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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Automation is basically the delegation of human control function to technical
equipment forincreasing productivity, increasing quality, reducing cost, increasing safety
in working conditions. Automation plays an increasingly importantrole in the global
economy and in daily experience. Automation (ancient Greek: = self dictated),
roboticization or industrial automation or numerical control is the use of control systems
such as computers to control industrial machinery and processes, replacing human
operators. In the of industrialization, it is a step beyond mechanization. A PLC
(Programmable Logic Controller) is a programmable system used for automation. The
Programmable Logic Controller may be defined as “A PLC is a microprocessor based
specialized computer that carries out control functions of many types and levels of
complexity.” We have designed a kit for automating a car parking system. For this a PLC
has been used.
Automation is the use of control systems and information technologies to reduce
the need for human work in the production of goods and services. In the scope of
industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization. Whereas mechanization
provided human operators with machinery to assist them with the muscular requirements
of work, automation greatly decreases the need for human sensory and mental
requirements as well. Automation plays an increasingly important role in the world
economy and in daily experience. PLC plays an important role in the world of automation
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industry. It acts a major function in the automation field. PLC has replaced the wiring and
cabling system that was used in the previous. Its soft wiring feature makes changes in the
control system easy and cheap. So in today’s world it is very important to study PLC.
Most of the industries in INDIA now have started to employ PLCs. PLC reduces
complexity, increases safety, cheap and PLC based automation system not only guarantees
reduced production time but also a higher productivity both in terms of quantity and
quality. For these reasons everyone is now willing to leave the conventional industrial
control sys-tem and switch to PLC. PLC is being used in many sectors in INDIA, the few
examples are - Manufacturing industries, travel industries, printing industries, food
industries, hospitals, plastics industries, leisure (Roller coaster ride and effects control
system) etc . Also in some shops and restaurants many PLC based devices are being used.
Even PLC is used in lift and escalator control systems. The application of PLC in many
sectors of our country is increasing day by day.
Automatic parking systems are a contemporary answer to the increasing number of
cars and the limited number of free space available for purposes, especially in city areas.
Savings in construction volume of up to 50% is characteristic for automatic parking
systems based on their compact warehouse design, coupled with effective transport
system. In this project, we will discuss the automation process of an automaticparking
system. This system will be controlled by PLC and SCADA. This system has been
testeand worked well, so it is possible to apply this system nowadays. This results in
incentives for individual solutions to parking space problems in city areas.
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1.1 Literature Review
1.1.1 Historical Aspects
Over the years, car parking systems and the accompanying technologies have
increased and diversified. Car parking systems have been around almost since the time
cars were invented. In any area where there is a significant amount of traffic, there are car
parking systems. Car Parking systems were developed in the early 20th century in
response to the need for storage space for vehicles.
Mechanical parking systems were first introduced in the U.S. using freight
elevators about the time of World War I. During the 1920’s and 1930’s a series of other
patents were granted but it was not until the late 1940’s that the Bowser, Pigeon Hole and
Roto Park systems became operational and installed in numerous locations. Some of these
early systems were vertical elevator lift modules that placed cars on upper levels of a
structure to be moved by attendant and others mechanical devices that could move
vehicles into “slots” in a framework built around a central corridor. Capacities ranged
typically from less than 100 spaces to more than 600. All of these “early days” systems
shared common characteristic the use of a site area much smaller than the area needed for
a conventional garage. For the next twenty years there was some discussion of “advanced”
mechanical garage systems appearing in Europe and Asia, but no major projects which
were planned on were constructed in the U.S.
During the past decade the constant demand for parking, especially in large urban
centers, created a new U.S. interest in these high technology foreign systems automated,
computer based systems that added speed, reliability and safety to the basic garage types
invented fifty years earlier. European and Asian manufacturers have begun to market their
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systems and establish offices in the U.S. Several U.S. firms also have entered the
marketplace and created greater local interest in automated parking. Some 100 of these
projects are now in the planning stage.
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1.1.2 Traditional Parking SpaceVS Automated Parking System
Traditional Parking SystemAutomated Parking System
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1.2 Motivationt
As population of world is increasing day-by-day and hence use of vehicles also in
demand. This results in parking issues in most crowded cities or places such as malls,
market areas, offices, etc. This gives us motivation to build an efficient, space saving and
automated car parking system which will reduce human efforts. For this we have design
mechanical model in such manner that it will park number of cars in small areas.
Also, LINX CONTROL PVT.LTD. motivate and support to build this
mechanical model.
1.3 Area Of Concentration
The main area of concentration of this project is to solve the problem of space requirement
for parking and also to make it automated. Following are the area concentration in our
project :
1.3.1 AUTOMATION
Automation is the use of control systems and information technologies to reduce
the need for human work in the production of goods and services. Automation plays an
increasingly important role in the global economy and in daily experience. The main area
of concentration is to provide automated car parking system. For this purpose we have
implement programming using
RSLOGIX 500 and interface this programming with the help of RSLINX to control room.
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1.3.2 SPACE REQUIREMENT
Webuid mechanical in such a way that it will park number of cars in a smaller area
and overcomes with issues regarding space requirement.
1.3.3 REDUCTION IN HUMAN
This prototype model provides reduction in human efforts as it facilitates the
monitoring of whole system in a centered control room. This can be achieved by using
SCADA software for visual purpose. SCADA systems are used to monitor critical
infrastructure systems and provide early warning of potential disaster situations. One of
the most important aspects of SCADA has been its ability to evolve with the ever-
changing face of technology that is now referred to as Information Technology (IT)
systems.
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CHAPTER 2
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
2.1 Block Diagram
Figure 2.1 Block diagram of the system
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2.2 Element Of Section
2.2.1 Input Devices:
Intelligence of an auto system is greatly depending on the ability of a PLC
to read in the signal from various types of automatic sensing and manual input field
devices. Push-button, key pad and toggle switches that form the basic man machine
interface any type of manual input device. On the other hand, for detection of work piece
monitoring of moving mechanism, checking pressure or liquid level and many other, The
PLC will have to tap the signal from the specific automatic sensing devices like Proximity
switch, limit switch, photoelectric sensor, and level sensor and so on. Types of input signal
to PLC would be ON/OFF logic or analog. These input signals are interface to PLC
though various types of PLC input module.
2.2.2 Output Devices
An automatic system is incomplete and the PLC system is virtually paralyzed
without means of interface to the field output devices. Some of the most commonly
control devices are Motors. Solenoids, relays, indicators, buzzers and etc. through
activation of motor and solenoids the PLC can control from a simple pick and place
system to a much complex servo positioning system. These types of output devices the
mechanism of automated system and so its direct effects on the system performance.
However, other output devices such as pilot lamp, buzzer and alarms are merely meant for
notifying purpose. Like input signal interfacing signal from output devices are interfaces
to PLC through the wide range of PLC output module.
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2.2.3 PLC
The Programmable Logic controller is a specialized computer used to control
machines and process. It uses a programmable memory to store instructions and specific
functions that include On/Off control, timing, counting, sequencing, arithmetic, and data
handling.
Fig. 2.2.3 PLC Structure
The PLC, also known as programmable controller is defined by the National
Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) in 1978 as: "a digitally operating electronic
apparatus which uses a programmable memory for the internal storage of instructions for
implementing specific functions, such as logic, sequencing, timing, counting and
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arithmetic, to controlthrough digital or analog input/output, various types of machines or
process".
A PLC consist of a Central Processing Unit (CPU) containing an application
program and input and output interface modules, which are directly connected to the field
I/O devices. The program controls the PLC so that when an input signal from an input
device turns ON, the appropriate response is made. The response normally involves
turning ON an output signal some sort of output devices.
2.2.4 Advantages of PLC Control System
∑ Flexible
∑ Faster response time
∑ Loss and simpler wiring
∑ Solid-state no moving parts
∑ Modular design easy to repair expand
∑ Handles much more complicated
∑ Less expensive
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CHAPTER 3
HARDWARE SECTION
This project includes different electronic hardware. Here is the hardware
description of automatic car parking system using PLC and SCADA.
3.1.PLC
The Bulletin 1766, MicroLogix 1400 programmable controller contains a power
supply, input and output circuits, a processor, an isolated combination RS-232/485
communication port, an Ethernet port, and a non-isolated RS-232 communication port.
Each controller supports 32 discrete I/O points (20 digital inputs, 12 discrete outputs) and
6 analog I/O points(4 analog inputs and 2 analog output: 1766-L32BWAA, -AWAA and -
BXBA only).
The hardware features of the controller are shown below.
Fig.3.1 Micro-logix 1400
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3.1.1 Configuration of PLC
Fig.3.1.1 Typical Configurations for PLC
Many PLC configurations are available, even from a single vendor. But, in each of these
there are common components and concepts. The most essential components are:
Power Supply - This can be built into the PLC or be an external unit. Common voltage
levels required by the PLC (with and without the power supply) are 24Vdc, 120Vac,
220Vac. CPU (Central Processing Unit) - This is a computer where ladder logic is stored
and processed. I/O (Input/Output) - A number of input/output terminals must be provided
so that the PLC can monitor the process and initiate actions.
Indicator lights - These indicate the status of the PLC including power on, program
running, and a fault. These are essential when diagnosing problems.
The configuration of the PLC refers to the packaging of the components.
Typical configurations are listed below from largest to smallest as shown in above figure
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Rank - A rank is often large and can hold multiple cards. When necessary, multiple
racks can be connected together. These tend to be the highest cost, but also the most
flexible and easy to maintain.
Mini - These are smaller than full sized PLC racks, but can have the same IO capacity.
Micro - These units can be as small as a deck of cards. They tend to have fixed quantities
of I/O and limited abilities, but costs will be the lowest.
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3.2Proximity Sensors
Fig. 3.2 Proximity Sensor
Proximity switches are generally used to sense the position of a moving object in
manufacturing processes. Typically, they utilize an oscillator driver circuit in combination
with an induction tank circuit. The tank circuit includes an induction coil as a means for
sensing the presence of an object such as metal. The magnetic field induces eddy currents
in a conductive object which enters within the generated magnetic field. The oscillation
amplitude is attenuated due to the energy drawn from the induction coil. The amount of
the attenuation is directly related to the distance between the metal object and the
induction coil.
A proximity sensor is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects
without any physical contact. A proximity sensor often emits an electromagnetic field or a
beam of electromagnetic radiation , and looks for changes in the field or return signal. The
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object being sensed is often referred to as the proximity sensor's target. Different
proximity sensor targets demand different sensors. For example, a capacitive or
photoelectric sensor might be suitable for a plastic target; an inductive proximity sensor
always requires a metal target. A proximity sensor adjusted to a very short range is often
used as a touch switch.
Proximity Sensor includes all sensors that perform non-contact detection in
comparison to sensors, such as limit switches, that detect objects by physically contacting
them. Proximity Sensors convert information on the movement or presence of an object
into an electrical signal. There are three types of detection systems that do this conversion:
systems that use the eddy currents that are generated in metallic sensing objects by
electromagnetic induction, systems that detect changes in electrical capacity when
approaching the sensing object, and systems that use magnets and reed switches.
The Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) define proximity sensors in JIS C,
which conforms to the IEC 60947-5-2 definition of non-contact position detection
switches.
JIS gives the generic name "proximity sensor" to all sensors that provide non-
contact detection of target objects that are close by or within the general vicinity of the
sensor, and classifies them as inductive, capacitive, ultrasonic, photoelectric, magnetic,
etc.
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3.3 Types ofProximity Sensor
There are several types of proximity sensor are as follows:
∑ Inductive Proximity Sensor.
∑ Capacitive Proximity Sensor.
∑ Ultrasonic Proximity Sensor.
∑ Photoelectric Proximity Sensor.
∑ Magnetic Proximity Sensor.
3.3.1. Inductive Proximity Sensors
Inductive sensors use currents induced by magnetic fields to detect nearby
metal objects. The inductive sensor uses a coil (an inductor) to generate a high frequency
magnetic field as shown in Figure. If there is a metal object near the changing magnetic
field, current will flow in the object. This resulting current flow sets up a new magnetic
field that opposes the original magnetic field. The net effect is that it changes the
inductance of the coil in the inductive sensor. By measuring the inductance the sensor can
determine when a metal have been brought nearby. These sensors will detect any metals,
when detecting multiple types of metal multiple sensors are often used.
A typical inductive proximity sensor employs a ferrite cup core as the sensing
element. It allows the flux field to be focused in front of the cup and to further increase the
sensing distance. The oscillator typically operates between 100 kHz and 800 kHz, where
the eddy current losses are significant.
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Operating Principle of Inductive Proximity Sensors
Inductive Proximity Sensors detect magnetic loss due to eddy currents that are generated
on a conductive surface by an external magnetic field. An AC magnetic field is generated
on the detection coil, and changes in the impedance due to eddy currents generated on a
metallic object are detected. Other methods include Aluminum-detecting Sensors, which
detect the phase component of the frequency, and All-metal Sensors, which use a working
coil to detect only the changed component of the impedance.
Fig.3.3.1 Operating Principle of Inductive Proximity Sensors
There are also Pulse-response Sensors, which generate an eddy current in pulses
and detect the time change in the eddy current with the voltage induced in the coil. The
sensing object and Sensor form what appears to be a transformer-like relationship. The
transformer-like coupling condition is replaced by impedance changes due to eddy-current
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losses. The impedance changes can be viewed as changes in the resistance that is inserted
in series with the sensing object.
3.3.2 Capacitive Proximity Sensor.
Proximity capacitive sensing is a technology that enables touch
detection by measuring capacitance, exhibiting a change in capacitance in response to a
change in surrounding materials. Certain sensors gauge the change by generating an
electric field and measuring the attenuations suffered by this field. Unlike inductive
sensors, a proximity capacitive sensor can detect anything that is either conductive or has
different dielectric properties than the sensor’s electrodes’ surroundings. They are
excellent touchpad enablers because we, humans, being mostly water, have a high
dielectric constant, and we contain ionic matter, which makes us good electric conductors.
Free scale uses multiple technologies in its proximity capacitive sensors.
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Capacitive Model
Fig.3.3.2 Capacitive Model
Where,
C = Capacitance in faraday.
A =Area of the plate distance between plates.
D =Dielectric constant.
P =Permitivity of free space.
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3.3.3 Ultrasonic Proximity Sensor.
Ultrasonic sensors operate on an elapsed time measurement system. When the
sensor is adjusted to sense a target at a given distance, a timing window is established. The
sensor accepts or acknowledges only the echoes received within this window. Signals
echoing from background material take longer, and will not be acknowledged.
The maximum frequency at which the sensor is capable of turning on and off depends on
several variables. The most significant are target size, target material and distance to the
target. The smaller the target, the more difficult it is to detect. Thus, maximum frequency
for a small target will be lower than for a large target. Materials that absorb high frequency
sound (cotton, sponge, etc.) are more difficult to sense than steel, glass, or plastic. Thus,
they also have a lower maximum switching frequency.
The humans can hear sound of up to 20kHz frequency only. This proximity
detector works at a frequency of 40 kHz. It uses two specially made ultrasonic transducers:
One transducer emits 40kHz sound, while the other receives 40kHz sound and converts it
into electrical variation of the same frequency.
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3.3.4 Photoelectric Proximity Sensor.
A photoelectric proximity sensor is a sensor that uses light to sense an object. This
is done through a technique using pulsed light in either diffuse, through beam, or retro-
reflective modes to detect objects.
In automation, photoelectric sensors in general provide all the benefits of fast and
noncontact detection. Among standard sensors, a distinction is made between the three
functional principles of Thru-beam sensors, retroreflective sensors, and diffuse mode
sensors, depending on the function and the relative position.
Our broad range of photoelectric sensors is aimed at all automation solutions
where noncontact object detection can be utilized. The wide variety of different operating
principles, models, sizes and specifications means that the best possible sensor can always
be found for the relevant application and all conditions that occur in practice can be met.
3.3.5 Magnetic Proximity Sensor
Magnetic sensor is ideal for generating switch-contact count signals from passing
steel or iron castings, weldmesh, stampings, “Tin-cans”, pulley spokes, etc. A flux-field,
generated by internal permanent magnets is arranged to hold the SPDT switch contact in
the N.C. position. When an external mass of magnetic material (target) approaches the
sensing area, it shunts away a part of this field, causing the switch contact to transfer to the
N.O. position. The distance, at which this occurs, is called the “Sensing Distance” and it
depends on the size, shape and thickness of the ferrous target. The curve below shows
variation of sensing distance with target area of steel plate, 0.1” or more in thickness. For
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very thin sheet steel (0.01” to 0.02”) de rate sensing distance by 50%. Once the N.O.
switch transfer is made, the target must move away approximately 2 times the sensing
distance to re-establish the original N.C. contact closure. These switches can be operated
at speeds up to 60 counts/sec and have a life rating of 2-billion operations when used in
low-current, low-voltage electronic counting applications. Operating temperature range is
-50o to +120oC.
The magnetic switch senses presence of magnet and give specified signal.
Fig.3.3.5Magnetic Proximity Sensor
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3.4 DC GEAR MOTOR
The geared instrument dc motor is ideally suited to a wide range of applications
requiring a combination of low speed operation and small unit size. The integral iron core
DC motor provides smooth operation and a bidirectional variable speed capability while
the gearhead utilises a multistage metal spur gear train rated for a working torque up to
0.2Nm. The unit, which is suitable for mounting in any attitude, provides reliable
operation over a wide ambient temperature range and is equipped with an integral VDR
(voltage dependant resistor) electrical suppression system to minimise electrical
interference. The motor unit offers a range of gear ratio options for operating speeds from
5-200 rpm and is ideally suited to applications where small size and low unit price are
important design criteria.
Fig.3.4DC Gear Motor Construction
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CHAPTER 4
SOFTWARE SECTION
4.1. SCADA
SCADA is an acronym for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition.
SCADA systems are used to monitor and control a plant or equipment in industries such as
telecommunications, water and waste control, energy, oil and gas refining and
transportation. These systems encompass the transfer of data between a SCADA central
host computer and a number of Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) and/or Programmable
Logic Controllers (PLCs), and the central host and the operator terminals. A SCADA
system gathers information (such as where a leak on a pipeline has occurred), transfers the
information back to a central site, then alerts the home station that a leak has occurred,
carrying out necessary analysis and control, such as determining if the leak is critical, and
displaying the information in a logical and organized fashion. The SCADA systems
consist of the following units :
ß One or more field data interface devices, usually RTUs, or PLCs, which interface
to field sensing devices and local control switchboxes and valve actuators
ß A communications system used to transfer data between field data interface
devices and control units and the computers in the SCADA central host. The
system can be radio, telephone, cable, satellite, etc., or any combination of these
ß A central host computer server or servers (sometimes called a SCADA Center,
master station, or Master Terminal Unit (MTU)
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ß A collection of standard and/or custom software [sometimes called Human
Machine Interface (HMI) software or Man Machine Interface (MMI) software]
systems used to provide the SCADA central host and operator terminal application,
support the communications system, and monitor and control remotely located
field data interface devices
Fig .4.1.Typical SCADA System
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4.1.1 Field Data Interface Devices
Field data interface devices form the "eyes and ears" of a SCADA system.
However, before any automation or remote monitoring can be achieved, the information
that is passed to and from the field data interface devices must be converted to a form that
is compatible with the language of the SCADA system. To achieve this, some form of
electronic field data interface is required. RTUs, also known as Remote Telemetry Units,
provide this interface. They are primarily used to convert electronic signals received from
field interface devices into the language (known as the communication protocol) used to
transmit the data over a communication channel.
A PLC is a device used to automate monitoring and control of industrial
facilities. It can be used as a stand-alone or in conjunction with a SCADA or other system.
PLCs connect directly to field data interface devices and incorporate programmed
intelligence in the form of logical procedures that will be executed in the event of certain
field conditions. PLCs have their origins in the automation industry and therefore are often
used in manufacturing and process plant applications. The need for PLCs to connect to
communication channels was not great in these applications, as they often were only
required to replace traditional relay logic systems or pneumatic controllers. As PLCs were
used more often to replace relay switching logic control systems, telemetry was used more
and more with PLCs at the remote sites.
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4.1.2 Communications Network
The communications network is intended to provide the means by which
data can be transferred between the central host computer servers and the field-based
RTUs. The Communication Network refers to the equipment needed to transfer data to
and from different sites. The medium used can either be cable, telephone or radio.
4.1.3 Central Host Computer
The central host computer or master station is most often a single computer
or a network of computer servers that provide a man-machine operator interface to the
SCADA system. screens and associated data can be displayed for the operators. Operator
terminals are connected to the central host computer by a LAN/WAN so that the viewing
screens and associated data can be displayed for the operators.
4.1.4. Operator Workstations and Software Components
Operator workstations are most often computer terminals that are networked
with the SCADA central host computer. The central host computer acts as a server for the
SCADA application, and the operator terminals are clients that request and
sendinformation to the central host computer based on the request and action of the
operators.
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4.2. RS Logix 500
Overview
The RSLogix™ family of IEC-1131-compliant ladder logic programming
packages helps you maximize performance, save project development time, and improve
productivity. This family of products has been developed to operate on Microsoft®
Windows® operating systems. Supporting the Allen-Bradley SLC™ 500 and
MicroLogix™ families of processors, RSLogix™ 500 was the first PLC® programming
software to offer unbeatable productivity with an industry-leading user interface.
These RSLogix products share:
∑ Flexible, easy-to-use editors
∑ Common look-and-feel
∑ Diagnostics and troubleshooting tools
∑ Powerful, time-saving features and functionality
RS Logix programming packages are compatible with programs created with
Rockwell Software's DOS-based programming packages for the SLC 500 and MicroLogix
families of processors, making program maintenance across hardware platforms
convenient and easy.
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4.2.1 Ladder
Consolidate and display all project information as a Project Tree wi"Point-and-
Click" accessibility. Edit several rungs simultaneously and/or program using symbols that
you have not yet assigned addresses to using the Program Editor. Correct errors at your
convenience using the Project Verifier.
4.2.2 Cross-Reference Information
Move to any rung or instruction you need by clicking on the cross-referenced item
using the Online Cross-Reference. View cross-reference information simultaneously with
your control program online or on a report.
4.2.3 Drag-and-Drop Editing
Add addresses to instructions by dragging them from the Data Table Monitor,
Database Files, or the Address/Symbols Picker to the desired instruction, or quickly move
instructions within a project or from one project to another, or move data table elements
from one data file to another.
4.2.4 Diagnostics
Locate problem areas in your application using Advanced Diagnostics. Locate
and replace addresses and description text easily using Search and Replace. Examine the
status of data table elements simultaneously with the Custom Display Monitor. Review
status bit settings including scan time, math registers and interrupt settings using Tabbed
Displays. Access I/O configurations, program files, data table files and more from the
Consolidated Project View.
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4.3 Wonder ware In-touch
Wonder ware In Touch™ visualisation software is a powerful SCADA/HMI for
industrial automation, process control and supervisory monitoring. In Touch enables users
to visualise and control processes while providing engineers with an easy-to-use
development environment and extensive functionality to rapidly create, test and deploy
powerful automation applications that connect and deliver real-time information. In Touch
software is an open and extensible HMI that enables flexibility in custom application
design with connectivity to the broadest set of automation devices in the industry.
Fig. 4.3
Wonderwar
e In-touch
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CHAPTER 5
WORKING
5.1 Flow Chart
Automatic Car Parking System Using PLC & SCADA Department Of EXTC
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Hardware diagram
Automatic Car Parking System Using PLC & SCADA Department Of EXTC
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5.2 Operation
Working of automatic car parking is simply based on the flow chart shown in
figure.
As the car enters into the range of proximity sensor, sensor senses the car and
sends a signal to the PLC’s port. SCADA which receives the signal from the port of PLC
indicates “availability of car” to the operator. Operator, after verifying the car related
information, enters the empty slot number and elevator mechanism is triggered with the
help of PLC’s output port. In order to provide the 12V dc voltage to the elevator
mechanism, “relay circuitary”is used to connect the battery output 12V to the elevator
mechanism.
In order to pick-up a car, elevator mechanism performs operation in three different
stages. In first stage stacker, consisting of simple dc motor, comes out and lift the car.
Once car is lifted, stacker is pulled back and elevator moves up to the desired floor. In
third stage, stacker comes out of the elevator mechanism, elevator is lifted down, and
hence, once the car is parked into the floor, the stacker is pulled back of the elevator
mechanism.
Now, elevator mechanism is again ready for next operation of car re-parking, thus,
the above operation is repeated for further car parking.
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CHAPTER 6
LADDER LOGIC PROGRAMMING
The steps necessary to program the first part of the experiment, the series rung,
will be explained in detail. For the other parts of the exercise, only the different steps
required to do these parts are explained.
6.1 Timers
To enter a timer into a rung, position the cursor on the right side of the rung, or to
the left of where you want to place the instruction.
6.2 Counters
Counter blocks are placed in the ladder rung in much the same way as timers. To
enter an up counter into a rung, first click on the CTU and position the arrow on the right
side of the rung.
6.3 Online Editing With PLC in Run Mode
The ladder logic program may be edited while the PLC is in the Run mode.
Automatic Car Parking System Using PLC & SCADA Department Of EXTC
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6.3.1 Ladder-Logic Diagram
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CHAPTER 7
APPLICATION
When a vehicle arrived for parking, there is a chance of probability to extend this
system along with the identity cards .The LCD displays the empty spaces
availability of that particular rack. Then user has to enter his password, provided the
first digit must be the empty space in which he wishes to park his vehicle thus ensuring
protection. Again if he entered correct password then only the exit gate will be
opened for him. If the person removes another vehicle then the sensors
that are provided beneath every parking place gives a buzzer sound which is being
provided and automatically the exit gate gets closed propviding security to vehicle owner.
B y t h i s i mp l em en ta t i on in t h e c i rcu i t , p a rk i n g p ro b l em i s s o lv ed an
a l so i t p r ev en t s vehicle thefts.
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CHAPTER 8
ADVANTAGES
1) Efficient.
2) Time saver.
3) Car safety.
4) Safer for driver.
5) Environmental friendly
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CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION
9.1 Automatic parking. Quite simple.
The average driver spends about 90 minutes a day in the car. So the car has to
spend the other 22.5 hours parked - somewhere. But more and more, finding a parking
place is becoming a challenge, especially in big cities and popular destinations. Planners,
developers, architects and engineers are all looking for viable solutions.
An opportunity to bring the technology of automated parking to where it´s needed
most. These advanced automated parking systems are extraordinarily well-designed. The
advantages are clear. The systems are scalable and adapt to virtually any architectural
footprint. What´s more, they are fast, efficient and environmentally sound.
Automatic Car Parking System Using PLC & SCADA Department Of EXTC
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9.2 Simply economic.
Worldwide, city centres are the core of modern life, work and society. However,
traffic volume has far outstripped the parking designed to handle it.
Whether for commercial or residential areas, the increasing demand for parking
has brought with it infrastructure headaches for municipalities...and it frequently means
lost revenue as drivers take their business elsewhere. Automatic parking systems are able
to solve these core problems more economically than conventional parking garages. Quite
simply, they create more parking from less space and consume fewer resources.
9.3 Simply aesthetic.
As cities reinvent themselves for the future with sustainable planning and
development, they keep an eye toward making their redefined landscape attractive and
functional.
An automatic parking system enhances the utility and beauty of a building. They
offer architects and city planners more choices than just a closed facade in an existing
structure. Automatic parking has advantages over conventional parking in nearly every
aspect of beauty and utility. In fact, its greatest beauty is that it can often be made
invisible.
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9.4 Simply ecological.
In 2007, the world´s population passed a milestone: for the first time in history,
more people live in cities than outside of them. By 2030, more than 60% of the world´s
population will live in cities.
This means that cities will have to become more innovative in providing quality
living and services in an ecologically sound manner. Currently, cities use more than 75%
of the energy produced, and create more than 80% of the world´s greenhouse gas
emissions. One way to reduce the carbon footprint of cities is by reducing the hunt for
parking. An abundance of automated parking means fewer cars on the road, less
congestion, and cleaner air for everyone.
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CHAPTER 10
FUTURE SCOPE
Also we can implement database management system which provides detail
information about vehicle i.e. arrival and departure time, date and day, vehicle number
,etc. Due to this we can access past information about vehicles in case of any emergencies
from the database. It enhances the security standards for parking system.
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CHAPTER 11
REFERENCES
1. Under the guidance of “LiNX Control” (An Industrial Automation Company),
IT-Park, Nagpur
2. Programmable Logic Controller by Stephen, Philip.
3. Industrial Automation by Prof. Gupta.
4. Automatic car parking” by Prof. Anil Thakur.
5. Petruzella, Frank D. (2010) - ‘Programmable logic Controllers’ - Tata
McGraw Hill Education, pp.6-12.
6. Rashid, M.H. (2010) – ‘Power Electronics’- British Library of Congress