Balancing the Grid with the
Increase in Renewables Marietta de Rooij - ITEW 2015 Oulu
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Power system
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Coal power plant (RWE) - simplified
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Generator: rotating inertia (E-supply by decrease of speed)
Electricity and heat demand
Electricity, The Netherlands, 2011
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Heat, Switzerland, 2005 Demand variability
• Imperfectly predictable
• Follow load
Dispatching power plants
• Merit order - performance
• Flexibility and Efficiency
Storing primary resources
Electricity supply by technology
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France, 2013
The Netherlands, 2006
Coal
Renewable
Gas
Nuclear
Oil
Other
Water
Groningen energy demand (2012)
• Exclusive mobility, exclusive big industrial users (data hotel etc.)
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Gas demand = 4x electricity demand
Gas capacity = 7x electricity capacity (very cold winter day: 10x)
My energy bill in 2013: €2289
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31%
12%
19%
17%
10%
7% 1% 1%
gas elektriciteit ecotax
BTW distributie E distributie G
vastrecht transport E transport G
TSO
(Gasunie)
Gas:
• Guarantee supply:
– Storage
– Transport
• Ensure quality:
– Pressure
40 - 80 bar
– Flow < 10 m/s
H, G, L- gas
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Gasunie grid
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Volume ~125 bcm gas p/y
Length transport grid ~15.500 km
Compressor stations 22
Blending stations 19
Pressure regulating stations 93
Gas delivery stations 1.300
Export stations 14
LNG ( incl peakshaver) 2
Nitrogen facility 2
Underground gas storage
1
Underground nitrogen storage
1
Gas infrastructure
Main elements
• Infrastructure Pressure
Location
• Production wells 200-300 bar (“Siberia”)
• Upstream pipelines* 80-150 bar (“to Europe”)
• Storages 100-300 bar (“Norg”)
• Downstream pipelines 40-80 bar (“Gasunie”)
• Distribution 1-8 bar (“Enexis”)
• Household 25 mbar (“my house”)
*Alternative: Liquefaction – LNG vessel – LNG Terminal
Temperature of LNG = -162 oC (1 m3 LNG = 600 m3 gas)
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Gasunie Energy Stock
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• Gas storage in underground salt
caverns – Opening phase 1: 27 January 2011 (4 caverns)
– Completion phase 2: 1 January 2014 (1 cavern)
– Tubings per cavern: 2
– Working gas volume: approx. 200 million m3
(2014: approx. 300 million m3)
– Total withdrawal capacity: 1.6 million m3/h
– Total injection capacity: 0.8 million m3/h
LNG is booming
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Development of LNG terminals
`
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Declining indigenous Dutch production
Source: Dutch Government
Mind the Gap !!
GATE terminal Rotterdam
LNG for Transport
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Examples
Gas Infrastructure is rather cheap
(per m3)
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• 200 km pipeline + compression: € 500 mln
– Dependent on size, geography, population density, river & road crossings, permitting requirements, access possibilities, construction market, steel prices, etc.…
• The energy capacity of pipelines is huge
– Typical 2 mln m3/hr (= 20 GW 20 power stations)
• Hence, although capital intensive, transport costs per m3 of gas are low
– “1% of gas price per 100 km”
Typical investment process
takes 5-7 yrs
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Bottleneck
identification Feasibility
studies
Concept selection FEED
-50/+50%
-40/+40%
-30/+30%
-20/+20%
Execution
-10/+10%
Accuracy of cost
estimate
6-12 months 3-9 months 6-12 months 24-36 months
Permitting process
Long lead items & tendering
Gas Transportation costs are 10-
20x less
than Power Transmission costs
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10 power transmission lines are equal to 1 gas pipeline
The Netherlands United Kingdom
Power-Britned Gas – BBL
260 km & € 600 mln 230 km & € 500 mln
1 GW 20 GW
230 € per kW/100 km 11 € per kW/100 km
TSO
(Tennet)
Power:
• Guarantee supply:
– Power balancing
• Ensure quality:
– Frequency control
50 Hz
– Voltage control
110 – 380 kV
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TenneT: cross-border TSO
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• TenneT monitors the continuity of
electricity supplies in the Netherlands
and Germany
• TenneT is responsible for maintaining
the power balance between supply and
demand
• TenneT is responsible for providing an
adequate transmission grid
• TenneT takes care of efficient and safe
transport and systems services
• TenneT facilitates the market
18
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Future interconnectors
-Doetinchem-Wesel
- NorNed2/ NORD.LINK
(under study)
- COBRA (under study)
- EU market coupling
19
European Grid
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Flows
21
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2013-2022
EUR 3,7 miljard
• Ganderkesee-St Hülfe
• Audorf-Hamburg/Nord-Dollern
• Diele-Niederrhein
• Wahle-Mecklar
• Altenfeld-Redwitz
• St. Peter-Isar
• Stade-Dollern
• Wilhelmshaven-Conneforde
22
Onshore Projects
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Offshore projects
23
Riffgat
KS Diele
KS Dörpen West
UW Emden Borssum
BorWin2
BorWin1
BorWin4
BorWin5
HelWin1
HelWin2
DolWin2 DolWin1
DolWin3
DolWin4
alpha ventus
BorWin3
UW Inhausen
Nordergründe
KS Büttel
KS Emden/Ost
UW Hagermarsch
SylWin1
SylWin2
Investering van EUR 4,5
miljard
in komende 10 jaar
Project Capaciteit
(MW) Ingebruik-
name
In bedrijf
alpha ventus 60 2009
BorWin 1 400 2010
In aanbouw/aanbesteed
BorWin2 800 2015
DolWin1 800 2013
DolWin2 900 2015
HelWin1 576 2014
HelWin2 690 2015
SylWin1 864 2014
Riffgat 108 2013
Nordergründe 111 2014
Dolwin 3 900 2017
Totale capaciteit 6.209
In aanbesteding
BorWin3 en BorWin4 1.800
24
20-4-2015 24
25
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Ancillary services
26
Operating reserves
Frequency control: (f = 49.8 - 50.2 Hz)
– Frequency response
• Continuous
• Inertia release
• Governor action
– Spinning reserves:
• Occasional
• Primary
• Secondary
– Standing reserves
• Tertiary
– Voltage control
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Nuclear power plant - flexibility
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In general:
• Traditionally base load
• New design (Generation
III/III+)
• e.g. EPR (1650 MW)
• (European PWR)
• Power increment: 25 -100%
• Power gradient: 2.5%/min
(up to 65 MW/min)
• Currently: Germany, France
Nuclear power plant - flexibility
• Which performance is achieved? And how?
• Outline
• Fuel heat mechancial electrical
• Power plant design (incl. Nuclear fusion)
• General operation
• Load following flexibility
– Cooling system
– Nuclear reactions
• Performance
– Technically: Flexibility and life time
– Economically: Energy efficiency
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Nuclear power plant - simplified
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Renewable energy supply
Supply variability:
• Imperfectly predictable
• Imperfectly controllable
• Steep ramp changes
Wind and solar:
• High residual load variation
• Low operational flexibility:
Capacity credit ~ 5-20% (IEA)
Distributed generation:
• National local scale AND
• Local national scale
Wind, Daily generation and demand
Solar, Yearly irradiation
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Operational flexibility
Penetration rate >15 – 25%
• Flexibility management
– Forecasting models
– Market regulations
– Power system design (e.g. Energy storage)
• Demand-side management
• Connections adjacent markets
• Dispatchable power plants
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Energy Storages: be aware about
the log-scales!!
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References
• Freris Leon, Infield David. 2008. Renewable energy in power systems.
– Ch. 1 Energy and electricity
– Ch. 3 Power balance/Frequency control.
• Kehlhofer Rolf, Hanneman Frank, Stirnimann Franz, Rukes Bert. 1997.
Combined-cycle gas & steam turbine power plants.
– Ch. 8 Control and automation
– Ch. 9 Operating and part load behaviour.
• Boeker Egbert, van Gondelle Rienk. 2011. Environmental physics.
Sustainable energy and Climate change.
– Ch. 6 Nuclear power
• Lokhov A. 2011. Load-following with nuclear power plants. NEA news.
No 29.2.
• Ludwig Holger, Salnikova Tatiana, Stockman Andrew, Waas Ulrich.
2010. Load cycling capabilities of German nuclear Power Plants (NNP).
International journal for nuclear power. Vol. 55 Issue 8/9.
• EDF. 2013. Load following EDF experience feedback. IAEA
Technical meeting – Load following
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