbreak incommercial poultry farms in the Netherlands. Lancet. 2004 Feb21;363(9409):587-93
Lee CW, Senne DA, Linares JA, Woolcock PR, Stallknecht DE, Spackman E,
Swayne DE, Suarez DL. Characterization of recent H5 subtype avian influenzaviruses from US poultry. Avian Pathol. 2004 Jun;33(3):288-97.Liu J, Xiao H, Lei F, Zhu Q, Qin K, Zhang XW, Zhang XL, Zhao D, Wang G, Feng Y,
Ma J, Liu W, Wang J, Gao GF. Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virusinfection in migratory birds. Science. 2005 Aug 19;309(5738):1206.
Lu H, Castro AE, Pennick K, Liu J, Yang Q, Dunn P, Weinstock D and Henzler D, 2003.Survival of avian influenza virud H7N2 in SPF chickens and their environments. AvianDiseases. 47:1015-1021
Mannelli A, Ferre N, Marangon S. Analysis of the 1999-2000 highly pathogenic avianinfluenza (H7N1) epidemic in the main poultry-production area in northernItaly. Prev Vet Med. 2005
Mase M, Imada T, Sanada Y, Etoh M, Sanada N, Tsukamoto K, Kawaoka Y,Yamaguchi S. Imported parakeets harbor H9N2 influenza A viruses that aregenetically closely related to those transmitted to humans in Hong Kong. JVirol. 2001 Apr;75(7):3490-4.
Matrosovich MN, Matrosovich TY, Gray T, Roberts NA, Klenk HD. Human and avianinfluenza viruses target different cell types in cultures of human airwayepithelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Mar 30;101(13):4620-4.
Morgan IR and Kelly AP, 1990. Epidemiology of an avian influenza outbreak inVictoria in 1985. Australian Veterinary Journal. 67:125-128
Narayan O, Lang G, Rouse BT. A new influenza A virus infection in turkeys. V.Pathology of the experimental disease by strain turkey-Ontario 7732-66. ArchGesamte Virusforsch. 1969;26(1):166-82.
New Zealand (Govt) 41) Biosecurity Authority, Ministery of Agriculture and Forestry,New Zealand. Import risk analysis: Belovo egg powders. Review ofsubmissions. September 5, 2003.
Panigrahy B, Senne DA, Pedersen JC. Avian influenza virus subtypes inside andoutside the live bird markets, 1993-2000: a spatial and temporal relationship.Avian Dis. 2002 Apr-Jun;46(2):298-307
Peiris JS, Guan Y, Markwell D, Ghose P, Webster RG, Shortridge KF. Cocirculationof avian H9N2 and contemporary "human" H3N2 influenza A viruses in pigs in
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
74/75
Vulnerability AssessmentAvian influenza introduction into Manitoba Domestic Poultry
74
southeastern China: potential for genetic reassortment? J Virol. 2001Oct;75(20):9679-86.
Perkins LE, Swayne DE. Pathogenicity of a Hong Kong-origin H5N1 highlypathogenic avian influenza virus for emus, geese, ducks, and pigeons. AvianDis. 2002 Jan-Mar;46(1):53-63.
Proceedings of the Frontis workshop on Avian Influenza: Prevention and Control.Wageningen, The Netherlands, Oct. 13-15, 2003..http://library.wur.nl/frontis/avian_influenza/
Riedel S. Crossing the species barrier: the threat of an avian influenza pandemic.Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2006 Jan;19(1):16-20.
Rojas H, Moreira R, Avalos P and Capua I, 2002. Avian influenza in poultry in Chile.Veterinary Record 151(Aug 10):188
Selleck PW, Arzey G, Kirkland PD, Reece RL, Gould AR, Daniels PW, Westbury HA.An outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza in Australia in 1997 causedby an H7N4 virus. Avian Dis. 2003;47(3 Suppl):806-11 Paragraph 65
Senne DA, Pedersen JC and Panigrahy B, 2003. Live-bird markets in the NortheasternUnited States: a source of avian influenza in commercial poultry. Chapter 3 inProceedings of the Frontis workshop on avian influenza: Prevention and control,Wageningen, The Netherlands, October 13-15. Edited by RS Schrijver and G Koch
Shortridge KF, Zhou NN, Guan Y, Gao P, Ito T, Kawaoko Y, Kodihalli S, Krauss S, MarkwellD, Murti KG, Norwood M, Senne D, Sims L, Takada A, and Webser RG, 1998.Characterization of avian H5N1 influenza viruses from poultry in Hong Kong. Virology.252:331-342
Shu LL, Lin YP, Wright SM, Shortridge KF, Webster RG. Evidence for interspeciestransmission and reassortment of influenza A viruses in pigs in southernChina.Virology. 1994 Aug 1;202(2):825-33.
Slemons RD, Hansen WR, Converse KA, and Senne DA, 2003. Type A influenza virussurveillance in free-flying nonmigratory ducks residing on the eastern shore of
Maryland. Avian Diseases. 47:1107-1110 Spackman E, Senne DA, Davison S, Suarez DL. Sequence analysis of recent H7avian influenza viruses associated with three different outbreaks in commercialpoultry in the United States. J Virol. 2003 Dec;77(24):13399-402.
Stallknecht DE, Shane SM, Zwank PJ, Senne DA, and Kearney MT, 1990. Avian influenzaviruses from migratory and residents ducks of coastal Louisiana. Avian Diseases.34:398-405
Stegeman A, Bouma A, Elbers AR, de Jong MC, Nodelijk G, de Klerk F, Koch G, vanBoven M. Avian influenza A virus (H7N7) epidemic in The Netherlands in2003: course of the epidemic and effectiveness of control measures. J InfectDis. 2004 Dec 15;190(12):2088-2095
Suarez DL, Woolcock PR, Bermudez AJ, Senne DA. Isolation from turkey breederhens of a reassortant H1N2 influenza virus with swine, human, and avianlineage genes. Avian Dis. 2002 Jan-Mar;46(1):111-21.
Sss J, Schfer J, Sinnecker H and Webster RG, 1994. Influenza virus subtypes in aquaticbirds of eastern Germany. Archives of Virology 135(March):101-114
Tang X, Tian G, Zhao J, Zhou KY. Isolation and characterization of prevalent strainsof avian influenza viruses in China [article in Chinese] Chin J Anim Prod PoultInfect Dis. 1998;20:1-5
Thomas ME, Bouma A, Ekker HM, Fonken AJ, Stegeman JA, Nielen M. Risk factors
8/14/2019 Avian Vul Assess 200604
75/75
Vulnerability AssessmentAvian influenza introduction into Manitoba Domestic Poultry
for the introduction of high pathogenicity Avian Influenza virus into poultryfarms during the epidemic in the Netherlands in 2003. Prev Vet Med. 2005 Jun10;69(1-2):1-11.
Tiensin T, Chaitaweesub P, Songserm T, Chaisingh A, Hoonsuwan W, Buranathai C,Parakamawongsa T, Premashthira S, Amonsin A, Gilbert M, Nielen M,
Stegeman A. Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1, Thailand, 2004. EmergInfect Dis. 2005 Nov;11(11):1664-72.Uyeki TM, Chong YH, Katz JM, Lim W, Ho YY, Wang SS, Tsang TH, Au WW, Chan
SC, Rowe T, Hu-Primmer J, Bell JC, Thompson WW, Bridges CB, Cox NJ,Mak KH, Fukuda K. Lack of evidence for human-to-human transmission ofavian influenza A (H9N2) viruses in Hong Kong, China 1999. Emerg Infect Dis.2002 Feb;8(2):154-9.
van Eijk M, White MR, Batenburg JJ, Vaandrager AB, van Golde LM, Haagsman HP,Hartshorn KL. Interactions of influenza A virus with sialic acids present onporcine surfactant protein D. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2004 Jun;30(6):871-9.
Webby RJ, Swenson SL, Krauss SL, Gerrish PJ, Goyal SM, Webster RG. Evolution
of swine H3N2 influenza viruses in the United States. J Virol. 2000Sep;74(18):8243-51.Webster RG, Bean WJ, Gorman OT, Chambers TM, Kawaoka Y. Evolution and
Ecology of Influenza A Viruses Microbiol Rev Mar. 1992, Vol. 56, No. 1p. 152-179
Webster RG. Wet markets--a continuing source of severe acute respiratory syndromeand influenza? Lancet. 2004 Jan 17;363(9404):234-6.
Webster RG, Guan Y, Poon L, Krauss S, Webby R, Govorkovai E, Peiris M. Thespread of the H5N1 bird flu epidemic in Asia in 2004. Arch Virol Suppl.2005;(19):117-129.
Webster RG, Peiris M, Chen H, Guan Y. H5N1 outbreaks and enzootic influenza.Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 Jan;12(1):3-8
Wells RJH, 1963. An outbreak of fowl plague in turkeys. Veterinary Record.75(31,Aug3):783-786
Widjaja L, Krauss SL, Webby RJ, Xie T, Webster RG. Matrix gene of influenza aviruses isolated from wild aquatic birds: ecology and emergence of influenza aviruses. J Virol. 2004 Aug;78(16):8771-8779.
Xu X, Subbarao K, Cox NJ, Guo Y. Genetic Characterization of the PathogenicInfluenza A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96 (H5N1) Virus: Similarity of ItsHemagglutinin Gene to Those of H5N1 Viruses from the 1997 Outbreaks inHong Kong Virology 1999;261:15-19.
Zhou NN, Senne DA, Landgral JS, Swenson SL, Srickson G, Rossow K, Liu L, YoonK-j, Krauss S, Webster RG. Emergence of H3N2 reassortment influenza A