K Engeljehringer ndash AVL List GmbH Graz Austria
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
2 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION LEGISLATION Many pages complex and sometimes confusing
4000+ pages of worldwide emission legislations and regulations
In Annex 8 of this Regulation references to
Annex 4 shall be understood as reference
to Appendix 4 of Annex I of this
Regulation (Quotation from UN-ECE 101)
3 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
4 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION REGULATION Information
All legislations have 4 main topics bull Emission Limits
bull Test cycles
bull Test and Measurement specifications
bull Result calculation and reporting specification
Separation of legislations in 2 parts bull Standards - main focus on limits and test cycle)
bull Regulation - main focus on measurement test and
calculation specifications
bull Modern legislations have already accepted that and are written in
2 books (like Standard Setting part and Technical Regulations)
Standard
Setting Part Technical regulation
5 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION LEGISLATIONS Complex matrix
Time
EU
Japan
USA
Applications
EU-1 EU II
EU-1 EU III
EU-1 EU IV
EU-1 EU V
EU-1 EU VI
EU-1 EU I
Chassis Dyno Engine Dyno
Global Harmonization
USA Harmonization
6 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION LEGISLATIONS Test-Specifications
EU
EU und UN-ECE Emission Standards
bull GTR-02 Measurement procedure for two-wheeled motorcycles with
regard to the emission of gaseous pollutants CO2 emissions
and fuel consumption (Adopted 2005)
bull GTR-04 Test procedure for compression-ignition (CI) engines and
positive-ignition (PI) engines fuelled with natural gas (NG) or
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) with regard to the emission of
pollutants (Adopted 2006)
bull GTR-05 Technical requirements for on-board diagnostic systems (OBD)
for road vehicles (Adopted 2006)
bull GTR-10 Off-cycle emissions (OCE) (Adopted 2009)
bull GTR-11 Engine emissions from agricultural and forestry tractors and
from non- road mobile machinery (Adopted 2009)
bull GTR-XY Passenger car emission testing based on WLTP
US-EPA and CARB Standards
bull Engine Test bed Test-Specifications in CFR-1065
bull Chassis dyno Test-Specifications in CFR-1066
ISO Standards
bull Engine Test bed ISO 8178
7 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
US EMISSION LEGISLATION Engine and Vehicle Testing
Standard Setting Part
Engine Testing
CFR-1065
This Technical part is the same for
all engine applications which are
tested on an engine test bed
Technical regulation
CFR-1051 Recreational vehicles
CFR-1048 Nonroad SI gt 19 kW
CFR-1042 Marine CI
CFR-1039 Nonroad CI
CFR-1033 Locomotives
CFR-1054 Nonroad SIlt 19 kW
CFR-1030 Aircraft
CFR-1036 Heavy Duty On-Road
CFR-1043 Marine vessel Marpol
CFR-1045 Marine SI
Vehicle Testing
CFR-1066
CFR-1012 Light Duty vehicles
CFR-1015 Fuel Economy
CFR-1022 Highway Motorcycles
Evaporative Testing
CFR-1060
8 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
9 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
10 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Light Duty - Passenger Cars
EU
EU Emission Legislation
bull Euro-6 will start in 2014 with a second phase starting in 2017
bull Emission limits are valid for any ldquonormal driving operationrdquo By that EU can change
drive cycles without the need to change limits
bull Euro-6 requires Particulate mass (PM) and Particle number (PN) for all engines
EU and UN-ECE Emission Regulation
bull Test procedures and drive cycle should be the new WLTP (World Light vehicle Test
Procedure) WLTP (Phase 1) should be finished end of 2013 but is delayed If it
isnrsquot ready Euro-6 will continue with UN-ECE R-83 regulation like Euro-5
bull There will be a ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo requirement which will limit emissions
also during any ldquonormalrdquo driving operation That will be measured by Portable
Emission Measurement System (PEMS) on the road As alternative or as further
extension there may also be a random drive cycles
Main issues for development
bull Gasoline engines will dominantly be GDI since CO2 legislation Main development
effort will be PN for GDI (will a Gasoline Particulate Filter (GPF) be needed)
bull Diesel vehicles development will focus on further NOx reduction
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
11 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION LEGISLATIONS EU Passenger Cars
EU
1992 1996 2000 2005 2009 2011 2014 2017
ECE 1504
ECE 1505
NEDC NEDC NEDC NEDC NEDC WLTP
CO
Positive
Ignition
Engines
(Gasoline)
2720 2200 2300 1000 1000 1000 1000
HC 200 100 100 100 100
NMHC 68 68 68
HC + NOx 970 500
NOx 150 80 60 60 60
PM only GDI 5 45 45
PN 6E12
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
km
2720 1000 640 500 500 500 500
970 560 300 230 230 170 700
500 250 180 180 80
140 80 50 25 5 45 45
6E11 6E11
CO Compression
Ignition
Engines
(Diesel)
HC + NOx
NOx
PM
PN
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
km
Test Cycle
EU-1 EU-2 EU-3 EU-4 EU-5 EU-5+ EU-6
EU
no change change
EU-6+
6E11
important
12 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION WLTP (World Light vehicle Test Procedure) and Euro 67
bull Project is set up accordingly to UNECE 1998 world harmonization
agreement
bull Sponsored by EU and Japan USA has withdrawn sponsoring in
June 2010
Project and objective
bull DHC Development of a drive cycle - average world wide driving behavior
bull DTP Development of the test procedures (parameter definition equipment specifications
fuels hellip) for better reproducibility and better representativeness like road load determination
bull It will result in a Global Technical Regulation (GTR) how to test emissions
bull It will NOT define which emissions will be limited and what the limits shall be
Project plan
bull Phase-1 Drive cycle and test procedures should be finished Nov 2013
bull Phase-2 Off-Cycle emissions Low ambient temperature High altitude In-Service conformity
Durability hellip
Euro 6 is planed for 2014 WLTP will be implemented if and as far it will be available
13 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION WLTP (World Light vehicle Test Procedure) and Euro 67
WLTP Drive Cycle consists of 4 Phases bull Low Phase
bull Middle Phase
bull High Phase
bull Extra-High Phase
Objective
bull Test-cycle accepted worldwide to increasing harmonization for the automotive sector at a
global level
bull Shall reflect in average the world wide driving behavior of passenger cars and light duty
vehicles (based on driving data from main Contracting parties including India China hellip)
bull Different gear shift points for PC and LDCV
4 Phases
1800 sec long
46 kmh average velocity
125 kmh max velocity
14 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Light Duty - Passenger Cars
USA Emission Legislation
bull US-EPA and CARB will harmonize their standards
bull Low Emission Vehicle program III (LEV-III) starts in 2014
bull PM limits will be reduced by a factor 10
bull PM measured for all engine- and fuel types
bull Medium Duty Vehicle (MDV) are tested on chassis dynos
USA Emission Regulation
bull Test specifications accordingly CFR-1066 and CFR-1065 replacing the current
Part-40 CFR-86
Main issues for development
bull Fleet averages equivalent to current SULEV by 2022
bull New emissions categories and combined NMOG and NOx standards
bull New E-85 fuel requirements and limit changes
bull Eliminate 50000 mile intermediate useful life standards and increased durability
requirement from 120000 miles to 150000 miles
15 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
LIGHT DUTY VEHICLE Chassis Test Bed (with Hybrid add-ons)
16 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
17 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
EU
EU Emission Legislation
bull Euro-VI has started 2013
bull In addition to Particulate Mass (PM) also Particle Number (PN) limits for Diesel
bull Euro-VII isnrsquot defined yet CO2 and fuel consumption requirements will come next
EU and UN-ECE Emission Regulation
bull Euro-VI test procedure is based on Global Test Procedure GTR-04 from UN-ECE
bull New World Harmonized Stationary Cycle (WHSC) and World Harmonized
Transient Cycle (WHTC) is used
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo requirements limit emissions also during any ldquonormalrdquo
driving operation That is done by
bull an Off Cycle Emissions (OCE) stationary engine test cycle with 15 random
engine speedtorque points
bull and with the vehicle on the road by Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
Main issues for development
bull Diesel PN limits
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
18 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
1992 1996 2000 2005 2008 2013
Moderate Reduction (lt30) Large Reduction (gt30)
Test cycles
EU-I+II
13-Mode
EU-III+IV
ESC
EU-VI
WHSC
CO 450 400 210 150 150 150
THC
NOx
NMHC
CH4
PM
PN
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
kWh
NH3 ppm
CO2 FC gkW-h
NO2 gkW-h
110 110 066 046 046 013
800 700 500 350 200 040
360 015 010 002 002 001
25 25 10
8 E11
no
6 E11
Test cycles
EU-III+IV
ETC
EU-VI
WHSC
CO 540 400 400 400
THC
NOx
NMHC
CH4
PM
PN
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
kWh
NH3 ppm
CO2 FC gkW-h
NO2 gkW-h
016
500 350 200 046
016 003 003 001
25 25 10
no
078 055 055
160 110 110
Tbd
Tbd
I EU
II III IV V VI
19 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
USA Emission Legislation
bull Harmonization of EPA and CARB regulations
bull In addition to CO2 also CH4 and N2O must be measured and reported for Green-
House-Gas (GHC) legislation
USA Emission Regulation
bull Test procedure is based on CFR-1065 (very different to old CFR-86 or EU)
bull All Calculations are based on mol or CFR-86
bull Performance specifications are based on statistical evaluations and limits
are not anymore related to measurement ranges but on the actual
emissions of the engine tested and the emission limit
bull Analyzer must not switch analog gains for continuous measurement
bull CLD analyzers must meet very small CO2 and H2O quenching specs
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo limit emissions during normal driving operation That is
done with the vehicle on the road by Portable Emission Measurement Systems
(PEMS)
Main issues for development
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
20 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
HEAVY DUTY ON-ROAD ENGINE Engine Test Bed
NH3 NH3
Emission Engine Test Bed with CVS
bull Automation system iGEM Engine
bull Full Flow Dilution with CVS i60
bull Diluted gaseous emission bench AMA i60
bull Particulate Sampler PSS i60 with integrated particle
counter APC
bull NH3 Analyzer SESAM i60 FT or LDD
Emission Engine Test Bed with SPC
bull Automation system iGEM Engine
bull Partial flow Dilution with SPC
bull Raw gaseous emission bench AMA i60
bull Particle counter APC connected to SPC
bull NH3 Analyzer SESAM i60 FT or LDD
Also US-EPA is now accepting partial flow dilution and raw gaseous emission measurement
for stationary and transient testing
21 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
22 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Off-Road - ABGASGESETZGEBUNG Herausforderungen
EU
EU und UN-ECE Emission Standards
bull Limits also for engines with over 560kW
bull Global Technical regulation GTR-11 will be implemented
bull Agricultural and forestry tractors will be covered also by Non-Road Mobile
Machinery legislation (before a separate legislation))
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo measurement with PEMS under evaluation
bull Discussions for Stage V (2020) to implement also a PN limit Currently Non-
Road Stage IV engines are often using open filter systems
US-EPA and CARB Standards
bull Test procedure is based on CFR-1065 which is quite different compared to
old US or European legislation
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo measurement with PEMS under evaluation
23 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Pollution Control
Off-Road engine applications are the last combustion engine
application which gets effected by emission legislation
App 2000 the fist emission legislations came up for Off-Road
App 2011 most of the off-road applications are effected by emission
legislation
In order to fulfill most off-road legislation emission limits more and
more engines will require the use of an exhaust aftertreatment
technology
24 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Transienter Pruumlflauf NRTC (Non Road Transient Cycle)
Transient
Test Cycle
Stationary
Test Cycle
25 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Space limitations
bull Most off-road applications have a limited space available Like on a
tractor it is important that the driver can see the front wheels
bull To mount additionally an exhaust aftertreatment systems is
challenging especially since these devices get very hot
Load profile and exhaust temperature
bull Often the average engine load is very for most of the operation
times Only for a short period of time the maximum engine power is
used Which results in low average exhaust temperatures
bull With such low exhaust temperatures exhaust aftertreatment
systems will not work or can not be properly regenerated
26 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-HIGHWAY ANWENDUNGEN Herausforderung Abgasnachbehandlung
100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Exhaust Temperature [degC]
Amount of time when exhaust temperature is suitable for
Exhaust after treatment systems (T ge T Abgas)
SCR Continuous Regenerating DPF (NO2)
20
40
60
80
100
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
20
40
60
80
100
Traktor beim
Saumlen
Traktor
beim Fahren
NRTC
Non Road
Transient Cycle
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
Gabelstapler
27 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Shared responsibility
bull Very often the machinery manufacturer and the engine manufacturer are two different companies
The machinery manufacturer buys an engine from the engine manufacturer The engine
manufacturer is responsible for the emission type approval of the engine
bull When the engine needs an exhaust aftertreatment system to fulfill the limit which is very much
integrated in the machinery who will supply the exhaust aftertreatment system and who is finally
responsible for the emissions
USA
US Engine manufacturer penalized for Clean Air Act violations
US EPA announced a settlement with two US engine manufacturer to resolve alleged Clean Air
Act violations In one case the engine manufacturer shipped more than 590000 highway and
non-road diesel engines to the vehicle assemblers without the aftertreatment devices andor with
improperly configured fuel injector and map settings
One manufacturer has to pay a $255 million penalty and continue a recall of noncompliant
engines
28 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Stage IIIB
Tier 4
CO2
GHG
Fuel Consumption
Emission Diagnostics
In-use Testing
29 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Alternative Fuels
NESHAPNSPS Air Quality Requirements
Tier 4
Gothenburg Protocol
World Bank
30 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
31 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Emissions
32 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
International Maritime Organization (IMO) Regulation
IMO is the United Nations specialized agency responsible for the safety
security and prevention of marine pollution by ships
IMO publishes the Marine Pollution (MARPOL) regulation which affects all
ocean going vessels and can be applied as emissions standards to domestic-
and foreign-flagged vessels
MARPOL covers all kinds and sources of pollutions caused by vessels not only
the engine emissions Engine emissions are regulated by Annex-VI of MARPOL
and has a NOx limit It also enables local regions to restrict the use of fuels with
high sulfur content (Heavy Fuel Oil HFO) as a measure against SOx emissions
In pollution sensitive areas geographically-based limits will focus to reduce NOx
SOx and PM emissions To achieve air quality benefits at reasonable costs it
allows different options better fuel or the use of exhaust aftertreatment systems
IMO will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
33 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
USA Regulation bull In the USA marine diesel engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
bull 2004 in addition US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandated a
reduction in PM and NOx
bull 2012 EPA Tier-3 has further reduce PM by 50 and NOx by 20 and will require
the use of 15ppm Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)
bull In 2014 EPA Tier-4 will further reduce PM by 90 and NOx by 80 for commercial
engines with more than 600 kW compared to Tier-2 in certain local areas
bull USA will also implement a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
bull Testing procedures and measurement equipment must follow CFR-1065 regulation
EU Regulation In Europe marine engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
For inland water ways ships also must fulfill the Directive 200426EC amended by
201026EU This is the same Directive which applies for all Non-Road Mobile
Machineries in Europe
For certain locale water ways also additional requirements exist like the river Rhine or
Lake Constance
34 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Test Cycles
35 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
36 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Fuel and Sulfur Oxides
1 Liter Heavy Fuel Oil
37 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
38 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Engine test bed certification All propulsion engines - small large and very large engines must show its
compliance with the emission standards on an engine test bed These tests
are done in the same way as for most other engine applications like non
road mobile machinery engines The test bed tests have also to be done
nevertheless if the engine gets modified when it is installed on board
Large ships also have auxiliary engines for example to produce electricity
on board Also these engines have to be certified on an engine test bed
Since these engines are not used for the ship propulsion other engine test
cycles apply like the ISO 8178 C1 or D2 cycle
Additional on-board certification Such engines will often be modified or fine-tuned after the test bed
certification was done and the engine is installed into the ship
Then the test bed certification is seen as a pre-certification which must be
followed by an on-board emission verification
A ship propeller has a certain correlation between speed and torque the so
called propeller law Since the test cycles follow this propeller law it is
possible to repeat the test bed test also on -board
Most engine parameters and especially emissions are measured on-board
Engine parameters which canrsquot be measured on-board can be copied from
the test bed test
39 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Not to Exceed requirements
IMO and US-EPA will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement
There the emission under realistic in-use operation conditions will be
verified
IM requirements Regular inspection and maintenance verification is done during the whole
life-time This can be done by one out of three methods
bull An engine parameter check which verifies certain engines
components settings and operating values which could affect the
emissions (is typically a time consuming work)
bull A simplified verification of the emission on board like the on board
certification test
bull A direct monitoring method which is using fixed installed on board
emission measurement system
40 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TESTING Marine Applications
Notes
Higher potential of corrosion
and contamination because
of high SO2 in exhaust
bull Back-flush and
after sample purge
bull more frequent
maintenance and
service
Consider sample boost
pumps because of long
sample line length since the
engines are very large
Large diversity of fuel types
and fuel parameters
especially in case of FTIR
evaluation packages
SCR and SOx Scrubber
issues
41 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
42 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
ZERO EMISSIONS VERSUS CO2 A local versus a global problem
Pollutant Emission is a local problem
Even when some emission components may be transported
over some 100 kilometers like particulates Mostly only the
people and environment of this region or especially of a city is
effected by pollution problems
Green House Gas Emissions is a global problem
Green House Gas (GHG) emissions will effect the climatic
conditions of the entire world and change the climate Often the
region which might be effected by the weather catastrophes
are not emitting large amounts of GHG emissions but will
suffer
43 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE CHALLENGES Green-House-Gas emissions and Global Warming
CO2 emitted per country
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per country
1 China
2 USA
3 India
4 Russia
CO2 emitted per person
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per person
1 USA
2 Canada
3 Australia
4 Middle East
44 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Achievements and targets
SIAM BEE
Proposals
2015 121 ndash 155 gkm
2020 104 ndash 136 gkm
Source ICAT 2012
4 l100km
25 kml
65 mpg
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
2 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION LEGISLATION Many pages complex and sometimes confusing
4000+ pages of worldwide emission legislations and regulations
In Annex 8 of this Regulation references to
Annex 4 shall be understood as reference
to Appendix 4 of Annex I of this
Regulation (Quotation from UN-ECE 101)
3 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
4 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION REGULATION Information
All legislations have 4 main topics bull Emission Limits
bull Test cycles
bull Test and Measurement specifications
bull Result calculation and reporting specification
Separation of legislations in 2 parts bull Standards - main focus on limits and test cycle)
bull Regulation - main focus on measurement test and
calculation specifications
bull Modern legislations have already accepted that and are written in
2 books (like Standard Setting part and Technical Regulations)
Standard
Setting Part Technical regulation
5 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION LEGISLATIONS Complex matrix
Time
EU
Japan
USA
Applications
EU-1 EU II
EU-1 EU III
EU-1 EU IV
EU-1 EU V
EU-1 EU VI
EU-1 EU I
Chassis Dyno Engine Dyno
Global Harmonization
USA Harmonization
6 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION LEGISLATIONS Test-Specifications
EU
EU und UN-ECE Emission Standards
bull GTR-02 Measurement procedure for two-wheeled motorcycles with
regard to the emission of gaseous pollutants CO2 emissions
and fuel consumption (Adopted 2005)
bull GTR-04 Test procedure for compression-ignition (CI) engines and
positive-ignition (PI) engines fuelled with natural gas (NG) or
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) with regard to the emission of
pollutants (Adopted 2006)
bull GTR-05 Technical requirements for on-board diagnostic systems (OBD)
for road vehicles (Adopted 2006)
bull GTR-10 Off-cycle emissions (OCE) (Adopted 2009)
bull GTR-11 Engine emissions from agricultural and forestry tractors and
from non- road mobile machinery (Adopted 2009)
bull GTR-XY Passenger car emission testing based on WLTP
US-EPA and CARB Standards
bull Engine Test bed Test-Specifications in CFR-1065
bull Chassis dyno Test-Specifications in CFR-1066
ISO Standards
bull Engine Test bed ISO 8178
7 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
US EMISSION LEGISLATION Engine and Vehicle Testing
Standard Setting Part
Engine Testing
CFR-1065
This Technical part is the same for
all engine applications which are
tested on an engine test bed
Technical regulation
CFR-1051 Recreational vehicles
CFR-1048 Nonroad SI gt 19 kW
CFR-1042 Marine CI
CFR-1039 Nonroad CI
CFR-1033 Locomotives
CFR-1054 Nonroad SIlt 19 kW
CFR-1030 Aircraft
CFR-1036 Heavy Duty On-Road
CFR-1043 Marine vessel Marpol
CFR-1045 Marine SI
Vehicle Testing
CFR-1066
CFR-1012 Light Duty vehicles
CFR-1015 Fuel Economy
CFR-1022 Highway Motorcycles
Evaporative Testing
CFR-1060
8 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
9 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
10 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Light Duty - Passenger Cars
EU
EU Emission Legislation
bull Euro-6 will start in 2014 with a second phase starting in 2017
bull Emission limits are valid for any ldquonormal driving operationrdquo By that EU can change
drive cycles without the need to change limits
bull Euro-6 requires Particulate mass (PM) and Particle number (PN) for all engines
EU and UN-ECE Emission Regulation
bull Test procedures and drive cycle should be the new WLTP (World Light vehicle Test
Procedure) WLTP (Phase 1) should be finished end of 2013 but is delayed If it
isnrsquot ready Euro-6 will continue with UN-ECE R-83 regulation like Euro-5
bull There will be a ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo requirement which will limit emissions
also during any ldquonormalrdquo driving operation That will be measured by Portable
Emission Measurement System (PEMS) on the road As alternative or as further
extension there may also be a random drive cycles
Main issues for development
bull Gasoline engines will dominantly be GDI since CO2 legislation Main development
effort will be PN for GDI (will a Gasoline Particulate Filter (GPF) be needed)
bull Diesel vehicles development will focus on further NOx reduction
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
11 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION LEGISLATIONS EU Passenger Cars
EU
1992 1996 2000 2005 2009 2011 2014 2017
ECE 1504
ECE 1505
NEDC NEDC NEDC NEDC NEDC WLTP
CO
Positive
Ignition
Engines
(Gasoline)
2720 2200 2300 1000 1000 1000 1000
HC 200 100 100 100 100
NMHC 68 68 68
HC + NOx 970 500
NOx 150 80 60 60 60
PM only GDI 5 45 45
PN 6E12
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
km
2720 1000 640 500 500 500 500
970 560 300 230 230 170 700
500 250 180 180 80
140 80 50 25 5 45 45
6E11 6E11
CO Compression
Ignition
Engines
(Diesel)
HC + NOx
NOx
PM
PN
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
km
Test Cycle
EU-1 EU-2 EU-3 EU-4 EU-5 EU-5+ EU-6
EU
no change change
EU-6+
6E11
important
12 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION WLTP (World Light vehicle Test Procedure) and Euro 67
bull Project is set up accordingly to UNECE 1998 world harmonization
agreement
bull Sponsored by EU and Japan USA has withdrawn sponsoring in
June 2010
Project and objective
bull DHC Development of a drive cycle - average world wide driving behavior
bull DTP Development of the test procedures (parameter definition equipment specifications
fuels hellip) for better reproducibility and better representativeness like road load determination
bull It will result in a Global Technical Regulation (GTR) how to test emissions
bull It will NOT define which emissions will be limited and what the limits shall be
Project plan
bull Phase-1 Drive cycle and test procedures should be finished Nov 2013
bull Phase-2 Off-Cycle emissions Low ambient temperature High altitude In-Service conformity
Durability hellip
Euro 6 is planed for 2014 WLTP will be implemented if and as far it will be available
13 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION WLTP (World Light vehicle Test Procedure) and Euro 67
WLTP Drive Cycle consists of 4 Phases bull Low Phase
bull Middle Phase
bull High Phase
bull Extra-High Phase
Objective
bull Test-cycle accepted worldwide to increasing harmonization for the automotive sector at a
global level
bull Shall reflect in average the world wide driving behavior of passenger cars and light duty
vehicles (based on driving data from main Contracting parties including India China hellip)
bull Different gear shift points for PC and LDCV
4 Phases
1800 sec long
46 kmh average velocity
125 kmh max velocity
14 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Light Duty - Passenger Cars
USA Emission Legislation
bull US-EPA and CARB will harmonize their standards
bull Low Emission Vehicle program III (LEV-III) starts in 2014
bull PM limits will be reduced by a factor 10
bull PM measured for all engine- and fuel types
bull Medium Duty Vehicle (MDV) are tested on chassis dynos
USA Emission Regulation
bull Test specifications accordingly CFR-1066 and CFR-1065 replacing the current
Part-40 CFR-86
Main issues for development
bull Fleet averages equivalent to current SULEV by 2022
bull New emissions categories and combined NMOG and NOx standards
bull New E-85 fuel requirements and limit changes
bull Eliminate 50000 mile intermediate useful life standards and increased durability
requirement from 120000 miles to 150000 miles
15 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
LIGHT DUTY VEHICLE Chassis Test Bed (with Hybrid add-ons)
16 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
17 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
EU
EU Emission Legislation
bull Euro-VI has started 2013
bull In addition to Particulate Mass (PM) also Particle Number (PN) limits for Diesel
bull Euro-VII isnrsquot defined yet CO2 and fuel consumption requirements will come next
EU and UN-ECE Emission Regulation
bull Euro-VI test procedure is based on Global Test Procedure GTR-04 from UN-ECE
bull New World Harmonized Stationary Cycle (WHSC) and World Harmonized
Transient Cycle (WHTC) is used
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo requirements limit emissions also during any ldquonormalrdquo
driving operation That is done by
bull an Off Cycle Emissions (OCE) stationary engine test cycle with 15 random
engine speedtorque points
bull and with the vehicle on the road by Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
Main issues for development
bull Diesel PN limits
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
18 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
1992 1996 2000 2005 2008 2013
Moderate Reduction (lt30) Large Reduction (gt30)
Test cycles
EU-I+II
13-Mode
EU-III+IV
ESC
EU-VI
WHSC
CO 450 400 210 150 150 150
THC
NOx
NMHC
CH4
PM
PN
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
kWh
NH3 ppm
CO2 FC gkW-h
NO2 gkW-h
110 110 066 046 046 013
800 700 500 350 200 040
360 015 010 002 002 001
25 25 10
8 E11
no
6 E11
Test cycles
EU-III+IV
ETC
EU-VI
WHSC
CO 540 400 400 400
THC
NOx
NMHC
CH4
PM
PN
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
kWh
NH3 ppm
CO2 FC gkW-h
NO2 gkW-h
016
500 350 200 046
016 003 003 001
25 25 10
no
078 055 055
160 110 110
Tbd
Tbd
I EU
II III IV V VI
19 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
USA Emission Legislation
bull Harmonization of EPA and CARB regulations
bull In addition to CO2 also CH4 and N2O must be measured and reported for Green-
House-Gas (GHC) legislation
USA Emission Regulation
bull Test procedure is based on CFR-1065 (very different to old CFR-86 or EU)
bull All Calculations are based on mol or CFR-86
bull Performance specifications are based on statistical evaluations and limits
are not anymore related to measurement ranges but on the actual
emissions of the engine tested and the emission limit
bull Analyzer must not switch analog gains for continuous measurement
bull CLD analyzers must meet very small CO2 and H2O quenching specs
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo limit emissions during normal driving operation That is
done with the vehicle on the road by Portable Emission Measurement Systems
(PEMS)
Main issues for development
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
20 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
HEAVY DUTY ON-ROAD ENGINE Engine Test Bed
NH3 NH3
Emission Engine Test Bed with CVS
bull Automation system iGEM Engine
bull Full Flow Dilution with CVS i60
bull Diluted gaseous emission bench AMA i60
bull Particulate Sampler PSS i60 with integrated particle
counter APC
bull NH3 Analyzer SESAM i60 FT or LDD
Emission Engine Test Bed with SPC
bull Automation system iGEM Engine
bull Partial flow Dilution with SPC
bull Raw gaseous emission bench AMA i60
bull Particle counter APC connected to SPC
bull NH3 Analyzer SESAM i60 FT or LDD
Also US-EPA is now accepting partial flow dilution and raw gaseous emission measurement
for stationary and transient testing
21 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
22 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Off-Road - ABGASGESETZGEBUNG Herausforderungen
EU
EU und UN-ECE Emission Standards
bull Limits also for engines with over 560kW
bull Global Technical regulation GTR-11 will be implemented
bull Agricultural and forestry tractors will be covered also by Non-Road Mobile
Machinery legislation (before a separate legislation))
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo measurement with PEMS under evaluation
bull Discussions for Stage V (2020) to implement also a PN limit Currently Non-
Road Stage IV engines are often using open filter systems
US-EPA and CARB Standards
bull Test procedure is based on CFR-1065 which is quite different compared to
old US or European legislation
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo measurement with PEMS under evaluation
23 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Pollution Control
Off-Road engine applications are the last combustion engine
application which gets effected by emission legislation
App 2000 the fist emission legislations came up for Off-Road
App 2011 most of the off-road applications are effected by emission
legislation
In order to fulfill most off-road legislation emission limits more and
more engines will require the use of an exhaust aftertreatment
technology
24 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Transienter Pruumlflauf NRTC (Non Road Transient Cycle)
Transient
Test Cycle
Stationary
Test Cycle
25 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Space limitations
bull Most off-road applications have a limited space available Like on a
tractor it is important that the driver can see the front wheels
bull To mount additionally an exhaust aftertreatment systems is
challenging especially since these devices get very hot
Load profile and exhaust temperature
bull Often the average engine load is very for most of the operation
times Only for a short period of time the maximum engine power is
used Which results in low average exhaust temperatures
bull With such low exhaust temperatures exhaust aftertreatment
systems will not work or can not be properly regenerated
26 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-HIGHWAY ANWENDUNGEN Herausforderung Abgasnachbehandlung
100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Exhaust Temperature [degC]
Amount of time when exhaust temperature is suitable for
Exhaust after treatment systems (T ge T Abgas)
SCR Continuous Regenerating DPF (NO2)
20
40
60
80
100
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
20
40
60
80
100
Traktor beim
Saumlen
Traktor
beim Fahren
NRTC
Non Road
Transient Cycle
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
Gabelstapler
27 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Shared responsibility
bull Very often the machinery manufacturer and the engine manufacturer are two different companies
The machinery manufacturer buys an engine from the engine manufacturer The engine
manufacturer is responsible for the emission type approval of the engine
bull When the engine needs an exhaust aftertreatment system to fulfill the limit which is very much
integrated in the machinery who will supply the exhaust aftertreatment system and who is finally
responsible for the emissions
USA
US Engine manufacturer penalized for Clean Air Act violations
US EPA announced a settlement with two US engine manufacturer to resolve alleged Clean Air
Act violations In one case the engine manufacturer shipped more than 590000 highway and
non-road diesel engines to the vehicle assemblers without the aftertreatment devices andor with
improperly configured fuel injector and map settings
One manufacturer has to pay a $255 million penalty and continue a recall of noncompliant
engines
28 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Stage IIIB
Tier 4
CO2
GHG
Fuel Consumption
Emission Diagnostics
In-use Testing
29 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Alternative Fuels
NESHAPNSPS Air Quality Requirements
Tier 4
Gothenburg Protocol
World Bank
30 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
31 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Emissions
32 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
International Maritime Organization (IMO) Regulation
IMO is the United Nations specialized agency responsible for the safety
security and prevention of marine pollution by ships
IMO publishes the Marine Pollution (MARPOL) regulation which affects all
ocean going vessels and can be applied as emissions standards to domestic-
and foreign-flagged vessels
MARPOL covers all kinds and sources of pollutions caused by vessels not only
the engine emissions Engine emissions are regulated by Annex-VI of MARPOL
and has a NOx limit It also enables local regions to restrict the use of fuels with
high sulfur content (Heavy Fuel Oil HFO) as a measure against SOx emissions
In pollution sensitive areas geographically-based limits will focus to reduce NOx
SOx and PM emissions To achieve air quality benefits at reasonable costs it
allows different options better fuel or the use of exhaust aftertreatment systems
IMO will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
33 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
USA Regulation bull In the USA marine diesel engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
bull 2004 in addition US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandated a
reduction in PM and NOx
bull 2012 EPA Tier-3 has further reduce PM by 50 and NOx by 20 and will require
the use of 15ppm Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)
bull In 2014 EPA Tier-4 will further reduce PM by 90 and NOx by 80 for commercial
engines with more than 600 kW compared to Tier-2 in certain local areas
bull USA will also implement a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
bull Testing procedures and measurement equipment must follow CFR-1065 regulation
EU Regulation In Europe marine engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
For inland water ways ships also must fulfill the Directive 200426EC amended by
201026EU This is the same Directive which applies for all Non-Road Mobile
Machineries in Europe
For certain locale water ways also additional requirements exist like the river Rhine or
Lake Constance
34 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Test Cycles
35 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
36 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Fuel and Sulfur Oxides
1 Liter Heavy Fuel Oil
37 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
38 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Engine test bed certification All propulsion engines - small large and very large engines must show its
compliance with the emission standards on an engine test bed These tests
are done in the same way as for most other engine applications like non
road mobile machinery engines The test bed tests have also to be done
nevertheless if the engine gets modified when it is installed on board
Large ships also have auxiliary engines for example to produce electricity
on board Also these engines have to be certified on an engine test bed
Since these engines are not used for the ship propulsion other engine test
cycles apply like the ISO 8178 C1 or D2 cycle
Additional on-board certification Such engines will often be modified or fine-tuned after the test bed
certification was done and the engine is installed into the ship
Then the test bed certification is seen as a pre-certification which must be
followed by an on-board emission verification
A ship propeller has a certain correlation between speed and torque the so
called propeller law Since the test cycles follow this propeller law it is
possible to repeat the test bed test also on -board
Most engine parameters and especially emissions are measured on-board
Engine parameters which canrsquot be measured on-board can be copied from
the test bed test
39 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Not to Exceed requirements
IMO and US-EPA will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement
There the emission under realistic in-use operation conditions will be
verified
IM requirements Regular inspection and maintenance verification is done during the whole
life-time This can be done by one out of three methods
bull An engine parameter check which verifies certain engines
components settings and operating values which could affect the
emissions (is typically a time consuming work)
bull A simplified verification of the emission on board like the on board
certification test
bull A direct monitoring method which is using fixed installed on board
emission measurement system
40 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TESTING Marine Applications
Notes
Higher potential of corrosion
and contamination because
of high SO2 in exhaust
bull Back-flush and
after sample purge
bull more frequent
maintenance and
service
Consider sample boost
pumps because of long
sample line length since the
engines are very large
Large diversity of fuel types
and fuel parameters
especially in case of FTIR
evaluation packages
SCR and SOx Scrubber
issues
41 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
42 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
ZERO EMISSIONS VERSUS CO2 A local versus a global problem
Pollutant Emission is a local problem
Even when some emission components may be transported
over some 100 kilometers like particulates Mostly only the
people and environment of this region or especially of a city is
effected by pollution problems
Green House Gas Emissions is a global problem
Green House Gas (GHG) emissions will effect the climatic
conditions of the entire world and change the climate Often the
region which might be effected by the weather catastrophes
are not emitting large amounts of GHG emissions but will
suffer
43 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE CHALLENGES Green-House-Gas emissions and Global Warming
CO2 emitted per country
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per country
1 China
2 USA
3 India
4 Russia
CO2 emitted per person
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per person
1 USA
2 Canada
3 Australia
4 Middle East
44 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Achievements and targets
SIAM BEE
Proposals
2015 121 ndash 155 gkm
2020 104 ndash 136 gkm
Source ICAT 2012
4 l100km
25 kml
65 mpg
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
3 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
4 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION REGULATION Information
All legislations have 4 main topics bull Emission Limits
bull Test cycles
bull Test and Measurement specifications
bull Result calculation and reporting specification
Separation of legislations in 2 parts bull Standards - main focus on limits and test cycle)
bull Regulation - main focus on measurement test and
calculation specifications
bull Modern legislations have already accepted that and are written in
2 books (like Standard Setting part and Technical Regulations)
Standard
Setting Part Technical regulation
5 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION LEGISLATIONS Complex matrix
Time
EU
Japan
USA
Applications
EU-1 EU II
EU-1 EU III
EU-1 EU IV
EU-1 EU V
EU-1 EU VI
EU-1 EU I
Chassis Dyno Engine Dyno
Global Harmonization
USA Harmonization
6 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION LEGISLATIONS Test-Specifications
EU
EU und UN-ECE Emission Standards
bull GTR-02 Measurement procedure for two-wheeled motorcycles with
regard to the emission of gaseous pollutants CO2 emissions
and fuel consumption (Adopted 2005)
bull GTR-04 Test procedure for compression-ignition (CI) engines and
positive-ignition (PI) engines fuelled with natural gas (NG) or
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) with regard to the emission of
pollutants (Adopted 2006)
bull GTR-05 Technical requirements for on-board diagnostic systems (OBD)
for road vehicles (Adopted 2006)
bull GTR-10 Off-cycle emissions (OCE) (Adopted 2009)
bull GTR-11 Engine emissions from agricultural and forestry tractors and
from non- road mobile machinery (Adopted 2009)
bull GTR-XY Passenger car emission testing based on WLTP
US-EPA and CARB Standards
bull Engine Test bed Test-Specifications in CFR-1065
bull Chassis dyno Test-Specifications in CFR-1066
ISO Standards
bull Engine Test bed ISO 8178
7 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
US EMISSION LEGISLATION Engine and Vehicle Testing
Standard Setting Part
Engine Testing
CFR-1065
This Technical part is the same for
all engine applications which are
tested on an engine test bed
Technical regulation
CFR-1051 Recreational vehicles
CFR-1048 Nonroad SI gt 19 kW
CFR-1042 Marine CI
CFR-1039 Nonroad CI
CFR-1033 Locomotives
CFR-1054 Nonroad SIlt 19 kW
CFR-1030 Aircraft
CFR-1036 Heavy Duty On-Road
CFR-1043 Marine vessel Marpol
CFR-1045 Marine SI
Vehicle Testing
CFR-1066
CFR-1012 Light Duty vehicles
CFR-1015 Fuel Economy
CFR-1022 Highway Motorcycles
Evaporative Testing
CFR-1060
8 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
9 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
10 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Light Duty - Passenger Cars
EU
EU Emission Legislation
bull Euro-6 will start in 2014 with a second phase starting in 2017
bull Emission limits are valid for any ldquonormal driving operationrdquo By that EU can change
drive cycles without the need to change limits
bull Euro-6 requires Particulate mass (PM) and Particle number (PN) for all engines
EU and UN-ECE Emission Regulation
bull Test procedures and drive cycle should be the new WLTP (World Light vehicle Test
Procedure) WLTP (Phase 1) should be finished end of 2013 but is delayed If it
isnrsquot ready Euro-6 will continue with UN-ECE R-83 regulation like Euro-5
bull There will be a ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo requirement which will limit emissions
also during any ldquonormalrdquo driving operation That will be measured by Portable
Emission Measurement System (PEMS) on the road As alternative or as further
extension there may also be a random drive cycles
Main issues for development
bull Gasoline engines will dominantly be GDI since CO2 legislation Main development
effort will be PN for GDI (will a Gasoline Particulate Filter (GPF) be needed)
bull Diesel vehicles development will focus on further NOx reduction
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
11 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION LEGISLATIONS EU Passenger Cars
EU
1992 1996 2000 2005 2009 2011 2014 2017
ECE 1504
ECE 1505
NEDC NEDC NEDC NEDC NEDC WLTP
CO
Positive
Ignition
Engines
(Gasoline)
2720 2200 2300 1000 1000 1000 1000
HC 200 100 100 100 100
NMHC 68 68 68
HC + NOx 970 500
NOx 150 80 60 60 60
PM only GDI 5 45 45
PN 6E12
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
km
2720 1000 640 500 500 500 500
970 560 300 230 230 170 700
500 250 180 180 80
140 80 50 25 5 45 45
6E11 6E11
CO Compression
Ignition
Engines
(Diesel)
HC + NOx
NOx
PM
PN
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
km
Test Cycle
EU-1 EU-2 EU-3 EU-4 EU-5 EU-5+ EU-6
EU
no change change
EU-6+
6E11
important
12 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION WLTP (World Light vehicle Test Procedure) and Euro 67
bull Project is set up accordingly to UNECE 1998 world harmonization
agreement
bull Sponsored by EU and Japan USA has withdrawn sponsoring in
June 2010
Project and objective
bull DHC Development of a drive cycle - average world wide driving behavior
bull DTP Development of the test procedures (parameter definition equipment specifications
fuels hellip) for better reproducibility and better representativeness like road load determination
bull It will result in a Global Technical Regulation (GTR) how to test emissions
bull It will NOT define which emissions will be limited and what the limits shall be
Project plan
bull Phase-1 Drive cycle and test procedures should be finished Nov 2013
bull Phase-2 Off-Cycle emissions Low ambient temperature High altitude In-Service conformity
Durability hellip
Euro 6 is planed for 2014 WLTP will be implemented if and as far it will be available
13 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION WLTP (World Light vehicle Test Procedure) and Euro 67
WLTP Drive Cycle consists of 4 Phases bull Low Phase
bull Middle Phase
bull High Phase
bull Extra-High Phase
Objective
bull Test-cycle accepted worldwide to increasing harmonization for the automotive sector at a
global level
bull Shall reflect in average the world wide driving behavior of passenger cars and light duty
vehicles (based on driving data from main Contracting parties including India China hellip)
bull Different gear shift points for PC and LDCV
4 Phases
1800 sec long
46 kmh average velocity
125 kmh max velocity
14 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Light Duty - Passenger Cars
USA Emission Legislation
bull US-EPA and CARB will harmonize their standards
bull Low Emission Vehicle program III (LEV-III) starts in 2014
bull PM limits will be reduced by a factor 10
bull PM measured for all engine- and fuel types
bull Medium Duty Vehicle (MDV) are tested on chassis dynos
USA Emission Regulation
bull Test specifications accordingly CFR-1066 and CFR-1065 replacing the current
Part-40 CFR-86
Main issues for development
bull Fleet averages equivalent to current SULEV by 2022
bull New emissions categories and combined NMOG and NOx standards
bull New E-85 fuel requirements and limit changes
bull Eliminate 50000 mile intermediate useful life standards and increased durability
requirement from 120000 miles to 150000 miles
15 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
LIGHT DUTY VEHICLE Chassis Test Bed (with Hybrid add-ons)
16 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
17 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
EU
EU Emission Legislation
bull Euro-VI has started 2013
bull In addition to Particulate Mass (PM) also Particle Number (PN) limits for Diesel
bull Euro-VII isnrsquot defined yet CO2 and fuel consumption requirements will come next
EU and UN-ECE Emission Regulation
bull Euro-VI test procedure is based on Global Test Procedure GTR-04 from UN-ECE
bull New World Harmonized Stationary Cycle (WHSC) and World Harmonized
Transient Cycle (WHTC) is used
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo requirements limit emissions also during any ldquonormalrdquo
driving operation That is done by
bull an Off Cycle Emissions (OCE) stationary engine test cycle with 15 random
engine speedtorque points
bull and with the vehicle on the road by Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
Main issues for development
bull Diesel PN limits
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
18 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
1992 1996 2000 2005 2008 2013
Moderate Reduction (lt30) Large Reduction (gt30)
Test cycles
EU-I+II
13-Mode
EU-III+IV
ESC
EU-VI
WHSC
CO 450 400 210 150 150 150
THC
NOx
NMHC
CH4
PM
PN
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
kWh
NH3 ppm
CO2 FC gkW-h
NO2 gkW-h
110 110 066 046 046 013
800 700 500 350 200 040
360 015 010 002 002 001
25 25 10
8 E11
no
6 E11
Test cycles
EU-III+IV
ETC
EU-VI
WHSC
CO 540 400 400 400
THC
NOx
NMHC
CH4
PM
PN
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
kWh
NH3 ppm
CO2 FC gkW-h
NO2 gkW-h
016
500 350 200 046
016 003 003 001
25 25 10
no
078 055 055
160 110 110
Tbd
Tbd
I EU
II III IV V VI
19 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
USA Emission Legislation
bull Harmonization of EPA and CARB regulations
bull In addition to CO2 also CH4 and N2O must be measured and reported for Green-
House-Gas (GHC) legislation
USA Emission Regulation
bull Test procedure is based on CFR-1065 (very different to old CFR-86 or EU)
bull All Calculations are based on mol or CFR-86
bull Performance specifications are based on statistical evaluations and limits
are not anymore related to measurement ranges but on the actual
emissions of the engine tested and the emission limit
bull Analyzer must not switch analog gains for continuous measurement
bull CLD analyzers must meet very small CO2 and H2O quenching specs
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo limit emissions during normal driving operation That is
done with the vehicle on the road by Portable Emission Measurement Systems
(PEMS)
Main issues for development
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
20 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
HEAVY DUTY ON-ROAD ENGINE Engine Test Bed
NH3 NH3
Emission Engine Test Bed with CVS
bull Automation system iGEM Engine
bull Full Flow Dilution with CVS i60
bull Diluted gaseous emission bench AMA i60
bull Particulate Sampler PSS i60 with integrated particle
counter APC
bull NH3 Analyzer SESAM i60 FT or LDD
Emission Engine Test Bed with SPC
bull Automation system iGEM Engine
bull Partial flow Dilution with SPC
bull Raw gaseous emission bench AMA i60
bull Particle counter APC connected to SPC
bull NH3 Analyzer SESAM i60 FT or LDD
Also US-EPA is now accepting partial flow dilution and raw gaseous emission measurement
for stationary and transient testing
21 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
22 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Off-Road - ABGASGESETZGEBUNG Herausforderungen
EU
EU und UN-ECE Emission Standards
bull Limits also for engines with over 560kW
bull Global Technical regulation GTR-11 will be implemented
bull Agricultural and forestry tractors will be covered also by Non-Road Mobile
Machinery legislation (before a separate legislation))
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo measurement with PEMS under evaluation
bull Discussions for Stage V (2020) to implement also a PN limit Currently Non-
Road Stage IV engines are often using open filter systems
US-EPA and CARB Standards
bull Test procedure is based on CFR-1065 which is quite different compared to
old US or European legislation
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo measurement with PEMS under evaluation
23 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Pollution Control
Off-Road engine applications are the last combustion engine
application which gets effected by emission legislation
App 2000 the fist emission legislations came up for Off-Road
App 2011 most of the off-road applications are effected by emission
legislation
In order to fulfill most off-road legislation emission limits more and
more engines will require the use of an exhaust aftertreatment
technology
24 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Transienter Pruumlflauf NRTC (Non Road Transient Cycle)
Transient
Test Cycle
Stationary
Test Cycle
25 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Space limitations
bull Most off-road applications have a limited space available Like on a
tractor it is important that the driver can see the front wheels
bull To mount additionally an exhaust aftertreatment systems is
challenging especially since these devices get very hot
Load profile and exhaust temperature
bull Often the average engine load is very for most of the operation
times Only for a short period of time the maximum engine power is
used Which results in low average exhaust temperatures
bull With such low exhaust temperatures exhaust aftertreatment
systems will not work or can not be properly regenerated
26 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-HIGHWAY ANWENDUNGEN Herausforderung Abgasnachbehandlung
100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Exhaust Temperature [degC]
Amount of time when exhaust temperature is suitable for
Exhaust after treatment systems (T ge T Abgas)
SCR Continuous Regenerating DPF (NO2)
20
40
60
80
100
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
20
40
60
80
100
Traktor beim
Saumlen
Traktor
beim Fahren
NRTC
Non Road
Transient Cycle
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
Gabelstapler
27 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Shared responsibility
bull Very often the machinery manufacturer and the engine manufacturer are two different companies
The machinery manufacturer buys an engine from the engine manufacturer The engine
manufacturer is responsible for the emission type approval of the engine
bull When the engine needs an exhaust aftertreatment system to fulfill the limit which is very much
integrated in the machinery who will supply the exhaust aftertreatment system and who is finally
responsible for the emissions
USA
US Engine manufacturer penalized for Clean Air Act violations
US EPA announced a settlement with two US engine manufacturer to resolve alleged Clean Air
Act violations In one case the engine manufacturer shipped more than 590000 highway and
non-road diesel engines to the vehicle assemblers without the aftertreatment devices andor with
improperly configured fuel injector and map settings
One manufacturer has to pay a $255 million penalty and continue a recall of noncompliant
engines
28 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Stage IIIB
Tier 4
CO2
GHG
Fuel Consumption
Emission Diagnostics
In-use Testing
29 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Alternative Fuels
NESHAPNSPS Air Quality Requirements
Tier 4
Gothenburg Protocol
World Bank
30 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
31 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Emissions
32 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
International Maritime Organization (IMO) Regulation
IMO is the United Nations specialized agency responsible for the safety
security and prevention of marine pollution by ships
IMO publishes the Marine Pollution (MARPOL) regulation which affects all
ocean going vessels and can be applied as emissions standards to domestic-
and foreign-flagged vessels
MARPOL covers all kinds and sources of pollutions caused by vessels not only
the engine emissions Engine emissions are regulated by Annex-VI of MARPOL
and has a NOx limit It also enables local regions to restrict the use of fuels with
high sulfur content (Heavy Fuel Oil HFO) as a measure against SOx emissions
In pollution sensitive areas geographically-based limits will focus to reduce NOx
SOx and PM emissions To achieve air quality benefits at reasonable costs it
allows different options better fuel or the use of exhaust aftertreatment systems
IMO will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
33 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
USA Regulation bull In the USA marine diesel engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
bull 2004 in addition US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandated a
reduction in PM and NOx
bull 2012 EPA Tier-3 has further reduce PM by 50 and NOx by 20 and will require
the use of 15ppm Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)
bull In 2014 EPA Tier-4 will further reduce PM by 90 and NOx by 80 for commercial
engines with more than 600 kW compared to Tier-2 in certain local areas
bull USA will also implement a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
bull Testing procedures and measurement equipment must follow CFR-1065 regulation
EU Regulation In Europe marine engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
For inland water ways ships also must fulfill the Directive 200426EC amended by
201026EU This is the same Directive which applies for all Non-Road Mobile
Machineries in Europe
For certain locale water ways also additional requirements exist like the river Rhine or
Lake Constance
34 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Test Cycles
35 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
36 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Fuel and Sulfur Oxides
1 Liter Heavy Fuel Oil
37 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
38 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Engine test bed certification All propulsion engines - small large and very large engines must show its
compliance with the emission standards on an engine test bed These tests
are done in the same way as for most other engine applications like non
road mobile machinery engines The test bed tests have also to be done
nevertheless if the engine gets modified when it is installed on board
Large ships also have auxiliary engines for example to produce electricity
on board Also these engines have to be certified on an engine test bed
Since these engines are not used for the ship propulsion other engine test
cycles apply like the ISO 8178 C1 or D2 cycle
Additional on-board certification Such engines will often be modified or fine-tuned after the test bed
certification was done and the engine is installed into the ship
Then the test bed certification is seen as a pre-certification which must be
followed by an on-board emission verification
A ship propeller has a certain correlation between speed and torque the so
called propeller law Since the test cycles follow this propeller law it is
possible to repeat the test bed test also on -board
Most engine parameters and especially emissions are measured on-board
Engine parameters which canrsquot be measured on-board can be copied from
the test bed test
39 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Not to Exceed requirements
IMO and US-EPA will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement
There the emission under realistic in-use operation conditions will be
verified
IM requirements Regular inspection and maintenance verification is done during the whole
life-time This can be done by one out of three methods
bull An engine parameter check which verifies certain engines
components settings and operating values which could affect the
emissions (is typically a time consuming work)
bull A simplified verification of the emission on board like the on board
certification test
bull A direct monitoring method which is using fixed installed on board
emission measurement system
40 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TESTING Marine Applications
Notes
Higher potential of corrosion
and contamination because
of high SO2 in exhaust
bull Back-flush and
after sample purge
bull more frequent
maintenance and
service
Consider sample boost
pumps because of long
sample line length since the
engines are very large
Large diversity of fuel types
and fuel parameters
especially in case of FTIR
evaluation packages
SCR and SOx Scrubber
issues
41 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
42 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
ZERO EMISSIONS VERSUS CO2 A local versus a global problem
Pollutant Emission is a local problem
Even when some emission components may be transported
over some 100 kilometers like particulates Mostly only the
people and environment of this region or especially of a city is
effected by pollution problems
Green House Gas Emissions is a global problem
Green House Gas (GHG) emissions will effect the climatic
conditions of the entire world and change the climate Often the
region which might be effected by the weather catastrophes
are not emitting large amounts of GHG emissions but will
suffer
43 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE CHALLENGES Green-House-Gas emissions and Global Warming
CO2 emitted per country
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per country
1 China
2 USA
3 India
4 Russia
CO2 emitted per person
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per person
1 USA
2 Canada
3 Australia
4 Middle East
44 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Achievements and targets
SIAM BEE
Proposals
2015 121 ndash 155 gkm
2020 104 ndash 136 gkm
Source ICAT 2012
4 l100km
25 kml
65 mpg
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
4 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION REGULATION Information
All legislations have 4 main topics bull Emission Limits
bull Test cycles
bull Test and Measurement specifications
bull Result calculation and reporting specification
Separation of legislations in 2 parts bull Standards - main focus on limits and test cycle)
bull Regulation - main focus on measurement test and
calculation specifications
bull Modern legislations have already accepted that and are written in
2 books (like Standard Setting part and Technical Regulations)
Standard
Setting Part Technical regulation
5 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION LEGISLATIONS Complex matrix
Time
EU
Japan
USA
Applications
EU-1 EU II
EU-1 EU III
EU-1 EU IV
EU-1 EU V
EU-1 EU VI
EU-1 EU I
Chassis Dyno Engine Dyno
Global Harmonization
USA Harmonization
6 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION LEGISLATIONS Test-Specifications
EU
EU und UN-ECE Emission Standards
bull GTR-02 Measurement procedure for two-wheeled motorcycles with
regard to the emission of gaseous pollutants CO2 emissions
and fuel consumption (Adopted 2005)
bull GTR-04 Test procedure for compression-ignition (CI) engines and
positive-ignition (PI) engines fuelled with natural gas (NG) or
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) with regard to the emission of
pollutants (Adopted 2006)
bull GTR-05 Technical requirements for on-board diagnostic systems (OBD)
for road vehicles (Adopted 2006)
bull GTR-10 Off-cycle emissions (OCE) (Adopted 2009)
bull GTR-11 Engine emissions from agricultural and forestry tractors and
from non- road mobile machinery (Adopted 2009)
bull GTR-XY Passenger car emission testing based on WLTP
US-EPA and CARB Standards
bull Engine Test bed Test-Specifications in CFR-1065
bull Chassis dyno Test-Specifications in CFR-1066
ISO Standards
bull Engine Test bed ISO 8178
7 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
US EMISSION LEGISLATION Engine and Vehicle Testing
Standard Setting Part
Engine Testing
CFR-1065
This Technical part is the same for
all engine applications which are
tested on an engine test bed
Technical regulation
CFR-1051 Recreational vehicles
CFR-1048 Nonroad SI gt 19 kW
CFR-1042 Marine CI
CFR-1039 Nonroad CI
CFR-1033 Locomotives
CFR-1054 Nonroad SIlt 19 kW
CFR-1030 Aircraft
CFR-1036 Heavy Duty On-Road
CFR-1043 Marine vessel Marpol
CFR-1045 Marine SI
Vehicle Testing
CFR-1066
CFR-1012 Light Duty vehicles
CFR-1015 Fuel Economy
CFR-1022 Highway Motorcycles
Evaporative Testing
CFR-1060
8 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
9 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
10 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Light Duty - Passenger Cars
EU
EU Emission Legislation
bull Euro-6 will start in 2014 with a second phase starting in 2017
bull Emission limits are valid for any ldquonormal driving operationrdquo By that EU can change
drive cycles without the need to change limits
bull Euro-6 requires Particulate mass (PM) and Particle number (PN) for all engines
EU and UN-ECE Emission Regulation
bull Test procedures and drive cycle should be the new WLTP (World Light vehicle Test
Procedure) WLTP (Phase 1) should be finished end of 2013 but is delayed If it
isnrsquot ready Euro-6 will continue with UN-ECE R-83 regulation like Euro-5
bull There will be a ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo requirement which will limit emissions
also during any ldquonormalrdquo driving operation That will be measured by Portable
Emission Measurement System (PEMS) on the road As alternative or as further
extension there may also be a random drive cycles
Main issues for development
bull Gasoline engines will dominantly be GDI since CO2 legislation Main development
effort will be PN for GDI (will a Gasoline Particulate Filter (GPF) be needed)
bull Diesel vehicles development will focus on further NOx reduction
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
11 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION LEGISLATIONS EU Passenger Cars
EU
1992 1996 2000 2005 2009 2011 2014 2017
ECE 1504
ECE 1505
NEDC NEDC NEDC NEDC NEDC WLTP
CO
Positive
Ignition
Engines
(Gasoline)
2720 2200 2300 1000 1000 1000 1000
HC 200 100 100 100 100
NMHC 68 68 68
HC + NOx 970 500
NOx 150 80 60 60 60
PM only GDI 5 45 45
PN 6E12
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
km
2720 1000 640 500 500 500 500
970 560 300 230 230 170 700
500 250 180 180 80
140 80 50 25 5 45 45
6E11 6E11
CO Compression
Ignition
Engines
(Diesel)
HC + NOx
NOx
PM
PN
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
km
Test Cycle
EU-1 EU-2 EU-3 EU-4 EU-5 EU-5+ EU-6
EU
no change change
EU-6+
6E11
important
12 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION WLTP (World Light vehicle Test Procedure) and Euro 67
bull Project is set up accordingly to UNECE 1998 world harmonization
agreement
bull Sponsored by EU and Japan USA has withdrawn sponsoring in
June 2010
Project and objective
bull DHC Development of a drive cycle - average world wide driving behavior
bull DTP Development of the test procedures (parameter definition equipment specifications
fuels hellip) for better reproducibility and better representativeness like road load determination
bull It will result in a Global Technical Regulation (GTR) how to test emissions
bull It will NOT define which emissions will be limited and what the limits shall be
Project plan
bull Phase-1 Drive cycle and test procedures should be finished Nov 2013
bull Phase-2 Off-Cycle emissions Low ambient temperature High altitude In-Service conformity
Durability hellip
Euro 6 is planed for 2014 WLTP will be implemented if and as far it will be available
13 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION WLTP (World Light vehicle Test Procedure) and Euro 67
WLTP Drive Cycle consists of 4 Phases bull Low Phase
bull Middle Phase
bull High Phase
bull Extra-High Phase
Objective
bull Test-cycle accepted worldwide to increasing harmonization for the automotive sector at a
global level
bull Shall reflect in average the world wide driving behavior of passenger cars and light duty
vehicles (based on driving data from main Contracting parties including India China hellip)
bull Different gear shift points for PC and LDCV
4 Phases
1800 sec long
46 kmh average velocity
125 kmh max velocity
14 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Light Duty - Passenger Cars
USA Emission Legislation
bull US-EPA and CARB will harmonize their standards
bull Low Emission Vehicle program III (LEV-III) starts in 2014
bull PM limits will be reduced by a factor 10
bull PM measured for all engine- and fuel types
bull Medium Duty Vehicle (MDV) are tested on chassis dynos
USA Emission Regulation
bull Test specifications accordingly CFR-1066 and CFR-1065 replacing the current
Part-40 CFR-86
Main issues for development
bull Fleet averages equivalent to current SULEV by 2022
bull New emissions categories and combined NMOG and NOx standards
bull New E-85 fuel requirements and limit changes
bull Eliminate 50000 mile intermediate useful life standards and increased durability
requirement from 120000 miles to 150000 miles
15 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
LIGHT DUTY VEHICLE Chassis Test Bed (with Hybrid add-ons)
16 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
17 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
EU
EU Emission Legislation
bull Euro-VI has started 2013
bull In addition to Particulate Mass (PM) also Particle Number (PN) limits for Diesel
bull Euro-VII isnrsquot defined yet CO2 and fuel consumption requirements will come next
EU and UN-ECE Emission Regulation
bull Euro-VI test procedure is based on Global Test Procedure GTR-04 from UN-ECE
bull New World Harmonized Stationary Cycle (WHSC) and World Harmonized
Transient Cycle (WHTC) is used
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo requirements limit emissions also during any ldquonormalrdquo
driving operation That is done by
bull an Off Cycle Emissions (OCE) stationary engine test cycle with 15 random
engine speedtorque points
bull and with the vehicle on the road by Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
Main issues for development
bull Diesel PN limits
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
18 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
1992 1996 2000 2005 2008 2013
Moderate Reduction (lt30) Large Reduction (gt30)
Test cycles
EU-I+II
13-Mode
EU-III+IV
ESC
EU-VI
WHSC
CO 450 400 210 150 150 150
THC
NOx
NMHC
CH4
PM
PN
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
kWh
NH3 ppm
CO2 FC gkW-h
NO2 gkW-h
110 110 066 046 046 013
800 700 500 350 200 040
360 015 010 002 002 001
25 25 10
8 E11
no
6 E11
Test cycles
EU-III+IV
ETC
EU-VI
WHSC
CO 540 400 400 400
THC
NOx
NMHC
CH4
PM
PN
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
kWh
NH3 ppm
CO2 FC gkW-h
NO2 gkW-h
016
500 350 200 046
016 003 003 001
25 25 10
no
078 055 055
160 110 110
Tbd
Tbd
I EU
II III IV V VI
19 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
USA Emission Legislation
bull Harmonization of EPA and CARB regulations
bull In addition to CO2 also CH4 and N2O must be measured and reported for Green-
House-Gas (GHC) legislation
USA Emission Regulation
bull Test procedure is based on CFR-1065 (very different to old CFR-86 or EU)
bull All Calculations are based on mol or CFR-86
bull Performance specifications are based on statistical evaluations and limits
are not anymore related to measurement ranges but on the actual
emissions of the engine tested and the emission limit
bull Analyzer must not switch analog gains for continuous measurement
bull CLD analyzers must meet very small CO2 and H2O quenching specs
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo limit emissions during normal driving operation That is
done with the vehicle on the road by Portable Emission Measurement Systems
(PEMS)
Main issues for development
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
20 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
HEAVY DUTY ON-ROAD ENGINE Engine Test Bed
NH3 NH3
Emission Engine Test Bed with CVS
bull Automation system iGEM Engine
bull Full Flow Dilution with CVS i60
bull Diluted gaseous emission bench AMA i60
bull Particulate Sampler PSS i60 with integrated particle
counter APC
bull NH3 Analyzer SESAM i60 FT or LDD
Emission Engine Test Bed with SPC
bull Automation system iGEM Engine
bull Partial flow Dilution with SPC
bull Raw gaseous emission bench AMA i60
bull Particle counter APC connected to SPC
bull NH3 Analyzer SESAM i60 FT or LDD
Also US-EPA is now accepting partial flow dilution and raw gaseous emission measurement
for stationary and transient testing
21 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
22 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Off-Road - ABGASGESETZGEBUNG Herausforderungen
EU
EU und UN-ECE Emission Standards
bull Limits also for engines with over 560kW
bull Global Technical regulation GTR-11 will be implemented
bull Agricultural and forestry tractors will be covered also by Non-Road Mobile
Machinery legislation (before a separate legislation))
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo measurement with PEMS under evaluation
bull Discussions for Stage V (2020) to implement also a PN limit Currently Non-
Road Stage IV engines are often using open filter systems
US-EPA and CARB Standards
bull Test procedure is based on CFR-1065 which is quite different compared to
old US or European legislation
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo measurement with PEMS under evaluation
23 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Pollution Control
Off-Road engine applications are the last combustion engine
application which gets effected by emission legislation
App 2000 the fist emission legislations came up for Off-Road
App 2011 most of the off-road applications are effected by emission
legislation
In order to fulfill most off-road legislation emission limits more and
more engines will require the use of an exhaust aftertreatment
technology
24 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Transienter Pruumlflauf NRTC (Non Road Transient Cycle)
Transient
Test Cycle
Stationary
Test Cycle
25 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Space limitations
bull Most off-road applications have a limited space available Like on a
tractor it is important that the driver can see the front wheels
bull To mount additionally an exhaust aftertreatment systems is
challenging especially since these devices get very hot
Load profile and exhaust temperature
bull Often the average engine load is very for most of the operation
times Only for a short period of time the maximum engine power is
used Which results in low average exhaust temperatures
bull With such low exhaust temperatures exhaust aftertreatment
systems will not work or can not be properly regenerated
26 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-HIGHWAY ANWENDUNGEN Herausforderung Abgasnachbehandlung
100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Exhaust Temperature [degC]
Amount of time when exhaust temperature is suitable for
Exhaust after treatment systems (T ge T Abgas)
SCR Continuous Regenerating DPF (NO2)
20
40
60
80
100
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
20
40
60
80
100
Traktor beim
Saumlen
Traktor
beim Fahren
NRTC
Non Road
Transient Cycle
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
Gabelstapler
27 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Shared responsibility
bull Very often the machinery manufacturer and the engine manufacturer are two different companies
The machinery manufacturer buys an engine from the engine manufacturer The engine
manufacturer is responsible for the emission type approval of the engine
bull When the engine needs an exhaust aftertreatment system to fulfill the limit which is very much
integrated in the machinery who will supply the exhaust aftertreatment system and who is finally
responsible for the emissions
USA
US Engine manufacturer penalized for Clean Air Act violations
US EPA announced a settlement with two US engine manufacturer to resolve alleged Clean Air
Act violations In one case the engine manufacturer shipped more than 590000 highway and
non-road diesel engines to the vehicle assemblers without the aftertreatment devices andor with
improperly configured fuel injector and map settings
One manufacturer has to pay a $255 million penalty and continue a recall of noncompliant
engines
28 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Stage IIIB
Tier 4
CO2
GHG
Fuel Consumption
Emission Diagnostics
In-use Testing
29 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Alternative Fuels
NESHAPNSPS Air Quality Requirements
Tier 4
Gothenburg Protocol
World Bank
30 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
31 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Emissions
32 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
International Maritime Organization (IMO) Regulation
IMO is the United Nations specialized agency responsible for the safety
security and prevention of marine pollution by ships
IMO publishes the Marine Pollution (MARPOL) regulation which affects all
ocean going vessels and can be applied as emissions standards to domestic-
and foreign-flagged vessels
MARPOL covers all kinds and sources of pollutions caused by vessels not only
the engine emissions Engine emissions are regulated by Annex-VI of MARPOL
and has a NOx limit It also enables local regions to restrict the use of fuels with
high sulfur content (Heavy Fuel Oil HFO) as a measure against SOx emissions
In pollution sensitive areas geographically-based limits will focus to reduce NOx
SOx and PM emissions To achieve air quality benefits at reasonable costs it
allows different options better fuel or the use of exhaust aftertreatment systems
IMO will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
33 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
USA Regulation bull In the USA marine diesel engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
bull 2004 in addition US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandated a
reduction in PM and NOx
bull 2012 EPA Tier-3 has further reduce PM by 50 and NOx by 20 and will require
the use of 15ppm Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)
bull In 2014 EPA Tier-4 will further reduce PM by 90 and NOx by 80 for commercial
engines with more than 600 kW compared to Tier-2 in certain local areas
bull USA will also implement a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
bull Testing procedures and measurement equipment must follow CFR-1065 regulation
EU Regulation In Europe marine engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
For inland water ways ships also must fulfill the Directive 200426EC amended by
201026EU This is the same Directive which applies for all Non-Road Mobile
Machineries in Europe
For certain locale water ways also additional requirements exist like the river Rhine or
Lake Constance
34 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Test Cycles
35 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
36 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Fuel and Sulfur Oxides
1 Liter Heavy Fuel Oil
37 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
38 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Engine test bed certification All propulsion engines - small large and very large engines must show its
compliance with the emission standards on an engine test bed These tests
are done in the same way as for most other engine applications like non
road mobile machinery engines The test bed tests have also to be done
nevertheless if the engine gets modified when it is installed on board
Large ships also have auxiliary engines for example to produce electricity
on board Also these engines have to be certified on an engine test bed
Since these engines are not used for the ship propulsion other engine test
cycles apply like the ISO 8178 C1 or D2 cycle
Additional on-board certification Such engines will often be modified or fine-tuned after the test bed
certification was done and the engine is installed into the ship
Then the test bed certification is seen as a pre-certification which must be
followed by an on-board emission verification
A ship propeller has a certain correlation between speed and torque the so
called propeller law Since the test cycles follow this propeller law it is
possible to repeat the test bed test also on -board
Most engine parameters and especially emissions are measured on-board
Engine parameters which canrsquot be measured on-board can be copied from
the test bed test
39 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Not to Exceed requirements
IMO and US-EPA will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement
There the emission under realistic in-use operation conditions will be
verified
IM requirements Regular inspection and maintenance verification is done during the whole
life-time This can be done by one out of three methods
bull An engine parameter check which verifies certain engines
components settings and operating values which could affect the
emissions (is typically a time consuming work)
bull A simplified verification of the emission on board like the on board
certification test
bull A direct monitoring method which is using fixed installed on board
emission measurement system
40 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TESTING Marine Applications
Notes
Higher potential of corrosion
and contamination because
of high SO2 in exhaust
bull Back-flush and
after sample purge
bull more frequent
maintenance and
service
Consider sample boost
pumps because of long
sample line length since the
engines are very large
Large diversity of fuel types
and fuel parameters
especially in case of FTIR
evaluation packages
SCR and SOx Scrubber
issues
41 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
42 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
ZERO EMISSIONS VERSUS CO2 A local versus a global problem
Pollutant Emission is a local problem
Even when some emission components may be transported
over some 100 kilometers like particulates Mostly only the
people and environment of this region or especially of a city is
effected by pollution problems
Green House Gas Emissions is a global problem
Green House Gas (GHG) emissions will effect the climatic
conditions of the entire world and change the climate Often the
region which might be effected by the weather catastrophes
are not emitting large amounts of GHG emissions but will
suffer
43 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE CHALLENGES Green-House-Gas emissions and Global Warming
CO2 emitted per country
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per country
1 China
2 USA
3 India
4 Russia
CO2 emitted per person
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per person
1 USA
2 Canada
3 Australia
4 Middle East
44 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Achievements and targets
SIAM BEE
Proposals
2015 121 ndash 155 gkm
2020 104 ndash 136 gkm
Source ICAT 2012
4 l100km
25 kml
65 mpg
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
5 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION LEGISLATIONS Complex matrix
Time
EU
Japan
USA
Applications
EU-1 EU II
EU-1 EU III
EU-1 EU IV
EU-1 EU V
EU-1 EU VI
EU-1 EU I
Chassis Dyno Engine Dyno
Global Harmonization
USA Harmonization
6 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION LEGISLATIONS Test-Specifications
EU
EU und UN-ECE Emission Standards
bull GTR-02 Measurement procedure for two-wheeled motorcycles with
regard to the emission of gaseous pollutants CO2 emissions
and fuel consumption (Adopted 2005)
bull GTR-04 Test procedure for compression-ignition (CI) engines and
positive-ignition (PI) engines fuelled with natural gas (NG) or
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) with regard to the emission of
pollutants (Adopted 2006)
bull GTR-05 Technical requirements for on-board diagnostic systems (OBD)
for road vehicles (Adopted 2006)
bull GTR-10 Off-cycle emissions (OCE) (Adopted 2009)
bull GTR-11 Engine emissions from agricultural and forestry tractors and
from non- road mobile machinery (Adopted 2009)
bull GTR-XY Passenger car emission testing based on WLTP
US-EPA and CARB Standards
bull Engine Test bed Test-Specifications in CFR-1065
bull Chassis dyno Test-Specifications in CFR-1066
ISO Standards
bull Engine Test bed ISO 8178
7 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
US EMISSION LEGISLATION Engine and Vehicle Testing
Standard Setting Part
Engine Testing
CFR-1065
This Technical part is the same for
all engine applications which are
tested on an engine test bed
Technical regulation
CFR-1051 Recreational vehicles
CFR-1048 Nonroad SI gt 19 kW
CFR-1042 Marine CI
CFR-1039 Nonroad CI
CFR-1033 Locomotives
CFR-1054 Nonroad SIlt 19 kW
CFR-1030 Aircraft
CFR-1036 Heavy Duty On-Road
CFR-1043 Marine vessel Marpol
CFR-1045 Marine SI
Vehicle Testing
CFR-1066
CFR-1012 Light Duty vehicles
CFR-1015 Fuel Economy
CFR-1022 Highway Motorcycles
Evaporative Testing
CFR-1060
8 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
9 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
10 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Light Duty - Passenger Cars
EU
EU Emission Legislation
bull Euro-6 will start in 2014 with a second phase starting in 2017
bull Emission limits are valid for any ldquonormal driving operationrdquo By that EU can change
drive cycles without the need to change limits
bull Euro-6 requires Particulate mass (PM) and Particle number (PN) for all engines
EU and UN-ECE Emission Regulation
bull Test procedures and drive cycle should be the new WLTP (World Light vehicle Test
Procedure) WLTP (Phase 1) should be finished end of 2013 but is delayed If it
isnrsquot ready Euro-6 will continue with UN-ECE R-83 regulation like Euro-5
bull There will be a ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo requirement which will limit emissions
also during any ldquonormalrdquo driving operation That will be measured by Portable
Emission Measurement System (PEMS) on the road As alternative or as further
extension there may also be a random drive cycles
Main issues for development
bull Gasoline engines will dominantly be GDI since CO2 legislation Main development
effort will be PN for GDI (will a Gasoline Particulate Filter (GPF) be needed)
bull Diesel vehicles development will focus on further NOx reduction
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
11 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION LEGISLATIONS EU Passenger Cars
EU
1992 1996 2000 2005 2009 2011 2014 2017
ECE 1504
ECE 1505
NEDC NEDC NEDC NEDC NEDC WLTP
CO
Positive
Ignition
Engines
(Gasoline)
2720 2200 2300 1000 1000 1000 1000
HC 200 100 100 100 100
NMHC 68 68 68
HC + NOx 970 500
NOx 150 80 60 60 60
PM only GDI 5 45 45
PN 6E12
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
km
2720 1000 640 500 500 500 500
970 560 300 230 230 170 700
500 250 180 180 80
140 80 50 25 5 45 45
6E11 6E11
CO Compression
Ignition
Engines
(Diesel)
HC + NOx
NOx
PM
PN
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
km
Test Cycle
EU-1 EU-2 EU-3 EU-4 EU-5 EU-5+ EU-6
EU
no change change
EU-6+
6E11
important
12 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION WLTP (World Light vehicle Test Procedure) and Euro 67
bull Project is set up accordingly to UNECE 1998 world harmonization
agreement
bull Sponsored by EU and Japan USA has withdrawn sponsoring in
June 2010
Project and objective
bull DHC Development of a drive cycle - average world wide driving behavior
bull DTP Development of the test procedures (parameter definition equipment specifications
fuels hellip) for better reproducibility and better representativeness like road load determination
bull It will result in a Global Technical Regulation (GTR) how to test emissions
bull It will NOT define which emissions will be limited and what the limits shall be
Project plan
bull Phase-1 Drive cycle and test procedures should be finished Nov 2013
bull Phase-2 Off-Cycle emissions Low ambient temperature High altitude In-Service conformity
Durability hellip
Euro 6 is planed for 2014 WLTP will be implemented if and as far it will be available
13 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION WLTP (World Light vehicle Test Procedure) and Euro 67
WLTP Drive Cycle consists of 4 Phases bull Low Phase
bull Middle Phase
bull High Phase
bull Extra-High Phase
Objective
bull Test-cycle accepted worldwide to increasing harmonization for the automotive sector at a
global level
bull Shall reflect in average the world wide driving behavior of passenger cars and light duty
vehicles (based on driving data from main Contracting parties including India China hellip)
bull Different gear shift points for PC and LDCV
4 Phases
1800 sec long
46 kmh average velocity
125 kmh max velocity
14 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Light Duty - Passenger Cars
USA Emission Legislation
bull US-EPA and CARB will harmonize their standards
bull Low Emission Vehicle program III (LEV-III) starts in 2014
bull PM limits will be reduced by a factor 10
bull PM measured for all engine- and fuel types
bull Medium Duty Vehicle (MDV) are tested on chassis dynos
USA Emission Regulation
bull Test specifications accordingly CFR-1066 and CFR-1065 replacing the current
Part-40 CFR-86
Main issues for development
bull Fleet averages equivalent to current SULEV by 2022
bull New emissions categories and combined NMOG and NOx standards
bull New E-85 fuel requirements and limit changes
bull Eliminate 50000 mile intermediate useful life standards and increased durability
requirement from 120000 miles to 150000 miles
15 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
LIGHT DUTY VEHICLE Chassis Test Bed (with Hybrid add-ons)
16 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
17 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
EU
EU Emission Legislation
bull Euro-VI has started 2013
bull In addition to Particulate Mass (PM) also Particle Number (PN) limits for Diesel
bull Euro-VII isnrsquot defined yet CO2 and fuel consumption requirements will come next
EU and UN-ECE Emission Regulation
bull Euro-VI test procedure is based on Global Test Procedure GTR-04 from UN-ECE
bull New World Harmonized Stationary Cycle (WHSC) and World Harmonized
Transient Cycle (WHTC) is used
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo requirements limit emissions also during any ldquonormalrdquo
driving operation That is done by
bull an Off Cycle Emissions (OCE) stationary engine test cycle with 15 random
engine speedtorque points
bull and with the vehicle on the road by Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
Main issues for development
bull Diesel PN limits
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
18 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
1992 1996 2000 2005 2008 2013
Moderate Reduction (lt30) Large Reduction (gt30)
Test cycles
EU-I+II
13-Mode
EU-III+IV
ESC
EU-VI
WHSC
CO 450 400 210 150 150 150
THC
NOx
NMHC
CH4
PM
PN
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
kWh
NH3 ppm
CO2 FC gkW-h
NO2 gkW-h
110 110 066 046 046 013
800 700 500 350 200 040
360 015 010 002 002 001
25 25 10
8 E11
no
6 E11
Test cycles
EU-III+IV
ETC
EU-VI
WHSC
CO 540 400 400 400
THC
NOx
NMHC
CH4
PM
PN
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
kWh
NH3 ppm
CO2 FC gkW-h
NO2 gkW-h
016
500 350 200 046
016 003 003 001
25 25 10
no
078 055 055
160 110 110
Tbd
Tbd
I EU
II III IV V VI
19 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
USA Emission Legislation
bull Harmonization of EPA and CARB regulations
bull In addition to CO2 also CH4 and N2O must be measured and reported for Green-
House-Gas (GHC) legislation
USA Emission Regulation
bull Test procedure is based on CFR-1065 (very different to old CFR-86 or EU)
bull All Calculations are based on mol or CFR-86
bull Performance specifications are based on statistical evaluations and limits
are not anymore related to measurement ranges but on the actual
emissions of the engine tested and the emission limit
bull Analyzer must not switch analog gains for continuous measurement
bull CLD analyzers must meet very small CO2 and H2O quenching specs
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo limit emissions during normal driving operation That is
done with the vehicle on the road by Portable Emission Measurement Systems
(PEMS)
Main issues for development
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
20 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
HEAVY DUTY ON-ROAD ENGINE Engine Test Bed
NH3 NH3
Emission Engine Test Bed with CVS
bull Automation system iGEM Engine
bull Full Flow Dilution with CVS i60
bull Diluted gaseous emission bench AMA i60
bull Particulate Sampler PSS i60 with integrated particle
counter APC
bull NH3 Analyzer SESAM i60 FT or LDD
Emission Engine Test Bed with SPC
bull Automation system iGEM Engine
bull Partial flow Dilution with SPC
bull Raw gaseous emission bench AMA i60
bull Particle counter APC connected to SPC
bull NH3 Analyzer SESAM i60 FT or LDD
Also US-EPA is now accepting partial flow dilution and raw gaseous emission measurement
for stationary and transient testing
21 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
22 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Off-Road - ABGASGESETZGEBUNG Herausforderungen
EU
EU und UN-ECE Emission Standards
bull Limits also for engines with over 560kW
bull Global Technical regulation GTR-11 will be implemented
bull Agricultural and forestry tractors will be covered also by Non-Road Mobile
Machinery legislation (before a separate legislation))
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo measurement with PEMS under evaluation
bull Discussions for Stage V (2020) to implement also a PN limit Currently Non-
Road Stage IV engines are often using open filter systems
US-EPA and CARB Standards
bull Test procedure is based on CFR-1065 which is quite different compared to
old US or European legislation
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo measurement with PEMS under evaluation
23 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Pollution Control
Off-Road engine applications are the last combustion engine
application which gets effected by emission legislation
App 2000 the fist emission legislations came up for Off-Road
App 2011 most of the off-road applications are effected by emission
legislation
In order to fulfill most off-road legislation emission limits more and
more engines will require the use of an exhaust aftertreatment
technology
24 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Transienter Pruumlflauf NRTC (Non Road Transient Cycle)
Transient
Test Cycle
Stationary
Test Cycle
25 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Space limitations
bull Most off-road applications have a limited space available Like on a
tractor it is important that the driver can see the front wheels
bull To mount additionally an exhaust aftertreatment systems is
challenging especially since these devices get very hot
Load profile and exhaust temperature
bull Often the average engine load is very for most of the operation
times Only for a short period of time the maximum engine power is
used Which results in low average exhaust temperatures
bull With such low exhaust temperatures exhaust aftertreatment
systems will not work or can not be properly regenerated
26 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-HIGHWAY ANWENDUNGEN Herausforderung Abgasnachbehandlung
100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Exhaust Temperature [degC]
Amount of time when exhaust temperature is suitable for
Exhaust after treatment systems (T ge T Abgas)
SCR Continuous Regenerating DPF (NO2)
20
40
60
80
100
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
20
40
60
80
100
Traktor beim
Saumlen
Traktor
beim Fahren
NRTC
Non Road
Transient Cycle
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
Gabelstapler
27 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Shared responsibility
bull Very often the machinery manufacturer and the engine manufacturer are two different companies
The machinery manufacturer buys an engine from the engine manufacturer The engine
manufacturer is responsible for the emission type approval of the engine
bull When the engine needs an exhaust aftertreatment system to fulfill the limit which is very much
integrated in the machinery who will supply the exhaust aftertreatment system and who is finally
responsible for the emissions
USA
US Engine manufacturer penalized for Clean Air Act violations
US EPA announced a settlement with two US engine manufacturer to resolve alleged Clean Air
Act violations In one case the engine manufacturer shipped more than 590000 highway and
non-road diesel engines to the vehicle assemblers without the aftertreatment devices andor with
improperly configured fuel injector and map settings
One manufacturer has to pay a $255 million penalty and continue a recall of noncompliant
engines
28 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Stage IIIB
Tier 4
CO2
GHG
Fuel Consumption
Emission Diagnostics
In-use Testing
29 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Alternative Fuels
NESHAPNSPS Air Quality Requirements
Tier 4
Gothenburg Protocol
World Bank
30 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
31 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Emissions
32 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
International Maritime Organization (IMO) Regulation
IMO is the United Nations specialized agency responsible for the safety
security and prevention of marine pollution by ships
IMO publishes the Marine Pollution (MARPOL) regulation which affects all
ocean going vessels and can be applied as emissions standards to domestic-
and foreign-flagged vessels
MARPOL covers all kinds and sources of pollutions caused by vessels not only
the engine emissions Engine emissions are regulated by Annex-VI of MARPOL
and has a NOx limit It also enables local regions to restrict the use of fuels with
high sulfur content (Heavy Fuel Oil HFO) as a measure against SOx emissions
In pollution sensitive areas geographically-based limits will focus to reduce NOx
SOx and PM emissions To achieve air quality benefits at reasonable costs it
allows different options better fuel or the use of exhaust aftertreatment systems
IMO will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
33 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
USA Regulation bull In the USA marine diesel engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
bull 2004 in addition US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandated a
reduction in PM and NOx
bull 2012 EPA Tier-3 has further reduce PM by 50 and NOx by 20 and will require
the use of 15ppm Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)
bull In 2014 EPA Tier-4 will further reduce PM by 90 and NOx by 80 for commercial
engines with more than 600 kW compared to Tier-2 in certain local areas
bull USA will also implement a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
bull Testing procedures and measurement equipment must follow CFR-1065 regulation
EU Regulation In Europe marine engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
For inland water ways ships also must fulfill the Directive 200426EC amended by
201026EU This is the same Directive which applies for all Non-Road Mobile
Machineries in Europe
For certain locale water ways also additional requirements exist like the river Rhine or
Lake Constance
34 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Test Cycles
35 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
36 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Fuel and Sulfur Oxides
1 Liter Heavy Fuel Oil
37 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
38 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Engine test bed certification All propulsion engines - small large and very large engines must show its
compliance with the emission standards on an engine test bed These tests
are done in the same way as for most other engine applications like non
road mobile machinery engines The test bed tests have also to be done
nevertheless if the engine gets modified when it is installed on board
Large ships also have auxiliary engines for example to produce electricity
on board Also these engines have to be certified on an engine test bed
Since these engines are not used for the ship propulsion other engine test
cycles apply like the ISO 8178 C1 or D2 cycle
Additional on-board certification Such engines will often be modified or fine-tuned after the test bed
certification was done and the engine is installed into the ship
Then the test bed certification is seen as a pre-certification which must be
followed by an on-board emission verification
A ship propeller has a certain correlation between speed and torque the so
called propeller law Since the test cycles follow this propeller law it is
possible to repeat the test bed test also on -board
Most engine parameters and especially emissions are measured on-board
Engine parameters which canrsquot be measured on-board can be copied from
the test bed test
39 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Not to Exceed requirements
IMO and US-EPA will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement
There the emission under realistic in-use operation conditions will be
verified
IM requirements Regular inspection and maintenance verification is done during the whole
life-time This can be done by one out of three methods
bull An engine parameter check which verifies certain engines
components settings and operating values which could affect the
emissions (is typically a time consuming work)
bull A simplified verification of the emission on board like the on board
certification test
bull A direct monitoring method which is using fixed installed on board
emission measurement system
40 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TESTING Marine Applications
Notes
Higher potential of corrosion
and contamination because
of high SO2 in exhaust
bull Back-flush and
after sample purge
bull more frequent
maintenance and
service
Consider sample boost
pumps because of long
sample line length since the
engines are very large
Large diversity of fuel types
and fuel parameters
especially in case of FTIR
evaluation packages
SCR and SOx Scrubber
issues
41 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
42 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
ZERO EMISSIONS VERSUS CO2 A local versus a global problem
Pollutant Emission is a local problem
Even when some emission components may be transported
over some 100 kilometers like particulates Mostly only the
people and environment of this region or especially of a city is
effected by pollution problems
Green House Gas Emissions is a global problem
Green House Gas (GHG) emissions will effect the climatic
conditions of the entire world and change the climate Often the
region which might be effected by the weather catastrophes
are not emitting large amounts of GHG emissions but will
suffer
43 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE CHALLENGES Green-House-Gas emissions and Global Warming
CO2 emitted per country
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per country
1 China
2 USA
3 India
4 Russia
CO2 emitted per person
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per person
1 USA
2 Canada
3 Australia
4 Middle East
44 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Achievements and targets
SIAM BEE
Proposals
2015 121 ndash 155 gkm
2020 104 ndash 136 gkm
Source ICAT 2012
4 l100km
25 kml
65 mpg
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
6 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION LEGISLATIONS Test-Specifications
EU
EU und UN-ECE Emission Standards
bull GTR-02 Measurement procedure for two-wheeled motorcycles with
regard to the emission of gaseous pollutants CO2 emissions
and fuel consumption (Adopted 2005)
bull GTR-04 Test procedure for compression-ignition (CI) engines and
positive-ignition (PI) engines fuelled with natural gas (NG) or
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) with regard to the emission of
pollutants (Adopted 2006)
bull GTR-05 Technical requirements for on-board diagnostic systems (OBD)
for road vehicles (Adopted 2006)
bull GTR-10 Off-cycle emissions (OCE) (Adopted 2009)
bull GTR-11 Engine emissions from agricultural and forestry tractors and
from non- road mobile machinery (Adopted 2009)
bull GTR-XY Passenger car emission testing based on WLTP
US-EPA and CARB Standards
bull Engine Test bed Test-Specifications in CFR-1065
bull Chassis dyno Test-Specifications in CFR-1066
ISO Standards
bull Engine Test bed ISO 8178
7 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
US EMISSION LEGISLATION Engine and Vehicle Testing
Standard Setting Part
Engine Testing
CFR-1065
This Technical part is the same for
all engine applications which are
tested on an engine test bed
Technical regulation
CFR-1051 Recreational vehicles
CFR-1048 Nonroad SI gt 19 kW
CFR-1042 Marine CI
CFR-1039 Nonroad CI
CFR-1033 Locomotives
CFR-1054 Nonroad SIlt 19 kW
CFR-1030 Aircraft
CFR-1036 Heavy Duty On-Road
CFR-1043 Marine vessel Marpol
CFR-1045 Marine SI
Vehicle Testing
CFR-1066
CFR-1012 Light Duty vehicles
CFR-1015 Fuel Economy
CFR-1022 Highway Motorcycles
Evaporative Testing
CFR-1060
8 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
9 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
10 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Light Duty - Passenger Cars
EU
EU Emission Legislation
bull Euro-6 will start in 2014 with a second phase starting in 2017
bull Emission limits are valid for any ldquonormal driving operationrdquo By that EU can change
drive cycles without the need to change limits
bull Euro-6 requires Particulate mass (PM) and Particle number (PN) for all engines
EU and UN-ECE Emission Regulation
bull Test procedures and drive cycle should be the new WLTP (World Light vehicle Test
Procedure) WLTP (Phase 1) should be finished end of 2013 but is delayed If it
isnrsquot ready Euro-6 will continue with UN-ECE R-83 regulation like Euro-5
bull There will be a ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo requirement which will limit emissions
also during any ldquonormalrdquo driving operation That will be measured by Portable
Emission Measurement System (PEMS) on the road As alternative or as further
extension there may also be a random drive cycles
Main issues for development
bull Gasoline engines will dominantly be GDI since CO2 legislation Main development
effort will be PN for GDI (will a Gasoline Particulate Filter (GPF) be needed)
bull Diesel vehicles development will focus on further NOx reduction
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
11 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION LEGISLATIONS EU Passenger Cars
EU
1992 1996 2000 2005 2009 2011 2014 2017
ECE 1504
ECE 1505
NEDC NEDC NEDC NEDC NEDC WLTP
CO
Positive
Ignition
Engines
(Gasoline)
2720 2200 2300 1000 1000 1000 1000
HC 200 100 100 100 100
NMHC 68 68 68
HC + NOx 970 500
NOx 150 80 60 60 60
PM only GDI 5 45 45
PN 6E12
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
km
2720 1000 640 500 500 500 500
970 560 300 230 230 170 700
500 250 180 180 80
140 80 50 25 5 45 45
6E11 6E11
CO Compression
Ignition
Engines
(Diesel)
HC + NOx
NOx
PM
PN
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
km
Test Cycle
EU-1 EU-2 EU-3 EU-4 EU-5 EU-5+ EU-6
EU
no change change
EU-6+
6E11
important
12 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION WLTP (World Light vehicle Test Procedure) and Euro 67
bull Project is set up accordingly to UNECE 1998 world harmonization
agreement
bull Sponsored by EU and Japan USA has withdrawn sponsoring in
June 2010
Project and objective
bull DHC Development of a drive cycle - average world wide driving behavior
bull DTP Development of the test procedures (parameter definition equipment specifications
fuels hellip) for better reproducibility and better representativeness like road load determination
bull It will result in a Global Technical Regulation (GTR) how to test emissions
bull It will NOT define which emissions will be limited and what the limits shall be
Project plan
bull Phase-1 Drive cycle and test procedures should be finished Nov 2013
bull Phase-2 Off-Cycle emissions Low ambient temperature High altitude In-Service conformity
Durability hellip
Euro 6 is planed for 2014 WLTP will be implemented if and as far it will be available
13 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION WLTP (World Light vehicle Test Procedure) and Euro 67
WLTP Drive Cycle consists of 4 Phases bull Low Phase
bull Middle Phase
bull High Phase
bull Extra-High Phase
Objective
bull Test-cycle accepted worldwide to increasing harmonization for the automotive sector at a
global level
bull Shall reflect in average the world wide driving behavior of passenger cars and light duty
vehicles (based on driving data from main Contracting parties including India China hellip)
bull Different gear shift points for PC and LDCV
4 Phases
1800 sec long
46 kmh average velocity
125 kmh max velocity
14 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Light Duty - Passenger Cars
USA Emission Legislation
bull US-EPA and CARB will harmonize their standards
bull Low Emission Vehicle program III (LEV-III) starts in 2014
bull PM limits will be reduced by a factor 10
bull PM measured for all engine- and fuel types
bull Medium Duty Vehicle (MDV) are tested on chassis dynos
USA Emission Regulation
bull Test specifications accordingly CFR-1066 and CFR-1065 replacing the current
Part-40 CFR-86
Main issues for development
bull Fleet averages equivalent to current SULEV by 2022
bull New emissions categories and combined NMOG and NOx standards
bull New E-85 fuel requirements and limit changes
bull Eliminate 50000 mile intermediate useful life standards and increased durability
requirement from 120000 miles to 150000 miles
15 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
LIGHT DUTY VEHICLE Chassis Test Bed (with Hybrid add-ons)
16 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
17 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
EU
EU Emission Legislation
bull Euro-VI has started 2013
bull In addition to Particulate Mass (PM) also Particle Number (PN) limits for Diesel
bull Euro-VII isnrsquot defined yet CO2 and fuel consumption requirements will come next
EU and UN-ECE Emission Regulation
bull Euro-VI test procedure is based on Global Test Procedure GTR-04 from UN-ECE
bull New World Harmonized Stationary Cycle (WHSC) and World Harmonized
Transient Cycle (WHTC) is used
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo requirements limit emissions also during any ldquonormalrdquo
driving operation That is done by
bull an Off Cycle Emissions (OCE) stationary engine test cycle with 15 random
engine speedtorque points
bull and with the vehicle on the road by Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
Main issues for development
bull Diesel PN limits
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
18 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
1992 1996 2000 2005 2008 2013
Moderate Reduction (lt30) Large Reduction (gt30)
Test cycles
EU-I+II
13-Mode
EU-III+IV
ESC
EU-VI
WHSC
CO 450 400 210 150 150 150
THC
NOx
NMHC
CH4
PM
PN
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
kWh
NH3 ppm
CO2 FC gkW-h
NO2 gkW-h
110 110 066 046 046 013
800 700 500 350 200 040
360 015 010 002 002 001
25 25 10
8 E11
no
6 E11
Test cycles
EU-III+IV
ETC
EU-VI
WHSC
CO 540 400 400 400
THC
NOx
NMHC
CH4
PM
PN
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
kWh
NH3 ppm
CO2 FC gkW-h
NO2 gkW-h
016
500 350 200 046
016 003 003 001
25 25 10
no
078 055 055
160 110 110
Tbd
Tbd
I EU
II III IV V VI
19 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
USA Emission Legislation
bull Harmonization of EPA and CARB regulations
bull In addition to CO2 also CH4 and N2O must be measured and reported for Green-
House-Gas (GHC) legislation
USA Emission Regulation
bull Test procedure is based on CFR-1065 (very different to old CFR-86 or EU)
bull All Calculations are based on mol or CFR-86
bull Performance specifications are based on statistical evaluations and limits
are not anymore related to measurement ranges but on the actual
emissions of the engine tested and the emission limit
bull Analyzer must not switch analog gains for continuous measurement
bull CLD analyzers must meet very small CO2 and H2O quenching specs
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo limit emissions during normal driving operation That is
done with the vehicle on the road by Portable Emission Measurement Systems
(PEMS)
Main issues for development
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
20 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
HEAVY DUTY ON-ROAD ENGINE Engine Test Bed
NH3 NH3
Emission Engine Test Bed with CVS
bull Automation system iGEM Engine
bull Full Flow Dilution with CVS i60
bull Diluted gaseous emission bench AMA i60
bull Particulate Sampler PSS i60 with integrated particle
counter APC
bull NH3 Analyzer SESAM i60 FT or LDD
Emission Engine Test Bed with SPC
bull Automation system iGEM Engine
bull Partial flow Dilution with SPC
bull Raw gaseous emission bench AMA i60
bull Particle counter APC connected to SPC
bull NH3 Analyzer SESAM i60 FT or LDD
Also US-EPA is now accepting partial flow dilution and raw gaseous emission measurement
for stationary and transient testing
21 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
22 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Off-Road - ABGASGESETZGEBUNG Herausforderungen
EU
EU und UN-ECE Emission Standards
bull Limits also for engines with over 560kW
bull Global Technical regulation GTR-11 will be implemented
bull Agricultural and forestry tractors will be covered also by Non-Road Mobile
Machinery legislation (before a separate legislation))
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo measurement with PEMS under evaluation
bull Discussions for Stage V (2020) to implement also a PN limit Currently Non-
Road Stage IV engines are often using open filter systems
US-EPA and CARB Standards
bull Test procedure is based on CFR-1065 which is quite different compared to
old US or European legislation
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo measurement with PEMS under evaluation
23 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Pollution Control
Off-Road engine applications are the last combustion engine
application which gets effected by emission legislation
App 2000 the fist emission legislations came up for Off-Road
App 2011 most of the off-road applications are effected by emission
legislation
In order to fulfill most off-road legislation emission limits more and
more engines will require the use of an exhaust aftertreatment
technology
24 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Transienter Pruumlflauf NRTC (Non Road Transient Cycle)
Transient
Test Cycle
Stationary
Test Cycle
25 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Space limitations
bull Most off-road applications have a limited space available Like on a
tractor it is important that the driver can see the front wheels
bull To mount additionally an exhaust aftertreatment systems is
challenging especially since these devices get very hot
Load profile and exhaust temperature
bull Often the average engine load is very for most of the operation
times Only for a short period of time the maximum engine power is
used Which results in low average exhaust temperatures
bull With such low exhaust temperatures exhaust aftertreatment
systems will not work or can not be properly regenerated
26 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-HIGHWAY ANWENDUNGEN Herausforderung Abgasnachbehandlung
100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Exhaust Temperature [degC]
Amount of time when exhaust temperature is suitable for
Exhaust after treatment systems (T ge T Abgas)
SCR Continuous Regenerating DPF (NO2)
20
40
60
80
100
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
20
40
60
80
100
Traktor beim
Saumlen
Traktor
beim Fahren
NRTC
Non Road
Transient Cycle
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
Gabelstapler
27 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Shared responsibility
bull Very often the machinery manufacturer and the engine manufacturer are two different companies
The machinery manufacturer buys an engine from the engine manufacturer The engine
manufacturer is responsible for the emission type approval of the engine
bull When the engine needs an exhaust aftertreatment system to fulfill the limit which is very much
integrated in the machinery who will supply the exhaust aftertreatment system and who is finally
responsible for the emissions
USA
US Engine manufacturer penalized for Clean Air Act violations
US EPA announced a settlement with two US engine manufacturer to resolve alleged Clean Air
Act violations In one case the engine manufacturer shipped more than 590000 highway and
non-road diesel engines to the vehicle assemblers without the aftertreatment devices andor with
improperly configured fuel injector and map settings
One manufacturer has to pay a $255 million penalty and continue a recall of noncompliant
engines
28 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Stage IIIB
Tier 4
CO2
GHG
Fuel Consumption
Emission Diagnostics
In-use Testing
29 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Alternative Fuels
NESHAPNSPS Air Quality Requirements
Tier 4
Gothenburg Protocol
World Bank
30 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
31 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Emissions
32 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
International Maritime Organization (IMO) Regulation
IMO is the United Nations specialized agency responsible for the safety
security and prevention of marine pollution by ships
IMO publishes the Marine Pollution (MARPOL) regulation which affects all
ocean going vessels and can be applied as emissions standards to domestic-
and foreign-flagged vessels
MARPOL covers all kinds and sources of pollutions caused by vessels not only
the engine emissions Engine emissions are regulated by Annex-VI of MARPOL
and has a NOx limit It also enables local regions to restrict the use of fuels with
high sulfur content (Heavy Fuel Oil HFO) as a measure against SOx emissions
In pollution sensitive areas geographically-based limits will focus to reduce NOx
SOx and PM emissions To achieve air quality benefits at reasonable costs it
allows different options better fuel or the use of exhaust aftertreatment systems
IMO will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
33 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
USA Regulation bull In the USA marine diesel engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
bull 2004 in addition US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandated a
reduction in PM and NOx
bull 2012 EPA Tier-3 has further reduce PM by 50 and NOx by 20 and will require
the use of 15ppm Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)
bull In 2014 EPA Tier-4 will further reduce PM by 90 and NOx by 80 for commercial
engines with more than 600 kW compared to Tier-2 in certain local areas
bull USA will also implement a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
bull Testing procedures and measurement equipment must follow CFR-1065 regulation
EU Regulation In Europe marine engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
For inland water ways ships also must fulfill the Directive 200426EC amended by
201026EU This is the same Directive which applies for all Non-Road Mobile
Machineries in Europe
For certain locale water ways also additional requirements exist like the river Rhine or
Lake Constance
34 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Test Cycles
35 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
36 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Fuel and Sulfur Oxides
1 Liter Heavy Fuel Oil
37 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
38 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Engine test bed certification All propulsion engines - small large and very large engines must show its
compliance with the emission standards on an engine test bed These tests
are done in the same way as for most other engine applications like non
road mobile machinery engines The test bed tests have also to be done
nevertheless if the engine gets modified when it is installed on board
Large ships also have auxiliary engines for example to produce electricity
on board Also these engines have to be certified on an engine test bed
Since these engines are not used for the ship propulsion other engine test
cycles apply like the ISO 8178 C1 or D2 cycle
Additional on-board certification Such engines will often be modified or fine-tuned after the test bed
certification was done and the engine is installed into the ship
Then the test bed certification is seen as a pre-certification which must be
followed by an on-board emission verification
A ship propeller has a certain correlation between speed and torque the so
called propeller law Since the test cycles follow this propeller law it is
possible to repeat the test bed test also on -board
Most engine parameters and especially emissions are measured on-board
Engine parameters which canrsquot be measured on-board can be copied from
the test bed test
39 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Not to Exceed requirements
IMO and US-EPA will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement
There the emission under realistic in-use operation conditions will be
verified
IM requirements Regular inspection and maintenance verification is done during the whole
life-time This can be done by one out of three methods
bull An engine parameter check which verifies certain engines
components settings and operating values which could affect the
emissions (is typically a time consuming work)
bull A simplified verification of the emission on board like the on board
certification test
bull A direct monitoring method which is using fixed installed on board
emission measurement system
40 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TESTING Marine Applications
Notes
Higher potential of corrosion
and contamination because
of high SO2 in exhaust
bull Back-flush and
after sample purge
bull more frequent
maintenance and
service
Consider sample boost
pumps because of long
sample line length since the
engines are very large
Large diversity of fuel types
and fuel parameters
especially in case of FTIR
evaluation packages
SCR and SOx Scrubber
issues
41 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
42 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
ZERO EMISSIONS VERSUS CO2 A local versus a global problem
Pollutant Emission is a local problem
Even when some emission components may be transported
over some 100 kilometers like particulates Mostly only the
people and environment of this region or especially of a city is
effected by pollution problems
Green House Gas Emissions is a global problem
Green House Gas (GHG) emissions will effect the climatic
conditions of the entire world and change the climate Often the
region which might be effected by the weather catastrophes
are not emitting large amounts of GHG emissions but will
suffer
43 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE CHALLENGES Green-House-Gas emissions and Global Warming
CO2 emitted per country
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per country
1 China
2 USA
3 India
4 Russia
CO2 emitted per person
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per person
1 USA
2 Canada
3 Australia
4 Middle East
44 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Achievements and targets
SIAM BEE
Proposals
2015 121 ndash 155 gkm
2020 104 ndash 136 gkm
Source ICAT 2012
4 l100km
25 kml
65 mpg
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
7 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
US EMISSION LEGISLATION Engine and Vehicle Testing
Standard Setting Part
Engine Testing
CFR-1065
This Technical part is the same for
all engine applications which are
tested on an engine test bed
Technical regulation
CFR-1051 Recreational vehicles
CFR-1048 Nonroad SI gt 19 kW
CFR-1042 Marine CI
CFR-1039 Nonroad CI
CFR-1033 Locomotives
CFR-1054 Nonroad SIlt 19 kW
CFR-1030 Aircraft
CFR-1036 Heavy Duty On-Road
CFR-1043 Marine vessel Marpol
CFR-1045 Marine SI
Vehicle Testing
CFR-1066
CFR-1012 Light Duty vehicles
CFR-1015 Fuel Economy
CFR-1022 Highway Motorcycles
Evaporative Testing
CFR-1060
8 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
9 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
10 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Light Duty - Passenger Cars
EU
EU Emission Legislation
bull Euro-6 will start in 2014 with a second phase starting in 2017
bull Emission limits are valid for any ldquonormal driving operationrdquo By that EU can change
drive cycles without the need to change limits
bull Euro-6 requires Particulate mass (PM) and Particle number (PN) for all engines
EU and UN-ECE Emission Regulation
bull Test procedures and drive cycle should be the new WLTP (World Light vehicle Test
Procedure) WLTP (Phase 1) should be finished end of 2013 but is delayed If it
isnrsquot ready Euro-6 will continue with UN-ECE R-83 regulation like Euro-5
bull There will be a ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo requirement which will limit emissions
also during any ldquonormalrdquo driving operation That will be measured by Portable
Emission Measurement System (PEMS) on the road As alternative or as further
extension there may also be a random drive cycles
Main issues for development
bull Gasoline engines will dominantly be GDI since CO2 legislation Main development
effort will be PN for GDI (will a Gasoline Particulate Filter (GPF) be needed)
bull Diesel vehicles development will focus on further NOx reduction
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
11 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION LEGISLATIONS EU Passenger Cars
EU
1992 1996 2000 2005 2009 2011 2014 2017
ECE 1504
ECE 1505
NEDC NEDC NEDC NEDC NEDC WLTP
CO
Positive
Ignition
Engines
(Gasoline)
2720 2200 2300 1000 1000 1000 1000
HC 200 100 100 100 100
NMHC 68 68 68
HC + NOx 970 500
NOx 150 80 60 60 60
PM only GDI 5 45 45
PN 6E12
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
km
2720 1000 640 500 500 500 500
970 560 300 230 230 170 700
500 250 180 180 80
140 80 50 25 5 45 45
6E11 6E11
CO Compression
Ignition
Engines
(Diesel)
HC + NOx
NOx
PM
PN
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
km
Test Cycle
EU-1 EU-2 EU-3 EU-4 EU-5 EU-5+ EU-6
EU
no change change
EU-6+
6E11
important
12 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION WLTP (World Light vehicle Test Procedure) and Euro 67
bull Project is set up accordingly to UNECE 1998 world harmonization
agreement
bull Sponsored by EU and Japan USA has withdrawn sponsoring in
June 2010
Project and objective
bull DHC Development of a drive cycle - average world wide driving behavior
bull DTP Development of the test procedures (parameter definition equipment specifications
fuels hellip) for better reproducibility and better representativeness like road load determination
bull It will result in a Global Technical Regulation (GTR) how to test emissions
bull It will NOT define which emissions will be limited and what the limits shall be
Project plan
bull Phase-1 Drive cycle and test procedures should be finished Nov 2013
bull Phase-2 Off-Cycle emissions Low ambient temperature High altitude In-Service conformity
Durability hellip
Euro 6 is planed for 2014 WLTP will be implemented if and as far it will be available
13 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION WLTP (World Light vehicle Test Procedure) and Euro 67
WLTP Drive Cycle consists of 4 Phases bull Low Phase
bull Middle Phase
bull High Phase
bull Extra-High Phase
Objective
bull Test-cycle accepted worldwide to increasing harmonization for the automotive sector at a
global level
bull Shall reflect in average the world wide driving behavior of passenger cars and light duty
vehicles (based on driving data from main Contracting parties including India China hellip)
bull Different gear shift points for PC and LDCV
4 Phases
1800 sec long
46 kmh average velocity
125 kmh max velocity
14 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Light Duty - Passenger Cars
USA Emission Legislation
bull US-EPA and CARB will harmonize their standards
bull Low Emission Vehicle program III (LEV-III) starts in 2014
bull PM limits will be reduced by a factor 10
bull PM measured for all engine- and fuel types
bull Medium Duty Vehicle (MDV) are tested on chassis dynos
USA Emission Regulation
bull Test specifications accordingly CFR-1066 and CFR-1065 replacing the current
Part-40 CFR-86
Main issues for development
bull Fleet averages equivalent to current SULEV by 2022
bull New emissions categories and combined NMOG and NOx standards
bull New E-85 fuel requirements and limit changes
bull Eliminate 50000 mile intermediate useful life standards and increased durability
requirement from 120000 miles to 150000 miles
15 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
LIGHT DUTY VEHICLE Chassis Test Bed (with Hybrid add-ons)
16 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
17 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
EU
EU Emission Legislation
bull Euro-VI has started 2013
bull In addition to Particulate Mass (PM) also Particle Number (PN) limits for Diesel
bull Euro-VII isnrsquot defined yet CO2 and fuel consumption requirements will come next
EU and UN-ECE Emission Regulation
bull Euro-VI test procedure is based on Global Test Procedure GTR-04 from UN-ECE
bull New World Harmonized Stationary Cycle (WHSC) and World Harmonized
Transient Cycle (WHTC) is used
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo requirements limit emissions also during any ldquonormalrdquo
driving operation That is done by
bull an Off Cycle Emissions (OCE) stationary engine test cycle with 15 random
engine speedtorque points
bull and with the vehicle on the road by Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
Main issues for development
bull Diesel PN limits
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
18 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
1992 1996 2000 2005 2008 2013
Moderate Reduction (lt30) Large Reduction (gt30)
Test cycles
EU-I+II
13-Mode
EU-III+IV
ESC
EU-VI
WHSC
CO 450 400 210 150 150 150
THC
NOx
NMHC
CH4
PM
PN
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
kWh
NH3 ppm
CO2 FC gkW-h
NO2 gkW-h
110 110 066 046 046 013
800 700 500 350 200 040
360 015 010 002 002 001
25 25 10
8 E11
no
6 E11
Test cycles
EU-III+IV
ETC
EU-VI
WHSC
CO 540 400 400 400
THC
NOx
NMHC
CH4
PM
PN
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
kWh
NH3 ppm
CO2 FC gkW-h
NO2 gkW-h
016
500 350 200 046
016 003 003 001
25 25 10
no
078 055 055
160 110 110
Tbd
Tbd
I EU
II III IV V VI
19 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
USA Emission Legislation
bull Harmonization of EPA and CARB regulations
bull In addition to CO2 also CH4 and N2O must be measured and reported for Green-
House-Gas (GHC) legislation
USA Emission Regulation
bull Test procedure is based on CFR-1065 (very different to old CFR-86 or EU)
bull All Calculations are based on mol or CFR-86
bull Performance specifications are based on statistical evaluations and limits
are not anymore related to measurement ranges but on the actual
emissions of the engine tested and the emission limit
bull Analyzer must not switch analog gains for continuous measurement
bull CLD analyzers must meet very small CO2 and H2O quenching specs
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo limit emissions during normal driving operation That is
done with the vehicle on the road by Portable Emission Measurement Systems
(PEMS)
Main issues for development
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
20 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
HEAVY DUTY ON-ROAD ENGINE Engine Test Bed
NH3 NH3
Emission Engine Test Bed with CVS
bull Automation system iGEM Engine
bull Full Flow Dilution with CVS i60
bull Diluted gaseous emission bench AMA i60
bull Particulate Sampler PSS i60 with integrated particle
counter APC
bull NH3 Analyzer SESAM i60 FT or LDD
Emission Engine Test Bed with SPC
bull Automation system iGEM Engine
bull Partial flow Dilution with SPC
bull Raw gaseous emission bench AMA i60
bull Particle counter APC connected to SPC
bull NH3 Analyzer SESAM i60 FT or LDD
Also US-EPA is now accepting partial flow dilution and raw gaseous emission measurement
for stationary and transient testing
21 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
22 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Off-Road - ABGASGESETZGEBUNG Herausforderungen
EU
EU und UN-ECE Emission Standards
bull Limits also for engines with over 560kW
bull Global Technical regulation GTR-11 will be implemented
bull Agricultural and forestry tractors will be covered also by Non-Road Mobile
Machinery legislation (before a separate legislation))
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo measurement with PEMS under evaluation
bull Discussions for Stage V (2020) to implement also a PN limit Currently Non-
Road Stage IV engines are often using open filter systems
US-EPA and CARB Standards
bull Test procedure is based on CFR-1065 which is quite different compared to
old US or European legislation
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo measurement with PEMS under evaluation
23 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Pollution Control
Off-Road engine applications are the last combustion engine
application which gets effected by emission legislation
App 2000 the fist emission legislations came up for Off-Road
App 2011 most of the off-road applications are effected by emission
legislation
In order to fulfill most off-road legislation emission limits more and
more engines will require the use of an exhaust aftertreatment
technology
24 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Transienter Pruumlflauf NRTC (Non Road Transient Cycle)
Transient
Test Cycle
Stationary
Test Cycle
25 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Space limitations
bull Most off-road applications have a limited space available Like on a
tractor it is important that the driver can see the front wheels
bull To mount additionally an exhaust aftertreatment systems is
challenging especially since these devices get very hot
Load profile and exhaust temperature
bull Often the average engine load is very for most of the operation
times Only for a short period of time the maximum engine power is
used Which results in low average exhaust temperatures
bull With such low exhaust temperatures exhaust aftertreatment
systems will not work or can not be properly regenerated
26 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-HIGHWAY ANWENDUNGEN Herausforderung Abgasnachbehandlung
100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Exhaust Temperature [degC]
Amount of time when exhaust temperature is suitable for
Exhaust after treatment systems (T ge T Abgas)
SCR Continuous Regenerating DPF (NO2)
20
40
60
80
100
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
20
40
60
80
100
Traktor beim
Saumlen
Traktor
beim Fahren
NRTC
Non Road
Transient Cycle
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
Gabelstapler
27 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Shared responsibility
bull Very often the machinery manufacturer and the engine manufacturer are two different companies
The machinery manufacturer buys an engine from the engine manufacturer The engine
manufacturer is responsible for the emission type approval of the engine
bull When the engine needs an exhaust aftertreatment system to fulfill the limit which is very much
integrated in the machinery who will supply the exhaust aftertreatment system and who is finally
responsible for the emissions
USA
US Engine manufacturer penalized for Clean Air Act violations
US EPA announced a settlement with two US engine manufacturer to resolve alleged Clean Air
Act violations In one case the engine manufacturer shipped more than 590000 highway and
non-road diesel engines to the vehicle assemblers without the aftertreatment devices andor with
improperly configured fuel injector and map settings
One manufacturer has to pay a $255 million penalty and continue a recall of noncompliant
engines
28 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Stage IIIB
Tier 4
CO2
GHG
Fuel Consumption
Emission Diagnostics
In-use Testing
29 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Alternative Fuels
NESHAPNSPS Air Quality Requirements
Tier 4
Gothenburg Protocol
World Bank
30 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
31 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Emissions
32 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
International Maritime Organization (IMO) Regulation
IMO is the United Nations specialized agency responsible for the safety
security and prevention of marine pollution by ships
IMO publishes the Marine Pollution (MARPOL) regulation which affects all
ocean going vessels and can be applied as emissions standards to domestic-
and foreign-flagged vessels
MARPOL covers all kinds and sources of pollutions caused by vessels not only
the engine emissions Engine emissions are regulated by Annex-VI of MARPOL
and has a NOx limit It also enables local regions to restrict the use of fuels with
high sulfur content (Heavy Fuel Oil HFO) as a measure against SOx emissions
In pollution sensitive areas geographically-based limits will focus to reduce NOx
SOx and PM emissions To achieve air quality benefits at reasonable costs it
allows different options better fuel or the use of exhaust aftertreatment systems
IMO will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
33 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
USA Regulation bull In the USA marine diesel engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
bull 2004 in addition US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandated a
reduction in PM and NOx
bull 2012 EPA Tier-3 has further reduce PM by 50 and NOx by 20 and will require
the use of 15ppm Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)
bull In 2014 EPA Tier-4 will further reduce PM by 90 and NOx by 80 for commercial
engines with more than 600 kW compared to Tier-2 in certain local areas
bull USA will also implement a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
bull Testing procedures and measurement equipment must follow CFR-1065 regulation
EU Regulation In Europe marine engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
For inland water ways ships also must fulfill the Directive 200426EC amended by
201026EU This is the same Directive which applies for all Non-Road Mobile
Machineries in Europe
For certain locale water ways also additional requirements exist like the river Rhine or
Lake Constance
34 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Test Cycles
35 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
36 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Fuel and Sulfur Oxides
1 Liter Heavy Fuel Oil
37 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
38 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Engine test bed certification All propulsion engines - small large and very large engines must show its
compliance with the emission standards on an engine test bed These tests
are done in the same way as for most other engine applications like non
road mobile machinery engines The test bed tests have also to be done
nevertheless if the engine gets modified when it is installed on board
Large ships also have auxiliary engines for example to produce electricity
on board Also these engines have to be certified on an engine test bed
Since these engines are not used for the ship propulsion other engine test
cycles apply like the ISO 8178 C1 or D2 cycle
Additional on-board certification Such engines will often be modified or fine-tuned after the test bed
certification was done and the engine is installed into the ship
Then the test bed certification is seen as a pre-certification which must be
followed by an on-board emission verification
A ship propeller has a certain correlation between speed and torque the so
called propeller law Since the test cycles follow this propeller law it is
possible to repeat the test bed test also on -board
Most engine parameters and especially emissions are measured on-board
Engine parameters which canrsquot be measured on-board can be copied from
the test bed test
39 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Not to Exceed requirements
IMO and US-EPA will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement
There the emission under realistic in-use operation conditions will be
verified
IM requirements Regular inspection and maintenance verification is done during the whole
life-time This can be done by one out of three methods
bull An engine parameter check which verifies certain engines
components settings and operating values which could affect the
emissions (is typically a time consuming work)
bull A simplified verification of the emission on board like the on board
certification test
bull A direct monitoring method which is using fixed installed on board
emission measurement system
40 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TESTING Marine Applications
Notes
Higher potential of corrosion
and contamination because
of high SO2 in exhaust
bull Back-flush and
after sample purge
bull more frequent
maintenance and
service
Consider sample boost
pumps because of long
sample line length since the
engines are very large
Large diversity of fuel types
and fuel parameters
especially in case of FTIR
evaluation packages
SCR and SOx Scrubber
issues
41 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
42 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
ZERO EMISSIONS VERSUS CO2 A local versus a global problem
Pollutant Emission is a local problem
Even when some emission components may be transported
over some 100 kilometers like particulates Mostly only the
people and environment of this region or especially of a city is
effected by pollution problems
Green House Gas Emissions is a global problem
Green House Gas (GHG) emissions will effect the climatic
conditions of the entire world and change the climate Often the
region which might be effected by the weather catastrophes
are not emitting large amounts of GHG emissions but will
suffer
43 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE CHALLENGES Green-House-Gas emissions and Global Warming
CO2 emitted per country
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per country
1 China
2 USA
3 India
4 Russia
CO2 emitted per person
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per person
1 USA
2 Canada
3 Australia
4 Middle East
44 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Achievements and targets
SIAM BEE
Proposals
2015 121 ndash 155 gkm
2020 104 ndash 136 gkm
Source ICAT 2012
4 l100km
25 kml
65 mpg
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
8 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
9 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
10 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Light Duty - Passenger Cars
EU
EU Emission Legislation
bull Euro-6 will start in 2014 with a second phase starting in 2017
bull Emission limits are valid for any ldquonormal driving operationrdquo By that EU can change
drive cycles without the need to change limits
bull Euro-6 requires Particulate mass (PM) and Particle number (PN) for all engines
EU and UN-ECE Emission Regulation
bull Test procedures and drive cycle should be the new WLTP (World Light vehicle Test
Procedure) WLTP (Phase 1) should be finished end of 2013 but is delayed If it
isnrsquot ready Euro-6 will continue with UN-ECE R-83 regulation like Euro-5
bull There will be a ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo requirement which will limit emissions
also during any ldquonormalrdquo driving operation That will be measured by Portable
Emission Measurement System (PEMS) on the road As alternative or as further
extension there may also be a random drive cycles
Main issues for development
bull Gasoline engines will dominantly be GDI since CO2 legislation Main development
effort will be PN for GDI (will a Gasoline Particulate Filter (GPF) be needed)
bull Diesel vehicles development will focus on further NOx reduction
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
11 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION LEGISLATIONS EU Passenger Cars
EU
1992 1996 2000 2005 2009 2011 2014 2017
ECE 1504
ECE 1505
NEDC NEDC NEDC NEDC NEDC WLTP
CO
Positive
Ignition
Engines
(Gasoline)
2720 2200 2300 1000 1000 1000 1000
HC 200 100 100 100 100
NMHC 68 68 68
HC + NOx 970 500
NOx 150 80 60 60 60
PM only GDI 5 45 45
PN 6E12
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
km
2720 1000 640 500 500 500 500
970 560 300 230 230 170 700
500 250 180 180 80
140 80 50 25 5 45 45
6E11 6E11
CO Compression
Ignition
Engines
(Diesel)
HC + NOx
NOx
PM
PN
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
km
Test Cycle
EU-1 EU-2 EU-3 EU-4 EU-5 EU-5+ EU-6
EU
no change change
EU-6+
6E11
important
12 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION WLTP (World Light vehicle Test Procedure) and Euro 67
bull Project is set up accordingly to UNECE 1998 world harmonization
agreement
bull Sponsored by EU and Japan USA has withdrawn sponsoring in
June 2010
Project and objective
bull DHC Development of a drive cycle - average world wide driving behavior
bull DTP Development of the test procedures (parameter definition equipment specifications
fuels hellip) for better reproducibility and better representativeness like road load determination
bull It will result in a Global Technical Regulation (GTR) how to test emissions
bull It will NOT define which emissions will be limited and what the limits shall be
Project plan
bull Phase-1 Drive cycle and test procedures should be finished Nov 2013
bull Phase-2 Off-Cycle emissions Low ambient temperature High altitude In-Service conformity
Durability hellip
Euro 6 is planed for 2014 WLTP will be implemented if and as far it will be available
13 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION WLTP (World Light vehicle Test Procedure) and Euro 67
WLTP Drive Cycle consists of 4 Phases bull Low Phase
bull Middle Phase
bull High Phase
bull Extra-High Phase
Objective
bull Test-cycle accepted worldwide to increasing harmonization for the automotive sector at a
global level
bull Shall reflect in average the world wide driving behavior of passenger cars and light duty
vehicles (based on driving data from main Contracting parties including India China hellip)
bull Different gear shift points for PC and LDCV
4 Phases
1800 sec long
46 kmh average velocity
125 kmh max velocity
14 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Light Duty - Passenger Cars
USA Emission Legislation
bull US-EPA and CARB will harmonize their standards
bull Low Emission Vehicle program III (LEV-III) starts in 2014
bull PM limits will be reduced by a factor 10
bull PM measured for all engine- and fuel types
bull Medium Duty Vehicle (MDV) are tested on chassis dynos
USA Emission Regulation
bull Test specifications accordingly CFR-1066 and CFR-1065 replacing the current
Part-40 CFR-86
Main issues for development
bull Fleet averages equivalent to current SULEV by 2022
bull New emissions categories and combined NMOG and NOx standards
bull New E-85 fuel requirements and limit changes
bull Eliminate 50000 mile intermediate useful life standards and increased durability
requirement from 120000 miles to 150000 miles
15 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
LIGHT DUTY VEHICLE Chassis Test Bed (with Hybrid add-ons)
16 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
17 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
EU
EU Emission Legislation
bull Euro-VI has started 2013
bull In addition to Particulate Mass (PM) also Particle Number (PN) limits for Diesel
bull Euro-VII isnrsquot defined yet CO2 and fuel consumption requirements will come next
EU and UN-ECE Emission Regulation
bull Euro-VI test procedure is based on Global Test Procedure GTR-04 from UN-ECE
bull New World Harmonized Stationary Cycle (WHSC) and World Harmonized
Transient Cycle (WHTC) is used
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo requirements limit emissions also during any ldquonormalrdquo
driving operation That is done by
bull an Off Cycle Emissions (OCE) stationary engine test cycle with 15 random
engine speedtorque points
bull and with the vehicle on the road by Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
Main issues for development
bull Diesel PN limits
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
18 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
1992 1996 2000 2005 2008 2013
Moderate Reduction (lt30) Large Reduction (gt30)
Test cycles
EU-I+II
13-Mode
EU-III+IV
ESC
EU-VI
WHSC
CO 450 400 210 150 150 150
THC
NOx
NMHC
CH4
PM
PN
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
kWh
NH3 ppm
CO2 FC gkW-h
NO2 gkW-h
110 110 066 046 046 013
800 700 500 350 200 040
360 015 010 002 002 001
25 25 10
8 E11
no
6 E11
Test cycles
EU-III+IV
ETC
EU-VI
WHSC
CO 540 400 400 400
THC
NOx
NMHC
CH4
PM
PN
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
kWh
NH3 ppm
CO2 FC gkW-h
NO2 gkW-h
016
500 350 200 046
016 003 003 001
25 25 10
no
078 055 055
160 110 110
Tbd
Tbd
I EU
II III IV V VI
19 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
USA Emission Legislation
bull Harmonization of EPA and CARB regulations
bull In addition to CO2 also CH4 and N2O must be measured and reported for Green-
House-Gas (GHC) legislation
USA Emission Regulation
bull Test procedure is based on CFR-1065 (very different to old CFR-86 or EU)
bull All Calculations are based on mol or CFR-86
bull Performance specifications are based on statistical evaluations and limits
are not anymore related to measurement ranges but on the actual
emissions of the engine tested and the emission limit
bull Analyzer must not switch analog gains for continuous measurement
bull CLD analyzers must meet very small CO2 and H2O quenching specs
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo limit emissions during normal driving operation That is
done with the vehicle on the road by Portable Emission Measurement Systems
(PEMS)
Main issues for development
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
20 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
HEAVY DUTY ON-ROAD ENGINE Engine Test Bed
NH3 NH3
Emission Engine Test Bed with CVS
bull Automation system iGEM Engine
bull Full Flow Dilution with CVS i60
bull Diluted gaseous emission bench AMA i60
bull Particulate Sampler PSS i60 with integrated particle
counter APC
bull NH3 Analyzer SESAM i60 FT or LDD
Emission Engine Test Bed with SPC
bull Automation system iGEM Engine
bull Partial flow Dilution with SPC
bull Raw gaseous emission bench AMA i60
bull Particle counter APC connected to SPC
bull NH3 Analyzer SESAM i60 FT or LDD
Also US-EPA is now accepting partial flow dilution and raw gaseous emission measurement
for stationary and transient testing
21 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
22 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Off-Road - ABGASGESETZGEBUNG Herausforderungen
EU
EU und UN-ECE Emission Standards
bull Limits also for engines with over 560kW
bull Global Technical regulation GTR-11 will be implemented
bull Agricultural and forestry tractors will be covered also by Non-Road Mobile
Machinery legislation (before a separate legislation))
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo measurement with PEMS under evaluation
bull Discussions for Stage V (2020) to implement also a PN limit Currently Non-
Road Stage IV engines are often using open filter systems
US-EPA and CARB Standards
bull Test procedure is based on CFR-1065 which is quite different compared to
old US or European legislation
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo measurement with PEMS under evaluation
23 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Pollution Control
Off-Road engine applications are the last combustion engine
application which gets effected by emission legislation
App 2000 the fist emission legislations came up for Off-Road
App 2011 most of the off-road applications are effected by emission
legislation
In order to fulfill most off-road legislation emission limits more and
more engines will require the use of an exhaust aftertreatment
technology
24 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Transienter Pruumlflauf NRTC (Non Road Transient Cycle)
Transient
Test Cycle
Stationary
Test Cycle
25 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Space limitations
bull Most off-road applications have a limited space available Like on a
tractor it is important that the driver can see the front wheels
bull To mount additionally an exhaust aftertreatment systems is
challenging especially since these devices get very hot
Load profile and exhaust temperature
bull Often the average engine load is very for most of the operation
times Only for a short period of time the maximum engine power is
used Which results in low average exhaust temperatures
bull With such low exhaust temperatures exhaust aftertreatment
systems will not work or can not be properly regenerated
26 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-HIGHWAY ANWENDUNGEN Herausforderung Abgasnachbehandlung
100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Exhaust Temperature [degC]
Amount of time when exhaust temperature is suitable for
Exhaust after treatment systems (T ge T Abgas)
SCR Continuous Regenerating DPF (NO2)
20
40
60
80
100
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
20
40
60
80
100
Traktor beim
Saumlen
Traktor
beim Fahren
NRTC
Non Road
Transient Cycle
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
Gabelstapler
27 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Shared responsibility
bull Very often the machinery manufacturer and the engine manufacturer are two different companies
The machinery manufacturer buys an engine from the engine manufacturer The engine
manufacturer is responsible for the emission type approval of the engine
bull When the engine needs an exhaust aftertreatment system to fulfill the limit which is very much
integrated in the machinery who will supply the exhaust aftertreatment system and who is finally
responsible for the emissions
USA
US Engine manufacturer penalized for Clean Air Act violations
US EPA announced a settlement with two US engine manufacturer to resolve alleged Clean Air
Act violations In one case the engine manufacturer shipped more than 590000 highway and
non-road diesel engines to the vehicle assemblers without the aftertreatment devices andor with
improperly configured fuel injector and map settings
One manufacturer has to pay a $255 million penalty and continue a recall of noncompliant
engines
28 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Stage IIIB
Tier 4
CO2
GHG
Fuel Consumption
Emission Diagnostics
In-use Testing
29 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Alternative Fuels
NESHAPNSPS Air Quality Requirements
Tier 4
Gothenburg Protocol
World Bank
30 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
31 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Emissions
32 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
International Maritime Organization (IMO) Regulation
IMO is the United Nations specialized agency responsible for the safety
security and prevention of marine pollution by ships
IMO publishes the Marine Pollution (MARPOL) regulation which affects all
ocean going vessels and can be applied as emissions standards to domestic-
and foreign-flagged vessels
MARPOL covers all kinds and sources of pollutions caused by vessels not only
the engine emissions Engine emissions are regulated by Annex-VI of MARPOL
and has a NOx limit It also enables local regions to restrict the use of fuels with
high sulfur content (Heavy Fuel Oil HFO) as a measure against SOx emissions
In pollution sensitive areas geographically-based limits will focus to reduce NOx
SOx and PM emissions To achieve air quality benefits at reasonable costs it
allows different options better fuel or the use of exhaust aftertreatment systems
IMO will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
33 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
USA Regulation bull In the USA marine diesel engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
bull 2004 in addition US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandated a
reduction in PM and NOx
bull 2012 EPA Tier-3 has further reduce PM by 50 and NOx by 20 and will require
the use of 15ppm Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)
bull In 2014 EPA Tier-4 will further reduce PM by 90 and NOx by 80 for commercial
engines with more than 600 kW compared to Tier-2 in certain local areas
bull USA will also implement a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
bull Testing procedures and measurement equipment must follow CFR-1065 regulation
EU Regulation In Europe marine engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
For inland water ways ships also must fulfill the Directive 200426EC amended by
201026EU This is the same Directive which applies for all Non-Road Mobile
Machineries in Europe
For certain locale water ways also additional requirements exist like the river Rhine or
Lake Constance
34 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Test Cycles
35 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
36 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Fuel and Sulfur Oxides
1 Liter Heavy Fuel Oil
37 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
38 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Engine test bed certification All propulsion engines - small large and very large engines must show its
compliance with the emission standards on an engine test bed These tests
are done in the same way as for most other engine applications like non
road mobile machinery engines The test bed tests have also to be done
nevertheless if the engine gets modified when it is installed on board
Large ships also have auxiliary engines for example to produce electricity
on board Also these engines have to be certified on an engine test bed
Since these engines are not used for the ship propulsion other engine test
cycles apply like the ISO 8178 C1 or D2 cycle
Additional on-board certification Such engines will often be modified or fine-tuned after the test bed
certification was done and the engine is installed into the ship
Then the test bed certification is seen as a pre-certification which must be
followed by an on-board emission verification
A ship propeller has a certain correlation between speed and torque the so
called propeller law Since the test cycles follow this propeller law it is
possible to repeat the test bed test also on -board
Most engine parameters and especially emissions are measured on-board
Engine parameters which canrsquot be measured on-board can be copied from
the test bed test
39 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Not to Exceed requirements
IMO and US-EPA will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement
There the emission under realistic in-use operation conditions will be
verified
IM requirements Regular inspection and maintenance verification is done during the whole
life-time This can be done by one out of three methods
bull An engine parameter check which verifies certain engines
components settings and operating values which could affect the
emissions (is typically a time consuming work)
bull A simplified verification of the emission on board like the on board
certification test
bull A direct monitoring method which is using fixed installed on board
emission measurement system
40 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TESTING Marine Applications
Notes
Higher potential of corrosion
and contamination because
of high SO2 in exhaust
bull Back-flush and
after sample purge
bull more frequent
maintenance and
service
Consider sample boost
pumps because of long
sample line length since the
engines are very large
Large diversity of fuel types
and fuel parameters
especially in case of FTIR
evaluation packages
SCR and SOx Scrubber
issues
41 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
42 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
ZERO EMISSIONS VERSUS CO2 A local versus a global problem
Pollutant Emission is a local problem
Even when some emission components may be transported
over some 100 kilometers like particulates Mostly only the
people and environment of this region or especially of a city is
effected by pollution problems
Green House Gas Emissions is a global problem
Green House Gas (GHG) emissions will effect the climatic
conditions of the entire world and change the climate Often the
region which might be effected by the weather catastrophes
are not emitting large amounts of GHG emissions but will
suffer
43 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE CHALLENGES Green-House-Gas emissions and Global Warming
CO2 emitted per country
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per country
1 China
2 USA
3 India
4 Russia
CO2 emitted per person
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per person
1 USA
2 Canada
3 Australia
4 Middle East
44 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Achievements and targets
SIAM BEE
Proposals
2015 121 ndash 155 gkm
2020 104 ndash 136 gkm
Source ICAT 2012
4 l100km
25 kml
65 mpg
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
9 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
10 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Light Duty - Passenger Cars
EU
EU Emission Legislation
bull Euro-6 will start in 2014 with a second phase starting in 2017
bull Emission limits are valid for any ldquonormal driving operationrdquo By that EU can change
drive cycles without the need to change limits
bull Euro-6 requires Particulate mass (PM) and Particle number (PN) for all engines
EU and UN-ECE Emission Regulation
bull Test procedures and drive cycle should be the new WLTP (World Light vehicle Test
Procedure) WLTP (Phase 1) should be finished end of 2013 but is delayed If it
isnrsquot ready Euro-6 will continue with UN-ECE R-83 regulation like Euro-5
bull There will be a ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo requirement which will limit emissions
also during any ldquonormalrdquo driving operation That will be measured by Portable
Emission Measurement System (PEMS) on the road As alternative or as further
extension there may also be a random drive cycles
Main issues for development
bull Gasoline engines will dominantly be GDI since CO2 legislation Main development
effort will be PN for GDI (will a Gasoline Particulate Filter (GPF) be needed)
bull Diesel vehicles development will focus on further NOx reduction
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
11 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION LEGISLATIONS EU Passenger Cars
EU
1992 1996 2000 2005 2009 2011 2014 2017
ECE 1504
ECE 1505
NEDC NEDC NEDC NEDC NEDC WLTP
CO
Positive
Ignition
Engines
(Gasoline)
2720 2200 2300 1000 1000 1000 1000
HC 200 100 100 100 100
NMHC 68 68 68
HC + NOx 970 500
NOx 150 80 60 60 60
PM only GDI 5 45 45
PN 6E12
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
km
2720 1000 640 500 500 500 500
970 560 300 230 230 170 700
500 250 180 180 80
140 80 50 25 5 45 45
6E11 6E11
CO Compression
Ignition
Engines
(Diesel)
HC + NOx
NOx
PM
PN
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
km
Test Cycle
EU-1 EU-2 EU-3 EU-4 EU-5 EU-5+ EU-6
EU
no change change
EU-6+
6E11
important
12 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION WLTP (World Light vehicle Test Procedure) and Euro 67
bull Project is set up accordingly to UNECE 1998 world harmonization
agreement
bull Sponsored by EU and Japan USA has withdrawn sponsoring in
June 2010
Project and objective
bull DHC Development of a drive cycle - average world wide driving behavior
bull DTP Development of the test procedures (parameter definition equipment specifications
fuels hellip) for better reproducibility and better representativeness like road load determination
bull It will result in a Global Technical Regulation (GTR) how to test emissions
bull It will NOT define which emissions will be limited and what the limits shall be
Project plan
bull Phase-1 Drive cycle and test procedures should be finished Nov 2013
bull Phase-2 Off-Cycle emissions Low ambient temperature High altitude In-Service conformity
Durability hellip
Euro 6 is planed for 2014 WLTP will be implemented if and as far it will be available
13 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION WLTP (World Light vehicle Test Procedure) and Euro 67
WLTP Drive Cycle consists of 4 Phases bull Low Phase
bull Middle Phase
bull High Phase
bull Extra-High Phase
Objective
bull Test-cycle accepted worldwide to increasing harmonization for the automotive sector at a
global level
bull Shall reflect in average the world wide driving behavior of passenger cars and light duty
vehicles (based on driving data from main Contracting parties including India China hellip)
bull Different gear shift points for PC and LDCV
4 Phases
1800 sec long
46 kmh average velocity
125 kmh max velocity
14 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Light Duty - Passenger Cars
USA Emission Legislation
bull US-EPA and CARB will harmonize their standards
bull Low Emission Vehicle program III (LEV-III) starts in 2014
bull PM limits will be reduced by a factor 10
bull PM measured for all engine- and fuel types
bull Medium Duty Vehicle (MDV) are tested on chassis dynos
USA Emission Regulation
bull Test specifications accordingly CFR-1066 and CFR-1065 replacing the current
Part-40 CFR-86
Main issues for development
bull Fleet averages equivalent to current SULEV by 2022
bull New emissions categories and combined NMOG and NOx standards
bull New E-85 fuel requirements and limit changes
bull Eliminate 50000 mile intermediate useful life standards and increased durability
requirement from 120000 miles to 150000 miles
15 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
LIGHT DUTY VEHICLE Chassis Test Bed (with Hybrid add-ons)
16 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
17 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
EU
EU Emission Legislation
bull Euro-VI has started 2013
bull In addition to Particulate Mass (PM) also Particle Number (PN) limits for Diesel
bull Euro-VII isnrsquot defined yet CO2 and fuel consumption requirements will come next
EU and UN-ECE Emission Regulation
bull Euro-VI test procedure is based on Global Test Procedure GTR-04 from UN-ECE
bull New World Harmonized Stationary Cycle (WHSC) and World Harmonized
Transient Cycle (WHTC) is used
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo requirements limit emissions also during any ldquonormalrdquo
driving operation That is done by
bull an Off Cycle Emissions (OCE) stationary engine test cycle with 15 random
engine speedtorque points
bull and with the vehicle on the road by Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
Main issues for development
bull Diesel PN limits
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
18 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
1992 1996 2000 2005 2008 2013
Moderate Reduction (lt30) Large Reduction (gt30)
Test cycles
EU-I+II
13-Mode
EU-III+IV
ESC
EU-VI
WHSC
CO 450 400 210 150 150 150
THC
NOx
NMHC
CH4
PM
PN
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
kWh
NH3 ppm
CO2 FC gkW-h
NO2 gkW-h
110 110 066 046 046 013
800 700 500 350 200 040
360 015 010 002 002 001
25 25 10
8 E11
no
6 E11
Test cycles
EU-III+IV
ETC
EU-VI
WHSC
CO 540 400 400 400
THC
NOx
NMHC
CH4
PM
PN
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
kWh
NH3 ppm
CO2 FC gkW-h
NO2 gkW-h
016
500 350 200 046
016 003 003 001
25 25 10
no
078 055 055
160 110 110
Tbd
Tbd
I EU
II III IV V VI
19 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
USA Emission Legislation
bull Harmonization of EPA and CARB regulations
bull In addition to CO2 also CH4 and N2O must be measured and reported for Green-
House-Gas (GHC) legislation
USA Emission Regulation
bull Test procedure is based on CFR-1065 (very different to old CFR-86 or EU)
bull All Calculations are based on mol or CFR-86
bull Performance specifications are based on statistical evaluations and limits
are not anymore related to measurement ranges but on the actual
emissions of the engine tested and the emission limit
bull Analyzer must not switch analog gains for continuous measurement
bull CLD analyzers must meet very small CO2 and H2O quenching specs
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo limit emissions during normal driving operation That is
done with the vehicle on the road by Portable Emission Measurement Systems
(PEMS)
Main issues for development
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
20 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
HEAVY DUTY ON-ROAD ENGINE Engine Test Bed
NH3 NH3
Emission Engine Test Bed with CVS
bull Automation system iGEM Engine
bull Full Flow Dilution with CVS i60
bull Diluted gaseous emission bench AMA i60
bull Particulate Sampler PSS i60 with integrated particle
counter APC
bull NH3 Analyzer SESAM i60 FT or LDD
Emission Engine Test Bed with SPC
bull Automation system iGEM Engine
bull Partial flow Dilution with SPC
bull Raw gaseous emission bench AMA i60
bull Particle counter APC connected to SPC
bull NH3 Analyzer SESAM i60 FT or LDD
Also US-EPA is now accepting partial flow dilution and raw gaseous emission measurement
for stationary and transient testing
21 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
22 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Off-Road - ABGASGESETZGEBUNG Herausforderungen
EU
EU und UN-ECE Emission Standards
bull Limits also for engines with over 560kW
bull Global Technical regulation GTR-11 will be implemented
bull Agricultural and forestry tractors will be covered also by Non-Road Mobile
Machinery legislation (before a separate legislation))
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo measurement with PEMS under evaluation
bull Discussions for Stage V (2020) to implement also a PN limit Currently Non-
Road Stage IV engines are often using open filter systems
US-EPA and CARB Standards
bull Test procedure is based on CFR-1065 which is quite different compared to
old US or European legislation
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo measurement with PEMS under evaluation
23 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Pollution Control
Off-Road engine applications are the last combustion engine
application which gets effected by emission legislation
App 2000 the fist emission legislations came up for Off-Road
App 2011 most of the off-road applications are effected by emission
legislation
In order to fulfill most off-road legislation emission limits more and
more engines will require the use of an exhaust aftertreatment
technology
24 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Transienter Pruumlflauf NRTC (Non Road Transient Cycle)
Transient
Test Cycle
Stationary
Test Cycle
25 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Space limitations
bull Most off-road applications have a limited space available Like on a
tractor it is important that the driver can see the front wheels
bull To mount additionally an exhaust aftertreatment systems is
challenging especially since these devices get very hot
Load profile and exhaust temperature
bull Often the average engine load is very for most of the operation
times Only for a short period of time the maximum engine power is
used Which results in low average exhaust temperatures
bull With such low exhaust temperatures exhaust aftertreatment
systems will not work or can not be properly regenerated
26 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-HIGHWAY ANWENDUNGEN Herausforderung Abgasnachbehandlung
100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Exhaust Temperature [degC]
Amount of time when exhaust temperature is suitable for
Exhaust after treatment systems (T ge T Abgas)
SCR Continuous Regenerating DPF (NO2)
20
40
60
80
100
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
20
40
60
80
100
Traktor beim
Saumlen
Traktor
beim Fahren
NRTC
Non Road
Transient Cycle
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
Gabelstapler
27 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Shared responsibility
bull Very often the machinery manufacturer and the engine manufacturer are two different companies
The machinery manufacturer buys an engine from the engine manufacturer The engine
manufacturer is responsible for the emission type approval of the engine
bull When the engine needs an exhaust aftertreatment system to fulfill the limit which is very much
integrated in the machinery who will supply the exhaust aftertreatment system and who is finally
responsible for the emissions
USA
US Engine manufacturer penalized for Clean Air Act violations
US EPA announced a settlement with two US engine manufacturer to resolve alleged Clean Air
Act violations In one case the engine manufacturer shipped more than 590000 highway and
non-road diesel engines to the vehicle assemblers without the aftertreatment devices andor with
improperly configured fuel injector and map settings
One manufacturer has to pay a $255 million penalty and continue a recall of noncompliant
engines
28 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Stage IIIB
Tier 4
CO2
GHG
Fuel Consumption
Emission Diagnostics
In-use Testing
29 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Alternative Fuels
NESHAPNSPS Air Quality Requirements
Tier 4
Gothenburg Protocol
World Bank
30 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
31 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Emissions
32 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
International Maritime Organization (IMO) Regulation
IMO is the United Nations specialized agency responsible for the safety
security and prevention of marine pollution by ships
IMO publishes the Marine Pollution (MARPOL) regulation which affects all
ocean going vessels and can be applied as emissions standards to domestic-
and foreign-flagged vessels
MARPOL covers all kinds and sources of pollutions caused by vessels not only
the engine emissions Engine emissions are regulated by Annex-VI of MARPOL
and has a NOx limit It also enables local regions to restrict the use of fuels with
high sulfur content (Heavy Fuel Oil HFO) as a measure against SOx emissions
In pollution sensitive areas geographically-based limits will focus to reduce NOx
SOx and PM emissions To achieve air quality benefits at reasonable costs it
allows different options better fuel or the use of exhaust aftertreatment systems
IMO will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
33 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
USA Regulation bull In the USA marine diesel engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
bull 2004 in addition US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandated a
reduction in PM and NOx
bull 2012 EPA Tier-3 has further reduce PM by 50 and NOx by 20 and will require
the use of 15ppm Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)
bull In 2014 EPA Tier-4 will further reduce PM by 90 and NOx by 80 for commercial
engines with more than 600 kW compared to Tier-2 in certain local areas
bull USA will also implement a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
bull Testing procedures and measurement equipment must follow CFR-1065 regulation
EU Regulation In Europe marine engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
For inland water ways ships also must fulfill the Directive 200426EC amended by
201026EU This is the same Directive which applies for all Non-Road Mobile
Machineries in Europe
For certain locale water ways also additional requirements exist like the river Rhine or
Lake Constance
34 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Test Cycles
35 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
36 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Fuel and Sulfur Oxides
1 Liter Heavy Fuel Oil
37 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
38 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Engine test bed certification All propulsion engines - small large and very large engines must show its
compliance with the emission standards on an engine test bed These tests
are done in the same way as for most other engine applications like non
road mobile machinery engines The test bed tests have also to be done
nevertheless if the engine gets modified when it is installed on board
Large ships also have auxiliary engines for example to produce electricity
on board Also these engines have to be certified on an engine test bed
Since these engines are not used for the ship propulsion other engine test
cycles apply like the ISO 8178 C1 or D2 cycle
Additional on-board certification Such engines will often be modified or fine-tuned after the test bed
certification was done and the engine is installed into the ship
Then the test bed certification is seen as a pre-certification which must be
followed by an on-board emission verification
A ship propeller has a certain correlation between speed and torque the so
called propeller law Since the test cycles follow this propeller law it is
possible to repeat the test bed test also on -board
Most engine parameters and especially emissions are measured on-board
Engine parameters which canrsquot be measured on-board can be copied from
the test bed test
39 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Not to Exceed requirements
IMO and US-EPA will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement
There the emission under realistic in-use operation conditions will be
verified
IM requirements Regular inspection and maintenance verification is done during the whole
life-time This can be done by one out of three methods
bull An engine parameter check which verifies certain engines
components settings and operating values which could affect the
emissions (is typically a time consuming work)
bull A simplified verification of the emission on board like the on board
certification test
bull A direct monitoring method which is using fixed installed on board
emission measurement system
40 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TESTING Marine Applications
Notes
Higher potential of corrosion
and contamination because
of high SO2 in exhaust
bull Back-flush and
after sample purge
bull more frequent
maintenance and
service
Consider sample boost
pumps because of long
sample line length since the
engines are very large
Large diversity of fuel types
and fuel parameters
especially in case of FTIR
evaluation packages
SCR and SOx Scrubber
issues
41 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
42 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
ZERO EMISSIONS VERSUS CO2 A local versus a global problem
Pollutant Emission is a local problem
Even when some emission components may be transported
over some 100 kilometers like particulates Mostly only the
people and environment of this region or especially of a city is
effected by pollution problems
Green House Gas Emissions is a global problem
Green House Gas (GHG) emissions will effect the climatic
conditions of the entire world and change the climate Often the
region which might be effected by the weather catastrophes
are not emitting large amounts of GHG emissions but will
suffer
43 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE CHALLENGES Green-House-Gas emissions and Global Warming
CO2 emitted per country
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per country
1 China
2 USA
3 India
4 Russia
CO2 emitted per person
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per person
1 USA
2 Canada
3 Australia
4 Middle East
44 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Achievements and targets
SIAM BEE
Proposals
2015 121 ndash 155 gkm
2020 104 ndash 136 gkm
Source ICAT 2012
4 l100km
25 kml
65 mpg
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
10 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Light Duty - Passenger Cars
EU
EU Emission Legislation
bull Euro-6 will start in 2014 with a second phase starting in 2017
bull Emission limits are valid for any ldquonormal driving operationrdquo By that EU can change
drive cycles without the need to change limits
bull Euro-6 requires Particulate mass (PM) and Particle number (PN) for all engines
EU and UN-ECE Emission Regulation
bull Test procedures and drive cycle should be the new WLTP (World Light vehicle Test
Procedure) WLTP (Phase 1) should be finished end of 2013 but is delayed If it
isnrsquot ready Euro-6 will continue with UN-ECE R-83 regulation like Euro-5
bull There will be a ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo requirement which will limit emissions
also during any ldquonormalrdquo driving operation That will be measured by Portable
Emission Measurement System (PEMS) on the road As alternative or as further
extension there may also be a random drive cycles
Main issues for development
bull Gasoline engines will dominantly be GDI since CO2 legislation Main development
effort will be PN for GDI (will a Gasoline Particulate Filter (GPF) be needed)
bull Diesel vehicles development will focus on further NOx reduction
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
11 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION LEGISLATIONS EU Passenger Cars
EU
1992 1996 2000 2005 2009 2011 2014 2017
ECE 1504
ECE 1505
NEDC NEDC NEDC NEDC NEDC WLTP
CO
Positive
Ignition
Engines
(Gasoline)
2720 2200 2300 1000 1000 1000 1000
HC 200 100 100 100 100
NMHC 68 68 68
HC + NOx 970 500
NOx 150 80 60 60 60
PM only GDI 5 45 45
PN 6E12
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
km
2720 1000 640 500 500 500 500
970 560 300 230 230 170 700
500 250 180 180 80
140 80 50 25 5 45 45
6E11 6E11
CO Compression
Ignition
Engines
(Diesel)
HC + NOx
NOx
PM
PN
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
km
Test Cycle
EU-1 EU-2 EU-3 EU-4 EU-5 EU-5+ EU-6
EU
no change change
EU-6+
6E11
important
12 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION WLTP (World Light vehicle Test Procedure) and Euro 67
bull Project is set up accordingly to UNECE 1998 world harmonization
agreement
bull Sponsored by EU and Japan USA has withdrawn sponsoring in
June 2010
Project and objective
bull DHC Development of a drive cycle - average world wide driving behavior
bull DTP Development of the test procedures (parameter definition equipment specifications
fuels hellip) for better reproducibility and better representativeness like road load determination
bull It will result in a Global Technical Regulation (GTR) how to test emissions
bull It will NOT define which emissions will be limited and what the limits shall be
Project plan
bull Phase-1 Drive cycle and test procedures should be finished Nov 2013
bull Phase-2 Off-Cycle emissions Low ambient temperature High altitude In-Service conformity
Durability hellip
Euro 6 is planed for 2014 WLTP will be implemented if and as far it will be available
13 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION WLTP (World Light vehicle Test Procedure) and Euro 67
WLTP Drive Cycle consists of 4 Phases bull Low Phase
bull Middle Phase
bull High Phase
bull Extra-High Phase
Objective
bull Test-cycle accepted worldwide to increasing harmonization for the automotive sector at a
global level
bull Shall reflect in average the world wide driving behavior of passenger cars and light duty
vehicles (based on driving data from main Contracting parties including India China hellip)
bull Different gear shift points for PC and LDCV
4 Phases
1800 sec long
46 kmh average velocity
125 kmh max velocity
14 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Light Duty - Passenger Cars
USA Emission Legislation
bull US-EPA and CARB will harmonize their standards
bull Low Emission Vehicle program III (LEV-III) starts in 2014
bull PM limits will be reduced by a factor 10
bull PM measured for all engine- and fuel types
bull Medium Duty Vehicle (MDV) are tested on chassis dynos
USA Emission Regulation
bull Test specifications accordingly CFR-1066 and CFR-1065 replacing the current
Part-40 CFR-86
Main issues for development
bull Fleet averages equivalent to current SULEV by 2022
bull New emissions categories and combined NMOG and NOx standards
bull New E-85 fuel requirements and limit changes
bull Eliminate 50000 mile intermediate useful life standards and increased durability
requirement from 120000 miles to 150000 miles
15 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
LIGHT DUTY VEHICLE Chassis Test Bed (with Hybrid add-ons)
16 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
17 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
EU
EU Emission Legislation
bull Euro-VI has started 2013
bull In addition to Particulate Mass (PM) also Particle Number (PN) limits for Diesel
bull Euro-VII isnrsquot defined yet CO2 and fuel consumption requirements will come next
EU and UN-ECE Emission Regulation
bull Euro-VI test procedure is based on Global Test Procedure GTR-04 from UN-ECE
bull New World Harmonized Stationary Cycle (WHSC) and World Harmonized
Transient Cycle (WHTC) is used
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo requirements limit emissions also during any ldquonormalrdquo
driving operation That is done by
bull an Off Cycle Emissions (OCE) stationary engine test cycle with 15 random
engine speedtorque points
bull and with the vehicle on the road by Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
Main issues for development
bull Diesel PN limits
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
18 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
1992 1996 2000 2005 2008 2013
Moderate Reduction (lt30) Large Reduction (gt30)
Test cycles
EU-I+II
13-Mode
EU-III+IV
ESC
EU-VI
WHSC
CO 450 400 210 150 150 150
THC
NOx
NMHC
CH4
PM
PN
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
kWh
NH3 ppm
CO2 FC gkW-h
NO2 gkW-h
110 110 066 046 046 013
800 700 500 350 200 040
360 015 010 002 002 001
25 25 10
8 E11
no
6 E11
Test cycles
EU-III+IV
ETC
EU-VI
WHSC
CO 540 400 400 400
THC
NOx
NMHC
CH4
PM
PN
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
kWh
NH3 ppm
CO2 FC gkW-h
NO2 gkW-h
016
500 350 200 046
016 003 003 001
25 25 10
no
078 055 055
160 110 110
Tbd
Tbd
I EU
II III IV V VI
19 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
USA Emission Legislation
bull Harmonization of EPA and CARB regulations
bull In addition to CO2 also CH4 and N2O must be measured and reported for Green-
House-Gas (GHC) legislation
USA Emission Regulation
bull Test procedure is based on CFR-1065 (very different to old CFR-86 or EU)
bull All Calculations are based on mol or CFR-86
bull Performance specifications are based on statistical evaluations and limits
are not anymore related to measurement ranges but on the actual
emissions of the engine tested and the emission limit
bull Analyzer must not switch analog gains for continuous measurement
bull CLD analyzers must meet very small CO2 and H2O quenching specs
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo limit emissions during normal driving operation That is
done with the vehicle on the road by Portable Emission Measurement Systems
(PEMS)
Main issues for development
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
20 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
HEAVY DUTY ON-ROAD ENGINE Engine Test Bed
NH3 NH3
Emission Engine Test Bed with CVS
bull Automation system iGEM Engine
bull Full Flow Dilution with CVS i60
bull Diluted gaseous emission bench AMA i60
bull Particulate Sampler PSS i60 with integrated particle
counter APC
bull NH3 Analyzer SESAM i60 FT or LDD
Emission Engine Test Bed with SPC
bull Automation system iGEM Engine
bull Partial flow Dilution with SPC
bull Raw gaseous emission bench AMA i60
bull Particle counter APC connected to SPC
bull NH3 Analyzer SESAM i60 FT or LDD
Also US-EPA is now accepting partial flow dilution and raw gaseous emission measurement
for stationary and transient testing
21 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
22 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Off-Road - ABGASGESETZGEBUNG Herausforderungen
EU
EU und UN-ECE Emission Standards
bull Limits also for engines with over 560kW
bull Global Technical regulation GTR-11 will be implemented
bull Agricultural and forestry tractors will be covered also by Non-Road Mobile
Machinery legislation (before a separate legislation))
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo measurement with PEMS under evaluation
bull Discussions for Stage V (2020) to implement also a PN limit Currently Non-
Road Stage IV engines are often using open filter systems
US-EPA and CARB Standards
bull Test procedure is based on CFR-1065 which is quite different compared to
old US or European legislation
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo measurement with PEMS under evaluation
23 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Pollution Control
Off-Road engine applications are the last combustion engine
application which gets effected by emission legislation
App 2000 the fist emission legislations came up for Off-Road
App 2011 most of the off-road applications are effected by emission
legislation
In order to fulfill most off-road legislation emission limits more and
more engines will require the use of an exhaust aftertreatment
technology
24 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Transienter Pruumlflauf NRTC (Non Road Transient Cycle)
Transient
Test Cycle
Stationary
Test Cycle
25 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Space limitations
bull Most off-road applications have a limited space available Like on a
tractor it is important that the driver can see the front wheels
bull To mount additionally an exhaust aftertreatment systems is
challenging especially since these devices get very hot
Load profile and exhaust temperature
bull Often the average engine load is very for most of the operation
times Only for a short period of time the maximum engine power is
used Which results in low average exhaust temperatures
bull With such low exhaust temperatures exhaust aftertreatment
systems will not work or can not be properly regenerated
26 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-HIGHWAY ANWENDUNGEN Herausforderung Abgasnachbehandlung
100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Exhaust Temperature [degC]
Amount of time when exhaust temperature is suitable for
Exhaust after treatment systems (T ge T Abgas)
SCR Continuous Regenerating DPF (NO2)
20
40
60
80
100
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
20
40
60
80
100
Traktor beim
Saumlen
Traktor
beim Fahren
NRTC
Non Road
Transient Cycle
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
Gabelstapler
27 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Shared responsibility
bull Very often the machinery manufacturer and the engine manufacturer are two different companies
The machinery manufacturer buys an engine from the engine manufacturer The engine
manufacturer is responsible for the emission type approval of the engine
bull When the engine needs an exhaust aftertreatment system to fulfill the limit which is very much
integrated in the machinery who will supply the exhaust aftertreatment system and who is finally
responsible for the emissions
USA
US Engine manufacturer penalized for Clean Air Act violations
US EPA announced a settlement with two US engine manufacturer to resolve alleged Clean Air
Act violations In one case the engine manufacturer shipped more than 590000 highway and
non-road diesel engines to the vehicle assemblers without the aftertreatment devices andor with
improperly configured fuel injector and map settings
One manufacturer has to pay a $255 million penalty and continue a recall of noncompliant
engines
28 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Stage IIIB
Tier 4
CO2
GHG
Fuel Consumption
Emission Diagnostics
In-use Testing
29 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Alternative Fuels
NESHAPNSPS Air Quality Requirements
Tier 4
Gothenburg Protocol
World Bank
30 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
31 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Emissions
32 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
International Maritime Organization (IMO) Regulation
IMO is the United Nations specialized agency responsible for the safety
security and prevention of marine pollution by ships
IMO publishes the Marine Pollution (MARPOL) regulation which affects all
ocean going vessels and can be applied as emissions standards to domestic-
and foreign-flagged vessels
MARPOL covers all kinds and sources of pollutions caused by vessels not only
the engine emissions Engine emissions are regulated by Annex-VI of MARPOL
and has a NOx limit It also enables local regions to restrict the use of fuels with
high sulfur content (Heavy Fuel Oil HFO) as a measure against SOx emissions
In pollution sensitive areas geographically-based limits will focus to reduce NOx
SOx and PM emissions To achieve air quality benefits at reasonable costs it
allows different options better fuel or the use of exhaust aftertreatment systems
IMO will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
33 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
USA Regulation bull In the USA marine diesel engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
bull 2004 in addition US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandated a
reduction in PM and NOx
bull 2012 EPA Tier-3 has further reduce PM by 50 and NOx by 20 and will require
the use of 15ppm Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)
bull In 2014 EPA Tier-4 will further reduce PM by 90 and NOx by 80 for commercial
engines with more than 600 kW compared to Tier-2 in certain local areas
bull USA will also implement a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
bull Testing procedures and measurement equipment must follow CFR-1065 regulation
EU Regulation In Europe marine engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
For inland water ways ships also must fulfill the Directive 200426EC amended by
201026EU This is the same Directive which applies for all Non-Road Mobile
Machineries in Europe
For certain locale water ways also additional requirements exist like the river Rhine or
Lake Constance
34 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Test Cycles
35 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
36 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Fuel and Sulfur Oxides
1 Liter Heavy Fuel Oil
37 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
38 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Engine test bed certification All propulsion engines - small large and very large engines must show its
compliance with the emission standards on an engine test bed These tests
are done in the same way as for most other engine applications like non
road mobile machinery engines The test bed tests have also to be done
nevertheless if the engine gets modified when it is installed on board
Large ships also have auxiliary engines for example to produce electricity
on board Also these engines have to be certified on an engine test bed
Since these engines are not used for the ship propulsion other engine test
cycles apply like the ISO 8178 C1 or D2 cycle
Additional on-board certification Such engines will often be modified or fine-tuned after the test bed
certification was done and the engine is installed into the ship
Then the test bed certification is seen as a pre-certification which must be
followed by an on-board emission verification
A ship propeller has a certain correlation between speed and torque the so
called propeller law Since the test cycles follow this propeller law it is
possible to repeat the test bed test also on -board
Most engine parameters and especially emissions are measured on-board
Engine parameters which canrsquot be measured on-board can be copied from
the test bed test
39 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Not to Exceed requirements
IMO and US-EPA will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement
There the emission under realistic in-use operation conditions will be
verified
IM requirements Regular inspection and maintenance verification is done during the whole
life-time This can be done by one out of three methods
bull An engine parameter check which verifies certain engines
components settings and operating values which could affect the
emissions (is typically a time consuming work)
bull A simplified verification of the emission on board like the on board
certification test
bull A direct monitoring method which is using fixed installed on board
emission measurement system
40 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TESTING Marine Applications
Notes
Higher potential of corrosion
and contamination because
of high SO2 in exhaust
bull Back-flush and
after sample purge
bull more frequent
maintenance and
service
Consider sample boost
pumps because of long
sample line length since the
engines are very large
Large diversity of fuel types
and fuel parameters
especially in case of FTIR
evaluation packages
SCR and SOx Scrubber
issues
41 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
42 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
ZERO EMISSIONS VERSUS CO2 A local versus a global problem
Pollutant Emission is a local problem
Even when some emission components may be transported
over some 100 kilometers like particulates Mostly only the
people and environment of this region or especially of a city is
effected by pollution problems
Green House Gas Emissions is a global problem
Green House Gas (GHG) emissions will effect the climatic
conditions of the entire world and change the climate Often the
region which might be effected by the weather catastrophes
are not emitting large amounts of GHG emissions but will
suffer
43 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE CHALLENGES Green-House-Gas emissions and Global Warming
CO2 emitted per country
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per country
1 China
2 USA
3 India
4 Russia
CO2 emitted per person
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per person
1 USA
2 Canada
3 Australia
4 Middle East
44 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Achievements and targets
SIAM BEE
Proposals
2015 121 ndash 155 gkm
2020 104 ndash 136 gkm
Source ICAT 2012
4 l100km
25 kml
65 mpg
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
11 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION LEGISLATIONS EU Passenger Cars
EU
1992 1996 2000 2005 2009 2011 2014 2017
ECE 1504
ECE 1505
NEDC NEDC NEDC NEDC NEDC WLTP
CO
Positive
Ignition
Engines
(Gasoline)
2720 2200 2300 1000 1000 1000 1000
HC 200 100 100 100 100
NMHC 68 68 68
HC + NOx 970 500
NOx 150 80 60 60 60
PM only GDI 5 45 45
PN 6E12
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
km
2720 1000 640 500 500 500 500
970 560 300 230 230 170 700
500 250 180 180 80
140 80 50 25 5 45 45
6E11 6E11
CO Compression
Ignition
Engines
(Diesel)
HC + NOx
NOx
PM
PN
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
mgkm
km
Test Cycle
EU-1 EU-2 EU-3 EU-4 EU-5 EU-5+ EU-6
EU
no change change
EU-6+
6E11
important
12 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION WLTP (World Light vehicle Test Procedure) and Euro 67
bull Project is set up accordingly to UNECE 1998 world harmonization
agreement
bull Sponsored by EU and Japan USA has withdrawn sponsoring in
June 2010
Project and objective
bull DHC Development of a drive cycle - average world wide driving behavior
bull DTP Development of the test procedures (parameter definition equipment specifications
fuels hellip) for better reproducibility and better representativeness like road load determination
bull It will result in a Global Technical Regulation (GTR) how to test emissions
bull It will NOT define which emissions will be limited and what the limits shall be
Project plan
bull Phase-1 Drive cycle and test procedures should be finished Nov 2013
bull Phase-2 Off-Cycle emissions Low ambient temperature High altitude In-Service conformity
Durability hellip
Euro 6 is planed for 2014 WLTP will be implemented if and as far it will be available
13 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION WLTP (World Light vehicle Test Procedure) and Euro 67
WLTP Drive Cycle consists of 4 Phases bull Low Phase
bull Middle Phase
bull High Phase
bull Extra-High Phase
Objective
bull Test-cycle accepted worldwide to increasing harmonization for the automotive sector at a
global level
bull Shall reflect in average the world wide driving behavior of passenger cars and light duty
vehicles (based on driving data from main Contracting parties including India China hellip)
bull Different gear shift points for PC and LDCV
4 Phases
1800 sec long
46 kmh average velocity
125 kmh max velocity
14 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Light Duty - Passenger Cars
USA Emission Legislation
bull US-EPA and CARB will harmonize their standards
bull Low Emission Vehicle program III (LEV-III) starts in 2014
bull PM limits will be reduced by a factor 10
bull PM measured for all engine- and fuel types
bull Medium Duty Vehicle (MDV) are tested on chassis dynos
USA Emission Regulation
bull Test specifications accordingly CFR-1066 and CFR-1065 replacing the current
Part-40 CFR-86
Main issues for development
bull Fleet averages equivalent to current SULEV by 2022
bull New emissions categories and combined NMOG and NOx standards
bull New E-85 fuel requirements and limit changes
bull Eliminate 50000 mile intermediate useful life standards and increased durability
requirement from 120000 miles to 150000 miles
15 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
LIGHT DUTY VEHICLE Chassis Test Bed (with Hybrid add-ons)
16 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
17 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
EU
EU Emission Legislation
bull Euro-VI has started 2013
bull In addition to Particulate Mass (PM) also Particle Number (PN) limits for Diesel
bull Euro-VII isnrsquot defined yet CO2 and fuel consumption requirements will come next
EU and UN-ECE Emission Regulation
bull Euro-VI test procedure is based on Global Test Procedure GTR-04 from UN-ECE
bull New World Harmonized Stationary Cycle (WHSC) and World Harmonized
Transient Cycle (WHTC) is used
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo requirements limit emissions also during any ldquonormalrdquo
driving operation That is done by
bull an Off Cycle Emissions (OCE) stationary engine test cycle with 15 random
engine speedtorque points
bull and with the vehicle on the road by Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
Main issues for development
bull Diesel PN limits
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
18 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
1992 1996 2000 2005 2008 2013
Moderate Reduction (lt30) Large Reduction (gt30)
Test cycles
EU-I+II
13-Mode
EU-III+IV
ESC
EU-VI
WHSC
CO 450 400 210 150 150 150
THC
NOx
NMHC
CH4
PM
PN
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
kWh
NH3 ppm
CO2 FC gkW-h
NO2 gkW-h
110 110 066 046 046 013
800 700 500 350 200 040
360 015 010 002 002 001
25 25 10
8 E11
no
6 E11
Test cycles
EU-III+IV
ETC
EU-VI
WHSC
CO 540 400 400 400
THC
NOx
NMHC
CH4
PM
PN
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
kWh
NH3 ppm
CO2 FC gkW-h
NO2 gkW-h
016
500 350 200 046
016 003 003 001
25 25 10
no
078 055 055
160 110 110
Tbd
Tbd
I EU
II III IV V VI
19 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
USA Emission Legislation
bull Harmonization of EPA and CARB regulations
bull In addition to CO2 also CH4 and N2O must be measured and reported for Green-
House-Gas (GHC) legislation
USA Emission Regulation
bull Test procedure is based on CFR-1065 (very different to old CFR-86 or EU)
bull All Calculations are based on mol or CFR-86
bull Performance specifications are based on statistical evaluations and limits
are not anymore related to measurement ranges but on the actual
emissions of the engine tested and the emission limit
bull Analyzer must not switch analog gains for continuous measurement
bull CLD analyzers must meet very small CO2 and H2O quenching specs
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo limit emissions during normal driving operation That is
done with the vehicle on the road by Portable Emission Measurement Systems
(PEMS)
Main issues for development
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
20 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
HEAVY DUTY ON-ROAD ENGINE Engine Test Bed
NH3 NH3
Emission Engine Test Bed with CVS
bull Automation system iGEM Engine
bull Full Flow Dilution with CVS i60
bull Diluted gaseous emission bench AMA i60
bull Particulate Sampler PSS i60 with integrated particle
counter APC
bull NH3 Analyzer SESAM i60 FT or LDD
Emission Engine Test Bed with SPC
bull Automation system iGEM Engine
bull Partial flow Dilution with SPC
bull Raw gaseous emission bench AMA i60
bull Particle counter APC connected to SPC
bull NH3 Analyzer SESAM i60 FT or LDD
Also US-EPA is now accepting partial flow dilution and raw gaseous emission measurement
for stationary and transient testing
21 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
22 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Off-Road - ABGASGESETZGEBUNG Herausforderungen
EU
EU und UN-ECE Emission Standards
bull Limits also for engines with over 560kW
bull Global Technical regulation GTR-11 will be implemented
bull Agricultural and forestry tractors will be covered also by Non-Road Mobile
Machinery legislation (before a separate legislation))
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo measurement with PEMS under evaluation
bull Discussions for Stage V (2020) to implement also a PN limit Currently Non-
Road Stage IV engines are often using open filter systems
US-EPA and CARB Standards
bull Test procedure is based on CFR-1065 which is quite different compared to
old US or European legislation
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo measurement with PEMS under evaluation
23 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Pollution Control
Off-Road engine applications are the last combustion engine
application which gets effected by emission legislation
App 2000 the fist emission legislations came up for Off-Road
App 2011 most of the off-road applications are effected by emission
legislation
In order to fulfill most off-road legislation emission limits more and
more engines will require the use of an exhaust aftertreatment
technology
24 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Transienter Pruumlflauf NRTC (Non Road Transient Cycle)
Transient
Test Cycle
Stationary
Test Cycle
25 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Space limitations
bull Most off-road applications have a limited space available Like on a
tractor it is important that the driver can see the front wheels
bull To mount additionally an exhaust aftertreatment systems is
challenging especially since these devices get very hot
Load profile and exhaust temperature
bull Often the average engine load is very for most of the operation
times Only for a short period of time the maximum engine power is
used Which results in low average exhaust temperatures
bull With such low exhaust temperatures exhaust aftertreatment
systems will not work or can not be properly regenerated
26 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-HIGHWAY ANWENDUNGEN Herausforderung Abgasnachbehandlung
100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Exhaust Temperature [degC]
Amount of time when exhaust temperature is suitable for
Exhaust after treatment systems (T ge T Abgas)
SCR Continuous Regenerating DPF (NO2)
20
40
60
80
100
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
20
40
60
80
100
Traktor beim
Saumlen
Traktor
beim Fahren
NRTC
Non Road
Transient Cycle
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
Gabelstapler
27 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Shared responsibility
bull Very often the machinery manufacturer and the engine manufacturer are two different companies
The machinery manufacturer buys an engine from the engine manufacturer The engine
manufacturer is responsible for the emission type approval of the engine
bull When the engine needs an exhaust aftertreatment system to fulfill the limit which is very much
integrated in the machinery who will supply the exhaust aftertreatment system and who is finally
responsible for the emissions
USA
US Engine manufacturer penalized for Clean Air Act violations
US EPA announced a settlement with two US engine manufacturer to resolve alleged Clean Air
Act violations In one case the engine manufacturer shipped more than 590000 highway and
non-road diesel engines to the vehicle assemblers without the aftertreatment devices andor with
improperly configured fuel injector and map settings
One manufacturer has to pay a $255 million penalty and continue a recall of noncompliant
engines
28 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Stage IIIB
Tier 4
CO2
GHG
Fuel Consumption
Emission Diagnostics
In-use Testing
29 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Alternative Fuels
NESHAPNSPS Air Quality Requirements
Tier 4
Gothenburg Protocol
World Bank
30 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
31 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Emissions
32 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
International Maritime Organization (IMO) Regulation
IMO is the United Nations specialized agency responsible for the safety
security and prevention of marine pollution by ships
IMO publishes the Marine Pollution (MARPOL) regulation which affects all
ocean going vessels and can be applied as emissions standards to domestic-
and foreign-flagged vessels
MARPOL covers all kinds and sources of pollutions caused by vessels not only
the engine emissions Engine emissions are regulated by Annex-VI of MARPOL
and has a NOx limit It also enables local regions to restrict the use of fuels with
high sulfur content (Heavy Fuel Oil HFO) as a measure against SOx emissions
In pollution sensitive areas geographically-based limits will focus to reduce NOx
SOx and PM emissions To achieve air quality benefits at reasonable costs it
allows different options better fuel or the use of exhaust aftertreatment systems
IMO will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
33 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
USA Regulation bull In the USA marine diesel engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
bull 2004 in addition US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandated a
reduction in PM and NOx
bull 2012 EPA Tier-3 has further reduce PM by 50 and NOx by 20 and will require
the use of 15ppm Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)
bull In 2014 EPA Tier-4 will further reduce PM by 90 and NOx by 80 for commercial
engines with more than 600 kW compared to Tier-2 in certain local areas
bull USA will also implement a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
bull Testing procedures and measurement equipment must follow CFR-1065 regulation
EU Regulation In Europe marine engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
For inland water ways ships also must fulfill the Directive 200426EC amended by
201026EU This is the same Directive which applies for all Non-Road Mobile
Machineries in Europe
For certain locale water ways also additional requirements exist like the river Rhine or
Lake Constance
34 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Test Cycles
35 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
36 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Fuel and Sulfur Oxides
1 Liter Heavy Fuel Oil
37 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
38 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Engine test bed certification All propulsion engines - small large and very large engines must show its
compliance with the emission standards on an engine test bed These tests
are done in the same way as for most other engine applications like non
road mobile machinery engines The test bed tests have also to be done
nevertheless if the engine gets modified when it is installed on board
Large ships also have auxiliary engines for example to produce electricity
on board Also these engines have to be certified on an engine test bed
Since these engines are not used for the ship propulsion other engine test
cycles apply like the ISO 8178 C1 or D2 cycle
Additional on-board certification Such engines will often be modified or fine-tuned after the test bed
certification was done and the engine is installed into the ship
Then the test bed certification is seen as a pre-certification which must be
followed by an on-board emission verification
A ship propeller has a certain correlation between speed and torque the so
called propeller law Since the test cycles follow this propeller law it is
possible to repeat the test bed test also on -board
Most engine parameters and especially emissions are measured on-board
Engine parameters which canrsquot be measured on-board can be copied from
the test bed test
39 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Not to Exceed requirements
IMO and US-EPA will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement
There the emission under realistic in-use operation conditions will be
verified
IM requirements Regular inspection and maintenance verification is done during the whole
life-time This can be done by one out of three methods
bull An engine parameter check which verifies certain engines
components settings and operating values which could affect the
emissions (is typically a time consuming work)
bull A simplified verification of the emission on board like the on board
certification test
bull A direct monitoring method which is using fixed installed on board
emission measurement system
40 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TESTING Marine Applications
Notes
Higher potential of corrosion
and contamination because
of high SO2 in exhaust
bull Back-flush and
after sample purge
bull more frequent
maintenance and
service
Consider sample boost
pumps because of long
sample line length since the
engines are very large
Large diversity of fuel types
and fuel parameters
especially in case of FTIR
evaluation packages
SCR and SOx Scrubber
issues
41 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
42 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
ZERO EMISSIONS VERSUS CO2 A local versus a global problem
Pollutant Emission is a local problem
Even when some emission components may be transported
over some 100 kilometers like particulates Mostly only the
people and environment of this region or especially of a city is
effected by pollution problems
Green House Gas Emissions is a global problem
Green House Gas (GHG) emissions will effect the climatic
conditions of the entire world and change the climate Often the
region which might be effected by the weather catastrophes
are not emitting large amounts of GHG emissions but will
suffer
43 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE CHALLENGES Green-House-Gas emissions and Global Warming
CO2 emitted per country
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per country
1 China
2 USA
3 India
4 Russia
CO2 emitted per person
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per person
1 USA
2 Canada
3 Australia
4 Middle East
44 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Achievements and targets
SIAM BEE
Proposals
2015 121 ndash 155 gkm
2020 104 ndash 136 gkm
Source ICAT 2012
4 l100km
25 kml
65 mpg
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
12 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION WLTP (World Light vehicle Test Procedure) and Euro 67
bull Project is set up accordingly to UNECE 1998 world harmonization
agreement
bull Sponsored by EU and Japan USA has withdrawn sponsoring in
June 2010
Project and objective
bull DHC Development of a drive cycle - average world wide driving behavior
bull DTP Development of the test procedures (parameter definition equipment specifications
fuels hellip) for better reproducibility and better representativeness like road load determination
bull It will result in a Global Technical Regulation (GTR) how to test emissions
bull It will NOT define which emissions will be limited and what the limits shall be
Project plan
bull Phase-1 Drive cycle and test procedures should be finished Nov 2013
bull Phase-2 Off-Cycle emissions Low ambient temperature High altitude In-Service conformity
Durability hellip
Euro 6 is planed for 2014 WLTP will be implemented if and as far it will be available
13 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION WLTP (World Light vehicle Test Procedure) and Euro 67
WLTP Drive Cycle consists of 4 Phases bull Low Phase
bull Middle Phase
bull High Phase
bull Extra-High Phase
Objective
bull Test-cycle accepted worldwide to increasing harmonization for the automotive sector at a
global level
bull Shall reflect in average the world wide driving behavior of passenger cars and light duty
vehicles (based on driving data from main Contracting parties including India China hellip)
bull Different gear shift points for PC and LDCV
4 Phases
1800 sec long
46 kmh average velocity
125 kmh max velocity
14 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Light Duty - Passenger Cars
USA Emission Legislation
bull US-EPA and CARB will harmonize their standards
bull Low Emission Vehicle program III (LEV-III) starts in 2014
bull PM limits will be reduced by a factor 10
bull PM measured for all engine- and fuel types
bull Medium Duty Vehicle (MDV) are tested on chassis dynos
USA Emission Regulation
bull Test specifications accordingly CFR-1066 and CFR-1065 replacing the current
Part-40 CFR-86
Main issues for development
bull Fleet averages equivalent to current SULEV by 2022
bull New emissions categories and combined NMOG and NOx standards
bull New E-85 fuel requirements and limit changes
bull Eliminate 50000 mile intermediate useful life standards and increased durability
requirement from 120000 miles to 150000 miles
15 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
LIGHT DUTY VEHICLE Chassis Test Bed (with Hybrid add-ons)
16 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
17 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
EU
EU Emission Legislation
bull Euro-VI has started 2013
bull In addition to Particulate Mass (PM) also Particle Number (PN) limits for Diesel
bull Euro-VII isnrsquot defined yet CO2 and fuel consumption requirements will come next
EU and UN-ECE Emission Regulation
bull Euro-VI test procedure is based on Global Test Procedure GTR-04 from UN-ECE
bull New World Harmonized Stationary Cycle (WHSC) and World Harmonized
Transient Cycle (WHTC) is used
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo requirements limit emissions also during any ldquonormalrdquo
driving operation That is done by
bull an Off Cycle Emissions (OCE) stationary engine test cycle with 15 random
engine speedtorque points
bull and with the vehicle on the road by Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
Main issues for development
bull Diesel PN limits
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
18 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
1992 1996 2000 2005 2008 2013
Moderate Reduction (lt30) Large Reduction (gt30)
Test cycles
EU-I+II
13-Mode
EU-III+IV
ESC
EU-VI
WHSC
CO 450 400 210 150 150 150
THC
NOx
NMHC
CH4
PM
PN
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
kWh
NH3 ppm
CO2 FC gkW-h
NO2 gkW-h
110 110 066 046 046 013
800 700 500 350 200 040
360 015 010 002 002 001
25 25 10
8 E11
no
6 E11
Test cycles
EU-III+IV
ETC
EU-VI
WHSC
CO 540 400 400 400
THC
NOx
NMHC
CH4
PM
PN
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
kWh
NH3 ppm
CO2 FC gkW-h
NO2 gkW-h
016
500 350 200 046
016 003 003 001
25 25 10
no
078 055 055
160 110 110
Tbd
Tbd
I EU
II III IV V VI
19 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
USA Emission Legislation
bull Harmonization of EPA and CARB regulations
bull In addition to CO2 also CH4 and N2O must be measured and reported for Green-
House-Gas (GHC) legislation
USA Emission Regulation
bull Test procedure is based on CFR-1065 (very different to old CFR-86 or EU)
bull All Calculations are based on mol or CFR-86
bull Performance specifications are based on statistical evaluations and limits
are not anymore related to measurement ranges but on the actual
emissions of the engine tested and the emission limit
bull Analyzer must not switch analog gains for continuous measurement
bull CLD analyzers must meet very small CO2 and H2O quenching specs
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo limit emissions during normal driving operation That is
done with the vehicle on the road by Portable Emission Measurement Systems
(PEMS)
Main issues for development
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
20 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
HEAVY DUTY ON-ROAD ENGINE Engine Test Bed
NH3 NH3
Emission Engine Test Bed with CVS
bull Automation system iGEM Engine
bull Full Flow Dilution with CVS i60
bull Diluted gaseous emission bench AMA i60
bull Particulate Sampler PSS i60 with integrated particle
counter APC
bull NH3 Analyzer SESAM i60 FT or LDD
Emission Engine Test Bed with SPC
bull Automation system iGEM Engine
bull Partial flow Dilution with SPC
bull Raw gaseous emission bench AMA i60
bull Particle counter APC connected to SPC
bull NH3 Analyzer SESAM i60 FT or LDD
Also US-EPA is now accepting partial flow dilution and raw gaseous emission measurement
for stationary and transient testing
21 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
22 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Off-Road - ABGASGESETZGEBUNG Herausforderungen
EU
EU und UN-ECE Emission Standards
bull Limits also for engines with over 560kW
bull Global Technical regulation GTR-11 will be implemented
bull Agricultural and forestry tractors will be covered also by Non-Road Mobile
Machinery legislation (before a separate legislation))
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo measurement with PEMS under evaluation
bull Discussions for Stage V (2020) to implement also a PN limit Currently Non-
Road Stage IV engines are often using open filter systems
US-EPA and CARB Standards
bull Test procedure is based on CFR-1065 which is quite different compared to
old US or European legislation
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo measurement with PEMS under evaluation
23 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Pollution Control
Off-Road engine applications are the last combustion engine
application which gets effected by emission legislation
App 2000 the fist emission legislations came up for Off-Road
App 2011 most of the off-road applications are effected by emission
legislation
In order to fulfill most off-road legislation emission limits more and
more engines will require the use of an exhaust aftertreatment
technology
24 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Transienter Pruumlflauf NRTC (Non Road Transient Cycle)
Transient
Test Cycle
Stationary
Test Cycle
25 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Space limitations
bull Most off-road applications have a limited space available Like on a
tractor it is important that the driver can see the front wheels
bull To mount additionally an exhaust aftertreatment systems is
challenging especially since these devices get very hot
Load profile and exhaust temperature
bull Often the average engine load is very for most of the operation
times Only for a short period of time the maximum engine power is
used Which results in low average exhaust temperatures
bull With such low exhaust temperatures exhaust aftertreatment
systems will not work or can not be properly regenerated
26 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-HIGHWAY ANWENDUNGEN Herausforderung Abgasnachbehandlung
100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Exhaust Temperature [degC]
Amount of time when exhaust temperature is suitable for
Exhaust after treatment systems (T ge T Abgas)
SCR Continuous Regenerating DPF (NO2)
20
40
60
80
100
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
20
40
60
80
100
Traktor beim
Saumlen
Traktor
beim Fahren
NRTC
Non Road
Transient Cycle
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
Gabelstapler
27 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Shared responsibility
bull Very often the machinery manufacturer and the engine manufacturer are two different companies
The machinery manufacturer buys an engine from the engine manufacturer The engine
manufacturer is responsible for the emission type approval of the engine
bull When the engine needs an exhaust aftertreatment system to fulfill the limit which is very much
integrated in the machinery who will supply the exhaust aftertreatment system and who is finally
responsible for the emissions
USA
US Engine manufacturer penalized for Clean Air Act violations
US EPA announced a settlement with two US engine manufacturer to resolve alleged Clean Air
Act violations In one case the engine manufacturer shipped more than 590000 highway and
non-road diesel engines to the vehicle assemblers without the aftertreatment devices andor with
improperly configured fuel injector and map settings
One manufacturer has to pay a $255 million penalty and continue a recall of noncompliant
engines
28 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Stage IIIB
Tier 4
CO2
GHG
Fuel Consumption
Emission Diagnostics
In-use Testing
29 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Alternative Fuels
NESHAPNSPS Air Quality Requirements
Tier 4
Gothenburg Protocol
World Bank
30 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
31 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Emissions
32 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
International Maritime Organization (IMO) Regulation
IMO is the United Nations specialized agency responsible for the safety
security and prevention of marine pollution by ships
IMO publishes the Marine Pollution (MARPOL) regulation which affects all
ocean going vessels and can be applied as emissions standards to domestic-
and foreign-flagged vessels
MARPOL covers all kinds and sources of pollutions caused by vessels not only
the engine emissions Engine emissions are regulated by Annex-VI of MARPOL
and has a NOx limit It also enables local regions to restrict the use of fuels with
high sulfur content (Heavy Fuel Oil HFO) as a measure against SOx emissions
In pollution sensitive areas geographically-based limits will focus to reduce NOx
SOx and PM emissions To achieve air quality benefits at reasonable costs it
allows different options better fuel or the use of exhaust aftertreatment systems
IMO will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
33 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
USA Regulation bull In the USA marine diesel engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
bull 2004 in addition US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandated a
reduction in PM and NOx
bull 2012 EPA Tier-3 has further reduce PM by 50 and NOx by 20 and will require
the use of 15ppm Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)
bull In 2014 EPA Tier-4 will further reduce PM by 90 and NOx by 80 for commercial
engines with more than 600 kW compared to Tier-2 in certain local areas
bull USA will also implement a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
bull Testing procedures and measurement equipment must follow CFR-1065 regulation
EU Regulation In Europe marine engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
For inland water ways ships also must fulfill the Directive 200426EC amended by
201026EU This is the same Directive which applies for all Non-Road Mobile
Machineries in Europe
For certain locale water ways also additional requirements exist like the river Rhine or
Lake Constance
34 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Test Cycles
35 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
36 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Fuel and Sulfur Oxides
1 Liter Heavy Fuel Oil
37 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
38 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Engine test bed certification All propulsion engines - small large and very large engines must show its
compliance with the emission standards on an engine test bed These tests
are done in the same way as for most other engine applications like non
road mobile machinery engines The test bed tests have also to be done
nevertheless if the engine gets modified when it is installed on board
Large ships also have auxiliary engines for example to produce electricity
on board Also these engines have to be certified on an engine test bed
Since these engines are not used for the ship propulsion other engine test
cycles apply like the ISO 8178 C1 or D2 cycle
Additional on-board certification Such engines will often be modified or fine-tuned after the test bed
certification was done and the engine is installed into the ship
Then the test bed certification is seen as a pre-certification which must be
followed by an on-board emission verification
A ship propeller has a certain correlation between speed and torque the so
called propeller law Since the test cycles follow this propeller law it is
possible to repeat the test bed test also on -board
Most engine parameters and especially emissions are measured on-board
Engine parameters which canrsquot be measured on-board can be copied from
the test bed test
39 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Not to Exceed requirements
IMO and US-EPA will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement
There the emission under realistic in-use operation conditions will be
verified
IM requirements Regular inspection and maintenance verification is done during the whole
life-time This can be done by one out of three methods
bull An engine parameter check which verifies certain engines
components settings and operating values which could affect the
emissions (is typically a time consuming work)
bull A simplified verification of the emission on board like the on board
certification test
bull A direct monitoring method which is using fixed installed on board
emission measurement system
40 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TESTING Marine Applications
Notes
Higher potential of corrosion
and contamination because
of high SO2 in exhaust
bull Back-flush and
after sample purge
bull more frequent
maintenance and
service
Consider sample boost
pumps because of long
sample line length since the
engines are very large
Large diversity of fuel types
and fuel parameters
especially in case of FTIR
evaluation packages
SCR and SOx Scrubber
issues
41 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
42 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
ZERO EMISSIONS VERSUS CO2 A local versus a global problem
Pollutant Emission is a local problem
Even when some emission components may be transported
over some 100 kilometers like particulates Mostly only the
people and environment of this region or especially of a city is
effected by pollution problems
Green House Gas Emissions is a global problem
Green House Gas (GHG) emissions will effect the climatic
conditions of the entire world and change the climate Often the
region which might be effected by the weather catastrophes
are not emitting large amounts of GHG emissions but will
suffer
43 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE CHALLENGES Green-House-Gas emissions and Global Warming
CO2 emitted per country
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per country
1 China
2 USA
3 India
4 Russia
CO2 emitted per person
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per person
1 USA
2 Canada
3 Australia
4 Middle East
44 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Achievements and targets
SIAM BEE
Proposals
2015 121 ndash 155 gkm
2020 104 ndash 136 gkm
Source ICAT 2012
4 l100km
25 kml
65 mpg
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
13 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION WLTP (World Light vehicle Test Procedure) and Euro 67
WLTP Drive Cycle consists of 4 Phases bull Low Phase
bull Middle Phase
bull High Phase
bull Extra-High Phase
Objective
bull Test-cycle accepted worldwide to increasing harmonization for the automotive sector at a
global level
bull Shall reflect in average the world wide driving behavior of passenger cars and light duty
vehicles (based on driving data from main Contracting parties including India China hellip)
bull Different gear shift points for PC and LDCV
4 Phases
1800 sec long
46 kmh average velocity
125 kmh max velocity
14 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Light Duty - Passenger Cars
USA Emission Legislation
bull US-EPA and CARB will harmonize their standards
bull Low Emission Vehicle program III (LEV-III) starts in 2014
bull PM limits will be reduced by a factor 10
bull PM measured for all engine- and fuel types
bull Medium Duty Vehicle (MDV) are tested on chassis dynos
USA Emission Regulation
bull Test specifications accordingly CFR-1066 and CFR-1065 replacing the current
Part-40 CFR-86
Main issues for development
bull Fleet averages equivalent to current SULEV by 2022
bull New emissions categories and combined NMOG and NOx standards
bull New E-85 fuel requirements and limit changes
bull Eliminate 50000 mile intermediate useful life standards and increased durability
requirement from 120000 miles to 150000 miles
15 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
LIGHT DUTY VEHICLE Chassis Test Bed (with Hybrid add-ons)
16 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
17 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
EU
EU Emission Legislation
bull Euro-VI has started 2013
bull In addition to Particulate Mass (PM) also Particle Number (PN) limits for Diesel
bull Euro-VII isnrsquot defined yet CO2 and fuel consumption requirements will come next
EU and UN-ECE Emission Regulation
bull Euro-VI test procedure is based on Global Test Procedure GTR-04 from UN-ECE
bull New World Harmonized Stationary Cycle (WHSC) and World Harmonized
Transient Cycle (WHTC) is used
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo requirements limit emissions also during any ldquonormalrdquo
driving operation That is done by
bull an Off Cycle Emissions (OCE) stationary engine test cycle with 15 random
engine speedtorque points
bull and with the vehicle on the road by Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
Main issues for development
bull Diesel PN limits
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
18 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
1992 1996 2000 2005 2008 2013
Moderate Reduction (lt30) Large Reduction (gt30)
Test cycles
EU-I+II
13-Mode
EU-III+IV
ESC
EU-VI
WHSC
CO 450 400 210 150 150 150
THC
NOx
NMHC
CH4
PM
PN
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
kWh
NH3 ppm
CO2 FC gkW-h
NO2 gkW-h
110 110 066 046 046 013
800 700 500 350 200 040
360 015 010 002 002 001
25 25 10
8 E11
no
6 E11
Test cycles
EU-III+IV
ETC
EU-VI
WHSC
CO 540 400 400 400
THC
NOx
NMHC
CH4
PM
PN
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
kWh
NH3 ppm
CO2 FC gkW-h
NO2 gkW-h
016
500 350 200 046
016 003 003 001
25 25 10
no
078 055 055
160 110 110
Tbd
Tbd
I EU
II III IV V VI
19 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
USA Emission Legislation
bull Harmonization of EPA and CARB regulations
bull In addition to CO2 also CH4 and N2O must be measured and reported for Green-
House-Gas (GHC) legislation
USA Emission Regulation
bull Test procedure is based on CFR-1065 (very different to old CFR-86 or EU)
bull All Calculations are based on mol or CFR-86
bull Performance specifications are based on statistical evaluations and limits
are not anymore related to measurement ranges but on the actual
emissions of the engine tested and the emission limit
bull Analyzer must not switch analog gains for continuous measurement
bull CLD analyzers must meet very small CO2 and H2O quenching specs
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo limit emissions during normal driving operation That is
done with the vehicle on the road by Portable Emission Measurement Systems
(PEMS)
Main issues for development
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
20 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
HEAVY DUTY ON-ROAD ENGINE Engine Test Bed
NH3 NH3
Emission Engine Test Bed with CVS
bull Automation system iGEM Engine
bull Full Flow Dilution with CVS i60
bull Diluted gaseous emission bench AMA i60
bull Particulate Sampler PSS i60 with integrated particle
counter APC
bull NH3 Analyzer SESAM i60 FT or LDD
Emission Engine Test Bed with SPC
bull Automation system iGEM Engine
bull Partial flow Dilution with SPC
bull Raw gaseous emission bench AMA i60
bull Particle counter APC connected to SPC
bull NH3 Analyzer SESAM i60 FT or LDD
Also US-EPA is now accepting partial flow dilution and raw gaseous emission measurement
for stationary and transient testing
21 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
22 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Off-Road - ABGASGESETZGEBUNG Herausforderungen
EU
EU und UN-ECE Emission Standards
bull Limits also for engines with over 560kW
bull Global Technical regulation GTR-11 will be implemented
bull Agricultural and forestry tractors will be covered also by Non-Road Mobile
Machinery legislation (before a separate legislation))
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo measurement with PEMS under evaluation
bull Discussions for Stage V (2020) to implement also a PN limit Currently Non-
Road Stage IV engines are often using open filter systems
US-EPA and CARB Standards
bull Test procedure is based on CFR-1065 which is quite different compared to
old US or European legislation
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo measurement with PEMS under evaluation
23 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Pollution Control
Off-Road engine applications are the last combustion engine
application which gets effected by emission legislation
App 2000 the fist emission legislations came up for Off-Road
App 2011 most of the off-road applications are effected by emission
legislation
In order to fulfill most off-road legislation emission limits more and
more engines will require the use of an exhaust aftertreatment
technology
24 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Transienter Pruumlflauf NRTC (Non Road Transient Cycle)
Transient
Test Cycle
Stationary
Test Cycle
25 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Space limitations
bull Most off-road applications have a limited space available Like on a
tractor it is important that the driver can see the front wheels
bull To mount additionally an exhaust aftertreatment systems is
challenging especially since these devices get very hot
Load profile and exhaust temperature
bull Often the average engine load is very for most of the operation
times Only for a short period of time the maximum engine power is
used Which results in low average exhaust temperatures
bull With such low exhaust temperatures exhaust aftertreatment
systems will not work or can not be properly regenerated
26 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-HIGHWAY ANWENDUNGEN Herausforderung Abgasnachbehandlung
100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Exhaust Temperature [degC]
Amount of time when exhaust temperature is suitable for
Exhaust after treatment systems (T ge T Abgas)
SCR Continuous Regenerating DPF (NO2)
20
40
60
80
100
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
20
40
60
80
100
Traktor beim
Saumlen
Traktor
beim Fahren
NRTC
Non Road
Transient Cycle
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
Gabelstapler
27 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Shared responsibility
bull Very often the machinery manufacturer and the engine manufacturer are two different companies
The machinery manufacturer buys an engine from the engine manufacturer The engine
manufacturer is responsible for the emission type approval of the engine
bull When the engine needs an exhaust aftertreatment system to fulfill the limit which is very much
integrated in the machinery who will supply the exhaust aftertreatment system and who is finally
responsible for the emissions
USA
US Engine manufacturer penalized for Clean Air Act violations
US EPA announced a settlement with two US engine manufacturer to resolve alleged Clean Air
Act violations In one case the engine manufacturer shipped more than 590000 highway and
non-road diesel engines to the vehicle assemblers without the aftertreatment devices andor with
improperly configured fuel injector and map settings
One manufacturer has to pay a $255 million penalty and continue a recall of noncompliant
engines
28 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Stage IIIB
Tier 4
CO2
GHG
Fuel Consumption
Emission Diagnostics
In-use Testing
29 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Alternative Fuels
NESHAPNSPS Air Quality Requirements
Tier 4
Gothenburg Protocol
World Bank
30 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
31 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Emissions
32 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
International Maritime Organization (IMO) Regulation
IMO is the United Nations specialized agency responsible for the safety
security and prevention of marine pollution by ships
IMO publishes the Marine Pollution (MARPOL) regulation which affects all
ocean going vessels and can be applied as emissions standards to domestic-
and foreign-flagged vessels
MARPOL covers all kinds and sources of pollutions caused by vessels not only
the engine emissions Engine emissions are regulated by Annex-VI of MARPOL
and has a NOx limit It also enables local regions to restrict the use of fuels with
high sulfur content (Heavy Fuel Oil HFO) as a measure against SOx emissions
In pollution sensitive areas geographically-based limits will focus to reduce NOx
SOx and PM emissions To achieve air quality benefits at reasonable costs it
allows different options better fuel or the use of exhaust aftertreatment systems
IMO will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
33 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
USA Regulation bull In the USA marine diesel engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
bull 2004 in addition US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandated a
reduction in PM and NOx
bull 2012 EPA Tier-3 has further reduce PM by 50 and NOx by 20 and will require
the use of 15ppm Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)
bull In 2014 EPA Tier-4 will further reduce PM by 90 and NOx by 80 for commercial
engines with more than 600 kW compared to Tier-2 in certain local areas
bull USA will also implement a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
bull Testing procedures and measurement equipment must follow CFR-1065 regulation
EU Regulation In Europe marine engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
For inland water ways ships also must fulfill the Directive 200426EC amended by
201026EU This is the same Directive which applies for all Non-Road Mobile
Machineries in Europe
For certain locale water ways also additional requirements exist like the river Rhine or
Lake Constance
34 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Test Cycles
35 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
36 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Fuel and Sulfur Oxides
1 Liter Heavy Fuel Oil
37 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
38 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Engine test bed certification All propulsion engines - small large and very large engines must show its
compliance with the emission standards on an engine test bed These tests
are done in the same way as for most other engine applications like non
road mobile machinery engines The test bed tests have also to be done
nevertheless if the engine gets modified when it is installed on board
Large ships also have auxiliary engines for example to produce electricity
on board Also these engines have to be certified on an engine test bed
Since these engines are not used for the ship propulsion other engine test
cycles apply like the ISO 8178 C1 or D2 cycle
Additional on-board certification Such engines will often be modified or fine-tuned after the test bed
certification was done and the engine is installed into the ship
Then the test bed certification is seen as a pre-certification which must be
followed by an on-board emission verification
A ship propeller has a certain correlation between speed and torque the so
called propeller law Since the test cycles follow this propeller law it is
possible to repeat the test bed test also on -board
Most engine parameters and especially emissions are measured on-board
Engine parameters which canrsquot be measured on-board can be copied from
the test bed test
39 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Not to Exceed requirements
IMO and US-EPA will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement
There the emission under realistic in-use operation conditions will be
verified
IM requirements Regular inspection and maintenance verification is done during the whole
life-time This can be done by one out of three methods
bull An engine parameter check which verifies certain engines
components settings and operating values which could affect the
emissions (is typically a time consuming work)
bull A simplified verification of the emission on board like the on board
certification test
bull A direct monitoring method which is using fixed installed on board
emission measurement system
40 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TESTING Marine Applications
Notes
Higher potential of corrosion
and contamination because
of high SO2 in exhaust
bull Back-flush and
after sample purge
bull more frequent
maintenance and
service
Consider sample boost
pumps because of long
sample line length since the
engines are very large
Large diversity of fuel types
and fuel parameters
especially in case of FTIR
evaluation packages
SCR and SOx Scrubber
issues
41 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
42 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
ZERO EMISSIONS VERSUS CO2 A local versus a global problem
Pollutant Emission is a local problem
Even when some emission components may be transported
over some 100 kilometers like particulates Mostly only the
people and environment of this region or especially of a city is
effected by pollution problems
Green House Gas Emissions is a global problem
Green House Gas (GHG) emissions will effect the climatic
conditions of the entire world and change the climate Often the
region which might be effected by the weather catastrophes
are not emitting large amounts of GHG emissions but will
suffer
43 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE CHALLENGES Green-House-Gas emissions and Global Warming
CO2 emitted per country
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per country
1 China
2 USA
3 India
4 Russia
CO2 emitted per person
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per person
1 USA
2 Canada
3 Australia
4 Middle East
44 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Achievements and targets
SIAM BEE
Proposals
2015 121 ndash 155 gkm
2020 104 ndash 136 gkm
Source ICAT 2012
4 l100km
25 kml
65 mpg
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
14 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Light Duty - Passenger Cars
USA Emission Legislation
bull US-EPA and CARB will harmonize their standards
bull Low Emission Vehicle program III (LEV-III) starts in 2014
bull PM limits will be reduced by a factor 10
bull PM measured for all engine- and fuel types
bull Medium Duty Vehicle (MDV) are tested on chassis dynos
USA Emission Regulation
bull Test specifications accordingly CFR-1066 and CFR-1065 replacing the current
Part-40 CFR-86
Main issues for development
bull Fleet averages equivalent to current SULEV by 2022
bull New emissions categories and combined NMOG and NOx standards
bull New E-85 fuel requirements and limit changes
bull Eliminate 50000 mile intermediate useful life standards and increased durability
requirement from 120000 miles to 150000 miles
15 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
LIGHT DUTY VEHICLE Chassis Test Bed (with Hybrid add-ons)
16 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
17 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
EU
EU Emission Legislation
bull Euro-VI has started 2013
bull In addition to Particulate Mass (PM) also Particle Number (PN) limits for Diesel
bull Euro-VII isnrsquot defined yet CO2 and fuel consumption requirements will come next
EU and UN-ECE Emission Regulation
bull Euro-VI test procedure is based on Global Test Procedure GTR-04 from UN-ECE
bull New World Harmonized Stationary Cycle (WHSC) and World Harmonized
Transient Cycle (WHTC) is used
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo requirements limit emissions also during any ldquonormalrdquo
driving operation That is done by
bull an Off Cycle Emissions (OCE) stationary engine test cycle with 15 random
engine speedtorque points
bull and with the vehicle on the road by Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
Main issues for development
bull Diesel PN limits
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
18 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
1992 1996 2000 2005 2008 2013
Moderate Reduction (lt30) Large Reduction (gt30)
Test cycles
EU-I+II
13-Mode
EU-III+IV
ESC
EU-VI
WHSC
CO 450 400 210 150 150 150
THC
NOx
NMHC
CH4
PM
PN
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
kWh
NH3 ppm
CO2 FC gkW-h
NO2 gkW-h
110 110 066 046 046 013
800 700 500 350 200 040
360 015 010 002 002 001
25 25 10
8 E11
no
6 E11
Test cycles
EU-III+IV
ETC
EU-VI
WHSC
CO 540 400 400 400
THC
NOx
NMHC
CH4
PM
PN
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
kWh
NH3 ppm
CO2 FC gkW-h
NO2 gkW-h
016
500 350 200 046
016 003 003 001
25 25 10
no
078 055 055
160 110 110
Tbd
Tbd
I EU
II III IV V VI
19 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
USA Emission Legislation
bull Harmonization of EPA and CARB regulations
bull In addition to CO2 also CH4 and N2O must be measured and reported for Green-
House-Gas (GHC) legislation
USA Emission Regulation
bull Test procedure is based on CFR-1065 (very different to old CFR-86 or EU)
bull All Calculations are based on mol or CFR-86
bull Performance specifications are based on statistical evaluations and limits
are not anymore related to measurement ranges but on the actual
emissions of the engine tested and the emission limit
bull Analyzer must not switch analog gains for continuous measurement
bull CLD analyzers must meet very small CO2 and H2O quenching specs
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo limit emissions during normal driving operation That is
done with the vehicle on the road by Portable Emission Measurement Systems
(PEMS)
Main issues for development
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
20 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
HEAVY DUTY ON-ROAD ENGINE Engine Test Bed
NH3 NH3
Emission Engine Test Bed with CVS
bull Automation system iGEM Engine
bull Full Flow Dilution with CVS i60
bull Diluted gaseous emission bench AMA i60
bull Particulate Sampler PSS i60 with integrated particle
counter APC
bull NH3 Analyzer SESAM i60 FT or LDD
Emission Engine Test Bed with SPC
bull Automation system iGEM Engine
bull Partial flow Dilution with SPC
bull Raw gaseous emission bench AMA i60
bull Particle counter APC connected to SPC
bull NH3 Analyzer SESAM i60 FT or LDD
Also US-EPA is now accepting partial flow dilution and raw gaseous emission measurement
for stationary and transient testing
21 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
22 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Off-Road - ABGASGESETZGEBUNG Herausforderungen
EU
EU und UN-ECE Emission Standards
bull Limits also for engines with over 560kW
bull Global Technical regulation GTR-11 will be implemented
bull Agricultural and forestry tractors will be covered also by Non-Road Mobile
Machinery legislation (before a separate legislation))
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo measurement with PEMS under evaluation
bull Discussions for Stage V (2020) to implement also a PN limit Currently Non-
Road Stage IV engines are often using open filter systems
US-EPA and CARB Standards
bull Test procedure is based on CFR-1065 which is quite different compared to
old US or European legislation
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo measurement with PEMS under evaluation
23 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Pollution Control
Off-Road engine applications are the last combustion engine
application which gets effected by emission legislation
App 2000 the fist emission legislations came up for Off-Road
App 2011 most of the off-road applications are effected by emission
legislation
In order to fulfill most off-road legislation emission limits more and
more engines will require the use of an exhaust aftertreatment
technology
24 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Transienter Pruumlflauf NRTC (Non Road Transient Cycle)
Transient
Test Cycle
Stationary
Test Cycle
25 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Space limitations
bull Most off-road applications have a limited space available Like on a
tractor it is important that the driver can see the front wheels
bull To mount additionally an exhaust aftertreatment systems is
challenging especially since these devices get very hot
Load profile and exhaust temperature
bull Often the average engine load is very for most of the operation
times Only for a short period of time the maximum engine power is
used Which results in low average exhaust temperatures
bull With such low exhaust temperatures exhaust aftertreatment
systems will not work or can not be properly regenerated
26 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-HIGHWAY ANWENDUNGEN Herausforderung Abgasnachbehandlung
100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Exhaust Temperature [degC]
Amount of time when exhaust temperature is suitable for
Exhaust after treatment systems (T ge T Abgas)
SCR Continuous Regenerating DPF (NO2)
20
40
60
80
100
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
20
40
60
80
100
Traktor beim
Saumlen
Traktor
beim Fahren
NRTC
Non Road
Transient Cycle
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
Gabelstapler
27 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Shared responsibility
bull Very often the machinery manufacturer and the engine manufacturer are two different companies
The machinery manufacturer buys an engine from the engine manufacturer The engine
manufacturer is responsible for the emission type approval of the engine
bull When the engine needs an exhaust aftertreatment system to fulfill the limit which is very much
integrated in the machinery who will supply the exhaust aftertreatment system and who is finally
responsible for the emissions
USA
US Engine manufacturer penalized for Clean Air Act violations
US EPA announced a settlement with two US engine manufacturer to resolve alleged Clean Air
Act violations In one case the engine manufacturer shipped more than 590000 highway and
non-road diesel engines to the vehicle assemblers without the aftertreatment devices andor with
improperly configured fuel injector and map settings
One manufacturer has to pay a $255 million penalty and continue a recall of noncompliant
engines
28 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Stage IIIB
Tier 4
CO2
GHG
Fuel Consumption
Emission Diagnostics
In-use Testing
29 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Alternative Fuels
NESHAPNSPS Air Quality Requirements
Tier 4
Gothenburg Protocol
World Bank
30 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
31 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Emissions
32 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
International Maritime Organization (IMO) Regulation
IMO is the United Nations specialized agency responsible for the safety
security and prevention of marine pollution by ships
IMO publishes the Marine Pollution (MARPOL) regulation which affects all
ocean going vessels and can be applied as emissions standards to domestic-
and foreign-flagged vessels
MARPOL covers all kinds and sources of pollutions caused by vessels not only
the engine emissions Engine emissions are regulated by Annex-VI of MARPOL
and has a NOx limit It also enables local regions to restrict the use of fuels with
high sulfur content (Heavy Fuel Oil HFO) as a measure against SOx emissions
In pollution sensitive areas geographically-based limits will focus to reduce NOx
SOx and PM emissions To achieve air quality benefits at reasonable costs it
allows different options better fuel or the use of exhaust aftertreatment systems
IMO will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
33 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
USA Regulation bull In the USA marine diesel engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
bull 2004 in addition US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandated a
reduction in PM and NOx
bull 2012 EPA Tier-3 has further reduce PM by 50 and NOx by 20 and will require
the use of 15ppm Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)
bull In 2014 EPA Tier-4 will further reduce PM by 90 and NOx by 80 for commercial
engines with more than 600 kW compared to Tier-2 in certain local areas
bull USA will also implement a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
bull Testing procedures and measurement equipment must follow CFR-1065 regulation
EU Regulation In Europe marine engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
For inland water ways ships also must fulfill the Directive 200426EC amended by
201026EU This is the same Directive which applies for all Non-Road Mobile
Machineries in Europe
For certain locale water ways also additional requirements exist like the river Rhine or
Lake Constance
34 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Test Cycles
35 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
36 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Fuel and Sulfur Oxides
1 Liter Heavy Fuel Oil
37 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
38 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Engine test bed certification All propulsion engines - small large and very large engines must show its
compliance with the emission standards on an engine test bed These tests
are done in the same way as for most other engine applications like non
road mobile machinery engines The test bed tests have also to be done
nevertheless if the engine gets modified when it is installed on board
Large ships also have auxiliary engines for example to produce electricity
on board Also these engines have to be certified on an engine test bed
Since these engines are not used for the ship propulsion other engine test
cycles apply like the ISO 8178 C1 or D2 cycle
Additional on-board certification Such engines will often be modified or fine-tuned after the test bed
certification was done and the engine is installed into the ship
Then the test bed certification is seen as a pre-certification which must be
followed by an on-board emission verification
A ship propeller has a certain correlation between speed and torque the so
called propeller law Since the test cycles follow this propeller law it is
possible to repeat the test bed test also on -board
Most engine parameters and especially emissions are measured on-board
Engine parameters which canrsquot be measured on-board can be copied from
the test bed test
39 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Not to Exceed requirements
IMO and US-EPA will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement
There the emission under realistic in-use operation conditions will be
verified
IM requirements Regular inspection and maintenance verification is done during the whole
life-time This can be done by one out of three methods
bull An engine parameter check which verifies certain engines
components settings and operating values which could affect the
emissions (is typically a time consuming work)
bull A simplified verification of the emission on board like the on board
certification test
bull A direct monitoring method which is using fixed installed on board
emission measurement system
40 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TESTING Marine Applications
Notes
Higher potential of corrosion
and contamination because
of high SO2 in exhaust
bull Back-flush and
after sample purge
bull more frequent
maintenance and
service
Consider sample boost
pumps because of long
sample line length since the
engines are very large
Large diversity of fuel types
and fuel parameters
especially in case of FTIR
evaluation packages
SCR and SOx Scrubber
issues
41 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
42 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
ZERO EMISSIONS VERSUS CO2 A local versus a global problem
Pollutant Emission is a local problem
Even when some emission components may be transported
over some 100 kilometers like particulates Mostly only the
people and environment of this region or especially of a city is
effected by pollution problems
Green House Gas Emissions is a global problem
Green House Gas (GHG) emissions will effect the climatic
conditions of the entire world and change the climate Often the
region which might be effected by the weather catastrophes
are not emitting large amounts of GHG emissions but will
suffer
43 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE CHALLENGES Green-House-Gas emissions and Global Warming
CO2 emitted per country
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per country
1 China
2 USA
3 India
4 Russia
CO2 emitted per person
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per person
1 USA
2 Canada
3 Australia
4 Middle East
44 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Achievements and targets
SIAM BEE
Proposals
2015 121 ndash 155 gkm
2020 104 ndash 136 gkm
Source ICAT 2012
4 l100km
25 kml
65 mpg
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
15 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
LIGHT DUTY VEHICLE Chassis Test Bed (with Hybrid add-ons)
16 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
17 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
EU
EU Emission Legislation
bull Euro-VI has started 2013
bull In addition to Particulate Mass (PM) also Particle Number (PN) limits for Diesel
bull Euro-VII isnrsquot defined yet CO2 and fuel consumption requirements will come next
EU and UN-ECE Emission Regulation
bull Euro-VI test procedure is based on Global Test Procedure GTR-04 from UN-ECE
bull New World Harmonized Stationary Cycle (WHSC) and World Harmonized
Transient Cycle (WHTC) is used
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo requirements limit emissions also during any ldquonormalrdquo
driving operation That is done by
bull an Off Cycle Emissions (OCE) stationary engine test cycle with 15 random
engine speedtorque points
bull and with the vehicle on the road by Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
Main issues for development
bull Diesel PN limits
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
18 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
1992 1996 2000 2005 2008 2013
Moderate Reduction (lt30) Large Reduction (gt30)
Test cycles
EU-I+II
13-Mode
EU-III+IV
ESC
EU-VI
WHSC
CO 450 400 210 150 150 150
THC
NOx
NMHC
CH4
PM
PN
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
kWh
NH3 ppm
CO2 FC gkW-h
NO2 gkW-h
110 110 066 046 046 013
800 700 500 350 200 040
360 015 010 002 002 001
25 25 10
8 E11
no
6 E11
Test cycles
EU-III+IV
ETC
EU-VI
WHSC
CO 540 400 400 400
THC
NOx
NMHC
CH4
PM
PN
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
kWh
NH3 ppm
CO2 FC gkW-h
NO2 gkW-h
016
500 350 200 046
016 003 003 001
25 25 10
no
078 055 055
160 110 110
Tbd
Tbd
I EU
II III IV V VI
19 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
USA Emission Legislation
bull Harmonization of EPA and CARB regulations
bull In addition to CO2 also CH4 and N2O must be measured and reported for Green-
House-Gas (GHC) legislation
USA Emission Regulation
bull Test procedure is based on CFR-1065 (very different to old CFR-86 or EU)
bull All Calculations are based on mol or CFR-86
bull Performance specifications are based on statistical evaluations and limits
are not anymore related to measurement ranges but on the actual
emissions of the engine tested and the emission limit
bull Analyzer must not switch analog gains for continuous measurement
bull CLD analyzers must meet very small CO2 and H2O quenching specs
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo limit emissions during normal driving operation That is
done with the vehicle on the road by Portable Emission Measurement Systems
(PEMS)
Main issues for development
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
20 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
HEAVY DUTY ON-ROAD ENGINE Engine Test Bed
NH3 NH3
Emission Engine Test Bed with CVS
bull Automation system iGEM Engine
bull Full Flow Dilution with CVS i60
bull Diluted gaseous emission bench AMA i60
bull Particulate Sampler PSS i60 with integrated particle
counter APC
bull NH3 Analyzer SESAM i60 FT or LDD
Emission Engine Test Bed with SPC
bull Automation system iGEM Engine
bull Partial flow Dilution with SPC
bull Raw gaseous emission bench AMA i60
bull Particle counter APC connected to SPC
bull NH3 Analyzer SESAM i60 FT or LDD
Also US-EPA is now accepting partial flow dilution and raw gaseous emission measurement
for stationary and transient testing
21 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
22 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Off-Road - ABGASGESETZGEBUNG Herausforderungen
EU
EU und UN-ECE Emission Standards
bull Limits also for engines with over 560kW
bull Global Technical regulation GTR-11 will be implemented
bull Agricultural and forestry tractors will be covered also by Non-Road Mobile
Machinery legislation (before a separate legislation))
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo measurement with PEMS under evaluation
bull Discussions for Stage V (2020) to implement also a PN limit Currently Non-
Road Stage IV engines are often using open filter systems
US-EPA and CARB Standards
bull Test procedure is based on CFR-1065 which is quite different compared to
old US or European legislation
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo measurement with PEMS under evaluation
23 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Pollution Control
Off-Road engine applications are the last combustion engine
application which gets effected by emission legislation
App 2000 the fist emission legislations came up for Off-Road
App 2011 most of the off-road applications are effected by emission
legislation
In order to fulfill most off-road legislation emission limits more and
more engines will require the use of an exhaust aftertreatment
technology
24 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Transienter Pruumlflauf NRTC (Non Road Transient Cycle)
Transient
Test Cycle
Stationary
Test Cycle
25 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Space limitations
bull Most off-road applications have a limited space available Like on a
tractor it is important that the driver can see the front wheels
bull To mount additionally an exhaust aftertreatment systems is
challenging especially since these devices get very hot
Load profile and exhaust temperature
bull Often the average engine load is very for most of the operation
times Only for a short period of time the maximum engine power is
used Which results in low average exhaust temperatures
bull With such low exhaust temperatures exhaust aftertreatment
systems will not work or can not be properly regenerated
26 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-HIGHWAY ANWENDUNGEN Herausforderung Abgasnachbehandlung
100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Exhaust Temperature [degC]
Amount of time when exhaust temperature is suitable for
Exhaust after treatment systems (T ge T Abgas)
SCR Continuous Regenerating DPF (NO2)
20
40
60
80
100
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
20
40
60
80
100
Traktor beim
Saumlen
Traktor
beim Fahren
NRTC
Non Road
Transient Cycle
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
Gabelstapler
27 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Shared responsibility
bull Very often the machinery manufacturer and the engine manufacturer are two different companies
The machinery manufacturer buys an engine from the engine manufacturer The engine
manufacturer is responsible for the emission type approval of the engine
bull When the engine needs an exhaust aftertreatment system to fulfill the limit which is very much
integrated in the machinery who will supply the exhaust aftertreatment system and who is finally
responsible for the emissions
USA
US Engine manufacturer penalized for Clean Air Act violations
US EPA announced a settlement with two US engine manufacturer to resolve alleged Clean Air
Act violations In one case the engine manufacturer shipped more than 590000 highway and
non-road diesel engines to the vehicle assemblers without the aftertreatment devices andor with
improperly configured fuel injector and map settings
One manufacturer has to pay a $255 million penalty and continue a recall of noncompliant
engines
28 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Stage IIIB
Tier 4
CO2
GHG
Fuel Consumption
Emission Diagnostics
In-use Testing
29 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Alternative Fuels
NESHAPNSPS Air Quality Requirements
Tier 4
Gothenburg Protocol
World Bank
30 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
31 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Emissions
32 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
International Maritime Organization (IMO) Regulation
IMO is the United Nations specialized agency responsible for the safety
security and prevention of marine pollution by ships
IMO publishes the Marine Pollution (MARPOL) regulation which affects all
ocean going vessels and can be applied as emissions standards to domestic-
and foreign-flagged vessels
MARPOL covers all kinds and sources of pollutions caused by vessels not only
the engine emissions Engine emissions are regulated by Annex-VI of MARPOL
and has a NOx limit It also enables local regions to restrict the use of fuels with
high sulfur content (Heavy Fuel Oil HFO) as a measure against SOx emissions
In pollution sensitive areas geographically-based limits will focus to reduce NOx
SOx and PM emissions To achieve air quality benefits at reasonable costs it
allows different options better fuel or the use of exhaust aftertreatment systems
IMO will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
33 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
USA Regulation bull In the USA marine diesel engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
bull 2004 in addition US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandated a
reduction in PM and NOx
bull 2012 EPA Tier-3 has further reduce PM by 50 and NOx by 20 and will require
the use of 15ppm Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)
bull In 2014 EPA Tier-4 will further reduce PM by 90 and NOx by 80 for commercial
engines with more than 600 kW compared to Tier-2 in certain local areas
bull USA will also implement a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
bull Testing procedures and measurement equipment must follow CFR-1065 regulation
EU Regulation In Europe marine engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
For inland water ways ships also must fulfill the Directive 200426EC amended by
201026EU This is the same Directive which applies for all Non-Road Mobile
Machineries in Europe
For certain locale water ways also additional requirements exist like the river Rhine or
Lake Constance
34 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Test Cycles
35 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
36 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Fuel and Sulfur Oxides
1 Liter Heavy Fuel Oil
37 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
38 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Engine test bed certification All propulsion engines - small large and very large engines must show its
compliance with the emission standards on an engine test bed These tests
are done in the same way as for most other engine applications like non
road mobile machinery engines The test bed tests have also to be done
nevertheless if the engine gets modified when it is installed on board
Large ships also have auxiliary engines for example to produce electricity
on board Also these engines have to be certified on an engine test bed
Since these engines are not used for the ship propulsion other engine test
cycles apply like the ISO 8178 C1 or D2 cycle
Additional on-board certification Such engines will often be modified or fine-tuned after the test bed
certification was done and the engine is installed into the ship
Then the test bed certification is seen as a pre-certification which must be
followed by an on-board emission verification
A ship propeller has a certain correlation between speed and torque the so
called propeller law Since the test cycles follow this propeller law it is
possible to repeat the test bed test also on -board
Most engine parameters and especially emissions are measured on-board
Engine parameters which canrsquot be measured on-board can be copied from
the test bed test
39 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Not to Exceed requirements
IMO and US-EPA will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement
There the emission under realistic in-use operation conditions will be
verified
IM requirements Regular inspection and maintenance verification is done during the whole
life-time This can be done by one out of three methods
bull An engine parameter check which verifies certain engines
components settings and operating values which could affect the
emissions (is typically a time consuming work)
bull A simplified verification of the emission on board like the on board
certification test
bull A direct monitoring method which is using fixed installed on board
emission measurement system
40 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TESTING Marine Applications
Notes
Higher potential of corrosion
and contamination because
of high SO2 in exhaust
bull Back-flush and
after sample purge
bull more frequent
maintenance and
service
Consider sample boost
pumps because of long
sample line length since the
engines are very large
Large diversity of fuel types
and fuel parameters
especially in case of FTIR
evaluation packages
SCR and SOx Scrubber
issues
41 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
42 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
ZERO EMISSIONS VERSUS CO2 A local versus a global problem
Pollutant Emission is a local problem
Even when some emission components may be transported
over some 100 kilometers like particulates Mostly only the
people and environment of this region or especially of a city is
effected by pollution problems
Green House Gas Emissions is a global problem
Green House Gas (GHG) emissions will effect the climatic
conditions of the entire world and change the climate Often the
region which might be effected by the weather catastrophes
are not emitting large amounts of GHG emissions but will
suffer
43 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE CHALLENGES Green-House-Gas emissions and Global Warming
CO2 emitted per country
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per country
1 China
2 USA
3 India
4 Russia
CO2 emitted per person
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per person
1 USA
2 Canada
3 Australia
4 Middle East
44 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Achievements and targets
SIAM BEE
Proposals
2015 121 ndash 155 gkm
2020 104 ndash 136 gkm
Source ICAT 2012
4 l100km
25 kml
65 mpg
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
16 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
17 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
EU
EU Emission Legislation
bull Euro-VI has started 2013
bull In addition to Particulate Mass (PM) also Particle Number (PN) limits for Diesel
bull Euro-VII isnrsquot defined yet CO2 and fuel consumption requirements will come next
EU and UN-ECE Emission Regulation
bull Euro-VI test procedure is based on Global Test Procedure GTR-04 from UN-ECE
bull New World Harmonized Stationary Cycle (WHSC) and World Harmonized
Transient Cycle (WHTC) is used
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo requirements limit emissions also during any ldquonormalrdquo
driving operation That is done by
bull an Off Cycle Emissions (OCE) stationary engine test cycle with 15 random
engine speedtorque points
bull and with the vehicle on the road by Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
Main issues for development
bull Diesel PN limits
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
18 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
1992 1996 2000 2005 2008 2013
Moderate Reduction (lt30) Large Reduction (gt30)
Test cycles
EU-I+II
13-Mode
EU-III+IV
ESC
EU-VI
WHSC
CO 450 400 210 150 150 150
THC
NOx
NMHC
CH4
PM
PN
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
kWh
NH3 ppm
CO2 FC gkW-h
NO2 gkW-h
110 110 066 046 046 013
800 700 500 350 200 040
360 015 010 002 002 001
25 25 10
8 E11
no
6 E11
Test cycles
EU-III+IV
ETC
EU-VI
WHSC
CO 540 400 400 400
THC
NOx
NMHC
CH4
PM
PN
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
kWh
NH3 ppm
CO2 FC gkW-h
NO2 gkW-h
016
500 350 200 046
016 003 003 001
25 25 10
no
078 055 055
160 110 110
Tbd
Tbd
I EU
II III IV V VI
19 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
USA Emission Legislation
bull Harmonization of EPA and CARB regulations
bull In addition to CO2 also CH4 and N2O must be measured and reported for Green-
House-Gas (GHC) legislation
USA Emission Regulation
bull Test procedure is based on CFR-1065 (very different to old CFR-86 or EU)
bull All Calculations are based on mol or CFR-86
bull Performance specifications are based on statistical evaluations and limits
are not anymore related to measurement ranges but on the actual
emissions of the engine tested and the emission limit
bull Analyzer must not switch analog gains for continuous measurement
bull CLD analyzers must meet very small CO2 and H2O quenching specs
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo limit emissions during normal driving operation That is
done with the vehicle on the road by Portable Emission Measurement Systems
(PEMS)
Main issues for development
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
20 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
HEAVY DUTY ON-ROAD ENGINE Engine Test Bed
NH3 NH3
Emission Engine Test Bed with CVS
bull Automation system iGEM Engine
bull Full Flow Dilution with CVS i60
bull Diluted gaseous emission bench AMA i60
bull Particulate Sampler PSS i60 with integrated particle
counter APC
bull NH3 Analyzer SESAM i60 FT or LDD
Emission Engine Test Bed with SPC
bull Automation system iGEM Engine
bull Partial flow Dilution with SPC
bull Raw gaseous emission bench AMA i60
bull Particle counter APC connected to SPC
bull NH3 Analyzer SESAM i60 FT or LDD
Also US-EPA is now accepting partial flow dilution and raw gaseous emission measurement
for stationary and transient testing
21 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
22 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Off-Road - ABGASGESETZGEBUNG Herausforderungen
EU
EU und UN-ECE Emission Standards
bull Limits also for engines with over 560kW
bull Global Technical regulation GTR-11 will be implemented
bull Agricultural and forestry tractors will be covered also by Non-Road Mobile
Machinery legislation (before a separate legislation))
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo measurement with PEMS under evaluation
bull Discussions for Stage V (2020) to implement also a PN limit Currently Non-
Road Stage IV engines are often using open filter systems
US-EPA and CARB Standards
bull Test procedure is based on CFR-1065 which is quite different compared to
old US or European legislation
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo measurement with PEMS under evaluation
23 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Pollution Control
Off-Road engine applications are the last combustion engine
application which gets effected by emission legislation
App 2000 the fist emission legislations came up for Off-Road
App 2011 most of the off-road applications are effected by emission
legislation
In order to fulfill most off-road legislation emission limits more and
more engines will require the use of an exhaust aftertreatment
technology
24 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Transienter Pruumlflauf NRTC (Non Road Transient Cycle)
Transient
Test Cycle
Stationary
Test Cycle
25 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Space limitations
bull Most off-road applications have a limited space available Like on a
tractor it is important that the driver can see the front wheels
bull To mount additionally an exhaust aftertreatment systems is
challenging especially since these devices get very hot
Load profile and exhaust temperature
bull Often the average engine load is very for most of the operation
times Only for a short period of time the maximum engine power is
used Which results in low average exhaust temperatures
bull With such low exhaust temperatures exhaust aftertreatment
systems will not work or can not be properly regenerated
26 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-HIGHWAY ANWENDUNGEN Herausforderung Abgasnachbehandlung
100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Exhaust Temperature [degC]
Amount of time when exhaust temperature is suitable for
Exhaust after treatment systems (T ge T Abgas)
SCR Continuous Regenerating DPF (NO2)
20
40
60
80
100
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
20
40
60
80
100
Traktor beim
Saumlen
Traktor
beim Fahren
NRTC
Non Road
Transient Cycle
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
Gabelstapler
27 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Shared responsibility
bull Very often the machinery manufacturer and the engine manufacturer are two different companies
The machinery manufacturer buys an engine from the engine manufacturer The engine
manufacturer is responsible for the emission type approval of the engine
bull When the engine needs an exhaust aftertreatment system to fulfill the limit which is very much
integrated in the machinery who will supply the exhaust aftertreatment system and who is finally
responsible for the emissions
USA
US Engine manufacturer penalized for Clean Air Act violations
US EPA announced a settlement with two US engine manufacturer to resolve alleged Clean Air
Act violations In one case the engine manufacturer shipped more than 590000 highway and
non-road diesel engines to the vehicle assemblers without the aftertreatment devices andor with
improperly configured fuel injector and map settings
One manufacturer has to pay a $255 million penalty and continue a recall of noncompliant
engines
28 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Stage IIIB
Tier 4
CO2
GHG
Fuel Consumption
Emission Diagnostics
In-use Testing
29 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Alternative Fuels
NESHAPNSPS Air Quality Requirements
Tier 4
Gothenburg Protocol
World Bank
30 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
31 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Emissions
32 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
International Maritime Organization (IMO) Regulation
IMO is the United Nations specialized agency responsible for the safety
security and prevention of marine pollution by ships
IMO publishes the Marine Pollution (MARPOL) regulation which affects all
ocean going vessels and can be applied as emissions standards to domestic-
and foreign-flagged vessels
MARPOL covers all kinds and sources of pollutions caused by vessels not only
the engine emissions Engine emissions are regulated by Annex-VI of MARPOL
and has a NOx limit It also enables local regions to restrict the use of fuels with
high sulfur content (Heavy Fuel Oil HFO) as a measure against SOx emissions
In pollution sensitive areas geographically-based limits will focus to reduce NOx
SOx and PM emissions To achieve air quality benefits at reasonable costs it
allows different options better fuel or the use of exhaust aftertreatment systems
IMO will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
33 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
USA Regulation bull In the USA marine diesel engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
bull 2004 in addition US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandated a
reduction in PM and NOx
bull 2012 EPA Tier-3 has further reduce PM by 50 and NOx by 20 and will require
the use of 15ppm Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)
bull In 2014 EPA Tier-4 will further reduce PM by 90 and NOx by 80 for commercial
engines with more than 600 kW compared to Tier-2 in certain local areas
bull USA will also implement a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
bull Testing procedures and measurement equipment must follow CFR-1065 regulation
EU Regulation In Europe marine engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
For inland water ways ships also must fulfill the Directive 200426EC amended by
201026EU This is the same Directive which applies for all Non-Road Mobile
Machineries in Europe
For certain locale water ways also additional requirements exist like the river Rhine or
Lake Constance
34 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Test Cycles
35 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
36 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Fuel and Sulfur Oxides
1 Liter Heavy Fuel Oil
37 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
38 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Engine test bed certification All propulsion engines - small large and very large engines must show its
compliance with the emission standards on an engine test bed These tests
are done in the same way as for most other engine applications like non
road mobile machinery engines The test bed tests have also to be done
nevertheless if the engine gets modified when it is installed on board
Large ships also have auxiliary engines for example to produce electricity
on board Also these engines have to be certified on an engine test bed
Since these engines are not used for the ship propulsion other engine test
cycles apply like the ISO 8178 C1 or D2 cycle
Additional on-board certification Such engines will often be modified or fine-tuned after the test bed
certification was done and the engine is installed into the ship
Then the test bed certification is seen as a pre-certification which must be
followed by an on-board emission verification
A ship propeller has a certain correlation between speed and torque the so
called propeller law Since the test cycles follow this propeller law it is
possible to repeat the test bed test also on -board
Most engine parameters and especially emissions are measured on-board
Engine parameters which canrsquot be measured on-board can be copied from
the test bed test
39 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Not to Exceed requirements
IMO and US-EPA will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement
There the emission under realistic in-use operation conditions will be
verified
IM requirements Regular inspection and maintenance verification is done during the whole
life-time This can be done by one out of three methods
bull An engine parameter check which verifies certain engines
components settings and operating values which could affect the
emissions (is typically a time consuming work)
bull A simplified verification of the emission on board like the on board
certification test
bull A direct monitoring method which is using fixed installed on board
emission measurement system
40 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TESTING Marine Applications
Notes
Higher potential of corrosion
and contamination because
of high SO2 in exhaust
bull Back-flush and
after sample purge
bull more frequent
maintenance and
service
Consider sample boost
pumps because of long
sample line length since the
engines are very large
Large diversity of fuel types
and fuel parameters
especially in case of FTIR
evaluation packages
SCR and SOx Scrubber
issues
41 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
42 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
ZERO EMISSIONS VERSUS CO2 A local versus a global problem
Pollutant Emission is a local problem
Even when some emission components may be transported
over some 100 kilometers like particulates Mostly only the
people and environment of this region or especially of a city is
effected by pollution problems
Green House Gas Emissions is a global problem
Green House Gas (GHG) emissions will effect the climatic
conditions of the entire world and change the climate Often the
region which might be effected by the weather catastrophes
are not emitting large amounts of GHG emissions but will
suffer
43 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE CHALLENGES Green-House-Gas emissions and Global Warming
CO2 emitted per country
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per country
1 China
2 USA
3 India
4 Russia
CO2 emitted per person
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per person
1 USA
2 Canada
3 Australia
4 Middle East
44 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Achievements and targets
SIAM BEE
Proposals
2015 121 ndash 155 gkm
2020 104 ndash 136 gkm
Source ICAT 2012
4 l100km
25 kml
65 mpg
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
17 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
EU
EU Emission Legislation
bull Euro-VI has started 2013
bull In addition to Particulate Mass (PM) also Particle Number (PN) limits for Diesel
bull Euro-VII isnrsquot defined yet CO2 and fuel consumption requirements will come next
EU and UN-ECE Emission Regulation
bull Euro-VI test procedure is based on Global Test Procedure GTR-04 from UN-ECE
bull New World Harmonized Stationary Cycle (WHSC) and World Harmonized
Transient Cycle (WHTC) is used
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo requirements limit emissions also during any ldquonormalrdquo
driving operation That is done by
bull an Off Cycle Emissions (OCE) stationary engine test cycle with 15 random
engine speedtorque points
bull and with the vehicle on the road by Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
Main issues for development
bull Diesel PN limits
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
18 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
1992 1996 2000 2005 2008 2013
Moderate Reduction (lt30) Large Reduction (gt30)
Test cycles
EU-I+II
13-Mode
EU-III+IV
ESC
EU-VI
WHSC
CO 450 400 210 150 150 150
THC
NOx
NMHC
CH4
PM
PN
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
kWh
NH3 ppm
CO2 FC gkW-h
NO2 gkW-h
110 110 066 046 046 013
800 700 500 350 200 040
360 015 010 002 002 001
25 25 10
8 E11
no
6 E11
Test cycles
EU-III+IV
ETC
EU-VI
WHSC
CO 540 400 400 400
THC
NOx
NMHC
CH4
PM
PN
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
kWh
NH3 ppm
CO2 FC gkW-h
NO2 gkW-h
016
500 350 200 046
016 003 003 001
25 25 10
no
078 055 055
160 110 110
Tbd
Tbd
I EU
II III IV V VI
19 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
USA Emission Legislation
bull Harmonization of EPA and CARB regulations
bull In addition to CO2 also CH4 and N2O must be measured and reported for Green-
House-Gas (GHC) legislation
USA Emission Regulation
bull Test procedure is based on CFR-1065 (very different to old CFR-86 or EU)
bull All Calculations are based on mol or CFR-86
bull Performance specifications are based on statistical evaluations and limits
are not anymore related to measurement ranges but on the actual
emissions of the engine tested and the emission limit
bull Analyzer must not switch analog gains for continuous measurement
bull CLD analyzers must meet very small CO2 and H2O quenching specs
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo limit emissions during normal driving operation That is
done with the vehicle on the road by Portable Emission Measurement Systems
(PEMS)
Main issues for development
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
20 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
HEAVY DUTY ON-ROAD ENGINE Engine Test Bed
NH3 NH3
Emission Engine Test Bed with CVS
bull Automation system iGEM Engine
bull Full Flow Dilution with CVS i60
bull Diluted gaseous emission bench AMA i60
bull Particulate Sampler PSS i60 with integrated particle
counter APC
bull NH3 Analyzer SESAM i60 FT or LDD
Emission Engine Test Bed with SPC
bull Automation system iGEM Engine
bull Partial flow Dilution with SPC
bull Raw gaseous emission bench AMA i60
bull Particle counter APC connected to SPC
bull NH3 Analyzer SESAM i60 FT or LDD
Also US-EPA is now accepting partial flow dilution and raw gaseous emission measurement
for stationary and transient testing
21 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
22 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Off-Road - ABGASGESETZGEBUNG Herausforderungen
EU
EU und UN-ECE Emission Standards
bull Limits also for engines with over 560kW
bull Global Technical regulation GTR-11 will be implemented
bull Agricultural and forestry tractors will be covered also by Non-Road Mobile
Machinery legislation (before a separate legislation))
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo measurement with PEMS under evaluation
bull Discussions for Stage V (2020) to implement also a PN limit Currently Non-
Road Stage IV engines are often using open filter systems
US-EPA and CARB Standards
bull Test procedure is based on CFR-1065 which is quite different compared to
old US or European legislation
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo measurement with PEMS under evaluation
23 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Pollution Control
Off-Road engine applications are the last combustion engine
application which gets effected by emission legislation
App 2000 the fist emission legislations came up for Off-Road
App 2011 most of the off-road applications are effected by emission
legislation
In order to fulfill most off-road legislation emission limits more and
more engines will require the use of an exhaust aftertreatment
technology
24 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Transienter Pruumlflauf NRTC (Non Road Transient Cycle)
Transient
Test Cycle
Stationary
Test Cycle
25 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Space limitations
bull Most off-road applications have a limited space available Like on a
tractor it is important that the driver can see the front wheels
bull To mount additionally an exhaust aftertreatment systems is
challenging especially since these devices get very hot
Load profile and exhaust temperature
bull Often the average engine load is very for most of the operation
times Only for a short period of time the maximum engine power is
used Which results in low average exhaust temperatures
bull With such low exhaust temperatures exhaust aftertreatment
systems will not work or can not be properly regenerated
26 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-HIGHWAY ANWENDUNGEN Herausforderung Abgasnachbehandlung
100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Exhaust Temperature [degC]
Amount of time when exhaust temperature is suitable for
Exhaust after treatment systems (T ge T Abgas)
SCR Continuous Regenerating DPF (NO2)
20
40
60
80
100
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
20
40
60
80
100
Traktor beim
Saumlen
Traktor
beim Fahren
NRTC
Non Road
Transient Cycle
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
Gabelstapler
27 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Shared responsibility
bull Very often the machinery manufacturer and the engine manufacturer are two different companies
The machinery manufacturer buys an engine from the engine manufacturer The engine
manufacturer is responsible for the emission type approval of the engine
bull When the engine needs an exhaust aftertreatment system to fulfill the limit which is very much
integrated in the machinery who will supply the exhaust aftertreatment system and who is finally
responsible for the emissions
USA
US Engine manufacturer penalized for Clean Air Act violations
US EPA announced a settlement with two US engine manufacturer to resolve alleged Clean Air
Act violations In one case the engine manufacturer shipped more than 590000 highway and
non-road diesel engines to the vehicle assemblers without the aftertreatment devices andor with
improperly configured fuel injector and map settings
One manufacturer has to pay a $255 million penalty and continue a recall of noncompliant
engines
28 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Stage IIIB
Tier 4
CO2
GHG
Fuel Consumption
Emission Diagnostics
In-use Testing
29 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Alternative Fuels
NESHAPNSPS Air Quality Requirements
Tier 4
Gothenburg Protocol
World Bank
30 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
31 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Emissions
32 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
International Maritime Organization (IMO) Regulation
IMO is the United Nations specialized agency responsible for the safety
security and prevention of marine pollution by ships
IMO publishes the Marine Pollution (MARPOL) regulation which affects all
ocean going vessels and can be applied as emissions standards to domestic-
and foreign-flagged vessels
MARPOL covers all kinds and sources of pollutions caused by vessels not only
the engine emissions Engine emissions are regulated by Annex-VI of MARPOL
and has a NOx limit It also enables local regions to restrict the use of fuels with
high sulfur content (Heavy Fuel Oil HFO) as a measure against SOx emissions
In pollution sensitive areas geographically-based limits will focus to reduce NOx
SOx and PM emissions To achieve air quality benefits at reasonable costs it
allows different options better fuel or the use of exhaust aftertreatment systems
IMO will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
33 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
USA Regulation bull In the USA marine diesel engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
bull 2004 in addition US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandated a
reduction in PM and NOx
bull 2012 EPA Tier-3 has further reduce PM by 50 and NOx by 20 and will require
the use of 15ppm Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)
bull In 2014 EPA Tier-4 will further reduce PM by 90 and NOx by 80 for commercial
engines with more than 600 kW compared to Tier-2 in certain local areas
bull USA will also implement a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
bull Testing procedures and measurement equipment must follow CFR-1065 regulation
EU Regulation In Europe marine engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
For inland water ways ships also must fulfill the Directive 200426EC amended by
201026EU This is the same Directive which applies for all Non-Road Mobile
Machineries in Europe
For certain locale water ways also additional requirements exist like the river Rhine or
Lake Constance
34 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Test Cycles
35 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
36 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Fuel and Sulfur Oxides
1 Liter Heavy Fuel Oil
37 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
38 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Engine test bed certification All propulsion engines - small large and very large engines must show its
compliance with the emission standards on an engine test bed These tests
are done in the same way as for most other engine applications like non
road mobile machinery engines The test bed tests have also to be done
nevertheless if the engine gets modified when it is installed on board
Large ships also have auxiliary engines for example to produce electricity
on board Also these engines have to be certified on an engine test bed
Since these engines are not used for the ship propulsion other engine test
cycles apply like the ISO 8178 C1 or D2 cycle
Additional on-board certification Such engines will often be modified or fine-tuned after the test bed
certification was done and the engine is installed into the ship
Then the test bed certification is seen as a pre-certification which must be
followed by an on-board emission verification
A ship propeller has a certain correlation between speed and torque the so
called propeller law Since the test cycles follow this propeller law it is
possible to repeat the test bed test also on -board
Most engine parameters and especially emissions are measured on-board
Engine parameters which canrsquot be measured on-board can be copied from
the test bed test
39 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Not to Exceed requirements
IMO and US-EPA will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement
There the emission under realistic in-use operation conditions will be
verified
IM requirements Regular inspection and maintenance verification is done during the whole
life-time This can be done by one out of three methods
bull An engine parameter check which verifies certain engines
components settings and operating values which could affect the
emissions (is typically a time consuming work)
bull A simplified verification of the emission on board like the on board
certification test
bull A direct monitoring method which is using fixed installed on board
emission measurement system
40 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TESTING Marine Applications
Notes
Higher potential of corrosion
and contamination because
of high SO2 in exhaust
bull Back-flush and
after sample purge
bull more frequent
maintenance and
service
Consider sample boost
pumps because of long
sample line length since the
engines are very large
Large diversity of fuel types
and fuel parameters
especially in case of FTIR
evaluation packages
SCR and SOx Scrubber
issues
41 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
42 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
ZERO EMISSIONS VERSUS CO2 A local versus a global problem
Pollutant Emission is a local problem
Even when some emission components may be transported
over some 100 kilometers like particulates Mostly only the
people and environment of this region or especially of a city is
effected by pollution problems
Green House Gas Emissions is a global problem
Green House Gas (GHG) emissions will effect the climatic
conditions of the entire world and change the climate Often the
region which might be effected by the weather catastrophes
are not emitting large amounts of GHG emissions but will
suffer
43 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE CHALLENGES Green-House-Gas emissions and Global Warming
CO2 emitted per country
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per country
1 China
2 USA
3 India
4 Russia
CO2 emitted per person
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per person
1 USA
2 Canada
3 Australia
4 Middle East
44 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Achievements and targets
SIAM BEE
Proposals
2015 121 ndash 155 gkm
2020 104 ndash 136 gkm
Source ICAT 2012
4 l100km
25 kml
65 mpg
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
18 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
1992 1996 2000 2005 2008 2013
Moderate Reduction (lt30) Large Reduction (gt30)
Test cycles
EU-I+II
13-Mode
EU-III+IV
ESC
EU-VI
WHSC
CO 450 400 210 150 150 150
THC
NOx
NMHC
CH4
PM
PN
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
kWh
NH3 ppm
CO2 FC gkW-h
NO2 gkW-h
110 110 066 046 046 013
800 700 500 350 200 040
360 015 010 002 002 001
25 25 10
8 E11
no
6 E11
Test cycles
EU-III+IV
ETC
EU-VI
WHSC
CO 540 400 400 400
THC
NOx
NMHC
CH4
PM
PN
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
gkW-h
kWh
NH3 ppm
CO2 FC gkW-h
NO2 gkW-h
016
500 350 200 046
016 003 003 001
25 25 10
no
078 055 055
160 110 110
Tbd
Tbd
I EU
II III IV V VI
19 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
USA Emission Legislation
bull Harmonization of EPA and CARB regulations
bull In addition to CO2 also CH4 and N2O must be measured and reported for Green-
House-Gas (GHC) legislation
USA Emission Regulation
bull Test procedure is based on CFR-1065 (very different to old CFR-86 or EU)
bull All Calculations are based on mol or CFR-86
bull Performance specifications are based on statistical evaluations and limits
are not anymore related to measurement ranges but on the actual
emissions of the engine tested and the emission limit
bull Analyzer must not switch analog gains for continuous measurement
bull CLD analyzers must meet very small CO2 and H2O quenching specs
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo limit emissions during normal driving operation That is
done with the vehicle on the road by Portable Emission Measurement Systems
(PEMS)
Main issues for development
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
20 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
HEAVY DUTY ON-ROAD ENGINE Engine Test Bed
NH3 NH3
Emission Engine Test Bed with CVS
bull Automation system iGEM Engine
bull Full Flow Dilution with CVS i60
bull Diluted gaseous emission bench AMA i60
bull Particulate Sampler PSS i60 with integrated particle
counter APC
bull NH3 Analyzer SESAM i60 FT or LDD
Emission Engine Test Bed with SPC
bull Automation system iGEM Engine
bull Partial flow Dilution with SPC
bull Raw gaseous emission bench AMA i60
bull Particle counter APC connected to SPC
bull NH3 Analyzer SESAM i60 FT or LDD
Also US-EPA is now accepting partial flow dilution and raw gaseous emission measurement
for stationary and transient testing
21 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
22 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Off-Road - ABGASGESETZGEBUNG Herausforderungen
EU
EU und UN-ECE Emission Standards
bull Limits also for engines with over 560kW
bull Global Technical regulation GTR-11 will be implemented
bull Agricultural and forestry tractors will be covered also by Non-Road Mobile
Machinery legislation (before a separate legislation))
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo measurement with PEMS under evaluation
bull Discussions for Stage V (2020) to implement also a PN limit Currently Non-
Road Stage IV engines are often using open filter systems
US-EPA and CARB Standards
bull Test procedure is based on CFR-1065 which is quite different compared to
old US or European legislation
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo measurement with PEMS under evaluation
23 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Pollution Control
Off-Road engine applications are the last combustion engine
application which gets effected by emission legislation
App 2000 the fist emission legislations came up for Off-Road
App 2011 most of the off-road applications are effected by emission
legislation
In order to fulfill most off-road legislation emission limits more and
more engines will require the use of an exhaust aftertreatment
technology
24 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Transienter Pruumlflauf NRTC (Non Road Transient Cycle)
Transient
Test Cycle
Stationary
Test Cycle
25 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Space limitations
bull Most off-road applications have a limited space available Like on a
tractor it is important that the driver can see the front wheels
bull To mount additionally an exhaust aftertreatment systems is
challenging especially since these devices get very hot
Load profile and exhaust temperature
bull Often the average engine load is very for most of the operation
times Only for a short period of time the maximum engine power is
used Which results in low average exhaust temperatures
bull With such low exhaust temperatures exhaust aftertreatment
systems will not work or can not be properly regenerated
26 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-HIGHWAY ANWENDUNGEN Herausforderung Abgasnachbehandlung
100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Exhaust Temperature [degC]
Amount of time when exhaust temperature is suitable for
Exhaust after treatment systems (T ge T Abgas)
SCR Continuous Regenerating DPF (NO2)
20
40
60
80
100
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
20
40
60
80
100
Traktor beim
Saumlen
Traktor
beim Fahren
NRTC
Non Road
Transient Cycle
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
Gabelstapler
27 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Shared responsibility
bull Very often the machinery manufacturer and the engine manufacturer are two different companies
The machinery manufacturer buys an engine from the engine manufacturer The engine
manufacturer is responsible for the emission type approval of the engine
bull When the engine needs an exhaust aftertreatment system to fulfill the limit which is very much
integrated in the machinery who will supply the exhaust aftertreatment system and who is finally
responsible for the emissions
USA
US Engine manufacturer penalized for Clean Air Act violations
US EPA announced a settlement with two US engine manufacturer to resolve alleged Clean Air
Act violations In one case the engine manufacturer shipped more than 590000 highway and
non-road diesel engines to the vehicle assemblers without the aftertreatment devices andor with
improperly configured fuel injector and map settings
One manufacturer has to pay a $255 million penalty and continue a recall of noncompliant
engines
28 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Stage IIIB
Tier 4
CO2
GHG
Fuel Consumption
Emission Diagnostics
In-use Testing
29 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Alternative Fuels
NESHAPNSPS Air Quality Requirements
Tier 4
Gothenburg Protocol
World Bank
30 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
31 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Emissions
32 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
International Maritime Organization (IMO) Regulation
IMO is the United Nations specialized agency responsible for the safety
security and prevention of marine pollution by ships
IMO publishes the Marine Pollution (MARPOL) regulation which affects all
ocean going vessels and can be applied as emissions standards to domestic-
and foreign-flagged vessels
MARPOL covers all kinds and sources of pollutions caused by vessels not only
the engine emissions Engine emissions are regulated by Annex-VI of MARPOL
and has a NOx limit It also enables local regions to restrict the use of fuels with
high sulfur content (Heavy Fuel Oil HFO) as a measure against SOx emissions
In pollution sensitive areas geographically-based limits will focus to reduce NOx
SOx and PM emissions To achieve air quality benefits at reasonable costs it
allows different options better fuel or the use of exhaust aftertreatment systems
IMO will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
33 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
USA Regulation bull In the USA marine diesel engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
bull 2004 in addition US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandated a
reduction in PM and NOx
bull 2012 EPA Tier-3 has further reduce PM by 50 and NOx by 20 and will require
the use of 15ppm Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)
bull In 2014 EPA Tier-4 will further reduce PM by 90 and NOx by 80 for commercial
engines with more than 600 kW compared to Tier-2 in certain local areas
bull USA will also implement a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
bull Testing procedures and measurement equipment must follow CFR-1065 regulation
EU Regulation In Europe marine engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
For inland water ways ships also must fulfill the Directive 200426EC amended by
201026EU This is the same Directive which applies for all Non-Road Mobile
Machineries in Europe
For certain locale water ways also additional requirements exist like the river Rhine or
Lake Constance
34 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Test Cycles
35 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
36 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Fuel and Sulfur Oxides
1 Liter Heavy Fuel Oil
37 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
38 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Engine test bed certification All propulsion engines - small large and very large engines must show its
compliance with the emission standards on an engine test bed These tests
are done in the same way as for most other engine applications like non
road mobile machinery engines The test bed tests have also to be done
nevertheless if the engine gets modified when it is installed on board
Large ships also have auxiliary engines for example to produce electricity
on board Also these engines have to be certified on an engine test bed
Since these engines are not used for the ship propulsion other engine test
cycles apply like the ISO 8178 C1 or D2 cycle
Additional on-board certification Such engines will often be modified or fine-tuned after the test bed
certification was done and the engine is installed into the ship
Then the test bed certification is seen as a pre-certification which must be
followed by an on-board emission verification
A ship propeller has a certain correlation between speed and torque the so
called propeller law Since the test cycles follow this propeller law it is
possible to repeat the test bed test also on -board
Most engine parameters and especially emissions are measured on-board
Engine parameters which canrsquot be measured on-board can be copied from
the test bed test
39 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Not to Exceed requirements
IMO and US-EPA will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement
There the emission under realistic in-use operation conditions will be
verified
IM requirements Regular inspection and maintenance verification is done during the whole
life-time This can be done by one out of three methods
bull An engine parameter check which verifies certain engines
components settings and operating values which could affect the
emissions (is typically a time consuming work)
bull A simplified verification of the emission on board like the on board
certification test
bull A direct monitoring method which is using fixed installed on board
emission measurement system
40 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TESTING Marine Applications
Notes
Higher potential of corrosion
and contamination because
of high SO2 in exhaust
bull Back-flush and
after sample purge
bull more frequent
maintenance and
service
Consider sample boost
pumps because of long
sample line length since the
engines are very large
Large diversity of fuel types
and fuel parameters
especially in case of FTIR
evaluation packages
SCR and SOx Scrubber
issues
41 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
42 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
ZERO EMISSIONS VERSUS CO2 A local versus a global problem
Pollutant Emission is a local problem
Even when some emission components may be transported
over some 100 kilometers like particulates Mostly only the
people and environment of this region or especially of a city is
effected by pollution problems
Green House Gas Emissions is a global problem
Green House Gas (GHG) emissions will effect the climatic
conditions of the entire world and change the climate Often the
region which might be effected by the weather catastrophes
are not emitting large amounts of GHG emissions but will
suffer
43 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE CHALLENGES Green-House-Gas emissions and Global Warming
CO2 emitted per country
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per country
1 China
2 USA
3 India
4 Russia
CO2 emitted per person
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per person
1 USA
2 Canada
3 Australia
4 Middle East
44 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Achievements and targets
SIAM BEE
Proposals
2015 121 ndash 155 gkm
2020 104 ndash 136 gkm
Source ICAT 2012
4 l100km
25 kml
65 mpg
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
19 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EU EMISSION LEGISLATION TRENDS Heavy Duty ndash On-Road Engines
USA Emission Legislation
bull Harmonization of EPA and CARB regulations
bull In addition to CO2 also CH4 and N2O must be measured and reported for Green-
House-Gas (GHC) legislation
USA Emission Regulation
bull Test procedure is based on CFR-1065 (very different to old CFR-86 or EU)
bull All Calculations are based on mol or CFR-86
bull Performance specifications are based on statistical evaluations and limits
are not anymore related to measurement ranges but on the actual
emissions of the engine tested and the emission limit
bull Analyzer must not switch analog gains for continuous measurement
bull CLD analyzers must meet very small CO2 and H2O quenching specs
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo limit emissions during normal driving operation That is
done with the vehicle on the road by Portable Emission Measurement Systems
(PEMS)
Main issues for development
bull Engine calibration for a wide range of engine operation conditions (speed torque
temperatures altitudes hellip) to meet real driving emission requirements
20 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
HEAVY DUTY ON-ROAD ENGINE Engine Test Bed
NH3 NH3
Emission Engine Test Bed with CVS
bull Automation system iGEM Engine
bull Full Flow Dilution with CVS i60
bull Diluted gaseous emission bench AMA i60
bull Particulate Sampler PSS i60 with integrated particle
counter APC
bull NH3 Analyzer SESAM i60 FT or LDD
Emission Engine Test Bed with SPC
bull Automation system iGEM Engine
bull Partial flow Dilution with SPC
bull Raw gaseous emission bench AMA i60
bull Particle counter APC connected to SPC
bull NH3 Analyzer SESAM i60 FT or LDD
Also US-EPA is now accepting partial flow dilution and raw gaseous emission measurement
for stationary and transient testing
21 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
22 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Off-Road - ABGASGESETZGEBUNG Herausforderungen
EU
EU und UN-ECE Emission Standards
bull Limits also for engines with over 560kW
bull Global Technical regulation GTR-11 will be implemented
bull Agricultural and forestry tractors will be covered also by Non-Road Mobile
Machinery legislation (before a separate legislation))
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo measurement with PEMS under evaluation
bull Discussions for Stage V (2020) to implement also a PN limit Currently Non-
Road Stage IV engines are often using open filter systems
US-EPA and CARB Standards
bull Test procedure is based on CFR-1065 which is quite different compared to
old US or European legislation
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo measurement with PEMS under evaluation
23 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Pollution Control
Off-Road engine applications are the last combustion engine
application which gets effected by emission legislation
App 2000 the fist emission legislations came up for Off-Road
App 2011 most of the off-road applications are effected by emission
legislation
In order to fulfill most off-road legislation emission limits more and
more engines will require the use of an exhaust aftertreatment
technology
24 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Transienter Pruumlflauf NRTC (Non Road Transient Cycle)
Transient
Test Cycle
Stationary
Test Cycle
25 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Space limitations
bull Most off-road applications have a limited space available Like on a
tractor it is important that the driver can see the front wheels
bull To mount additionally an exhaust aftertreatment systems is
challenging especially since these devices get very hot
Load profile and exhaust temperature
bull Often the average engine load is very for most of the operation
times Only for a short period of time the maximum engine power is
used Which results in low average exhaust temperatures
bull With such low exhaust temperatures exhaust aftertreatment
systems will not work or can not be properly regenerated
26 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-HIGHWAY ANWENDUNGEN Herausforderung Abgasnachbehandlung
100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Exhaust Temperature [degC]
Amount of time when exhaust temperature is suitable for
Exhaust after treatment systems (T ge T Abgas)
SCR Continuous Regenerating DPF (NO2)
20
40
60
80
100
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
20
40
60
80
100
Traktor beim
Saumlen
Traktor
beim Fahren
NRTC
Non Road
Transient Cycle
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
Gabelstapler
27 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Shared responsibility
bull Very often the machinery manufacturer and the engine manufacturer are two different companies
The machinery manufacturer buys an engine from the engine manufacturer The engine
manufacturer is responsible for the emission type approval of the engine
bull When the engine needs an exhaust aftertreatment system to fulfill the limit which is very much
integrated in the machinery who will supply the exhaust aftertreatment system and who is finally
responsible for the emissions
USA
US Engine manufacturer penalized for Clean Air Act violations
US EPA announced a settlement with two US engine manufacturer to resolve alleged Clean Air
Act violations In one case the engine manufacturer shipped more than 590000 highway and
non-road diesel engines to the vehicle assemblers without the aftertreatment devices andor with
improperly configured fuel injector and map settings
One manufacturer has to pay a $255 million penalty and continue a recall of noncompliant
engines
28 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Stage IIIB
Tier 4
CO2
GHG
Fuel Consumption
Emission Diagnostics
In-use Testing
29 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Alternative Fuels
NESHAPNSPS Air Quality Requirements
Tier 4
Gothenburg Protocol
World Bank
30 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
31 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Emissions
32 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
International Maritime Organization (IMO) Regulation
IMO is the United Nations specialized agency responsible for the safety
security and prevention of marine pollution by ships
IMO publishes the Marine Pollution (MARPOL) regulation which affects all
ocean going vessels and can be applied as emissions standards to domestic-
and foreign-flagged vessels
MARPOL covers all kinds and sources of pollutions caused by vessels not only
the engine emissions Engine emissions are regulated by Annex-VI of MARPOL
and has a NOx limit It also enables local regions to restrict the use of fuels with
high sulfur content (Heavy Fuel Oil HFO) as a measure against SOx emissions
In pollution sensitive areas geographically-based limits will focus to reduce NOx
SOx and PM emissions To achieve air quality benefits at reasonable costs it
allows different options better fuel or the use of exhaust aftertreatment systems
IMO will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
33 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
USA Regulation bull In the USA marine diesel engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
bull 2004 in addition US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandated a
reduction in PM and NOx
bull 2012 EPA Tier-3 has further reduce PM by 50 and NOx by 20 and will require
the use of 15ppm Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)
bull In 2014 EPA Tier-4 will further reduce PM by 90 and NOx by 80 for commercial
engines with more than 600 kW compared to Tier-2 in certain local areas
bull USA will also implement a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
bull Testing procedures and measurement equipment must follow CFR-1065 regulation
EU Regulation In Europe marine engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
For inland water ways ships also must fulfill the Directive 200426EC amended by
201026EU This is the same Directive which applies for all Non-Road Mobile
Machineries in Europe
For certain locale water ways also additional requirements exist like the river Rhine or
Lake Constance
34 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Test Cycles
35 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
36 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Fuel and Sulfur Oxides
1 Liter Heavy Fuel Oil
37 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
38 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Engine test bed certification All propulsion engines - small large and very large engines must show its
compliance with the emission standards on an engine test bed These tests
are done in the same way as for most other engine applications like non
road mobile machinery engines The test bed tests have also to be done
nevertheless if the engine gets modified when it is installed on board
Large ships also have auxiliary engines for example to produce electricity
on board Also these engines have to be certified on an engine test bed
Since these engines are not used for the ship propulsion other engine test
cycles apply like the ISO 8178 C1 or D2 cycle
Additional on-board certification Such engines will often be modified or fine-tuned after the test bed
certification was done and the engine is installed into the ship
Then the test bed certification is seen as a pre-certification which must be
followed by an on-board emission verification
A ship propeller has a certain correlation between speed and torque the so
called propeller law Since the test cycles follow this propeller law it is
possible to repeat the test bed test also on -board
Most engine parameters and especially emissions are measured on-board
Engine parameters which canrsquot be measured on-board can be copied from
the test bed test
39 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Not to Exceed requirements
IMO and US-EPA will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement
There the emission under realistic in-use operation conditions will be
verified
IM requirements Regular inspection and maintenance verification is done during the whole
life-time This can be done by one out of three methods
bull An engine parameter check which verifies certain engines
components settings and operating values which could affect the
emissions (is typically a time consuming work)
bull A simplified verification of the emission on board like the on board
certification test
bull A direct monitoring method which is using fixed installed on board
emission measurement system
40 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TESTING Marine Applications
Notes
Higher potential of corrosion
and contamination because
of high SO2 in exhaust
bull Back-flush and
after sample purge
bull more frequent
maintenance and
service
Consider sample boost
pumps because of long
sample line length since the
engines are very large
Large diversity of fuel types
and fuel parameters
especially in case of FTIR
evaluation packages
SCR and SOx Scrubber
issues
41 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
42 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
ZERO EMISSIONS VERSUS CO2 A local versus a global problem
Pollutant Emission is a local problem
Even when some emission components may be transported
over some 100 kilometers like particulates Mostly only the
people and environment of this region or especially of a city is
effected by pollution problems
Green House Gas Emissions is a global problem
Green House Gas (GHG) emissions will effect the climatic
conditions of the entire world and change the climate Often the
region which might be effected by the weather catastrophes
are not emitting large amounts of GHG emissions but will
suffer
43 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE CHALLENGES Green-House-Gas emissions and Global Warming
CO2 emitted per country
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per country
1 China
2 USA
3 India
4 Russia
CO2 emitted per person
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per person
1 USA
2 Canada
3 Australia
4 Middle East
44 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Achievements and targets
SIAM BEE
Proposals
2015 121 ndash 155 gkm
2020 104 ndash 136 gkm
Source ICAT 2012
4 l100km
25 kml
65 mpg
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
20 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
HEAVY DUTY ON-ROAD ENGINE Engine Test Bed
NH3 NH3
Emission Engine Test Bed with CVS
bull Automation system iGEM Engine
bull Full Flow Dilution with CVS i60
bull Diluted gaseous emission bench AMA i60
bull Particulate Sampler PSS i60 with integrated particle
counter APC
bull NH3 Analyzer SESAM i60 FT or LDD
Emission Engine Test Bed with SPC
bull Automation system iGEM Engine
bull Partial flow Dilution with SPC
bull Raw gaseous emission bench AMA i60
bull Particle counter APC connected to SPC
bull NH3 Analyzer SESAM i60 FT or LDD
Also US-EPA is now accepting partial flow dilution and raw gaseous emission measurement
for stationary and transient testing
21 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
22 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Off-Road - ABGASGESETZGEBUNG Herausforderungen
EU
EU und UN-ECE Emission Standards
bull Limits also for engines with over 560kW
bull Global Technical regulation GTR-11 will be implemented
bull Agricultural and forestry tractors will be covered also by Non-Road Mobile
Machinery legislation (before a separate legislation))
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo measurement with PEMS under evaluation
bull Discussions for Stage V (2020) to implement also a PN limit Currently Non-
Road Stage IV engines are often using open filter systems
US-EPA and CARB Standards
bull Test procedure is based on CFR-1065 which is quite different compared to
old US or European legislation
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo measurement with PEMS under evaluation
23 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Pollution Control
Off-Road engine applications are the last combustion engine
application which gets effected by emission legislation
App 2000 the fist emission legislations came up for Off-Road
App 2011 most of the off-road applications are effected by emission
legislation
In order to fulfill most off-road legislation emission limits more and
more engines will require the use of an exhaust aftertreatment
technology
24 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Transienter Pruumlflauf NRTC (Non Road Transient Cycle)
Transient
Test Cycle
Stationary
Test Cycle
25 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Space limitations
bull Most off-road applications have a limited space available Like on a
tractor it is important that the driver can see the front wheels
bull To mount additionally an exhaust aftertreatment systems is
challenging especially since these devices get very hot
Load profile and exhaust temperature
bull Often the average engine load is very for most of the operation
times Only for a short period of time the maximum engine power is
used Which results in low average exhaust temperatures
bull With such low exhaust temperatures exhaust aftertreatment
systems will not work or can not be properly regenerated
26 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-HIGHWAY ANWENDUNGEN Herausforderung Abgasnachbehandlung
100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Exhaust Temperature [degC]
Amount of time when exhaust temperature is suitable for
Exhaust after treatment systems (T ge T Abgas)
SCR Continuous Regenerating DPF (NO2)
20
40
60
80
100
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
20
40
60
80
100
Traktor beim
Saumlen
Traktor
beim Fahren
NRTC
Non Road
Transient Cycle
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
Gabelstapler
27 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Shared responsibility
bull Very often the machinery manufacturer and the engine manufacturer are two different companies
The machinery manufacturer buys an engine from the engine manufacturer The engine
manufacturer is responsible for the emission type approval of the engine
bull When the engine needs an exhaust aftertreatment system to fulfill the limit which is very much
integrated in the machinery who will supply the exhaust aftertreatment system and who is finally
responsible for the emissions
USA
US Engine manufacturer penalized for Clean Air Act violations
US EPA announced a settlement with two US engine manufacturer to resolve alleged Clean Air
Act violations In one case the engine manufacturer shipped more than 590000 highway and
non-road diesel engines to the vehicle assemblers without the aftertreatment devices andor with
improperly configured fuel injector and map settings
One manufacturer has to pay a $255 million penalty and continue a recall of noncompliant
engines
28 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Stage IIIB
Tier 4
CO2
GHG
Fuel Consumption
Emission Diagnostics
In-use Testing
29 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Alternative Fuels
NESHAPNSPS Air Quality Requirements
Tier 4
Gothenburg Protocol
World Bank
30 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
31 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Emissions
32 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
International Maritime Organization (IMO) Regulation
IMO is the United Nations specialized agency responsible for the safety
security and prevention of marine pollution by ships
IMO publishes the Marine Pollution (MARPOL) regulation which affects all
ocean going vessels and can be applied as emissions standards to domestic-
and foreign-flagged vessels
MARPOL covers all kinds and sources of pollutions caused by vessels not only
the engine emissions Engine emissions are regulated by Annex-VI of MARPOL
and has a NOx limit It also enables local regions to restrict the use of fuels with
high sulfur content (Heavy Fuel Oil HFO) as a measure against SOx emissions
In pollution sensitive areas geographically-based limits will focus to reduce NOx
SOx and PM emissions To achieve air quality benefits at reasonable costs it
allows different options better fuel or the use of exhaust aftertreatment systems
IMO will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
33 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
USA Regulation bull In the USA marine diesel engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
bull 2004 in addition US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandated a
reduction in PM and NOx
bull 2012 EPA Tier-3 has further reduce PM by 50 and NOx by 20 and will require
the use of 15ppm Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)
bull In 2014 EPA Tier-4 will further reduce PM by 90 and NOx by 80 for commercial
engines with more than 600 kW compared to Tier-2 in certain local areas
bull USA will also implement a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
bull Testing procedures and measurement equipment must follow CFR-1065 regulation
EU Regulation In Europe marine engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
For inland water ways ships also must fulfill the Directive 200426EC amended by
201026EU This is the same Directive which applies for all Non-Road Mobile
Machineries in Europe
For certain locale water ways also additional requirements exist like the river Rhine or
Lake Constance
34 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Test Cycles
35 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
36 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Fuel and Sulfur Oxides
1 Liter Heavy Fuel Oil
37 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
38 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Engine test bed certification All propulsion engines - small large and very large engines must show its
compliance with the emission standards on an engine test bed These tests
are done in the same way as for most other engine applications like non
road mobile machinery engines The test bed tests have also to be done
nevertheless if the engine gets modified when it is installed on board
Large ships also have auxiliary engines for example to produce electricity
on board Also these engines have to be certified on an engine test bed
Since these engines are not used for the ship propulsion other engine test
cycles apply like the ISO 8178 C1 or D2 cycle
Additional on-board certification Such engines will often be modified or fine-tuned after the test bed
certification was done and the engine is installed into the ship
Then the test bed certification is seen as a pre-certification which must be
followed by an on-board emission verification
A ship propeller has a certain correlation between speed and torque the so
called propeller law Since the test cycles follow this propeller law it is
possible to repeat the test bed test also on -board
Most engine parameters and especially emissions are measured on-board
Engine parameters which canrsquot be measured on-board can be copied from
the test bed test
39 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Not to Exceed requirements
IMO and US-EPA will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement
There the emission under realistic in-use operation conditions will be
verified
IM requirements Regular inspection and maintenance verification is done during the whole
life-time This can be done by one out of three methods
bull An engine parameter check which verifies certain engines
components settings and operating values which could affect the
emissions (is typically a time consuming work)
bull A simplified verification of the emission on board like the on board
certification test
bull A direct monitoring method which is using fixed installed on board
emission measurement system
40 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TESTING Marine Applications
Notes
Higher potential of corrosion
and contamination because
of high SO2 in exhaust
bull Back-flush and
after sample purge
bull more frequent
maintenance and
service
Consider sample boost
pumps because of long
sample line length since the
engines are very large
Large diversity of fuel types
and fuel parameters
especially in case of FTIR
evaluation packages
SCR and SOx Scrubber
issues
41 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
42 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
ZERO EMISSIONS VERSUS CO2 A local versus a global problem
Pollutant Emission is a local problem
Even when some emission components may be transported
over some 100 kilometers like particulates Mostly only the
people and environment of this region or especially of a city is
effected by pollution problems
Green House Gas Emissions is a global problem
Green House Gas (GHG) emissions will effect the climatic
conditions of the entire world and change the climate Often the
region which might be effected by the weather catastrophes
are not emitting large amounts of GHG emissions but will
suffer
43 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE CHALLENGES Green-House-Gas emissions and Global Warming
CO2 emitted per country
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per country
1 China
2 USA
3 India
4 Russia
CO2 emitted per person
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per person
1 USA
2 Canada
3 Australia
4 Middle East
44 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Achievements and targets
SIAM BEE
Proposals
2015 121 ndash 155 gkm
2020 104 ndash 136 gkm
Source ICAT 2012
4 l100km
25 kml
65 mpg
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
21 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
22 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Off-Road - ABGASGESETZGEBUNG Herausforderungen
EU
EU und UN-ECE Emission Standards
bull Limits also for engines with over 560kW
bull Global Technical regulation GTR-11 will be implemented
bull Agricultural and forestry tractors will be covered also by Non-Road Mobile
Machinery legislation (before a separate legislation))
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo measurement with PEMS under evaluation
bull Discussions for Stage V (2020) to implement also a PN limit Currently Non-
Road Stage IV engines are often using open filter systems
US-EPA and CARB Standards
bull Test procedure is based on CFR-1065 which is quite different compared to
old US or European legislation
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo measurement with PEMS under evaluation
23 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Pollution Control
Off-Road engine applications are the last combustion engine
application which gets effected by emission legislation
App 2000 the fist emission legislations came up for Off-Road
App 2011 most of the off-road applications are effected by emission
legislation
In order to fulfill most off-road legislation emission limits more and
more engines will require the use of an exhaust aftertreatment
technology
24 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Transienter Pruumlflauf NRTC (Non Road Transient Cycle)
Transient
Test Cycle
Stationary
Test Cycle
25 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Space limitations
bull Most off-road applications have a limited space available Like on a
tractor it is important that the driver can see the front wheels
bull To mount additionally an exhaust aftertreatment systems is
challenging especially since these devices get very hot
Load profile and exhaust temperature
bull Often the average engine load is very for most of the operation
times Only for a short period of time the maximum engine power is
used Which results in low average exhaust temperatures
bull With such low exhaust temperatures exhaust aftertreatment
systems will not work or can not be properly regenerated
26 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-HIGHWAY ANWENDUNGEN Herausforderung Abgasnachbehandlung
100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Exhaust Temperature [degC]
Amount of time when exhaust temperature is suitable for
Exhaust after treatment systems (T ge T Abgas)
SCR Continuous Regenerating DPF (NO2)
20
40
60
80
100
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
20
40
60
80
100
Traktor beim
Saumlen
Traktor
beim Fahren
NRTC
Non Road
Transient Cycle
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
Gabelstapler
27 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Shared responsibility
bull Very often the machinery manufacturer and the engine manufacturer are two different companies
The machinery manufacturer buys an engine from the engine manufacturer The engine
manufacturer is responsible for the emission type approval of the engine
bull When the engine needs an exhaust aftertreatment system to fulfill the limit which is very much
integrated in the machinery who will supply the exhaust aftertreatment system and who is finally
responsible for the emissions
USA
US Engine manufacturer penalized for Clean Air Act violations
US EPA announced a settlement with two US engine manufacturer to resolve alleged Clean Air
Act violations In one case the engine manufacturer shipped more than 590000 highway and
non-road diesel engines to the vehicle assemblers without the aftertreatment devices andor with
improperly configured fuel injector and map settings
One manufacturer has to pay a $255 million penalty and continue a recall of noncompliant
engines
28 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Stage IIIB
Tier 4
CO2
GHG
Fuel Consumption
Emission Diagnostics
In-use Testing
29 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Alternative Fuels
NESHAPNSPS Air Quality Requirements
Tier 4
Gothenburg Protocol
World Bank
30 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
31 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Emissions
32 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
International Maritime Organization (IMO) Regulation
IMO is the United Nations specialized agency responsible for the safety
security and prevention of marine pollution by ships
IMO publishes the Marine Pollution (MARPOL) regulation which affects all
ocean going vessels and can be applied as emissions standards to domestic-
and foreign-flagged vessels
MARPOL covers all kinds and sources of pollutions caused by vessels not only
the engine emissions Engine emissions are regulated by Annex-VI of MARPOL
and has a NOx limit It also enables local regions to restrict the use of fuels with
high sulfur content (Heavy Fuel Oil HFO) as a measure against SOx emissions
In pollution sensitive areas geographically-based limits will focus to reduce NOx
SOx and PM emissions To achieve air quality benefits at reasonable costs it
allows different options better fuel or the use of exhaust aftertreatment systems
IMO will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
33 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
USA Regulation bull In the USA marine diesel engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
bull 2004 in addition US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandated a
reduction in PM and NOx
bull 2012 EPA Tier-3 has further reduce PM by 50 and NOx by 20 and will require
the use of 15ppm Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)
bull In 2014 EPA Tier-4 will further reduce PM by 90 and NOx by 80 for commercial
engines with more than 600 kW compared to Tier-2 in certain local areas
bull USA will also implement a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
bull Testing procedures and measurement equipment must follow CFR-1065 regulation
EU Regulation In Europe marine engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
For inland water ways ships also must fulfill the Directive 200426EC amended by
201026EU This is the same Directive which applies for all Non-Road Mobile
Machineries in Europe
For certain locale water ways also additional requirements exist like the river Rhine or
Lake Constance
34 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Test Cycles
35 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
36 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Fuel and Sulfur Oxides
1 Liter Heavy Fuel Oil
37 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
38 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Engine test bed certification All propulsion engines - small large and very large engines must show its
compliance with the emission standards on an engine test bed These tests
are done in the same way as for most other engine applications like non
road mobile machinery engines The test bed tests have also to be done
nevertheless if the engine gets modified when it is installed on board
Large ships also have auxiliary engines for example to produce electricity
on board Also these engines have to be certified on an engine test bed
Since these engines are not used for the ship propulsion other engine test
cycles apply like the ISO 8178 C1 or D2 cycle
Additional on-board certification Such engines will often be modified or fine-tuned after the test bed
certification was done and the engine is installed into the ship
Then the test bed certification is seen as a pre-certification which must be
followed by an on-board emission verification
A ship propeller has a certain correlation between speed and torque the so
called propeller law Since the test cycles follow this propeller law it is
possible to repeat the test bed test also on -board
Most engine parameters and especially emissions are measured on-board
Engine parameters which canrsquot be measured on-board can be copied from
the test bed test
39 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Not to Exceed requirements
IMO and US-EPA will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement
There the emission under realistic in-use operation conditions will be
verified
IM requirements Regular inspection and maintenance verification is done during the whole
life-time This can be done by one out of three methods
bull An engine parameter check which verifies certain engines
components settings and operating values which could affect the
emissions (is typically a time consuming work)
bull A simplified verification of the emission on board like the on board
certification test
bull A direct monitoring method which is using fixed installed on board
emission measurement system
40 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TESTING Marine Applications
Notes
Higher potential of corrosion
and contamination because
of high SO2 in exhaust
bull Back-flush and
after sample purge
bull more frequent
maintenance and
service
Consider sample boost
pumps because of long
sample line length since the
engines are very large
Large diversity of fuel types
and fuel parameters
especially in case of FTIR
evaluation packages
SCR and SOx Scrubber
issues
41 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
42 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
ZERO EMISSIONS VERSUS CO2 A local versus a global problem
Pollutant Emission is a local problem
Even when some emission components may be transported
over some 100 kilometers like particulates Mostly only the
people and environment of this region or especially of a city is
effected by pollution problems
Green House Gas Emissions is a global problem
Green House Gas (GHG) emissions will effect the climatic
conditions of the entire world and change the climate Often the
region which might be effected by the weather catastrophes
are not emitting large amounts of GHG emissions but will
suffer
43 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE CHALLENGES Green-House-Gas emissions and Global Warming
CO2 emitted per country
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per country
1 China
2 USA
3 India
4 Russia
CO2 emitted per person
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per person
1 USA
2 Canada
3 Australia
4 Middle East
44 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Achievements and targets
SIAM BEE
Proposals
2015 121 ndash 155 gkm
2020 104 ndash 136 gkm
Source ICAT 2012
4 l100km
25 kml
65 mpg
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
22 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Off-Road - ABGASGESETZGEBUNG Herausforderungen
EU
EU und UN-ECE Emission Standards
bull Limits also for engines with over 560kW
bull Global Technical regulation GTR-11 will be implemented
bull Agricultural and forestry tractors will be covered also by Non-Road Mobile
Machinery legislation (before a separate legislation))
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo measurement with PEMS under evaluation
bull Discussions for Stage V (2020) to implement also a PN limit Currently Non-
Road Stage IV engines are often using open filter systems
US-EPA and CARB Standards
bull Test procedure is based on CFR-1065 which is quite different compared to
old US or European legislation
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo measurement with PEMS under evaluation
23 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Pollution Control
Off-Road engine applications are the last combustion engine
application which gets effected by emission legislation
App 2000 the fist emission legislations came up for Off-Road
App 2011 most of the off-road applications are effected by emission
legislation
In order to fulfill most off-road legislation emission limits more and
more engines will require the use of an exhaust aftertreatment
technology
24 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Transienter Pruumlflauf NRTC (Non Road Transient Cycle)
Transient
Test Cycle
Stationary
Test Cycle
25 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Space limitations
bull Most off-road applications have a limited space available Like on a
tractor it is important that the driver can see the front wheels
bull To mount additionally an exhaust aftertreatment systems is
challenging especially since these devices get very hot
Load profile and exhaust temperature
bull Often the average engine load is very for most of the operation
times Only for a short period of time the maximum engine power is
used Which results in low average exhaust temperatures
bull With such low exhaust temperatures exhaust aftertreatment
systems will not work or can not be properly regenerated
26 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-HIGHWAY ANWENDUNGEN Herausforderung Abgasnachbehandlung
100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Exhaust Temperature [degC]
Amount of time when exhaust temperature is suitable for
Exhaust after treatment systems (T ge T Abgas)
SCR Continuous Regenerating DPF (NO2)
20
40
60
80
100
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
20
40
60
80
100
Traktor beim
Saumlen
Traktor
beim Fahren
NRTC
Non Road
Transient Cycle
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
Gabelstapler
27 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Shared responsibility
bull Very often the machinery manufacturer and the engine manufacturer are two different companies
The machinery manufacturer buys an engine from the engine manufacturer The engine
manufacturer is responsible for the emission type approval of the engine
bull When the engine needs an exhaust aftertreatment system to fulfill the limit which is very much
integrated in the machinery who will supply the exhaust aftertreatment system and who is finally
responsible for the emissions
USA
US Engine manufacturer penalized for Clean Air Act violations
US EPA announced a settlement with two US engine manufacturer to resolve alleged Clean Air
Act violations In one case the engine manufacturer shipped more than 590000 highway and
non-road diesel engines to the vehicle assemblers without the aftertreatment devices andor with
improperly configured fuel injector and map settings
One manufacturer has to pay a $255 million penalty and continue a recall of noncompliant
engines
28 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Stage IIIB
Tier 4
CO2
GHG
Fuel Consumption
Emission Diagnostics
In-use Testing
29 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Alternative Fuels
NESHAPNSPS Air Quality Requirements
Tier 4
Gothenburg Protocol
World Bank
30 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
31 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Emissions
32 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
International Maritime Organization (IMO) Regulation
IMO is the United Nations specialized agency responsible for the safety
security and prevention of marine pollution by ships
IMO publishes the Marine Pollution (MARPOL) regulation which affects all
ocean going vessels and can be applied as emissions standards to domestic-
and foreign-flagged vessels
MARPOL covers all kinds and sources of pollutions caused by vessels not only
the engine emissions Engine emissions are regulated by Annex-VI of MARPOL
and has a NOx limit It also enables local regions to restrict the use of fuels with
high sulfur content (Heavy Fuel Oil HFO) as a measure against SOx emissions
In pollution sensitive areas geographically-based limits will focus to reduce NOx
SOx and PM emissions To achieve air quality benefits at reasonable costs it
allows different options better fuel or the use of exhaust aftertreatment systems
IMO will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
33 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
USA Regulation bull In the USA marine diesel engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
bull 2004 in addition US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandated a
reduction in PM and NOx
bull 2012 EPA Tier-3 has further reduce PM by 50 and NOx by 20 and will require
the use of 15ppm Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)
bull In 2014 EPA Tier-4 will further reduce PM by 90 and NOx by 80 for commercial
engines with more than 600 kW compared to Tier-2 in certain local areas
bull USA will also implement a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
bull Testing procedures and measurement equipment must follow CFR-1065 regulation
EU Regulation In Europe marine engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
For inland water ways ships also must fulfill the Directive 200426EC amended by
201026EU This is the same Directive which applies for all Non-Road Mobile
Machineries in Europe
For certain locale water ways also additional requirements exist like the river Rhine or
Lake Constance
34 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Test Cycles
35 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
36 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Fuel and Sulfur Oxides
1 Liter Heavy Fuel Oil
37 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
38 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Engine test bed certification All propulsion engines - small large and very large engines must show its
compliance with the emission standards on an engine test bed These tests
are done in the same way as for most other engine applications like non
road mobile machinery engines The test bed tests have also to be done
nevertheless if the engine gets modified when it is installed on board
Large ships also have auxiliary engines for example to produce electricity
on board Also these engines have to be certified on an engine test bed
Since these engines are not used for the ship propulsion other engine test
cycles apply like the ISO 8178 C1 or D2 cycle
Additional on-board certification Such engines will often be modified or fine-tuned after the test bed
certification was done and the engine is installed into the ship
Then the test bed certification is seen as a pre-certification which must be
followed by an on-board emission verification
A ship propeller has a certain correlation between speed and torque the so
called propeller law Since the test cycles follow this propeller law it is
possible to repeat the test bed test also on -board
Most engine parameters and especially emissions are measured on-board
Engine parameters which canrsquot be measured on-board can be copied from
the test bed test
39 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Not to Exceed requirements
IMO and US-EPA will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement
There the emission under realistic in-use operation conditions will be
verified
IM requirements Regular inspection and maintenance verification is done during the whole
life-time This can be done by one out of three methods
bull An engine parameter check which verifies certain engines
components settings and operating values which could affect the
emissions (is typically a time consuming work)
bull A simplified verification of the emission on board like the on board
certification test
bull A direct monitoring method which is using fixed installed on board
emission measurement system
40 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TESTING Marine Applications
Notes
Higher potential of corrosion
and contamination because
of high SO2 in exhaust
bull Back-flush and
after sample purge
bull more frequent
maintenance and
service
Consider sample boost
pumps because of long
sample line length since the
engines are very large
Large diversity of fuel types
and fuel parameters
especially in case of FTIR
evaluation packages
SCR and SOx Scrubber
issues
41 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
42 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
ZERO EMISSIONS VERSUS CO2 A local versus a global problem
Pollutant Emission is a local problem
Even when some emission components may be transported
over some 100 kilometers like particulates Mostly only the
people and environment of this region or especially of a city is
effected by pollution problems
Green House Gas Emissions is a global problem
Green House Gas (GHG) emissions will effect the climatic
conditions of the entire world and change the climate Often the
region which might be effected by the weather catastrophes
are not emitting large amounts of GHG emissions but will
suffer
43 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE CHALLENGES Green-House-Gas emissions and Global Warming
CO2 emitted per country
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per country
1 China
2 USA
3 India
4 Russia
CO2 emitted per person
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per person
1 USA
2 Canada
3 Australia
4 Middle East
44 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Achievements and targets
SIAM BEE
Proposals
2015 121 ndash 155 gkm
2020 104 ndash 136 gkm
Source ICAT 2012
4 l100km
25 kml
65 mpg
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
23 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Pollution Control
Off-Road engine applications are the last combustion engine
application which gets effected by emission legislation
App 2000 the fist emission legislations came up for Off-Road
App 2011 most of the off-road applications are effected by emission
legislation
In order to fulfill most off-road legislation emission limits more and
more engines will require the use of an exhaust aftertreatment
technology
24 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Transienter Pruumlflauf NRTC (Non Road Transient Cycle)
Transient
Test Cycle
Stationary
Test Cycle
25 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Space limitations
bull Most off-road applications have a limited space available Like on a
tractor it is important that the driver can see the front wheels
bull To mount additionally an exhaust aftertreatment systems is
challenging especially since these devices get very hot
Load profile and exhaust temperature
bull Often the average engine load is very for most of the operation
times Only for a short period of time the maximum engine power is
used Which results in low average exhaust temperatures
bull With such low exhaust temperatures exhaust aftertreatment
systems will not work or can not be properly regenerated
26 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-HIGHWAY ANWENDUNGEN Herausforderung Abgasnachbehandlung
100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Exhaust Temperature [degC]
Amount of time when exhaust temperature is suitable for
Exhaust after treatment systems (T ge T Abgas)
SCR Continuous Regenerating DPF (NO2)
20
40
60
80
100
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
20
40
60
80
100
Traktor beim
Saumlen
Traktor
beim Fahren
NRTC
Non Road
Transient Cycle
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
Gabelstapler
27 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Shared responsibility
bull Very often the machinery manufacturer and the engine manufacturer are two different companies
The machinery manufacturer buys an engine from the engine manufacturer The engine
manufacturer is responsible for the emission type approval of the engine
bull When the engine needs an exhaust aftertreatment system to fulfill the limit which is very much
integrated in the machinery who will supply the exhaust aftertreatment system and who is finally
responsible for the emissions
USA
US Engine manufacturer penalized for Clean Air Act violations
US EPA announced a settlement with two US engine manufacturer to resolve alleged Clean Air
Act violations In one case the engine manufacturer shipped more than 590000 highway and
non-road diesel engines to the vehicle assemblers without the aftertreatment devices andor with
improperly configured fuel injector and map settings
One manufacturer has to pay a $255 million penalty and continue a recall of noncompliant
engines
28 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Stage IIIB
Tier 4
CO2
GHG
Fuel Consumption
Emission Diagnostics
In-use Testing
29 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Alternative Fuels
NESHAPNSPS Air Quality Requirements
Tier 4
Gothenburg Protocol
World Bank
30 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
31 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Emissions
32 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
International Maritime Organization (IMO) Regulation
IMO is the United Nations specialized agency responsible for the safety
security and prevention of marine pollution by ships
IMO publishes the Marine Pollution (MARPOL) regulation which affects all
ocean going vessels and can be applied as emissions standards to domestic-
and foreign-flagged vessels
MARPOL covers all kinds and sources of pollutions caused by vessels not only
the engine emissions Engine emissions are regulated by Annex-VI of MARPOL
and has a NOx limit It also enables local regions to restrict the use of fuels with
high sulfur content (Heavy Fuel Oil HFO) as a measure against SOx emissions
In pollution sensitive areas geographically-based limits will focus to reduce NOx
SOx and PM emissions To achieve air quality benefits at reasonable costs it
allows different options better fuel or the use of exhaust aftertreatment systems
IMO will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
33 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
USA Regulation bull In the USA marine diesel engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
bull 2004 in addition US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandated a
reduction in PM and NOx
bull 2012 EPA Tier-3 has further reduce PM by 50 and NOx by 20 and will require
the use of 15ppm Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)
bull In 2014 EPA Tier-4 will further reduce PM by 90 and NOx by 80 for commercial
engines with more than 600 kW compared to Tier-2 in certain local areas
bull USA will also implement a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
bull Testing procedures and measurement equipment must follow CFR-1065 regulation
EU Regulation In Europe marine engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
For inland water ways ships also must fulfill the Directive 200426EC amended by
201026EU This is the same Directive which applies for all Non-Road Mobile
Machineries in Europe
For certain locale water ways also additional requirements exist like the river Rhine or
Lake Constance
34 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Test Cycles
35 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
36 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Fuel and Sulfur Oxides
1 Liter Heavy Fuel Oil
37 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
38 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Engine test bed certification All propulsion engines - small large and very large engines must show its
compliance with the emission standards on an engine test bed These tests
are done in the same way as for most other engine applications like non
road mobile machinery engines The test bed tests have also to be done
nevertheless if the engine gets modified when it is installed on board
Large ships also have auxiliary engines for example to produce electricity
on board Also these engines have to be certified on an engine test bed
Since these engines are not used for the ship propulsion other engine test
cycles apply like the ISO 8178 C1 or D2 cycle
Additional on-board certification Such engines will often be modified or fine-tuned after the test bed
certification was done and the engine is installed into the ship
Then the test bed certification is seen as a pre-certification which must be
followed by an on-board emission verification
A ship propeller has a certain correlation between speed and torque the so
called propeller law Since the test cycles follow this propeller law it is
possible to repeat the test bed test also on -board
Most engine parameters and especially emissions are measured on-board
Engine parameters which canrsquot be measured on-board can be copied from
the test bed test
39 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Not to Exceed requirements
IMO and US-EPA will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement
There the emission under realistic in-use operation conditions will be
verified
IM requirements Regular inspection and maintenance verification is done during the whole
life-time This can be done by one out of three methods
bull An engine parameter check which verifies certain engines
components settings and operating values which could affect the
emissions (is typically a time consuming work)
bull A simplified verification of the emission on board like the on board
certification test
bull A direct monitoring method which is using fixed installed on board
emission measurement system
40 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TESTING Marine Applications
Notes
Higher potential of corrosion
and contamination because
of high SO2 in exhaust
bull Back-flush and
after sample purge
bull more frequent
maintenance and
service
Consider sample boost
pumps because of long
sample line length since the
engines are very large
Large diversity of fuel types
and fuel parameters
especially in case of FTIR
evaluation packages
SCR and SOx Scrubber
issues
41 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
42 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
ZERO EMISSIONS VERSUS CO2 A local versus a global problem
Pollutant Emission is a local problem
Even when some emission components may be transported
over some 100 kilometers like particulates Mostly only the
people and environment of this region or especially of a city is
effected by pollution problems
Green House Gas Emissions is a global problem
Green House Gas (GHG) emissions will effect the climatic
conditions of the entire world and change the climate Often the
region which might be effected by the weather catastrophes
are not emitting large amounts of GHG emissions but will
suffer
43 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE CHALLENGES Green-House-Gas emissions and Global Warming
CO2 emitted per country
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per country
1 China
2 USA
3 India
4 Russia
CO2 emitted per person
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per person
1 USA
2 Canada
3 Australia
4 Middle East
44 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Achievements and targets
SIAM BEE
Proposals
2015 121 ndash 155 gkm
2020 104 ndash 136 gkm
Source ICAT 2012
4 l100km
25 kml
65 mpg
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
24 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Transienter Pruumlflauf NRTC (Non Road Transient Cycle)
Transient
Test Cycle
Stationary
Test Cycle
25 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Space limitations
bull Most off-road applications have a limited space available Like on a
tractor it is important that the driver can see the front wheels
bull To mount additionally an exhaust aftertreatment systems is
challenging especially since these devices get very hot
Load profile and exhaust temperature
bull Often the average engine load is very for most of the operation
times Only for a short period of time the maximum engine power is
used Which results in low average exhaust temperatures
bull With such low exhaust temperatures exhaust aftertreatment
systems will not work or can not be properly regenerated
26 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-HIGHWAY ANWENDUNGEN Herausforderung Abgasnachbehandlung
100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Exhaust Temperature [degC]
Amount of time when exhaust temperature is suitable for
Exhaust after treatment systems (T ge T Abgas)
SCR Continuous Regenerating DPF (NO2)
20
40
60
80
100
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
20
40
60
80
100
Traktor beim
Saumlen
Traktor
beim Fahren
NRTC
Non Road
Transient Cycle
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
Gabelstapler
27 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Shared responsibility
bull Very often the machinery manufacturer and the engine manufacturer are two different companies
The machinery manufacturer buys an engine from the engine manufacturer The engine
manufacturer is responsible for the emission type approval of the engine
bull When the engine needs an exhaust aftertreatment system to fulfill the limit which is very much
integrated in the machinery who will supply the exhaust aftertreatment system and who is finally
responsible for the emissions
USA
US Engine manufacturer penalized for Clean Air Act violations
US EPA announced a settlement with two US engine manufacturer to resolve alleged Clean Air
Act violations In one case the engine manufacturer shipped more than 590000 highway and
non-road diesel engines to the vehicle assemblers without the aftertreatment devices andor with
improperly configured fuel injector and map settings
One manufacturer has to pay a $255 million penalty and continue a recall of noncompliant
engines
28 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Stage IIIB
Tier 4
CO2
GHG
Fuel Consumption
Emission Diagnostics
In-use Testing
29 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Alternative Fuels
NESHAPNSPS Air Quality Requirements
Tier 4
Gothenburg Protocol
World Bank
30 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
31 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Emissions
32 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
International Maritime Organization (IMO) Regulation
IMO is the United Nations specialized agency responsible for the safety
security and prevention of marine pollution by ships
IMO publishes the Marine Pollution (MARPOL) regulation which affects all
ocean going vessels and can be applied as emissions standards to domestic-
and foreign-flagged vessels
MARPOL covers all kinds and sources of pollutions caused by vessels not only
the engine emissions Engine emissions are regulated by Annex-VI of MARPOL
and has a NOx limit It also enables local regions to restrict the use of fuels with
high sulfur content (Heavy Fuel Oil HFO) as a measure against SOx emissions
In pollution sensitive areas geographically-based limits will focus to reduce NOx
SOx and PM emissions To achieve air quality benefits at reasonable costs it
allows different options better fuel or the use of exhaust aftertreatment systems
IMO will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
33 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
USA Regulation bull In the USA marine diesel engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
bull 2004 in addition US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandated a
reduction in PM and NOx
bull 2012 EPA Tier-3 has further reduce PM by 50 and NOx by 20 and will require
the use of 15ppm Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)
bull In 2014 EPA Tier-4 will further reduce PM by 90 and NOx by 80 for commercial
engines with more than 600 kW compared to Tier-2 in certain local areas
bull USA will also implement a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
bull Testing procedures and measurement equipment must follow CFR-1065 regulation
EU Regulation In Europe marine engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
For inland water ways ships also must fulfill the Directive 200426EC amended by
201026EU This is the same Directive which applies for all Non-Road Mobile
Machineries in Europe
For certain locale water ways also additional requirements exist like the river Rhine or
Lake Constance
34 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Test Cycles
35 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
36 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Fuel and Sulfur Oxides
1 Liter Heavy Fuel Oil
37 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
38 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Engine test bed certification All propulsion engines - small large and very large engines must show its
compliance with the emission standards on an engine test bed These tests
are done in the same way as for most other engine applications like non
road mobile machinery engines The test bed tests have also to be done
nevertheless if the engine gets modified when it is installed on board
Large ships also have auxiliary engines for example to produce electricity
on board Also these engines have to be certified on an engine test bed
Since these engines are not used for the ship propulsion other engine test
cycles apply like the ISO 8178 C1 or D2 cycle
Additional on-board certification Such engines will often be modified or fine-tuned after the test bed
certification was done and the engine is installed into the ship
Then the test bed certification is seen as a pre-certification which must be
followed by an on-board emission verification
A ship propeller has a certain correlation between speed and torque the so
called propeller law Since the test cycles follow this propeller law it is
possible to repeat the test bed test also on -board
Most engine parameters and especially emissions are measured on-board
Engine parameters which canrsquot be measured on-board can be copied from
the test bed test
39 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Not to Exceed requirements
IMO and US-EPA will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement
There the emission under realistic in-use operation conditions will be
verified
IM requirements Regular inspection and maintenance verification is done during the whole
life-time This can be done by one out of three methods
bull An engine parameter check which verifies certain engines
components settings and operating values which could affect the
emissions (is typically a time consuming work)
bull A simplified verification of the emission on board like the on board
certification test
bull A direct monitoring method which is using fixed installed on board
emission measurement system
40 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TESTING Marine Applications
Notes
Higher potential of corrosion
and contamination because
of high SO2 in exhaust
bull Back-flush and
after sample purge
bull more frequent
maintenance and
service
Consider sample boost
pumps because of long
sample line length since the
engines are very large
Large diversity of fuel types
and fuel parameters
especially in case of FTIR
evaluation packages
SCR and SOx Scrubber
issues
41 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
42 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
ZERO EMISSIONS VERSUS CO2 A local versus a global problem
Pollutant Emission is a local problem
Even when some emission components may be transported
over some 100 kilometers like particulates Mostly only the
people and environment of this region or especially of a city is
effected by pollution problems
Green House Gas Emissions is a global problem
Green House Gas (GHG) emissions will effect the climatic
conditions of the entire world and change the climate Often the
region which might be effected by the weather catastrophes
are not emitting large amounts of GHG emissions but will
suffer
43 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE CHALLENGES Green-House-Gas emissions and Global Warming
CO2 emitted per country
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per country
1 China
2 USA
3 India
4 Russia
CO2 emitted per person
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per person
1 USA
2 Canada
3 Australia
4 Middle East
44 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Achievements and targets
SIAM BEE
Proposals
2015 121 ndash 155 gkm
2020 104 ndash 136 gkm
Source ICAT 2012
4 l100km
25 kml
65 mpg
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
25 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Space limitations
bull Most off-road applications have a limited space available Like on a
tractor it is important that the driver can see the front wheels
bull To mount additionally an exhaust aftertreatment systems is
challenging especially since these devices get very hot
Load profile and exhaust temperature
bull Often the average engine load is very for most of the operation
times Only for a short period of time the maximum engine power is
used Which results in low average exhaust temperatures
bull With such low exhaust temperatures exhaust aftertreatment
systems will not work or can not be properly regenerated
26 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-HIGHWAY ANWENDUNGEN Herausforderung Abgasnachbehandlung
100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Exhaust Temperature [degC]
Amount of time when exhaust temperature is suitable for
Exhaust after treatment systems (T ge T Abgas)
SCR Continuous Regenerating DPF (NO2)
20
40
60
80
100
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
20
40
60
80
100
Traktor beim
Saumlen
Traktor
beim Fahren
NRTC
Non Road
Transient Cycle
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
Gabelstapler
27 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Shared responsibility
bull Very often the machinery manufacturer and the engine manufacturer are two different companies
The machinery manufacturer buys an engine from the engine manufacturer The engine
manufacturer is responsible for the emission type approval of the engine
bull When the engine needs an exhaust aftertreatment system to fulfill the limit which is very much
integrated in the machinery who will supply the exhaust aftertreatment system and who is finally
responsible for the emissions
USA
US Engine manufacturer penalized for Clean Air Act violations
US EPA announced a settlement with two US engine manufacturer to resolve alleged Clean Air
Act violations In one case the engine manufacturer shipped more than 590000 highway and
non-road diesel engines to the vehicle assemblers without the aftertreatment devices andor with
improperly configured fuel injector and map settings
One manufacturer has to pay a $255 million penalty and continue a recall of noncompliant
engines
28 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Stage IIIB
Tier 4
CO2
GHG
Fuel Consumption
Emission Diagnostics
In-use Testing
29 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Alternative Fuels
NESHAPNSPS Air Quality Requirements
Tier 4
Gothenburg Protocol
World Bank
30 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
31 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Emissions
32 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
International Maritime Organization (IMO) Regulation
IMO is the United Nations specialized agency responsible for the safety
security and prevention of marine pollution by ships
IMO publishes the Marine Pollution (MARPOL) regulation which affects all
ocean going vessels and can be applied as emissions standards to domestic-
and foreign-flagged vessels
MARPOL covers all kinds and sources of pollutions caused by vessels not only
the engine emissions Engine emissions are regulated by Annex-VI of MARPOL
and has a NOx limit It also enables local regions to restrict the use of fuels with
high sulfur content (Heavy Fuel Oil HFO) as a measure against SOx emissions
In pollution sensitive areas geographically-based limits will focus to reduce NOx
SOx and PM emissions To achieve air quality benefits at reasonable costs it
allows different options better fuel or the use of exhaust aftertreatment systems
IMO will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
33 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
USA Regulation bull In the USA marine diesel engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
bull 2004 in addition US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandated a
reduction in PM and NOx
bull 2012 EPA Tier-3 has further reduce PM by 50 and NOx by 20 and will require
the use of 15ppm Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)
bull In 2014 EPA Tier-4 will further reduce PM by 90 and NOx by 80 for commercial
engines with more than 600 kW compared to Tier-2 in certain local areas
bull USA will also implement a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
bull Testing procedures and measurement equipment must follow CFR-1065 regulation
EU Regulation In Europe marine engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
For inland water ways ships also must fulfill the Directive 200426EC amended by
201026EU This is the same Directive which applies for all Non-Road Mobile
Machineries in Europe
For certain locale water ways also additional requirements exist like the river Rhine or
Lake Constance
34 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Test Cycles
35 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
36 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Fuel and Sulfur Oxides
1 Liter Heavy Fuel Oil
37 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
38 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Engine test bed certification All propulsion engines - small large and very large engines must show its
compliance with the emission standards on an engine test bed These tests
are done in the same way as for most other engine applications like non
road mobile machinery engines The test bed tests have also to be done
nevertheless if the engine gets modified when it is installed on board
Large ships also have auxiliary engines for example to produce electricity
on board Also these engines have to be certified on an engine test bed
Since these engines are not used for the ship propulsion other engine test
cycles apply like the ISO 8178 C1 or D2 cycle
Additional on-board certification Such engines will often be modified or fine-tuned after the test bed
certification was done and the engine is installed into the ship
Then the test bed certification is seen as a pre-certification which must be
followed by an on-board emission verification
A ship propeller has a certain correlation between speed and torque the so
called propeller law Since the test cycles follow this propeller law it is
possible to repeat the test bed test also on -board
Most engine parameters and especially emissions are measured on-board
Engine parameters which canrsquot be measured on-board can be copied from
the test bed test
39 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Not to Exceed requirements
IMO and US-EPA will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement
There the emission under realistic in-use operation conditions will be
verified
IM requirements Regular inspection and maintenance verification is done during the whole
life-time This can be done by one out of three methods
bull An engine parameter check which verifies certain engines
components settings and operating values which could affect the
emissions (is typically a time consuming work)
bull A simplified verification of the emission on board like the on board
certification test
bull A direct monitoring method which is using fixed installed on board
emission measurement system
40 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TESTING Marine Applications
Notes
Higher potential of corrosion
and contamination because
of high SO2 in exhaust
bull Back-flush and
after sample purge
bull more frequent
maintenance and
service
Consider sample boost
pumps because of long
sample line length since the
engines are very large
Large diversity of fuel types
and fuel parameters
especially in case of FTIR
evaluation packages
SCR and SOx Scrubber
issues
41 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
42 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
ZERO EMISSIONS VERSUS CO2 A local versus a global problem
Pollutant Emission is a local problem
Even when some emission components may be transported
over some 100 kilometers like particulates Mostly only the
people and environment of this region or especially of a city is
effected by pollution problems
Green House Gas Emissions is a global problem
Green House Gas (GHG) emissions will effect the climatic
conditions of the entire world and change the climate Often the
region which might be effected by the weather catastrophes
are not emitting large amounts of GHG emissions but will
suffer
43 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE CHALLENGES Green-House-Gas emissions and Global Warming
CO2 emitted per country
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per country
1 China
2 USA
3 India
4 Russia
CO2 emitted per person
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per person
1 USA
2 Canada
3 Australia
4 Middle East
44 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Achievements and targets
SIAM BEE
Proposals
2015 121 ndash 155 gkm
2020 104 ndash 136 gkm
Source ICAT 2012
4 l100km
25 kml
65 mpg
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
26 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-HIGHWAY ANWENDUNGEN Herausforderung Abgasnachbehandlung
100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Exhaust Temperature [degC]
Amount of time when exhaust temperature is suitable for
Exhaust after treatment systems (T ge T Abgas)
SCR Continuous Regenerating DPF (NO2)
20
40
60
80
100
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
20
40
60
80
100
Traktor beim
Saumlen
Traktor
beim Fahren
NRTC
Non Road
Transient Cycle
NRTC
20
40
60
80
100
Gabelstapler
27 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Shared responsibility
bull Very often the machinery manufacturer and the engine manufacturer are two different companies
The machinery manufacturer buys an engine from the engine manufacturer The engine
manufacturer is responsible for the emission type approval of the engine
bull When the engine needs an exhaust aftertreatment system to fulfill the limit which is very much
integrated in the machinery who will supply the exhaust aftertreatment system and who is finally
responsible for the emissions
USA
US Engine manufacturer penalized for Clean Air Act violations
US EPA announced a settlement with two US engine manufacturer to resolve alleged Clean Air
Act violations In one case the engine manufacturer shipped more than 590000 highway and
non-road diesel engines to the vehicle assemblers without the aftertreatment devices andor with
improperly configured fuel injector and map settings
One manufacturer has to pay a $255 million penalty and continue a recall of noncompliant
engines
28 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Stage IIIB
Tier 4
CO2
GHG
Fuel Consumption
Emission Diagnostics
In-use Testing
29 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Alternative Fuels
NESHAPNSPS Air Quality Requirements
Tier 4
Gothenburg Protocol
World Bank
30 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
31 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Emissions
32 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
International Maritime Organization (IMO) Regulation
IMO is the United Nations specialized agency responsible for the safety
security and prevention of marine pollution by ships
IMO publishes the Marine Pollution (MARPOL) regulation which affects all
ocean going vessels and can be applied as emissions standards to domestic-
and foreign-flagged vessels
MARPOL covers all kinds and sources of pollutions caused by vessels not only
the engine emissions Engine emissions are regulated by Annex-VI of MARPOL
and has a NOx limit It also enables local regions to restrict the use of fuels with
high sulfur content (Heavy Fuel Oil HFO) as a measure against SOx emissions
In pollution sensitive areas geographically-based limits will focus to reduce NOx
SOx and PM emissions To achieve air quality benefits at reasonable costs it
allows different options better fuel or the use of exhaust aftertreatment systems
IMO will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
33 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
USA Regulation bull In the USA marine diesel engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
bull 2004 in addition US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandated a
reduction in PM and NOx
bull 2012 EPA Tier-3 has further reduce PM by 50 and NOx by 20 and will require
the use of 15ppm Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)
bull In 2014 EPA Tier-4 will further reduce PM by 90 and NOx by 80 for commercial
engines with more than 600 kW compared to Tier-2 in certain local areas
bull USA will also implement a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
bull Testing procedures and measurement equipment must follow CFR-1065 regulation
EU Regulation In Europe marine engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
For inland water ways ships also must fulfill the Directive 200426EC amended by
201026EU This is the same Directive which applies for all Non-Road Mobile
Machineries in Europe
For certain locale water ways also additional requirements exist like the river Rhine or
Lake Constance
34 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Test Cycles
35 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
36 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Fuel and Sulfur Oxides
1 Liter Heavy Fuel Oil
37 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
38 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Engine test bed certification All propulsion engines - small large and very large engines must show its
compliance with the emission standards on an engine test bed These tests
are done in the same way as for most other engine applications like non
road mobile machinery engines The test bed tests have also to be done
nevertheless if the engine gets modified when it is installed on board
Large ships also have auxiliary engines for example to produce electricity
on board Also these engines have to be certified on an engine test bed
Since these engines are not used for the ship propulsion other engine test
cycles apply like the ISO 8178 C1 or D2 cycle
Additional on-board certification Such engines will often be modified or fine-tuned after the test bed
certification was done and the engine is installed into the ship
Then the test bed certification is seen as a pre-certification which must be
followed by an on-board emission verification
A ship propeller has a certain correlation between speed and torque the so
called propeller law Since the test cycles follow this propeller law it is
possible to repeat the test bed test also on -board
Most engine parameters and especially emissions are measured on-board
Engine parameters which canrsquot be measured on-board can be copied from
the test bed test
39 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Not to Exceed requirements
IMO and US-EPA will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement
There the emission under realistic in-use operation conditions will be
verified
IM requirements Regular inspection and maintenance verification is done during the whole
life-time This can be done by one out of three methods
bull An engine parameter check which verifies certain engines
components settings and operating values which could affect the
emissions (is typically a time consuming work)
bull A simplified verification of the emission on board like the on board
certification test
bull A direct monitoring method which is using fixed installed on board
emission measurement system
40 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TESTING Marine Applications
Notes
Higher potential of corrosion
and contamination because
of high SO2 in exhaust
bull Back-flush and
after sample purge
bull more frequent
maintenance and
service
Consider sample boost
pumps because of long
sample line length since the
engines are very large
Large diversity of fuel types
and fuel parameters
especially in case of FTIR
evaluation packages
SCR and SOx Scrubber
issues
41 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
42 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
ZERO EMISSIONS VERSUS CO2 A local versus a global problem
Pollutant Emission is a local problem
Even when some emission components may be transported
over some 100 kilometers like particulates Mostly only the
people and environment of this region or especially of a city is
effected by pollution problems
Green House Gas Emissions is a global problem
Green House Gas (GHG) emissions will effect the climatic
conditions of the entire world and change the climate Often the
region which might be effected by the weather catastrophes
are not emitting large amounts of GHG emissions but will
suffer
43 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE CHALLENGES Green-House-Gas emissions and Global Warming
CO2 emitted per country
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per country
1 China
2 USA
3 India
4 Russia
CO2 emitted per person
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per person
1 USA
2 Canada
3 Australia
4 Middle East
44 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Achievements and targets
SIAM BEE
Proposals
2015 121 ndash 155 gkm
2020 104 ndash 136 gkm
Source ICAT 2012
4 l100km
25 kml
65 mpg
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
27 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD EMISSIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment - Challenges
Exhaust aftertreatment technology
bull The basic technologies from light- and heavy-duty engine applications
can be transferred to off-road applications
bull However there are additional challenges like space limitations costs
too low exhaust temperatures and shared responsibilities
Shared responsibility
bull Very often the machinery manufacturer and the engine manufacturer are two different companies
The machinery manufacturer buys an engine from the engine manufacturer The engine
manufacturer is responsible for the emission type approval of the engine
bull When the engine needs an exhaust aftertreatment system to fulfill the limit which is very much
integrated in the machinery who will supply the exhaust aftertreatment system and who is finally
responsible for the emissions
USA
US Engine manufacturer penalized for Clean Air Act violations
US EPA announced a settlement with two US engine manufacturer to resolve alleged Clean Air
Act violations In one case the engine manufacturer shipped more than 590000 highway and
non-road diesel engines to the vehicle assemblers without the aftertreatment devices andor with
improperly configured fuel injector and map settings
One manufacturer has to pay a $255 million penalty and continue a recall of noncompliant
engines
28 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Stage IIIB
Tier 4
CO2
GHG
Fuel Consumption
Emission Diagnostics
In-use Testing
29 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Alternative Fuels
NESHAPNSPS Air Quality Requirements
Tier 4
Gothenburg Protocol
World Bank
30 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
31 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Emissions
32 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
International Maritime Organization (IMO) Regulation
IMO is the United Nations specialized agency responsible for the safety
security and prevention of marine pollution by ships
IMO publishes the Marine Pollution (MARPOL) regulation which affects all
ocean going vessels and can be applied as emissions standards to domestic-
and foreign-flagged vessels
MARPOL covers all kinds and sources of pollutions caused by vessels not only
the engine emissions Engine emissions are regulated by Annex-VI of MARPOL
and has a NOx limit It also enables local regions to restrict the use of fuels with
high sulfur content (Heavy Fuel Oil HFO) as a measure against SOx emissions
In pollution sensitive areas geographically-based limits will focus to reduce NOx
SOx and PM emissions To achieve air quality benefits at reasonable costs it
allows different options better fuel or the use of exhaust aftertreatment systems
IMO will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
33 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
USA Regulation bull In the USA marine diesel engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
bull 2004 in addition US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandated a
reduction in PM and NOx
bull 2012 EPA Tier-3 has further reduce PM by 50 and NOx by 20 and will require
the use of 15ppm Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)
bull In 2014 EPA Tier-4 will further reduce PM by 90 and NOx by 80 for commercial
engines with more than 600 kW compared to Tier-2 in certain local areas
bull USA will also implement a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
bull Testing procedures and measurement equipment must follow CFR-1065 regulation
EU Regulation In Europe marine engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
For inland water ways ships also must fulfill the Directive 200426EC amended by
201026EU This is the same Directive which applies for all Non-Road Mobile
Machineries in Europe
For certain locale water ways also additional requirements exist like the river Rhine or
Lake Constance
34 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Test Cycles
35 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
36 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Fuel and Sulfur Oxides
1 Liter Heavy Fuel Oil
37 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
38 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Engine test bed certification All propulsion engines - small large and very large engines must show its
compliance with the emission standards on an engine test bed These tests
are done in the same way as for most other engine applications like non
road mobile machinery engines The test bed tests have also to be done
nevertheless if the engine gets modified when it is installed on board
Large ships also have auxiliary engines for example to produce electricity
on board Also these engines have to be certified on an engine test bed
Since these engines are not used for the ship propulsion other engine test
cycles apply like the ISO 8178 C1 or D2 cycle
Additional on-board certification Such engines will often be modified or fine-tuned after the test bed
certification was done and the engine is installed into the ship
Then the test bed certification is seen as a pre-certification which must be
followed by an on-board emission verification
A ship propeller has a certain correlation between speed and torque the so
called propeller law Since the test cycles follow this propeller law it is
possible to repeat the test bed test also on -board
Most engine parameters and especially emissions are measured on-board
Engine parameters which canrsquot be measured on-board can be copied from
the test bed test
39 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Not to Exceed requirements
IMO and US-EPA will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement
There the emission under realistic in-use operation conditions will be
verified
IM requirements Regular inspection and maintenance verification is done during the whole
life-time This can be done by one out of three methods
bull An engine parameter check which verifies certain engines
components settings and operating values which could affect the
emissions (is typically a time consuming work)
bull A simplified verification of the emission on board like the on board
certification test
bull A direct monitoring method which is using fixed installed on board
emission measurement system
40 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TESTING Marine Applications
Notes
Higher potential of corrosion
and contamination because
of high SO2 in exhaust
bull Back-flush and
after sample purge
bull more frequent
maintenance and
service
Consider sample boost
pumps because of long
sample line length since the
engines are very large
Large diversity of fuel types
and fuel parameters
especially in case of FTIR
evaluation packages
SCR and SOx Scrubber
issues
41 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
42 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
ZERO EMISSIONS VERSUS CO2 A local versus a global problem
Pollutant Emission is a local problem
Even when some emission components may be transported
over some 100 kilometers like particulates Mostly only the
people and environment of this region or especially of a city is
effected by pollution problems
Green House Gas Emissions is a global problem
Green House Gas (GHG) emissions will effect the climatic
conditions of the entire world and change the climate Often the
region which might be effected by the weather catastrophes
are not emitting large amounts of GHG emissions but will
suffer
43 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE CHALLENGES Green-House-Gas emissions and Global Warming
CO2 emitted per country
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per country
1 China
2 USA
3 India
4 Russia
CO2 emitted per person
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per person
1 USA
2 Canada
3 Australia
4 Middle East
44 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Achievements and targets
SIAM BEE
Proposals
2015 121 ndash 155 gkm
2020 104 ndash 136 gkm
Source ICAT 2012
4 l100km
25 kml
65 mpg
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
28 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Stage IIIB
Tier 4
CO2
GHG
Fuel Consumption
Emission Diagnostics
In-use Testing
29 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Alternative Fuels
NESHAPNSPS Air Quality Requirements
Tier 4
Gothenburg Protocol
World Bank
30 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
31 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Emissions
32 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
International Maritime Organization (IMO) Regulation
IMO is the United Nations specialized agency responsible for the safety
security and prevention of marine pollution by ships
IMO publishes the Marine Pollution (MARPOL) regulation which affects all
ocean going vessels and can be applied as emissions standards to domestic-
and foreign-flagged vessels
MARPOL covers all kinds and sources of pollutions caused by vessels not only
the engine emissions Engine emissions are regulated by Annex-VI of MARPOL
and has a NOx limit It also enables local regions to restrict the use of fuels with
high sulfur content (Heavy Fuel Oil HFO) as a measure against SOx emissions
In pollution sensitive areas geographically-based limits will focus to reduce NOx
SOx and PM emissions To achieve air quality benefits at reasonable costs it
allows different options better fuel or the use of exhaust aftertreatment systems
IMO will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
33 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
USA Regulation bull In the USA marine diesel engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
bull 2004 in addition US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandated a
reduction in PM and NOx
bull 2012 EPA Tier-3 has further reduce PM by 50 and NOx by 20 and will require
the use of 15ppm Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)
bull In 2014 EPA Tier-4 will further reduce PM by 90 and NOx by 80 for commercial
engines with more than 600 kW compared to Tier-2 in certain local areas
bull USA will also implement a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
bull Testing procedures and measurement equipment must follow CFR-1065 regulation
EU Regulation In Europe marine engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
For inland water ways ships also must fulfill the Directive 200426EC amended by
201026EU This is the same Directive which applies for all Non-Road Mobile
Machineries in Europe
For certain locale water ways also additional requirements exist like the river Rhine or
Lake Constance
34 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Test Cycles
35 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
36 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Fuel and Sulfur Oxides
1 Liter Heavy Fuel Oil
37 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
38 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Engine test bed certification All propulsion engines - small large and very large engines must show its
compliance with the emission standards on an engine test bed These tests
are done in the same way as for most other engine applications like non
road mobile machinery engines The test bed tests have also to be done
nevertheless if the engine gets modified when it is installed on board
Large ships also have auxiliary engines for example to produce electricity
on board Also these engines have to be certified on an engine test bed
Since these engines are not used for the ship propulsion other engine test
cycles apply like the ISO 8178 C1 or D2 cycle
Additional on-board certification Such engines will often be modified or fine-tuned after the test bed
certification was done and the engine is installed into the ship
Then the test bed certification is seen as a pre-certification which must be
followed by an on-board emission verification
A ship propeller has a certain correlation between speed and torque the so
called propeller law Since the test cycles follow this propeller law it is
possible to repeat the test bed test also on -board
Most engine parameters and especially emissions are measured on-board
Engine parameters which canrsquot be measured on-board can be copied from
the test bed test
39 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Not to Exceed requirements
IMO and US-EPA will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement
There the emission under realistic in-use operation conditions will be
verified
IM requirements Regular inspection and maintenance verification is done during the whole
life-time This can be done by one out of three methods
bull An engine parameter check which verifies certain engines
components settings and operating values which could affect the
emissions (is typically a time consuming work)
bull A simplified verification of the emission on board like the on board
certification test
bull A direct monitoring method which is using fixed installed on board
emission measurement system
40 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TESTING Marine Applications
Notes
Higher potential of corrosion
and contamination because
of high SO2 in exhaust
bull Back-flush and
after sample purge
bull more frequent
maintenance and
service
Consider sample boost
pumps because of long
sample line length since the
engines are very large
Large diversity of fuel types
and fuel parameters
especially in case of FTIR
evaluation packages
SCR and SOx Scrubber
issues
41 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
42 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
ZERO EMISSIONS VERSUS CO2 A local versus a global problem
Pollutant Emission is a local problem
Even when some emission components may be transported
over some 100 kilometers like particulates Mostly only the
people and environment of this region or especially of a city is
effected by pollution problems
Green House Gas Emissions is a global problem
Green House Gas (GHG) emissions will effect the climatic
conditions of the entire world and change the climate Often the
region which might be effected by the weather catastrophes
are not emitting large amounts of GHG emissions but will
suffer
43 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE CHALLENGES Green-House-Gas emissions and Global Warming
CO2 emitted per country
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per country
1 China
2 USA
3 India
4 Russia
CO2 emitted per person
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per person
1 USA
2 Canada
3 Australia
4 Middle East
44 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Achievements and targets
SIAM BEE
Proposals
2015 121 ndash 155 gkm
2020 104 ndash 136 gkm
Source ICAT 2012
4 l100km
25 kml
65 mpg
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
29 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
OFF-ROAD Emission Testing ndash Information Legislation Regulation
Alternative Fuels
NESHAPNSPS Air Quality Requirements
Tier 4
Gothenburg Protocol
World Bank
30 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
31 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Emissions
32 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
International Maritime Organization (IMO) Regulation
IMO is the United Nations specialized agency responsible for the safety
security and prevention of marine pollution by ships
IMO publishes the Marine Pollution (MARPOL) regulation which affects all
ocean going vessels and can be applied as emissions standards to domestic-
and foreign-flagged vessels
MARPOL covers all kinds and sources of pollutions caused by vessels not only
the engine emissions Engine emissions are regulated by Annex-VI of MARPOL
and has a NOx limit It also enables local regions to restrict the use of fuels with
high sulfur content (Heavy Fuel Oil HFO) as a measure against SOx emissions
In pollution sensitive areas geographically-based limits will focus to reduce NOx
SOx and PM emissions To achieve air quality benefits at reasonable costs it
allows different options better fuel or the use of exhaust aftertreatment systems
IMO will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
33 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
USA Regulation bull In the USA marine diesel engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
bull 2004 in addition US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandated a
reduction in PM and NOx
bull 2012 EPA Tier-3 has further reduce PM by 50 and NOx by 20 and will require
the use of 15ppm Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)
bull In 2014 EPA Tier-4 will further reduce PM by 90 and NOx by 80 for commercial
engines with more than 600 kW compared to Tier-2 in certain local areas
bull USA will also implement a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
bull Testing procedures and measurement equipment must follow CFR-1065 regulation
EU Regulation In Europe marine engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
For inland water ways ships also must fulfill the Directive 200426EC amended by
201026EU This is the same Directive which applies for all Non-Road Mobile
Machineries in Europe
For certain locale water ways also additional requirements exist like the river Rhine or
Lake Constance
34 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Test Cycles
35 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
36 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Fuel and Sulfur Oxides
1 Liter Heavy Fuel Oil
37 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
38 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Engine test bed certification All propulsion engines - small large and very large engines must show its
compliance with the emission standards on an engine test bed These tests
are done in the same way as for most other engine applications like non
road mobile machinery engines The test bed tests have also to be done
nevertheless if the engine gets modified when it is installed on board
Large ships also have auxiliary engines for example to produce electricity
on board Also these engines have to be certified on an engine test bed
Since these engines are not used for the ship propulsion other engine test
cycles apply like the ISO 8178 C1 or D2 cycle
Additional on-board certification Such engines will often be modified or fine-tuned after the test bed
certification was done and the engine is installed into the ship
Then the test bed certification is seen as a pre-certification which must be
followed by an on-board emission verification
A ship propeller has a certain correlation between speed and torque the so
called propeller law Since the test cycles follow this propeller law it is
possible to repeat the test bed test also on -board
Most engine parameters and especially emissions are measured on-board
Engine parameters which canrsquot be measured on-board can be copied from
the test bed test
39 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Not to Exceed requirements
IMO and US-EPA will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement
There the emission under realistic in-use operation conditions will be
verified
IM requirements Regular inspection and maintenance verification is done during the whole
life-time This can be done by one out of three methods
bull An engine parameter check which verifies certain engines
components settings and operating values which could affect the
emissions (is typically a time consuming work)
bull A simplified verification of the emission on board like the on board
certification test
bull A direct monitoring method which is using fixed installed on board
emission measurement system
40 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TESTING Marine Applications
Notes
Higher potential of corrosion
and contamination because
of high SO2 in exhaust
bull Back-flush and
after sample purge
bull more frequent
maintenance and
service
Consider sample boost
pumps because of long
sample line length since the
engines are very large
Large diversity of fuel types
and fuel parameters
especially in case of FTIR
evaluation packages
SCR and SOx Scrubber
issues
41 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
42 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
ZERO EMISSIONS VERSUS CO2 A local versus a global problem
Pollutant Emission is a local problem
Even when some emission components may be transported
over some 100 kilometers like particulates Mostly only the
people and environment of this region or especially of a city is
effected by pollution problems
Green House Gas Emissions is a global problem
Green House Gas (GHG) emissions will effect the climatic
conditions of the entire world and change the climate Often the
region which might be effected by the weather catastrophes
are not emitting large amounts of GHG emissions but will
suffer
43 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE CHALLENGES Green-House-Gas emissions and Global Warming
CO2 emitted per country
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per country
1 China
2 USA
3 India
4 Russia
CO2 emitted per person
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per person
1 USA
2 Canada
3 Australia
4 Middle East
44 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Achievements and targets
SIAM BEE
Proposals
2015 121 ndash 155 gkm
2020 104 ndash 136 gkm
Source ICAT 2012
4 l100km
25 kml
65 mpg
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
30 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
31 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Emissions
32 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
International Maritime Organization (IMO) Regulation
IMO is the United Nations specialized agency responsible for the safety
security and prevention of marine pollution by ships
IMO publishes the Marine Pollution (MARPOL) regulation which affects all
ocean going vessels and can be applied as emissions standards to domestic-
and foreign-flagged vessels
MARPOL covers all kinds and sources of pollutions caused by vessels not only
the engine emissions Engine emissions are regulated by Annex-VI of MARPOL
and has a NOx limit It also enables local regions to restrict the use of fuels with
high sulfur content (Heavy Fuel Oil HFO) as a measure against SOx emissions
In pollution sensitive areas geographically-based limits will focus to reduce NOx
SOx and PM emissions To achieve air quality benefits at reasonable costs it
allows different options better fuel or the use of exhaust aftertreatment systems
IMO will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
33 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
USA Regulation bull In the USA marine diesel engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
bull 2004 in addition US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandated a
reduction in PM and NOx
bull 2012 EPA Tier-3 has further reduce PM by 50 and NOx by 20 and will require
the use of 15ppm Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)
bull In 2014 EPA Tier-4 will further reduce PM by 90 and NOx by 80 for commercial
engines with more than 600 kW compared to Tier-2 in certain local areas
bull USA will also implement a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
bull Testing procedures and measurement equipment must follow CFR-1065 regulation
EU Regulation In Europe marine engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
For inland water ways ships also must fulfill the Directive 200426EC amended by
201026EU This is the same Directive which applies for all Non-Road Mobile
Machineries in Europe
For certain locale water ways also additional requirements exist like the river Rhine or
Lake Constance
34 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Test Cycles
35 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
36 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Fuel and Sulfur Oxides
1 Liter Heavy Fuel Oil
37 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
38 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Engine test bed certification All propulsion engines - small large and very large engines must show its
compliance with the emission standards on an engine test bed These tests
are done in the same way as for most other engine applications like non
road mobile machinery engines The test bed tests have also to be done
nevertheless if the engine gets modified when it is installed on board
Large ships also have auxiliary engines for example to produce electricity
on board Also these engines have to be certified on an engine test bed
Since these engines are not used for the ship propulsion other engine test
cycles apply like the ISO 8178 C1 or D2 cycle
Additional on-board certification Such engines will often be modified or fine-tuned after the test bed
certification was done and the engine is installed into the ship
Then the test bed certification is seen as a pre-certification which must be
followed by an on-board emission verification
A ship propeller has a certain correlation between speed and torque the so
called propeller law Since the test cycles follow this propeller law it is
possible to repeat the test bed test also on -board
Most engine parameters and especially emissions are measured on-board
Engine parameters which canrsquot be measured on-board can be copied from
the test bed test
39 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Not to Exceed requirements
IMO and US-EPA will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement
There the emission under realistic in-use operation conditions will be
verified
IM requirements Regular inspection and maintenance verification is done during the whole
life-time This can be done by one out of three methods
bull An engine parameter check which verifies certain engines
components settings and operating values which could affect the
emissions (is typically a time consuming work)
bull A simplified verification of the emission on board like the on board
certification test
bull A direct monitoring method which is using fixed installed on board
emission measurement system
40 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TESTING Marine Applications
Notes
Higher potential of corrosion
and contamination because
of high SO2 in exhaust
bull Back-flush and
after sample purge
bull more frequent
maintenance and
service
Consider sample boost
pumps because of long
sample line length since the
engines are very large
Large diversity of fuel types
and fuel parameters
especially in case of FTIR
evaluation packages
SCR and SOx Scrubber
issues
41 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
42 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
ZERO EMISSIONS VERSUS CO2 A local versus a global problem
Pollutant Emission is a local problem
Even when some emission components may be transported
over some 100 kilometers like particulates Mostly only the
people and environment of this region or especially of a city is
effected by pollution problems
Green House Gas Emissions is a global problem
Green House Gas (GHG) emissions will effect the climatic
conditions of the entire world and change the climate Often the
region which might be effected by the weather catastrophes
are not emitting large amounts of GHG emissions but will
suffer
43 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE CHALLENGES Green-House-Gas emissions and Global Warming
CO2 emitted per country
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per country
1 China
2 USA
3 India
4 Russia
CO2 emitted per person
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per person
1 USA
2 Canada
3 Australia
4 Middle East
44 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Achievements and targets
SIAM BEE
Proposals
2015 121 ndash 155 gkm
2020 104 ndash 136 gkm
Source ICAT 2012
4 l100km
25 kml
65 mpg
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
31 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Emissions
32 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
International Maritime Organization (IMO) Regulation
IMO is the United Nations specialized agency responsible for the safety
security and prevention of marine pollution by ships
IMO publishes the Marine Pollution (MARPOL) regulation which affects all
ocean going vessels and can be applied as emissions standards to domestic-
and foreign-flagged vessels
MARPOL covers all kinds and sources of pollutions caused by vessels not only
the engine emissions Engine emissions are regulated by Annex-VI of MARPOL
and has a NOx limit It also enables local regions to restrict the use of fuels with
high sulfur content (Heavy Fuel Oil HFO) as a measure against SOx emissions
In pollution sensitive areas geographically-based limits will focus to reduce NOx
SOx and PM emissions To achieve air quality benefits at reasonable costs it
allows different options better fuel or the use of exhaust aftertreatment systems
IMO will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
33 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
USA Regulation bull In the USA marine diesel engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
bull 2004 in addition US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandated a
reduction in PM and NOx
bull 2012 EPA Tier-3 has further reduce PM by 50 and NOx by 20 and will require
the use of 15ppm Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)
bull In 2014 EPA Tier-4 will further reduce PM by 90 and NOx by 80 for commercial
engines with more than 600 kW compared to Tier-2 in certain local areas
bull USA will also implement a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
bull Testing procedures and measurement equipment must follow CFR-1065 regulation
EU Regulation In Europe marine engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
For inland water ways ships also must fulfill the Directive 200426EC amended by
201026EU This is the same Directive which applies for all Non-Road Mobile
Machineries in Europe
For certain locale water ways also additional requirements exist like the river Rhine or
Lake Constance
34 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Test Cycles
35 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
36 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Fuel and Sulfur Oxides
1 Liter Heavy Fuel Oil
37 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
38 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Engine test bed certification All propulsion engines - small large and very large engines must show its
compliance with the emission standards on an engine test bed These tests
are done in the same way as for most other engine applications like non
road mobile machinery engines The test bed tests have also to be done
nevertheless if the engine gets modified when it is installed on board
Large ships also have auxiliary engines for example to produce electricity
on board Also these engines have to be certified on an engine test bed
Since these engines are not used for the ship propulsion other engine test
cycles apply like the ISO 8178 C1 or D2 cycle
Additional on-board certification Such engines will often be modified or fine-tuned after the test bed
certification was done and the engine is installed into the ship
Then the test bed certification is seen as a pre-certification which must be
followed by an on-board emission verification
A ship propeller has a certain correlation between speed and torque the so
called propeller law Since the test cycles follow this propeller law it is
possible to repeat the test bed test also on -board
Most engine parameters and especially emissions are measured on-board
Engine parameters which canrsquot be measured on-board can be copied from
the test bed test
39 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Not to Exceed requirements
IMO and US-EPA will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement
There the emission under realistic in-use operation conditions will be
verified
IM requirements Regular inspection and maintenance verification is done during the whole
life-time This can be done by one out of three methods
bull An engine parameter check which verifies certain engines
components settings and operating values which could affect the
emissions (is typically a time consuming work)
bull A simplified verification of the emission on board like the on board
certification test
bull A direct monitoring method which is using fixed installed on board
emission measurement system
40 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TESTING Marine Applications
Notes
Higher potential of corrosion
and contamination because
of high SO2 in exhaust
bull Back-flush and
after sample purge
bull more frequent
maintenance and
service
Consider sample boost
pumps because of long
sample line length since the
engines are very large
Large diversity of fuel types
and fuel parameters
especially in case of FTIR
evaluation packages
SCR and SOx Scrubber
issues
41 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
42 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
ZERO EMISSIONS VERSUS CO2 A local versus a global problem
Pollutant Emission is a local problem
Even when some emission components may be transported
over some 100 kilometers like particulates Mostly only the
people and environment of this region or especially of a city is
effected by pollution problems
Green House Gas Emissions is a global problem
Green House Gas (GHG) emissions will effect the climatic
conditions of the entire world and change the climate Often the
region which might be effected by the weather catastrophes
are not emitting large amounts of GHG emissions but will
suffer
43 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE CHALLENGES Green-House-Gas emissions and Global Warming
CO2 emitted per country
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per country
1 China
2 USA
3 India
4 Russia
CO2 emitted per person
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per person
1 USA
2 Canada
3 Australia
4 Middle East
44 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Achievements and targets
SIAM BEE
Proposals
2015 121 ndash 155 gkm
2020 104 ndash 136 gkm
Source ICAT 2012
4 l100km
25 kml
65 mpg
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
32 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
International Maritime Organization (IMO) Regulation
IMO is the United Nations specialized agency responsible for the safety
security and prevention of marine pollution by ships
IMO publishes the Marine Pollution (MARPOL) regulation which affects all
ocean going vessels and can be applied as emissions standards to domestic-
and foreign-flagged vessels
MARPOL covers all kinds and sources of pollutions caused by vessels not only
the engine emissions Engine emissions are regulated by Annex-VI of MARPOL
and has a NOx limit It also enables local regions to restrict the use of fuels with
high sulfur content (Heavy Fuel Oil HFO) as a measure against SOx emissions
In pollution sensitive areas geographically-based limits will focus to reduce NOx
SOx and PM emissions To achieve air quality benefits at reasonable costs it
allows different options better fuel or the use of exhaust aftertreatment systems
IMO will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
33 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
USA Regulation bull In the USA marine diesel engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
bull 2004 in addition US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandated a
reduction in PM and NOx
bull 2012 EPA Tier-3 has further reduce PM by 50 and NOx by 20 and will require
the use of 15ppm Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)
bull In 2014 EPA Tier-4 will further reduce PM by 90 and NOx by 80 for commercial
engines with more than 600 kW compared to Tier-2 in certain local areas
bull USA will also implement a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
bull Testing procedures and measurement equipment must follow CFR-1065 regulation
EU Regulation In Europe marine engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
For inland water ways ships also must fulfill the Directive 200426EC amended by
201026EU This is the same Directive which applies for all Non-Road Mobile
Machineries in Europe
For certain locale water ways also additional requirements exist like the river Rhine or
Lake Constance
34 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Test Cycles
35 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
36 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Fuel and Sulfur Oxides
1 Liter Heavy Fuel Oil
37 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
38 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Engine test bed certification All propulsion engines - small large and very large engines must show its
compliance with the emission standards on an engine test bed These tests
are done in the same way as for most other engine applications like non
road mobile machinery engines The test bed tests have also to be done
nevertheless if the engine gets modified when it is installed on board
Large ships also have auxiliary engines for example to produce electricity
on board Also these engines have to be certified on an engine test bed
Since these engines are not used for the ship propulsion other engine test
cycles apply like the ISO 8178 C1 or D2 cycle
Additional on-board certification Such engines will often be modified or fine-tuned after the test bed
certification was done and the engine is installed into the ship
Then the test bed certification is seen as a pre-certification which must be
followed by an on-board emission verification
A ship propeller has a certain correlation between speed and torque the so
called propeller law Since the test cycles follow this propeller law it is
possible to repeat the test bed test also on -board
Most engine parameters and especially emissions are measured on-board
Engine parameters which canrsquot be measured on-board can be copied from
the test bed test
39 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Not to Exceed requirements
IMO and US-EPA will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement
There the emission under realistic in-use operation conditions will be
verified
IM requirements Regular inspection and maintenance verification is done during the whole
life-time This can be done by one out of three methods
bull An engine parameter check which verifies certain engines
components settings and operating values which could affect the
emissions (is typically a time consuming work)
bull A simplified verification of the emission on board like the on board
certification test
bull A direct monitoring method which is using fixed installed on board
emission measurement system
40 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TESTING Marine Applications
Notes
Higher potential of corrosion
and contamination because
of high SO2 in exhaust
bull Back-flush and
after sample purge
bull more frequent
maintenance and
service
Consider sample boost
pumps because of long
sample line length since the
engines are very large
Large diversity of fuel types
and fuel parameters
especially in case of FTIR
evaluation packages
SCR and SOx Scrubber
issues
41 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
42 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
ZERO EMISSIONS VERSUS CO2 A local versus a global problem
Pollutant Emission is a local problem
Even when some emission components may be transported
over some 100 kilometers like particulates Mostly only the
people and environment of this region or especially of a city is
effected by pollution problems
Green House Gas Emissions is a global problem
Green House Gas (GHG) emissions will effect the climatic
conditions of the entire world and change the climate Often the
region which might be effected by the weather catastrophes
are not emitting large amounts of GHG emissions but will
suffer
43 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE CHALLENGES Green-House-Gas emissions and Global Warming
CO2 emitted per country
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per country
1 China
2 USA
3 India
4 Russia
CO2 emitted per person
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per person
1 USA
2 Canada
3 Australia
4 Middle East
44 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Achievements and targets
SIAM BEE
Proposals
2015 121 ndash 155 gkm
2020 104 ndash 136 gkm
Source ICAT 2012
4 l100km
25 kml
65 mpg
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
33 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Standards and Regulations
USA Regulation bull In the USA marine diesel engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
bull 2004 in addition US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandated a
reduction in PM and NOx
bull 2012 EPA Tier-3 has further reduce PM by 50 and NOx by 20 and will require
the use of 15ppm Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)
bull In 2014 EPA Tier-4 will further reduce PM by 90 and NOx by 80 for commercial
engines with more than 600 kW compared to Tier-2 in certain local areas
bull USA will also implement a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement for ships
bull Testing procedures and measurement equipment must follow CFR-1065 regulation
EU Regulation In Europe marine engines must also fulfill the IMO emission standard
For inland water ways ships also must fulfill the Directive 200426EC amended by
201026EU This is the same Directive which applies for all Non-Road Mobile
Machineries in Europe
For certain locale water ways also additional requirements exist like the river Rhine or
Lake Constance
34 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Test Cycles
35 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
36 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Fuel and Sulfur Oxides
1 Liter Heavy Fuel Oil
37 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
38 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Engine test bed certification All propulsion engines - small large and very large engines must show its
compliance with the emission standards on an engine test bed These tests
are done in the same way as for most other engine applications like non
road mobile machinery engines The test bed tests have also to be done
nevertheless if the engine gets modified when it is installed on board
Large ships also have auxiliary engines for example to produce electricity
on board Also these engines have to be certified on an engine test bed
Since these engines are not used for the ship propulsion other engine test
cycles apply like the ISO 8178 C1 or D2 cycle
Additional on-board certification Such engines will often be modified or fine-tuned after the test bed
certification was done and the engine is installed into the ship
Then the test bed certification is seen as a pre-certification which must be
followed by an on-board emission verification
A ship propeller has a certain correlation between speed and torque the so
called propeller law Since the test cycles follow this propeller law it is
possible to repeat the test bed test also on -board
Most engine parameters and especially emissions are measured on-board
Engine parameters which canrsquot be measured on-board can be copied from
the test bed test
39 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Not to Exceed requirements
IMO and US-EPA will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement
There the emission under realistic in-use operation conditions will be
verified
IM requirements Regular inspection and maintenance verification is done during the whole
life-time This can be done by one out of three methods
bull An engine parameter check which verifies certain engines
components settings and operating values which could affect the
emissions (is typically a time consuming work)
bull A simplified verification of the emission on board like the on board
certification test
bull A direct monitoring method which is using fixed installed on board
emission measurement system
40 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TESTING Marine Applications
Notes
Higher potential of corrosion
and contamination because
of high SO2 in exhaust
bull Back-flush and
after sample purge
bull more frequent
maintenance and
service
Consider sample boost
pumps because of long
sample line length since the
engines are very large
Large diversity of fuel types
and fuel parameters
especially in case of FTIR
evaluation packages
SCR and SOx Scrubber
issues
41 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
42 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
ZERO EMISSIONS VERSUS CO2 A local versus a global problem
Pollutant Emission is a local problem
Even when some emission components may be transported
over some 100 kilometers like particulates Mostly only the
people and environment of this region or especially of a city is
effected by pollution problems
Green House Gas Emissions is a global problem
Green House Gas (GHG) emissions will effect the climatic
conditions of the entire world and change the climate Often the
region which might be effected by the weather catastrophes
are not emitting large amounts of GHG emissions but will
suffer
43 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE CHALLENGES Green-House-Gas emissions and Global Warming
CO2 emitted per country
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per country
1 China
2 USA
3 India
4 Russia
CO2 emitted per person
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per person
1 USA
2 Canada
3 Australia
4 Middle East
44 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Achievements and targets
SIAM BEE
Proposals
2015 121 ndash 155 gkm
2020 104 ndash 136 gkm
Source ICAT 2012
4 l100km
25 kml
65 mpg
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
34 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Test Cycles
35 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
36 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Fuel and Sulfur Oxides
1 Liter Heavy Fuel Oil
37 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
38 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Engine test bed certification All propulsion engines - small large and very large engines must show its
compliance with the emission standards on an engine test bed These tests
are done in the same way as for most other engine applications like non
road mobile machinery engines The test bed tests have also to be done
nevertheless if the engine gets modified when it is installed on board
Large ships also have auxiliary engines for example to produce electricity
on board Also these engines have to be certified on an engine test bed
Since these engines are not used for the ship propulsion other engine test
cycles apply like the ISO 8178 C1 or D2 cycle
Additional on-board certification Such engines will often be modified or fine-tuned after the test bed
certification was done and the engine is installed into the ship
Then the test bed certification is seen as a pre-certification which must be
followed by an on-board emission verification
A ship propeller has a certain correlation between speed and torque the so
called propeller law Since the test cycles follow this propeller law it is
possible to repeat the test bed test also on -board
Most engine parameters and especially emissions are measured on-board
Engine parameters which canrsquot be measured on-board can be copied from
the test bed test
39 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Not to Exceed requirements
IMO and US-EPA will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement
There the emission under realistic in-use operation conditions will be
verified
IM requirements Regular inspection and maintenance verification is done during the whole
life-time This can be done by one out of three methods
bull An engine parameter check which verifies certain engines
components settings and operating values which could affect the
emissions (is typically a time consuming work)
bull A simplified verification of the emission on board like the on board
certification test
bull A direct monitoring method which is using fixed installed on board
emission measurement system
40 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TESTING Marine Applications
Notes
Higher potential of corrosion
and contamination because
of high SO2 in exhaust
bull Back-flush and
after sample purge
bull more frequent
maintenance and
service
Consider sample boost
pumps because of long
sample line length since the
engines are very large
Large diversity of fuel types
and fuel parameters
especially in case of FTIR
evaluation packages
SCR and SOx Scrubber
issues
41 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
42 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
ZERO EMISSIONS VERSUS CO2 A local versus a global problem
Pollutant Emission is a local problem
Even when some emission components may be transported
over some 100 kilometers like particulates Mostly only the
people and environment of this region or especially of a city is
effected by pollution problems
Green House Gas Emissions is a global problem
Green House Gas (GHG) emissions will effect the climatic
conditions of the entire world and change the climate Often the
region which might be effected by the weather catastrophes
are not emitting large amounts of GHG emissions but will
suffer
43 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE CHALLENGES Green-House-Gas emissions and Global Warming
CO2 emitted per country
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per country
1 China
2 USA
3 India
4 Russia
CO2 emitted per person
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per person
1 USA
2 Canada
3 Australia
4 Middle East
44 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Achievements and targets
SIAM BEE
Proposals
2015 121 ndash 155 gkm
2020 104 ndash 136 gkm
Source ICAT 2012
4 l100km
25 kml
65 mpg
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
35 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
36 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Fuel and Sulfur Oxides
1 Liter Heavy Fuel Oil
37 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
38 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Engine test bed certification All propulsion engines - small large and very large engines must show its
compliance with the emission standards on an engine test bed These tests
are done in the same way as for most other engine applications like non
road mobile machinery engines The test bed tests have also to be done
nevertheless if the engine gets modified when it is installed on board
Large ships also have auxiliary engines for example to produce electricity
on board Also these engines have to be certified on an engine test bed
Since these engines are not used for the ship propulsion other engine test
cycles apply like the ISO 8178 C1 or D2 cycle
Additional on-board certification Such engines will often be modified or fine-tuned after the test bed
certification was done and the engine is installed into the ship
Then the test bed certification is seen as a pre-certification which must be
followed by an on-board emission verification
A ship propeller has a certain correlation between speed and torque the so
called propeller law Since the test cycles follow this propeller law it is
possible to repeat the test bed test also on -board
Most engine parameters and especially emissions are measured on-board
Engine parameters which canrsquot be measured on-board can be copied from
the test bed test
39 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Not to Exceed requirements
IMO and US-EPA will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement
There the emission under realistic in-use operation conditions will be
verified
IM requirements Regular inspection and maintenance verification is done during the whole
life-time This can be done by one out of three methods
bull An engine parameter check which verifies certain engines
components settings and operating values which could affect the
emissions (is typically a time consuming work)
bull A simplified verification of the emission on board like the on board
certification test
bull A direct monitoring method which is using fixed installed on board
emission measurement system
40 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TESTING Marine Applications
Notes
Higher potential of corrosion
and contamination because
of high SO2 in exhaust
bull Back-flush and
after sample purge
bull more frequent
maintenance and
service
Consider sample boost
pumps because of long
sample line length since the
engines are very large
Large diversity of fuel types
and fuel parameters
especially in case of FTIR
evaluation packages
SCR and SOx Scrubber
issues
41 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
42 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
ZERO EMISSIONS VERSUS CO2 A local versus a global problem
Pollutant Emission is a local problem
Even when some emission components may be transported
over some 100 kilometers like particulates Mostly only the
people and environment of this region or especially of a city is
effected by pollution problems
Green House Gas Emissions is a global problem
Green House Gas (GHG) emissions will effect the climatic
conditions of the entire world and change the climate Often the
region which might be effected by the weather catastrophes
are not emitting large amounts of GHG emissions but will
suffer
43 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE CHALLENGES Green-House-Gas emissions and Global Warming
CO2 emitted per country
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per country
1 China
2 USA
3 India
4 Russia
CO2 emitted per person
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per person
1 USA
2 Canada
3 Australia
4 Middle East
44 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Achievements and targets
SIAM BEE
Proposals
2015 121 ndash 155 gkm
2020 104 ndash 136 gkm
Source ICAT 2012
4 l100km
25 kml
65 mpg
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
36 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Fuel and Sulfur Oxides
1 Liter Heavy Fuel Oil
37 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
38 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Engine test bed certification All propulsion engines - small large and very large engines must show its
compliance with the emission standards on an engine test bed These tests
are done in the same way as for most other engine applications like non
road mobile machinery engines The test bed tests have also to be done
nevertheless if the engine gets modified when it is installed on board
Large ships also have auxiliary engines for example to produce electricity
on board Also these engines have to be certified on an engine test bed
Since these engines are not used for the ship propulsion other engine test
cycles apply like the ISO 8178 C1 or D2 cycle
Additional on-board certification Such engines will often be modified or fine-tuned after the test bed
certification was done and the engine is installed into the ship
Then the test bed certification is seen as a pre-certification which must be
followed by an on-board emission verification
A ship propeller has a certain correlation between speed and torque the so
called propeller law Since the test cycles follow this propeller law it is
possible to repeat the test bed test also on -board
Most engine parameters and especially emissions are measured on-board
Engine parameters which canrsquot be measured on-board can be copied from
the test bed test
39 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Not to Exceed requirements
IMO and US-EPA will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement
There the emission under realistic in-use operation conditions will be
verified
IM requirements Regular inspection and maintenance verification is done during the whole
life-time This can be done by one out of three methods
bull An engine parameter check which verifies certain engines
components settings and operating values which could affect the
emissions (is typically a time consuming work)
bull A simplified verification of the emission on board like the on board
certification test
bull A direct monitoring method which is using fixed installed on board
emission measurement system
40 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TESTING Marine Applications
Notes
Higher potential of corrosion
and contamination because
of high SO2 in exhaust
bull Back-flush and
after sample purge
bull more frequent
maintenance and
service
Consider sample boost
pumps because of long
sample line length since the
engines are very large
Large diversity of fuel types
and fuel parameters
especially in case of FTIR
evaluation packages
SCR and SOx Scrubber
issues
41 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
42 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
ZERO EMISSIONS VERSUS CO2 A local versus a global problem
Pollutant Emission is a local problem
Even when some emission components may be transported
over some 100 kilometers like particulates Mostly only the
people and environment of this region or especially of a city is
effected by pollution problems
Green House Gas Emissions is a global problem
Green House Gas (GHG) emissions will effect the climatic
conditions of the entire world and change the climate Often the
region which might be effected by the weather catastrophes
are not emitting large amounts of GHG emissions but will
suffer
43 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE CHALLENGES Green-House-Gas emissions and Global Warming
CO2 emitted per country
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per country
1 China
2 USA
3 India
4 Russia
CO2 emitted per person
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per person
1 USA
2 Canada
3 Australia
4 Middle East
44 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Achievements and targets
SIAM BEE
Proposals
2015 121 ndash 155 gkm
2020 104 ndash 136 gkm
Source ICAT 2012
4 l100km
25 kml
65 mpg
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
37 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Exhaust Aftertreatment
38 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Engine test bed certification All propulsion engines - small large and very large engines must show its
compliance with the emission standards on an engine test bed These tests
are done in the same way as for most other engine applications like non
road mobile machinery engines The test bed tests have also to be done
nevertheless if the engine gets modified when it is installed on board
Large ships also have auxiliary engines for example to produce electricity
on board Also these engines have to be certified on an engine test bed
Since these engines are not used for the ship propulsion other engine test
cycles apply like the ISO 8178 C1 or D2 cycle
Additional on-board certification Such engines will often be modified or fine-tuned after the test bed
certification was done and the engine is installed into the ship
Then the test bed certification is seen as a pre-certification which must be
followed by an on-board emission verification
A ship propeller has a certain correlation between speed and torque the so
called propeller law Since the test cycles follow this propeller law it is
possible to repeat the test bed test also on -board
Most engine parameters and especially emissions are measured on-board
Engine parameters which canrsquot be measured on-board can be copied from
the test bed test
39 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Not to Exceed requirements
IMO and US-EPA will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement
There the emission under realistic in-use operation conditions will be
verified
IM requirements Regular inspection and maintenance verification is done during the whole
life-time This can be done by one out of three methods
bull An engine parameter check which verifies certain engines
components settings and operating values which could affect the
emissions (is typically a time consuming work)
bull A simplified verification of the emission on board like the on board
certification test
bull A direct monitoring method which is using fixed installed on board
emission measurement system
40 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TESTING Marine Applications
Notes
Higher potential of corrosion
and contamination because
of high SO2 in exhaust
bull Back-flush and
after sample purge
bull more frequent
maintenance and
service
Consider sample boost
pumps because of long
sample line length since the
engines are very large
Large diversity of fuel types
and fuel parameters
especially in case of FTIR
evaluation packages
SCR and SOx Scrubber
issues
41 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
42 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
ZERO EMISSIONS VERSUS CO2 A local versus a global problem
Pollutant Emission is a local problem
Even when some emission components may be transported
over some 100 kilometers like particulates Mostly only the
people and environment of this region or especially of a city is
effected by pollution problems
Green House Gas Emissions is a global problem
Green House Gas (GHG) emissions will effect the climatic
conditions of the entire world and change the climate Often the
region which might be effected by the weather catastrophes
are not emitting large amounts of GHG emissions but will
suffer
43 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE CHALLENGES Green-House-Gas emissions and Global Warming
CO2 emitted per country
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per country
1 China
2 USA
3 India
4 Russia
CO2 emitted per person
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per person
1 USA
2 Canada
3 Australia
4 Middle East
44 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Achievements and targets
SIAM BEE
Proposals
2015 121 ndash 155 gkm
2020 104 ndash 136 gkm
Source ICAT 2012
4 l100km
25 kml
65 mpg
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
38 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Engine test bed certification All propulsion engines - small large and very large engines must show its
compliance with the emission standards on an engine test bed These tests
are done in the same way as for most other engine applications like non
road mobile machinery engines The test bed tests have also to be done
nevertheless if the engine gets modified when it is installed on board
Large ships also have auxiliary engines for example to produce electricity
on board Also these engines have to be certified on an engine test bed
Since these engines are not used for the ship propulsion other engine test
cycles apply like the ISO 8178 C1 or D2 cycle
Additional on-board certification Such engines will often be modified or fine-tuned after the test bed
certification was done and the engine is installed into the ship
Then the test bed certification is seen as a pre-certification which must be
followed by an on-board emission verification
A ship propeller has a certain correlation between speed and torque the so
called propeller law Since the test cycles follow this propeller law it is
possible to repeat the test bed test also on -board
Most engine parameters and especially emissions are measured on-board
Engine parameters which canrsquot be measured on-board can be copied from
the test bed test
39 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Not to Exceed requirements
IMO and US-EPA will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement
There the emission under realistic in-use operation conditions will be
verified
IM requirements Regular inspection and maintenance verification is done during the whole
life-time This can be done by one out of three methods
bull An engine parameter check which verifies certain engines
components settings and operating values which could affect the
emissions (is typically a time consuming work)
bull A simplified verification of the emission on board like the on board
certification test
bull A direct monitoring method which is using fixed installed on board
emission measurement system
40 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TESTING Marine Applications
Notes
Higher potential of corrosion
and contamination because
of high SO2 in exhaust
bull Back-flush and
after sample purge
bull more frequent
maintenance and
service
Consider sample boost
pumps because of long
sample line length since the
engines are very large
Large diversity of fuel types
and fuel parameters
especially in case of FTIR
evaluation packages
SCR and SOx Scrubber
issues
41 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
42 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
ZERO EMISSIONS VERSUS CO2 A local versus a global problem
Pollutant Emission is a local problem
Even when some emission components may be transported
over some 100 kilometers like particulates Mostly only the
people and environment of this region or especially of a city is
effected by pollution problems
Green House Gas Emissions is a global problem
Green House Gas (GHG) emissions will effect the climatic
conditions of the entire world and change the climate Often the
region which might be effected by the weather catastrophes
are not emitting large amounts of GHG emissions but will
suffer
43 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE CHALLENGES Green-House-Gas emissions and Global Warming
CO2 emitted per country
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per country
1 China
2 USA
3 India
4 Russia
CO2 emitted per person
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per person
1 USA
2 Canada
3 Australia
4 Middle East
44 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Achievements and targets
SIAM BEE
Proposals
2015 121 ndash 155 gkm
2020 104 ndash 136 gkm
Source ICAT 2012
4 l100km
25 kml
65 mpg
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
39 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
MARINE APPLICATIONS Testing and Certification
Not to Exceed requirements
IMO and US-EPA will also add a Not to Exceed (NTE) requirement
There the emission under realistic in-use operation conditions will be
verified
IM requirements Regular inspection and maintenance verification is done during the whole
life-time This can be done by one out of three methods
bull An engine parameter check which verifies certain engines
components settings and operating values which could affect the
emissions (is typically a time consuming work)
bull A simplified verification of the emission on board like the on board
certification test
bull A direct monitoring method which is using fixed installed on board
emission measurement system
40 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TESTING Marine Applications
Notes
Higher potential of corrosion
and contamination because
of high SO2 in exhaust
bull Back-flush and
after sample purge
bull more frequent
maintenance and
service
Consider sample boost
pumps because of long
sample line length since the
engines are very large
Large diversity of fuel types
and fuel parameters
especially in case of FTIR
evaluation packages
SCR and SOx Scrubber
issues
41 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
42 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
ZERO EMISSIONS VERSUS CO2 A local versus a global problem
Pollutant Emission is a local problem
Even when some emission components may be transported
over some 100 kilometers like particulates Mostly only the
people and environment of this region or especially of a city is
effected by pollution problems
Green House Gas Emissions is a global problem
Green House Gas (GHG) emissions will effect the climatic
conditions of the entire world and change the climate Often the
region which might be effected by the weather catastrophes
are not emitting large amounts of GHG emissions but will
suffer
43 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE CHALLENGES Green-House-Gas emissions and Global Warming
CO2 emitted per country
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per country
1 China
2 USA
3 India
4 Russia
CO2 emitted per person
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per person
1 USA
2 Canada
3 Australia
4 Middle East
44 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Achievements and targets
SIAM BEE
Proposals
2015 121 ndash 155 gkm
2020 104 ndash 136 gkm
Source ICAT 2012
4 l100km
25 kml
65 mpg
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
40 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TESTING Marine Applications
Notes
Higher potential of corrosion
and contamination because
of high SO2 in exhaust
bull Back-flush and
after sample purge
bull more frequent
maintenance and
service
Consider sample boost
pumps because of long
sample line length since the
engines are very large
Large diversity of fuel types
and fuel parameters
especially in case of FTIR
evaluation packages
SCR and SOx Scrubber
issues
41 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
42 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
ZERO EMISSIONS VERSUS CO2 A local versus a global problem
Pollutant Emission is a local problem
Even when some emission components may be transported
over some 100 kilometers like particulates Mostly only the
people and environment of this region or especially of a city is
effected by pollution problems
Green House Gas Emissions is a global problem
Green House Gas (GHG) emissions will effect the climatic
conditions of the entire world and change the climate Often the
region which might be effected by the weather catastrophes
are not emitting large amounts of GHG emissions but will
suffer
43 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE CHALLENGES Green-House-Gas emissions and Global Warming
CO2 emitted per country
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per country
1 China
2 USA
3 India
4 Russia
CO2 emitted per person
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per person
1 USA
2 Canada
3 Australia
4 Middle East
44 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Achievements and targets
SIAM BEE
Proposals
2015 121 ndash 155 gkm
2020 104 ndash 136 gkm
Source ICAT 2012
4 l100km
25 kml
65 mpg
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
41 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
42 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
ZERO EMISSIONS VERSUS CO2 A local versus a global problem
Pollutant Emission is a local problem
Even when some emission components may be transported
over some 100 kilometers like particulates Mostly only the
people and environment of this region or especially of a city is
effected by pollution problems
Green House Gas Emissions is a global problem
Green House Gas (GHG) emissions will effect the climatic
conditions of the entire world and change the climate Often the
region which might be effected by the weather catastrophes
are not emitting large amounts of GHG emissions but will
suffer
43 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE CHALLENGES Green-House-Gas emissions and Global Warming
CO2 emitted per country
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per country
1 China
2 USA
3 India
4 Russia
CO2 emitted per person
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per person
1 USA
2 Canada
3 Australia
4 Middle East
44 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Achievements and targets
SIAM BEE
Proposals
2015 121 ndash 155 gkm
2020 104 ndash 136 gkm
Source ICAT 2012
4 l100km
25 kml
65 mpg
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
42 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
ZERO EMISSIONS VERSUS CO2 A local versus a global problem
Pollutant Emission is a local problem
Even when some emission components may be transported
over some 100 kilometers like particulates Mostly only the
people and environment of this region or especially of a city is
effected by pollution problems
Green House Gas Emissions is a global problem
Green House Gas (GHG) emissions will effect the climatic
conditions of the entire world and change the climate Often the
region which might be effected by the weather catastrophes
are not emitting large amounts of GHG emissions but will
suffer
43 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE CHALLENGES Green-House-Gas emissions and Global Warming
CO2 emitted per country
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per country
1 China
2 USA
3 India
4 Russia
CO2 emitted per person
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per person
1 USA
2 Canada
3 Australia
4 Middle East
44 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Achievements and targets
SIAM BEE
Proposals
2015 121 ndash 155 gkm
2020 104 ndash 136 gkm
Source ICAT 2012
4 l100km
25 kml
65 mpg
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
43 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE CHALLENGES Green-House-Gas emissions and Global Warming
CO2 emitted per country
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per country
1 China
2 USA
3 India
4 Russia
CO2 emitted per person
The map shows how much CO2 is emitted
per person
1 USA
2 Canada
3 Australia
4 Middle East
44 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Achievements and targets
SIAM BEE
Proposals
2015 121 ndash 155 gkm
2020 104 ndash 136 gkm
Source ICAT 2012
4 l100km
25 kml
65 mpg
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
44 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (GHG) Achievements and targets
SIAM BEE
Proposals
2015 121 ndash 155 gkm
2020 104 ndash 136 gkm
Source ICAT 2012
4 l100km
25 kml
65 mpg
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
45 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
EMISSION TRENDS Green ndash House ndash Gas (GHG) Reduction
USA
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
46 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS What is it
Naming
bull There is no commonly aligned naming of testing methods or procedures in
all discussions and regulations There are words like
bull ldquoReal Driving Emissionsrdquo
bull bdquoNot-to-Exceedldquo
bull bdquoOff-Cycle Emissionldquo
bull bdquoReal World Emissionldquo
bull bdquoIn-Use Complianceldquo
bull bdquoIn Service Conformityldquo
bull In principle there are two different approaches for Real Driving Emissions
bull Random cycles in the test bed
bull Mobile testing on the road
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
47 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THR PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
Older technology was not flexible like
carburetors mechanical or electronic engine
control Reducing emissions in any cycle
reduced emission under most operation
conditions
Modern engine control units (Computer)
are flexible and fine tuned for the known
cycle Reducing emission will not reduce
emission under normal operation
conditions
Therefore modern legislations are changing the procedures and add random cycles or in
use requirements or both
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
48 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
USA
Source wwwepagovcomplianceresourcespoliciescivilcaamobilevehicleengine-penalty-policypdf wwwcertreformorgaboutgeorge-lawrences-
note wwwepagovotaqimports420b10027pdf wwwepagovcomplianceresourcesnewsletterscivilenfalert
httpjoongangdailyjoinscomarticleviewaspaid=2935973
bull $267 Mil spend by Honda and $78 Mil by Ford to settle charges for
using ldquoDefeat Devicesrdquo which are forbidden by the Clean Air Act
bull $83 million penalties plus $1000 million to resolve claims against seven
major diesel engine manufacturers for violation of environmental law The
companies sold 13 million diesel engines containing illegal defeat
devices which allow an engine to pass the emissions test but modified
emission controls during real driving
South-Korean Ministry of Environment
bull The National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) tested 5 diesel-
engine SUV models
bull All 5 models passed the legal test but serious problems arose when the
air conditioning was turned on While most cars showed a 10 to 20
increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions these five SUVs had 6 to 11
times more NOx emissions than the legal limit
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
49 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
THE PROBLEM of old and current emission legislation procedures
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
50 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS Variants
Real Driving
Emission testing
and
Standard Test Bed Emission Systems
AVL iGENERATION PRODUCT LINE
Portable Emission Systems
AVL MOVE Mobile Testing Platform
bull Test bed test
bull Random and unknown
test cycle
bull Can be reproduced which
is important for RampD
bull Mobile in use
measurement
bull Unknown driving
conditions
bull Can not be repeated
Random
Cycle
Mobile
PEMS
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
51 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
Emission Testing mobile and in the Lab A combination of both
Test bed
bull Environmental relevance rarr limited (Standard cycle)
bull Standardization rarr Results can be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr yes (most important for development)
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquostraight and without hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr standardized and konstant
Mobile Testing
bull Environmental relevance rarr high (realer world)
bull Not standardized rarr Results can not be compared
bull Reproducibility rarr not possible
bull Driving conditions rarr bdquowith turns and hillsldquo
bull Ambient conditions rarr variable in defined limits
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
52 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Overview and Trends in Worldwide Emission Legislations
Content
bull Legislation and Harmonization
bull Emission Applications
bull Light Duty Passenger Cars
bull Heavy Duty On-Road Engines
bull Off-Road Engines
bull Special Topics
bull Green-House-Gas emissions
bull Real Driving Emissions
bull AVL Emission Solutions
bull Product Portfolio
bull Reference Examples
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
53 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
iGEM Engine
GEM301 EC
Heavy Duty
Engine
GEM301 EC
Off-Road
Engine
TFMS
Test Field
Management
iGEM
Vehicle
LD + HD
Chassis Cell
SORE GEM
Small
Engine
iGEM Offline
PUCConcerto
Emission Data
Evaluation
iGEM Engine
Light Duty
Engine
Testing Tools - Automation Systems
SHED
Automation
Pre-Filters
Sample-
selection
Calibration-
and Check
Devices
Analyzers
Accessories and Calibration
AVL DiX
High End
DiGas 2200
Motor Cycle
DiGas 4000
DiSmoke
Workshop Instruments
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Simulation
AST
Advanced Emissions
Visiolution
In-Cylinder
Help Desk
Support
e-spares
Service
Maintenance
Ramp-up
Support
CARE
SW + HW
Residence
Service
Customer Service
Training
Products
Training
Applications
AMA i60
High End
AMA i60
Stand Alone
AMA i60
Remote
SESAM i60FT Multi Component
SESAM-i60FT Multi Component
+ Analyzers
AMA i60
NH3 hellip
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
EmRep
Online
Legislation
Consulting
Emission
Testing
Clean Air
Support
Programs
Consulting
CVS i60
Light Duty
CVS
CVS i60
Heavy Duty
CVS
PSS i60
Particulate
Sampler
SPC
Partial Flow
Dilution
Dilution Systems
Micro Soot
Onboard
PM PEMS
MOVE
Gas PEMS
in 2011
Portable Systems
Opacity
Onboard
SHED
VTVV
SHED
Automation
Canister
Loading
Fuel
Cart
SHED-FID
Evaporative Emission Systems
Smoke
Meter
Opacity
Meter
Micro Soot
Sensor
Particle
Counter
Particulate and Smoke
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
54 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
55 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Performance
Highest possible accuracy and repeatability
Compliant with all current and future
legislations (by current drafts)
Highest availability
Benefits
Identical HW architecture
Same components wherever possible
Common spare part stock
Common maintenance procedures
Less training effort
Lowest total cost of ownership
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
56 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Same software platform
Intuitive operation
Best integration and interfacing
Aligned upgrades like for new legislations
Benefits
Easier operation
Less operator mistakes
High automated procedures and functions
Integration of several GUIs on one operator
monitor
iGEM FT
iGEM PSS
iGEM CVS
iGEM AMA
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
57 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS iGeneration Emission Test Systems
AVL has launched a totally new innovative and
intuitive emission measurement system
generation covering all standard emission
systems
Calibration devices and Accessories
All required calibration validation devices
needed for emission testing
Fully automated operation
Benefits
One device can be used for different
measurement systems
Fully integrated with systems for automated
procedures for efficient workflow and
highest accuracy and repeatability
tailored also for the challenges of new
engine concepts
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
58 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
59 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TEST SYSTEMS Emission Test Automation Systems
Puma Open Platform
Engine and Powertrain Vehicle Testing
iGEM Vehicle iGEM Engine
iGEM-Engine and iGEM-Vehicle emission automation is harmonizing vehicle and
engine testing on base of the Puma Open automation platform
Exchange of test procedures and data between Engine- and Chassis Dyno tests
Same operation software modules error handling and look and feel
other devices
actuators and
sensors
other devices
actuators and
sensors
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
60 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING AVL Powertrain Test Centers
India
Ann ArborMI
Plymouth MI
Headquarters Graz UK
China
France
Lake Forest CA
Korea
Germany
Turkey
Sweden Haninge
Soumldertalje
Remscheid Muumlnchen Stuttgart Regensburg Neuenstadt Ingolstadt
Nagoya
Tokio
Moscow
Sao Paulo
AVL worldwide 110+ in-House Emission Test Cells bull 94 Engine- and Powertrain Test cells bull 16 Chassis Dyno Test Cells bull 2 SHEDs bull 24 Special test cells
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
61 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING EPA has selected AVL
US-EPA Ann Arbor USA
US Environmental Protection Agency
AVL selected to supply 2 complete Chassis
Dyno Emission Test Cell for developing and
testing of the next generation of US
emission legislation including
Fulfilling CFR-1065 and CFR-1066
specifications
PM sampling for diesel and gasoline
NMOG sampling
Green-House-Gas emission
measurement
Pre- and Post-Cat emission
measurement
AVL ldquoHeated CVSrdquo concept for low
emission testing (SULEV)
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
62 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING TUumlV Hessen selected AVL
TUumlV Hessen Germany
Technology und Environmental Center
AVL selected to supply test and emission
measurement systems There is also a
special focus on the challenges of new
powertrain concepts like hybrids electrical
vehicles and alternative fuels
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell
ldquoAdvancedrdquo Which can simulate real
driving conditions trafic up- and
down-hill driving as well as turns by
using 4 independent rollers
Engine Emission Test Cell
Portable Emission Measurement
Systems (PEMS)
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
63 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Vietnam Register (VR) selected AVL as Turn-Key Supplier
VR Vietnam Register Vietnam
National vehicle emission certification
laboratory of Vietnam
AVL selected as ldquoTurn key solutionrdquo supplier
for the national emission laboratory AVL
responsible for planning building design test
laboratory configuration test and
measurement systems and system and
application training Final EU and UN-ECE
laboratory approval done by German TUumlV
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
passenger cars (1)
Chassis Dyno Emission Test Cell for
motorcycles (2)
Heavy Duty Engine Emission Test Cell (3)
Evaporative emission systems (4)
1
2 3
4
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems
64 AVL Emission Test Systems K Engeljehringer
AVL EMISSION TESTING Emission Test Product Portfolio
AVL delivers a Gas Analyzer
every working hour
Gas Analyzers
hellip a Particulate Instrument
every 3rd working hour
Particulate and Smoke
hellip an Emission System
every working day
Exhaust Gas Analyzers
hellip a Dilution- or Particulate system
every 2nd working day
Dilution Systems
hellip an emission automation system
every 3rd working day
Automation Systems