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BandungKotaBandung

Fromtop,clockwise:GedungSate,GreatMosqueofBandung,nightskylineofthecity,PasoepatiBridge,

MerdekaBuilding

Flag

Seal

Nickname(s):KotaKembang(CityofFlowers),ParisTimur(ParisoftheEast)

Motto:GemahRipahWibawaMukti

LocationofBandunginIndonesia

Coordinates:655S10736E

Country IndonesiaProvince WestJava

BandungFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Bandung(/bnd/or/bnd/)(Indonesian:KotaBandung)(Dutch:Bandoeng)isthecapitalofWestJavaprovinceinIndonesiaandthecountry'sthirdlargestcitybypopulationwithasprawlingurbanpopulationof8.6millionin2011.Located768metres(2,520ft)abovesealevel,approximately140kilometres(87miles)southeastofJakarta,BandunghascoolertemperaturesyearroundthanmostotherIndonesiancities.Thecityliesonariverbasinsurroundedbyvolcanicmountains.Thistopographyprovidesagoodnaturaldefensesystem,whichwastheprimaryreasonfortheDutchEastIndiesgovernment'splantomovethecolonycapitalfromBataviatoBandung.

TheDutchcolonialsfirstestablishedteaplantationsaroundthemountainsintheeighteenthcentury,andaroadwasconstructedtoconnecttheplantationareatothecapital(180kilometres(112miles)tothenorthwest).TheDutchinhabitantsofthecitydemandedestablishmentofamunicipality(gemeente),whichwasgrantedin1906,andBandunggraduallydevelopeditselfintoaresortcityforplantationowners.Luxurioushotels,restaurants,cafesandEuropeanboutiqueswereopened,hencethecitywasnicknamedParijsvanJava(Dutch:"TheParisofJava").

SinceIndonesiaachievedindependencein1945,thecityhasexperiencedrapiddevelopmentandurbanisation,transformingBandungfromidyllictownintoadense16,500people/km2metropolitanarea,alivingspaceforover2.5millionpeople.Naturalresourceshavebeenexploitedexcessively,particularlybyconversionofprotecteduplandareaintohighlandvillasandrealestate.Althoughthecityhasencounteredmanyproblems(rangingfromwastedisposal,floodstocomplicatedtrafficsystem,etc.),Bandungstillattractstourists,immigrantsandweekendtravelers.

Contents

Coordinates:655S10736E



Founded 1488Citystatus 25September1810

GovernmentMayor RidwanKamil[1]

AreaCity 167.67km2(64.74sqmi)Metro 2,216.6km2(855.8sqmi)

Elevation 768m(2,520ft)

Population(2014officialestimate)City 2,575,478Density 15,000/km2(40,000/sqmi)Metro 7,414,560Metrodensity 3,300/km2(8,700/sqmi)

Demonym Bandungite

Timezone WIB(UTC+7)Areacode(s) (+62)22Vehicleregistration

D

Website www.bandung.go.id(http://www.bandung.go.id/index.php)

MountTangkubanPerahu

Contents

1Geography2Climate3History4Administration

4.1Administrativedistricts5Cityscape6Demographics7Mainsights8Culture

8.1Tourism8.2Sports8.3Media

9Transportation10Scienceandeducation11Economy12Environmentalissues13Notablepeople14TwintownsSistercities15Awards16Gallery17References18Externallinks

Geography

Bandung,thecapitalofWestJavaprovince,locatedabout180kilometres(110mi)southeastofJakarta,isthethirdlargestcityinIndonesia.Itselevationis768metres(2,520ft)abovesealevelandissurroundedbyupto2,400m(7,874ft)highLateTertiaryandQuaternaryvolcanicterrain.[2]The400km2flatofcentralBandungplainissituatedinthemiddleof2,340.88km2wideoftheBandungBasinthebasincomprisesBandung,theCimahicity,partofBandungRegency,partofWestBandungRegency,andpartofSumedangRegency.[3]Thebasin'smainriveristheCitarumoneofitsbranches,theCikapundung,dividesBandungfromnorthtosouthbeforeitmergeswithCitarumagaininDayeuhkolot.TheBandung

Basinisanimportantsourceofwaterfordrinkingwater,irrigationandfisheries,andits6,147millionmofgroundwaterisamajorreservoirforthecity.[3]

ThenorthernpartofthecityismorehillythantherestthedistinguishedtruncatedflatpeakshapeoftheTangkubanPerahuvolcano(TangkubanPerahuliterallymeans'upsidedownboat')canbeseenfromthecitytothenorth.Longtermvolcanicactivityhascreatedfertileandisolsoilinthenorth,suitableforintensiverice,fruit,tea,tobaccoandcoffeeplantations.Inthesouthandeast,alluvialsoilsdepositedbytheCikapundungriveraremostlyfound.



TheDagoWaterfallnearBandung,date19201932

JalanBragacirca19351938

JalanPasupati

GeologicaldatashowsthattheBandungBasinislocatedonanancientvolcano,knownasMountSunda,erectedupto3,0004,000metres(9,85013,100ft)duringthePleistoceneage.[4]Twolargescaleeruptionstookplacethefirstformedthebasinandtheother(est.55,000BeforePresent)blockedtheCitarumriver,turningthebasinintoalakeknownas"theGreatPrehistoricLakeofBandung".[5]Thelakedrainedawaythereasonforwhichisthesubjectofongoingdebateamonggeologists.[6][7]

Climate

ThecityofBandunghasatropicalhighlandrainforestmonsoonclimate.[8]Duetoitselevation,theclimateinBandungiscoolerthanmostIndonesiancitiesandisclassifiedashumidtheaveragetemperatureis23.6C(74.5F)throughouttheyear.[9]Theaverageannualrainfallrangesfrom1,000millimetresinthecentralandsoutheastregionsto3,500millimetresinthenorthofthecity.[3]ThewetseasonconformswithotherIndonesianregions,aroundNovembertoApril.Despiteitshighelevation,nosnowwasrecorded,duetoitstropicallocation,eventhoughlowesttemperaturerecordedis4.44C(40.0F).Also,ithaswetanddryseasons,despitebeinglocatedclosetoequator.

History

TheofficialnameofthecitywasBandoengduringthedaysofDutchEastIndies.

Theearliestreferencetothecitydatesbackto1488,althougharchaeologicalfindingssuggestatypeofHomoerectusspecieshadlongpreviouslylivedonthebanksoftheCikapundungRiverandaroundtheoldlakeofBandung.[10]Duringtheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturies,theDutchEastIndiesCompany(VOC)openedplantationsintheBandungarea.In1786,asupplyroadconnectingBatavia(nowJakarta),

Bogor,Cianjur,Bandung,SumedangandCirebonwasconstructed.In1809,NapoleonBonaparte,FrenchEmperorandconquerorofmuchofEuropeincludingtheNetherlandsanditscolonies,(beforehisultimatedownfallatWaterlooin1815)orderedtheDutchIndiesGovernorH.W.DaendelstoimprovethedefensivesystemsofJavatoprotectagainsttheBritishinIndia.Daendelsbuiltaroad,stretchingapproximately1,000km(620mi)fromthewesttotheeastcoastofJava,passingthroughBandung.[11][12]In1810,theroadwaslaiddowninBandungandwasnamedDeGrootePostweg(orthe'mainpostroad'),thepresentdaysiteofAsiaAfrika



BandungCathedral,seatoftheRomanCatholicDioceseofBandung

GedungMerdekaduringtheAsianAfricanConferencein1955

Street.UnderDaendels'orders,R.A.WiranatakusumahII,thechiefadministrationoftheBandungregencyatthattime,moveditsofficefromKrapyak,inthesouth,toaplacenearapairofholycitywells(sumurBandung),thepresentdaysiteofthecitysquare(alunalun).Hebuilthisdalem(palace),masjidagung(thegrandmosque)andpendopo(publicofficialmeetingplace)intheclassicalorientation.[13]ThependopofacesTangkubanPerahumountain,whichwasbelievedtohaveamysticalambience.

In1880,thefirstmajorrailroadbetweenBataviaandBandungwascompleted,[14]boostinglightindustryinBandung.Chinesefromoutsidethecityflockedin,tohelprunfacilities,servicesandsellingvendormachines.TheareaaroundthetrainstationisstillrecognisableastheoldChinatowndistrict.In1906,Bandungwasgiventhestatusofgemeente(municipality)andthentwentyyearslaterstadsgemeente(citymunicipality).

Inthebeginningofthe1920s,theDutchEastIndiesgovernmentmadeplanstomovethecapitalofDutchEastIndiesfromBataviatoBandung.Accordingly,duringthisdecade,theDutchcolonialgovernmentstartedbuildingmilitarybarracks,thecentralgovernmentbuilding(GouvernmentsBedrijven,thepresentdayGedungSate)andothergovernmentbuildings.However,thisplan,wascutshortbyWorldWarII,afterwhichtheDutchwerenotabletoreestablishtheircolony.

ThefertileareaoftheParahyanganMountainssurroundingBandungsupportsproductiveteaplantations.Inthenineteenthcentury,FranzJunghuhnintroducedthecinchona(kina)plant.[15]Withitscoolerelevatedlandscape,surroundedbymajorplantations,BandungbecameanexclusiveEuropeanresortarea.[16]Richplantationownersvisitedthecityonweekends,attractingladiesandbusinesspeoplefromthecapital,Batavia.BragaStreetgrewintoapromenadestreetwithcafes,restaurantsandboutiqueshops.Twoartdecostylehotels,SavoyHomannandPreanger,werebuiltinthevicinityoftheConcordiaSociety,aclubhouseforthewealthywithalargeballroomandatheatre.[14]Thenickname"ParijsvanJava"wasgiventothecity.

AftertheIndonesianIndependencein1945,BandungwasdeterminedasthecapitalofWestJavaprovince.Duringthe19451949independencestruggleagainsttheDutchwhentheywantedtoreclaimtheircolonies,Bandungwasoneoftheheaviestbattleplaces.AttheendofWorldWarIInearlynoDutchtroopswereinJava.BeforerestoringDutchsovereignty,theBritishtookamilitaryholdonJava'smajorcities.TheBritishmilitarycommandersetanultimatumfortheIndonesiancombatantsinBandungtoleavethecity.Inresponse,on24March1946,muchofthesouthernpartofBandungwasdeliberatelysetalightasthecombatantsleftaneventknownastheBandungLautanApior'BandungSeaofFlame'.[17]



SateBuilding,Bandung

In1955,thefirstAsianAfricanConferencealsoknownastheBandungConferencewasheldinBandungbyPresidentSoekarno,attendedbyheadofstatesrepresentingtwentyninecountriesandcoloniesfromAsiaandAfrica.[18]TheconferencevenuewasattheGedungMerdeka,theformerConcordiaSocietybuilding.Theconferenceannounced10pointsofdeclarationonworldpeacepromotionandoppositionsagainstcolonialism,knownastheDeclarationofBandung,whichfollowedbywaveofnationalismmovementsaroundtheglobeandremappedtheworldpolitics.[19]Theconferencewasalsothefirstinternationalconferenceofpeopleofcolorinthehistoryofmankind.[20]RichardWrightinhisbook,TheColorCurtain,capturedtheepicmeaningsoftheconferenceforpeopleofcoloraroundtheworld.[20]

In2005,theconcurrentAsianAfricanConferencealsotakingpartlyinBandung,bringingworldfiguressuchasPresidentofIndonesiaSusiloB.Yudhoyono,PresidentofChinaHuJintao,PrimeMinisterofIndiaManmohanSingh,PresidentofSouthAfricaThaboMbeki,PresidentofNigeriaObasanjo,andcountlessotherluminaries.[21]

In1987,thecityboundarywasexpandedwiththeGreaterBandung(BandungRaya)planarelocationofhigherconcentrationdevelopmentoutsidethecityinanattempttodilutesomeofpopulationintheoldcity.Duringitsdevelopment,however,thecitycoreisoftenuprooted,oldfacesaretorndown,lotsizesregrouped,andwhatwasidyllicresidenceisbustlingchainsupermarketsandrichbanks.[16]

Administration

Thecityareain1906was19.22squarekilometres(7.42squaremiles)andby1987itwas167.2965km2.[9]Thecityadministrationisdividedinto26districts(kecamatan)and139villages(kelurahan).Amayor(walikota)leadsthecityadministration.Since2008,thecityresidentsdirectlyvotedforamayor,whilepreviouslymayorswerenominatedandselectedbythecitycouncilmembersorknownastheRegionalPeople'sRepresentativeCouncil(DPRD).Asof2003,thetotalnumberofcityadministrationpersonnelis20,163.[9]

Administrativedistricts

BandungCityisdividedinto30districts[22](kecamatan),listedbelowwiththeirpopulationsatthe2010Census:[23]

Andir(94,361)Antapani(72,006)Arcamanik(65,607)Astanaanyar(66,658)BabakanCiparay(143,203)BandungKidul(57,398)BandungKulon(138,644)BandungWetan(29,807)Batununggal(116,935)BojongloaKaler(117,218)



Cityscape

BojongloaKidul(83,600)Buahbatu(92,140)CibeunyingKaler(68,807)CibeunyingKidul(104,575)Cibiru(67,412)Cicendo(96,491)Cidadap(56,325)Cinambo(23,762)Coblong(127,588)Gedebage(34,299)Kiaracondong(127,616)Lengkong(69,307)Mandalajati(60,825)Panyileukan(37,691)Rancasari(72,406)Regol(79,316)Sukajadi(104,805)Sukasari(79,211)SumurBandung(34,486)UjungBerung(72,414)



Viewtowardsouthdelhi

Demographics

In2005thepopulationofBandungwas2,290,464,withadensityof13,693/km2(35,465/sqmi).[24]TheMay2010censuscountresultis2,393,688people,[25]andthelatestofficialestimate(for2014)is2,575,478makingBandungthethirdlargestcityinIndonesia.

MostofBandung'spopulationareofSundanesedescent.JavanesearethelargestminoritytheymostlycomefromthenearbyprovinceandtheeasternpartofJava.OtherminoritiesincludeMinangs,Malays,Bataks,Chinese,Korean,andIndians.

Mainsights



InstitutTeknologiBandung.CeremonialHallbyarchitectHenriMaclainePont

ThearchitecturaldesignbyAlbertAalbersin1939isoneofthemostsignificantexamplesoftheArtDecostyleforwhichBandungisrenowned

BandungishometonumerousexamplesofDutchcolonialarchitecturemostnotablythetropicalArtDeco,dubbedNewIndiesStyle.HenriMaclainePontwasamongthefirstDutcharchitectstorecognisetheimportanceofcombiningeacharchitecturalstylewithlocalculturaltraditions.Hestressedthatmodernarchitectureshouldinteractwithlocalhistoryandnativeelements.[26]In1920,PontplannedanddesignedbuildingsforthefirsttechnicaluniversityintheDutchEastIndies,TechnischeHogeschoolteBandung(thepresentdayInstitutTeknologiBandung),afterwhichhewasnamedasaprofessorinarchitectureattheuniversity.AstrikinglocalSundaneseroofstyleisclearlyseenadorningthetopofthecampus'ceremonialhall,embeddedinhisartwork.[26]

Inthesameyear,anotherDutcharchitectJGerberdesignedGouvermentsBedrijven(GovernmentCompanies)inlinewiththecolonialgovernmentplantomovethecapitalfromBataviatoBandung.ThebuildingisanexampleofaharmoniousmixturebetweenWestandEastarchitecturalstyles,particularlytheItalianRenaissancestyleofarchstructuresinthewingsandpendopolikestructurescommonlyfoundinJavainthemiddlesection.ThebuildingisknownasGedungSate,namedafterthedistinguishedsmallsatayshapedstructureontheroof,andistodayusedastheheadofficeofWestJavaprovincialgovernmentandWestJava'shouseofrepresentative.

ThemodernandnativearchitecturalblendingwasfollowedbyseveralDutcharchitectsthathaveshapedthecitylandmarks.Inthe1930s,BandungwasknownalsoasthecityofarchitecturelaboratorybecauseofthemanyDutcharchitectswhoexperimentedwithnewarchitecturaldesigns.AlbertAalbersaddedthestreamlinemodernestyletotheArtDecobydesigningtheDENISbank(1936)andrenovatedtheSavoyHomannHotel(1939).C.P.W.Schoemakerwasoneofarchitectswhostronglyaddednativeelementsinhisartworks,includingtheVillaIsola(1932),HotelPreanger(1929),theregionalmilitaryheadquarter(1918),GedungMerdeka(1921)andITBRectorateBuilding(1925).[26]

Culture

Bandungisconsideredamajor&significantculturalhubinIndonesia.MostpeopleinthesurroundingprovinceofWestJavaareSundanese.Sundaneselanguageisspokenasthefirstlanguageandiscommonlyusedasinformallanguageforcommunicationinstreets,school,campus,workandmarkets,whileIndonesianIndonesia'snationallanguageandalinguafrancaamongitsmanyethnicunitsisusedasasecondlanguageandthelanguageofgovernment,businesses,andinstructionatschools.

Tourism

BandungisapopularweekenddestinationofresidentsofJakarta.Thecoolerclimateofthehighlandplantationarea,thevarietiesoffood,thecheaperfashionshopslocatedinfactoryoutletsanddistros,golfcourses,andthezoo,aresomeoftheattractionsofthecity.[27]Bandungisalsoapopularshopping



Denimstore,CihampelasStreet

destinationforthegoodvalueofitstextileandfashionproductsamongMalaysiansandSingaporeans.[28]

Inthe1990s,localdesignersopeneddenimclothingstoresalongCihampelasStreetwhichtransformedintoa"jeansstreet".Thecityattractspeoplefromotherbigcitiestobuylocalfashionwares,astheyarecheaperthanbrandeditems.[29]BesideatCihampelasStreet,manyfactoryoutletsalsoopenedatRiauStreet,SetiabudiStreet,andDjuandaStreet(knownasDago).TextilefactoriesontheoutskirtsofBandunghaveopenedfactoryoutletsonsitesellingwhatismarketedassisaexport(rejectedoroverproducedexportqualityitems).[30]BandungSupermal,BandungIndahPlaza,Ciwalk(abbreviationofCihampelasWalk)andParisvanJavaarepopularshoppingcentresinBandung.

SignificanttouristsitesnearBandungincludetheTangkubanPrahuvolcanocratertothenorth,thestrikingKawahPutihvolcanolake,andPatenggangLake,alakesurroundedbyteaplantationsabout50kilometres(31miles)tothesouthofthecity.

ToseeBandungBasinclearlywhichissurroundingbythemountains,wecanseefromBongkorprotectedforestarea(kawasanhutanlindung),SaungDaweung,Arcamanik,inslopeofWestManglayangMountain.PeopleknowntheareaasCaringinTiluwithentryfromPadasuka,Cicaheumtothenorth.Theforestislocatedin1,500abovemeansealevelwithpinetreesmanagedbygovernmentcorporationPerhutaniandcanbeaccessedin30minutesdrivefromdowntown.[31][32]Bandungalsohasseveralmuseumsthatmustbevisitedbytourists,suchastheGeologicalMuseumofBandung,IndonesiaPostalMuseum,SriBadugaMuseum,andTheAsianAfricanConferenceMuseum.[33]

Sports

BandungisthehometownofthePersibBandungfootballteam.themostsuccessfulIndonesianfootballteaminAsiancompetitionaswellasintheIndonesiaSuperLeague.Anotherteam,PelitaBandungRaya,theteamalsoplaysintheIndonesiaSuperLeague.OtherpopularsportsinBandungincludebadminton.TheroadsleadinguptoLembangandDagoarepopularroutesformountaincyclingduringtheweekend.InthehillsidearoundBandung,thereareseveralgolfcourses.

Media

Bandunghasseverallocaldailynewspapers,includingPikiranRakyat,GalamediaandTribunJabar.SeverallocaltelevisionstationoperateinBandung,suchasTrans7,TransTV,NET.,tvOne,RCTI,SCTV,Indosiar,ANTV,MNCTV,GlobalTV,MetroTV,RTVBandung(aRajawaliTelevisiNetwork),KompasTVJawaBarat(aKompasTVNetwork),andTVRI.ManyradiostationsbroadcastfromBandung.

Bandunghasbeenfeaturedinthe9thand10thlegoftheAmericanrealityseriesofTheAmazingRace23,popularisingthecitytomanyviewersespeciallyAmericans.

Transportation



BandungcanbeaccessedthroughhighwaysfromJakarta.AnintercitytollhighwaycalledCipularangtollroad,connectingJakarta,Karawang,Purwakarta,PadalarangandBandung,hasrecentlybeencompletedinMay2005.ItiscurrentlythefastestwaytogotoBandungfromthecapital.Drivingtimeisabout1.5hoursonaverage.Thereare3otheroptions:thePuncakroute(JakartaCianjur/SukabumiBandung),Purwakartaroute(JakartaCikampekPurwakartaCikalongWetanPadalarangCimahiBandung)andtheSubangroute(JakartaCikampekSubangLembangBandung).Fromeasternpartofthecities(Cirebon,TasikmalayaandCentralJavaprovince),Bandungcanbeaccessedthroughthemainprovincialroad.IndonesianNationalRoute3linksBandungtowardsCilegonandKetapang(Banyuwangi).

ThePasupatibridgerecentlyopenedtothepublic,relievingtrafficjamsinthecityforeastwesttransport.The2.8kilometre(1.7mi)cablestayedbridgeliesthroughthevalleyofCikapundung.Itis30to60metreswideandafterextensivedelays,itsconstructionfinallycompletedinJune2005,followingfinancialinvestmentfromKuwait.[34]ThebridgeispartofBandung'scomprehensiveinnercityhighwaysplan.

Taxisarewidelyavailable.Theprimarymeansofpublictransportationisbyminibus,calledangkot(fromangkutan=transportationandkota=city).Theyservecertainroutesthroughoutthecity,operatedprivatelyandcheap,butthesecityshuttlesarenotusuallyknownforbeingcomfortable.[35]Tofindexactangkotroutes,informationareavailablethroughthedriversoratterminals.Cityownedbuses,calledDAMRI,operateonlarger,relativelylongroutes.Bandunghas2intercitybusterminals:Leuwipanjang,servingbusesfromthewest,andCicaheum,servingbusesfromtheeast.BotharefullandwillbereplacedbyanewterminalatGedebageon15hectaresland,whiletheoldterminalswillbefunctionedasinnercityterminals.ThelocationofthenewterminalwillbenexttotheGedebagerailwaystationon15hectaresareatoo,botharenearofGedebagecontainerdryport.[36]

BandungHuseinSastranegaraInternationalAirportservesdirectdomesticflightstoBatam,Pekanbaru,Medan,BandarLampung,Surabaya,Yogyakarta,Denpasar,Semarang,Banjarmasin,Makassar,andalsointernationalservicesfromKualaLumpurandSingapore.TheairportislocatednearbytheDirgantaraaerospacecomplexandDirgantaraFairground.

Bandunghastwolargerailwaystations,i.e.BandungandKiaracondongStations.OthersmallerstationsareCimindi,Andir,Ciroyom,Cikudapateuh,andGedebageStations(onlyforfreightservice).RailwayconnectsBandungtoCianjur,Jakarta,Purwakarta,Bekasi,KarawangandCikampektothewest,andSurabaya,Malang,YogyakartaandSolototheeast.ItisalsothemajormeansoftransportationforpeoplelivinginsuburbareasofCimahi,Padalarang,Rancaekek,CicalengkaandCileunyi.In2012BandungCommuterTrainphase1willbebuilttoconnectPadalarang,Cimahi,BandungandCicalengka.13TransMetroBandungcorridorswillserveasfeeders.Thephase2willconnectCicalengkatoJatinangor.[37]

32sheltersofTransMetroBandung(similartoTransJakarta)alongSoekarnoHattastreetwillbefinishedonAugust2011withcostofRp13.1billion($1.54million).Additional30buseswilljointhecurrentoperationof10buses,afterallsheltershavebeenfinished.[38]

Since21June2011Damrioperatorhaslaunched2buseswithrouteCibiruKebonKelapaviceversaspecialforwomenpassengersonlywithwomendrivers.Itaccommodatedthecertainreligionneeds.[39]

In5August2011JusufKallahasannouncedthathewouldliketobuildamonorailinBandungwithvalueaboutRp.4trillion($470million).[40]



InstitutTeknologiBandung

AsofApril2012,thecablecarproject'BandungSkybridge'toconnectPasteur(Cihampelas)toSabuga(TamanSari)isat90percentofcompletionawaitinglegalauthorisationtooperate.Whenapproved,itwillbeoperationalwithinayear.[41]ToeaseCihampelastrafficjam,askywalkforwalkingonlyfromCihampelastoTamansariwillbebuiltsoonandpredictedwillbeactivatedin2014.VehiclescanbeparkedatTamansari.[42]

Scienceandeducation

TherearehundredsofpublicandprivateschoolsinBandung.LikeinotherIndonesiancities,BandunghasseveralstatefundedandadministeredStateJuniorHighSchools(SMPNegeri)andStateHighSchools(SMANegeri).Atleastsixteenuniversitiesthreeofwhicharestateownedand45professionalschoolsarescatteredacrossthecity.Educationfromsocialsciences,technologyuntiltourismeducationcanbefoundinoneofthoseuniversities.

AmongtheseveraluniversitieslocatedinBandung,InstitutTeknologiBandung(BandungInstituteofTechnology),UniversitasPadjadjaran(PadjadjaranUniversity),ParahyanganCatholic

University,UniversitasIslamBandung,(BandungIslamUniversity),UniversitasKristenMaranatha(MaranathaChristianUniversity),UniversitasIslamNusantara(NusantaraIslamicOfUniversity),UniversitasPendidikanIndonesia(IndonesiaUniversityofEducation),UniversitasIslamNegeriSunanGunungDjati(SunanGunungDjatiIslamicStateUniversity),InstitutTeknologiTelkom(TelkomInstituteofTechnology),PoliteknikNegeriBandung(BandungStatePolytechnic),andPoliteknikManufakturNegeriBandung(BandungStatePolytechnicforManufacturing)areconsideredamongthebestuniversitiesintheirrespectivefieldsofspecialtyinIndonesia.Established1920,InstitutTeknologiBandungisIndonesia'soldestandmostprestigioustechnicaluniversity.UniversitasPendidikanIndonesia(formerlyIKIPBandung,establishedin1954)isoneofthefirstinstitutionsofhighereducationestablishedafterIndonesianindependenceandiscurrentlyaleadingeducationuniversityinthecountry.UniversitasPadjadjaran(establishedin1956)isconsideredtobeoneofthebestuniversitiesinthecountryinthefieldsofmedical,law,communication,andeconomicstudies.

InthenorthofBandung,BosschaObservatoryistheonlyobservatoryinIndonesia.Constructionoftheobservatorybeganin1923andwascompletedin1928.In1922,thefirstinternationalpublicationfromBosschaObservatorywaspublishedandin1959,theobservatorywasincludedasapartofthedepartmentofastronomyintheInstitutTeknologiBandung(BandungInstituteofTechnology).

Economy

Bandungeconomyismainlybuiltupontourism,manufacturing,textile/apparel,educationinstitutions,technology,retail,services,plantation/agriculture,financial,pharmaceutical,food,amongothers.[21]

Bandunghasnearly50highereducationalinstitutionsandisamongthemostpopulardestinationforeducationinIndonesia.CreativebasedculturehasshapedthebasisofBandungeconomy.TheoncequietresidentialdistrictofDagohasbecomeanimportantbusinessandentertainmentcentre.ChiccafesandrestaurantsarespreadingoutalongDagoStreet.Intheearly1990sCihampelasStreetbecameapopularclothingstorelocation.



AteaplantationinCiwidey,BandunginIndonesia

Adistrosellsnontrademarkedproducts,madebylocaldesigners.Books,indielabelrecords,magazines,fashionproductsandotheraccessoriesaretypicaldistroproducts.Theseproductsreceivedlargeteenageattention.Distrodistancesitselffromfactoryoutletsintermofitsphilosophy.Distrosarisefromindividualdesignersandyoungentrepreneurs,whilefactoryoutletproductsarefromgarmentfactories.[43]

Bandungadministrationhasagreedtosubstantiallydevelopsevenindustrialandtradeareas,whicharethespecialityofBandung:[44]

BinongjatiKnittingIndustrialandTradeCenterCigondewahTextileTradeCenterCihampelasJeansTradeCenterSuci(TandOblong)ShirtIndustrialCenterCibaduyutShoesIndustrialCenterCibuntuTofuandTempehIndustrialCenterSukamulyaSukajadiDollIndustrialCenter

Environmentalissues

ThenorthofthecityservesasawaterreservoirforBandung'stwomillionpeople,however,theareahasseenmuchresidentialdevelopment.Severalattemptstoreservethisareahavebeenmade,includingthecreationofreserves,suchastheJuandaNationalParkandPuncrut,butthedevelopmentcontinues.TherealdangerhascomeintheformofseveralfloodingsinBandung'ssouth.[45]

Inthemiddleof2006,Bandungfacedanotherenvironmentaldisaster,asthecity'slandfillsitewasreevaluatedafteragarbageslidein2005(whichburiedthevillage,KampungGajah,beneathit,killingoverahundredpeople).[46]Collectionof8,000m3/daydomesticgarbagepiledup,causingsevereairpollutionbylocalburning,spreadingofdiseases,andwatercontamination.Theprovincialgovernmenthasfailedinitsattemptstosolvethegarbageissues.[47][48]

Thecityalsosuffersfrompollution.AsBandungislocatedinmountain"bowl"andsurroundedbymountains,italsocoveredbysmog.Despitethat,thefrequentraininrainyseasonclearsthesmogthatcoversthecity.

Notablepeople

SeemoreatCategory:PeoplefromBandung

TwintownsSistercities

Bandunghassisterrelationshipswithanumberoftownsworldwide:

Cebu,Philippines



FortWorth,UnitedStates[49]Suwon,SouthKoreaBari,ItalyHangzhou,People'sRepublicofChinaLiuzhou,People'sRepublicofChinaYingkou,People'sRepublicofChinaAlmaty,KazakhstanBraunschweig,Germany[50]Kuantan,MalaysiaPetalingJaya,Malaysia[51]Seremban,MalaysiaPekanbaru,Indonesia

Awards

1997:AdipuraAwardfortheachievementofthecleanestcityinIndonesia.

TheAdipuraconsistsofatrophyandanaward.

Gallery

www.twitter.com/Sate_Marem(http://www.twitter.com/Sate_Marem)

EasternBandungskyline

UniversitasIslamBandung

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