Basic Botany for Master Basic Botany for Master G dG dGardenersGardeners
Jeff SchalauJeff SchalauAgent, Agriculture & NaturalAgent, Agriculture & NaturalAgent, Agriculture & Natural Agent, Agriculture & Natural ResourcesResourcesUniversity of Arizona CooperativeUniversity of Arizona CooperativeUniversity of Arizona Cooperative University of Arizona Cooperative Extension, Yavapai Extension, Yavapai CountyCounty
Plant Functions: the Big Plant Functions: the Big ggPicturePicture
Capture and store enough energy to survive and reproduce (earn a living)p ( g)Out compete neighborsAdapt to a variety of environmentsAdapt to a variety of environmentsAdapt to herbivoryAdapt to changing environments
Scientific NamesScientific NamesScientific NamesScientific Names
Kingdom Kingdom –– PlantaePlantaeDivisionDivisionClassClassOrderOrderOrderOrderFamilyFamilyGenusGenusGenusGenusSpeciesSpeciesS b i V i t C ltiS b i V i t C ltiSubspecies, Variety, or CultivarSubspecies, Variety, or Cultivar
Plant DiagramPlant DiagramPlant DiagramPlant Diagram
LeafStemStemBudR tRootFlower
Movement of Water and Movement of Water and MaterialsMaterials
XylemXylem conducts water and
Xylem
mineral nutrients upward to leavesleavesPhloem conducts sugars proteinssugars, proteins, etc. downward from leavesfrom leaves
Woody Plant StructureWoody Plant StructureWoody Plant StructureWoody Plant Structure
Cambium is the thin layer of cells that form xylem to the inside and phloem to the outside
Woody Plant GrowthWoody Plant GrowthWoody Plant GrowthWoody Plant Growth
Secondary Growth Secondary Growth yyAnimationAnimation
http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10vhttp://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/media/ch18/secondary growth v2.ht/media/ch18/secondary growth v2.ht/ / / y_g _/ / / y_g _mlml
Features and Terms Features and Terms Describing StemsDescribing Stems
NodesInternodes
StolonCrown
ShootTwig
SpurTuberg
BranchTrunk
ubeRhizomeBulbTrunk
WoodySucculent
BulbCorm
Succulent
LeavesLeavesLeavesLeaves
Venation/Shape– Parallel– Pinnate– Palmate
d– Compound
ArrangementAlt t– Alternate
– Opposite– Whorled– Whorled– Sessile
Leaf AnatomyLeaf Anatomyyy
FlowersFlowers
How do plants reproduce?
Seed AnatomySeed AnatomySeed AnatomySeed Anatomy
ion
ion
nati
nati
rmin
rmin
Ge
Ge
eed
eed
SS
RootsRootsRootsRoots
Function– Anchor– Absorb nutrients and– Absorb nutrients and
water– Food storage
Root hai sRoot hairsLateral rootsRoot capRoot capSecondary growth in woody plants
Root StructureRoot Structure
Tap root Fibrous roots
Ph t th iPh t th iPhotosynthesisPhotosynthesisTh f ll f d d th l tThe source of all food and oxygen on the planetInvolves an input of light energy from the sunConverts light energy into chemical energyConverts light energy into chemical energy (carbohydrates, then proteins, fats, and nucleic acids))Requires light, carbon dioxide (CO2), and water (H2O).Products are sugar (C6H12O6), and oxygen (O2).Occurs in plant structures called chloroplasts that are rich with the pigment chlorophyllare rich with the pigment chlorophyll
Chemical Reaction during Chemical Reaction during ggPhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
Light Carbon Dioxide + Water º Sugar + Oxygen
LightCO + H O º C H O + OCO2 + H2O º C6H12O6 + O2
Why do plants do this?
It seems like a lot of work.
Where does photosynthesis Where does photosynthesis p yp yoccur?occur?
Chlorophyll
Chloroplasts
LeavesLeaves
Another look at Another look at photosynthesisphotosynthesis
Light and WavelengthLight and WavelengthLight and WavelengthLight and Wavelength
Aerobic RespirationAerobic RespirationAerobic RespirationAerobic Respiration
Sugar + Oxygen º Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
C6H12O6 + O2 º CO2 + H2O + Energy6 12 6 2 2 2 gy
Is there a connection between photosynthesis and respiration?photosynthesis and respiration?
ConnectionsConnectionsConnectionsConnections
Photosynthesis
LightCO2 + H2O º C6H12O6 + O2
C6H12O6 + O2 º CO2 + H2O + Energy
Respiration
Photosynthesis and Photosynthesis and yyrespiration in the plantrespiration in the plant
TranspirationTranspirationTranspirationTranspiration
Water enter the plant through the roots and exits through the stomata10% f h i d f h h i10% of the water is used for photosynthesis and 90% to keep the plant cells turgidThe water moving into the plant and upThe water moving into the plant and up through the xylem also transports mineral nutrientsEnvironmental factors (temperature, air movement, and humidity) can affect amounts of water transpired at any givenamounts of water transpired at any given time.
Factors Influencing Plant Factors Influencing Plant GrowthGrowth
Light - quantity, quality, and durationTemperature - metabolism, water p ,viscosity, dormancy, flowering, etc.Water - humidity, climate/soil y, /moisture, and qualityNutrients - 18 essential nutrients need to be relatively available to plants. A few are from the atmosphere. Most are found in the soil.
Plant Functions: the Big Plant Functions: the Big ggPicturePicture
Capture and store enough energy to survive and reproduce (earn a living)p ( g)Out compete neighborsAdapt to a variety of environmentsAdapt to a variety of environmentsAdapt to herbivoryAdapt to changing environments
Essential Plant NutrientsEssential Plant NutrientsEssential Plant NutrientsEssential Plant NutrientsMacronutrientsMacronutrients MicronutrientsMicronutrients
Carbon (C)Carbon (C)Hydrogen (H)Hydrogen (H)
Iron (Fe)Iron (Fe)Boron (B)Boron (B)
Oxygen (O)Oxygen (O)Nitrogen (N)Nitrogen (N)
Zinc (Zn)Zinc (Zn)Copper (Cu)Copper (Cu)
Phosphorus (P)Phosphorus (P)Potassium (K)Potassium (K)
Manganese (Mn)Manganese (Mn)Molybdenum (Mo)Molybdenum (Mo)( )( )
Magnesium (Mg)Magnesium (Mg)Calcium (Ca)Calcium (Ca)
y ( )y ( )Chlorine (Cl)Chlorine (Cl)Nickel (Ni)Nickel (Ni)( )( )
Sulfur (S)Sulfur (S)( )( )
Cobalt (Co)Cobalt (Co)