04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 1
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability•Stability: General
•To insure an airplane has good handling qualities in all flight regimes, we need it to be STABLE, MANEUVERABLE, and CONTROLLABLE•STABILITY is the characteristic of an airplane in flight that causes it to return to a condition of equilibrium, or steady flight, after it is disturbed.
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 2
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability•Stability: General
•To insure an airplane has good handling qualities in all flight regimes, we need it to be STABLE, MANEUVERABLE, and CONTROLLABLE•MANEUVERABLILITY is the characteristic that permits the pilot to easily move the airplane about its axes and to withstand the stress from these moves
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 3
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability•Stability: General
•To insure an airplane has good handling qualities in all flight regimes, we need it to be STABLE, MANEUVERABLE, and CONTROLLABLE•CONTROLLABILITY is the capability to respond to the pilot’s control inputs
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 4
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability•Stability: General
•Unfortunately, these characteristics are at odds with each other
•Increase in one leads to a decrease in another• = all airplane designs are compromises
•If make it too stable = it’s hard to control
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 5
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability•Stability: General Types
•2 TYPES OF STABILITY
•STATIC•The ability of an object to return to its equilibrium state after being disturbed
•DYNAMIC•The way the object moves after being disturbed
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 6
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability•Stability: General Types
•3 CONDITIONS OF STABILITY:
•POSITIVE•The disruption of an object gets less over time
•NEGATIVE •The disruption gets greater over time
•NUETRAL•The disruption neither increases or decreases over time
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 7
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability•Stability: General Types
•Positive Stability:
•The tendency to return to the original equilibrium•Example: Ball in a trough•Generally desirable in an airplane but does decrease maneuverability
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 8
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability•Stability: General Types
•Negative Stability:
•The tendency to move away from the equilibrium•Example: Ball on a hill•Undesirable in an airplane
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 9
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability•Stability: General Types
•Nuetral Stability:
•The tendency for the correcting forces to neither increase or decrease over time•Example: Ball on a flat surface•Somewhat OK in an airplane
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 10
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability•Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
•Since we have 3 main axes of an aircraft, we also have 3 main types of Stability:
•LONGITUDINAL•LATERAL•DIRECTIONAL
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 11
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability•Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
•LONGITUDINAL STABILITY
•Is the ability of an aircraft to remain stable ABOUT (OR AROUND) THE LATERAL AXIS•Is PITCH STABILITY•Or keeping the Longitudinal Axis stable
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 12
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability•Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
•LONGITUDINAL STABILITY•Since the CENTER OF PRESSURE (or CENTER OF LIFT) moves with Angle of Attack changes
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 13
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability•Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
•LONGITUDINAL STABILITY•We need to be sure the Center of Gravity doesn’t get behind the Center of Pressure or severe flight problems will occur (such as can’t lower the nose)
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 14
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability•Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
•LONGITUDINAL STABILITY•Airplanes are designed so the Center of Pressure or Lift is behind of the Center of Gravity = a downward pitching moment on the nose of the aircraft at all times
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 15
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability•Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
•LONGITUDINAL STABILITY•This, coupled with the downward TAIL LOAD created by the HORIZONTAL STABILIZER, create a balanced set of conditions to keep the Longitudinal Axis stable
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 16
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability•Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
•LONGITUDINAL STABILITY•If the aircraft gets disturbed so the nose goes up, the Horizontal Stabilizer’s Angle of Attack is decreased and creates less Down Load to compensate
•Hor. Stabs. are usually symmetrical airfoils
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 17
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability•Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
•LONGITUDINAL STABILITY•If the aircraft gets disturbed so the nose goes down, the Horizontal Stabilizer’s Angle of Attack is increased and creates more Down Load to compensate•This is Positive Longitudinal Stability
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 18
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability•Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
•LONGITUDINAL STABILITY•The Horizontal Stabilizer will be installed at some particular Angle of Incidence so it can do its job correctly
•This may be negative, positive, or zero
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 19
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability•Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
•LATERAL STABILITY
•Is the ability of an aircraft to remain stable ABOUT (OR AROUND) THE LONGITUDINAL AXIS•Is ROLL STABILITY•Or keeping the Lateral Axis stable
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 20
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability•Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
•LATERAL STABILITY•Provided mostly by wing DIHEDRAL
•This is the upward angle between the wing and the Lateral Axis
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 21
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability•Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
•LATERAL STABILITY•Provided mostly by wing DIHEDRAL
•As an airplane is upset so a wing drops, it starts to SIDESLIP toward the low wing
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 22
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability•Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
•LATERAL STABILITY•Provided mostly by wing DIHEDRAL
•This slipping motion plus the downward movement of the wing add downward vectors to the Angle of Attack production and lead to an increase in on the lower wing = more lift on that wing
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 23
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability•Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
•LATERAL STABILITY•Provided mostly by wing DIHEDRAL
•On the wing moving up, the upward vector reduces the = less lift
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 24
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability•Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
•LATERAL STABILITY•Provided mostly by wing DIHEDRAL
•These two changes to lift create a rolling force in the direction to restore the wings to level = Positive Lateral Stability
Author: Harry L. Whitehead 25
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability•Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
•LATERAL STABILITY•A HIGH-WING Airplane will not need as much Dihedral as a LOW-WING Airplane •since the Center of Gravity is below the Center of Lift it tends to right itself naturally (it’s inherently more Laterally Stable)
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 26
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability•Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
•DIRECTIONAL STABILITY
•Is the ability of an aircraft to remain stable ABOUT (OR AROUND) THE VERTICAL AXIS•Is YAW STABILITY•Or keeping the Vertical Axis stable
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 27
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability•Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
•DIRECTIONAL STABILITY•Provided by the VERTICAL STABILIZER and Fuselage
•To be Directionally Stable, an aircraft must have more surface area behind the CG than in front so it acts like a Weather Vane
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 28
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability•Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
•DIRECTIONAL STABILITY•Provided by the VERTICAL STABILIZER and Fuselage
•When the aircraft yaws (= SIDESLIP), the Vert. Stab. creates lift in the restoring direction and the sides of the fuselage offer a surface for the wind to push against
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 29
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability•Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
•DIRECTIONAL STABILITY•Is also improved by SWEEPBACK of the wings
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 30
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability•Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
•DIRECTIONAL STABILITY•Is also improved by SWEEPBACK of the wings
•When yawing (SIDESLIP), the wing which is moving forward has a larger effective wing area = more drag to push it back
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 31
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability•Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
•DIRECTIONAL STABILITY•But sweepback can cause a small problem: Dutch Roll
•If the aircraft’s wing drops it will tend to yaw into the low wing and the dihedral and sweepback will combine to return the wings to level quickly
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 32
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability•Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
•DIRECTIONAL STABILITY•But sweepback can cause a small problem: Dutch Roll
•As the low wing moves up the Lateral Stability will return the aircraft to straight flight = the low wing will be moving faster than the high wing = more lift
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 33
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability•Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
•DIRECTIONAL STABILITY•But sweepback can cause a small problem: Dutch Roll
•= that wing will now rise and the process will repeat in the opposite direction
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 34
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability•Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
•DIRECTIONAL STABILITY•But sweepback can cause a small problem: Dutch Roll
•The resulting low level oscillation (“Dutch Roll”) doesn’t affect aircraft flight safety but is uncomfortable for passengers
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 35
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsAircraft Stability•Stability: About the Aircraft Axes
•DIRECTIONAL STABILITY•But sweepback can cause a small problem: Dutch Roll
•Aircraft susceptible to this usually have YAW DAMPERS connected to the rudder controls to automatically apply corrective rudder action
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 36
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsLarge Aircraft Controls•Large aircraft, like small, control the aircraft about the same 3 axes: Lateral, Longitudinal, and Vertical•Major differences:
•More control surfaces •Hydraulic actuated
•Power-boosted•Hydraulic cylinder in parallel with control rods•Pilot moves surface and valve to actuate hydraulic cylinder to help
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 37
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsLarge Aircraft Controls•Large aircraft, like small, control the aircraft about the same 3 axes: Lateral, Longitudinal, and Vertical•Major differences:
•More control surfaces •Hydraulic actuated
•Power-boosted•Boosting is typically about 14:1 ratio•Disadvantage: in transonic speed range shock waves form on controls and cause buffeting which is fed back into cockpit
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 38
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsLarge Aircraft Controls•Large aircraft, like small, control the aircraft about the same 3 axes: Lateral, Longitudinal, and Vertical•Major differences:
•More control surfaces •Hydraulic actuated
•Irreversibles•Used to keep buffet from reaching cockpit•Hyd. Cylinders in series with control rods•Also need “feedback” system to give pilot the feel of the controls
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 39
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsLarge Aircraft Controls
•Example: Boeing 727
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 40
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsLarge Aircraft Controls
•Example: Boeing 727
•Uses Irreversible system with 2 separate hydraulic systems, Standby system, and manual backup of Primary Controls (servo tabs)
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 41
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsLarge Aircraft Controls
•Example: Boeing 727•Primary Controls: Roll
•Ailerons and Spoilers•4 ailerons and 14 spoilers
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 42
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsLarge Aircraft Controls
•Example: Boeing 727•Primary Controls: Roll
•Inboard ailerons and 10 flight spoilers do high speed flight with outboard ailerons locked in neutral position
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 43
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsLarge Aircraft Controls
•Example: Boeing 727•Primary Controls: Roll
•When trailing edge flaps are deployed, outboard ailerons unlocked = all ailerons and flight spoilers work
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 44
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsLarge Aircraft Controls
•Example: Boeing 727•Primary Controls: Pitch
•Elevators for normal pitch action•Movable Horizontal Stab. for trim action
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 45
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsLarge Aircraft Controls
•Example: Boeing 727•Primary Controls: Yaw
•2 independent rudders with anti-balance (anti-servo) tabs
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 46
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsLarge Aircraft Controls
•Example: Boeing 727•Primary Controls: Yaw
•Also receives input from the Yaw Dampers to counteract Dutch Roll
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 47
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsLarge Aircraft Controls
•Example: Boeing 727•Auxiliary Lift Devices: Trailing Edge Flaps
•Triple-slotted Fowler Flaps•Take-off = only back, Landing = back and down
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 48
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsLarge Aircraft Controls
•Example: Boeing 727•Auxiliary Lift Devices: Leading Edge Flaps
•Krueger-type•Increase area and camber
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 49
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsLarge Aircraft Controls
•Example: Boeing 727•Auxiliary Lift Devices: Leading Edge Slats
•Increase camber•Inboard flaps stall first = retain aileron control
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 50
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsLarge Aircraft Controls
•Example: Boeing 727•Secondary Controls (Tabs):
•Ailerons have Balance Tabs which also act as Trim Tabs
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 51
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsLarge Aircraft Controls
•Example: Boeing 727•Secondary Controls (Tabs):
•Elevators have Servo Tabs which also act as Trim Tabs
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 52
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsLarge Aircraft Controls
•Example: Boeing 727•Secondary Controls (Tabs):
•Rudders have Anti-balance (anti-servo) Tabs which also act as Trim Tabs
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 53
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsLarge Aircraft Controls
•Example: Boeing 727•Secondary Controls (Tabs):
•These Tabs also serve as manual backups in case of total hydraulic failure
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 54
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsLarge Aircraft Controls
•Example: Boeing 747
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 55
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsLarge Aircraft Controls
•Example: Boeing 757
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 56
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsLarge Aircraft Controls
•Example: Lockheed L-1011
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 57
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
ControlsLarge Aircraft Controls
•Example: Airbus A320
04/18/23 Author: Harry L. Whitehead 58
Basic Aerodynamics
III. Basic Aerodynamics A. The AtmosphereB. PhysicsC. The AirfoilD. Lift & DragE. StabilityF. Large Aircraft Flight
Controls