BASIC First Aid
with CPR
By Sgt Em kenneth A Malacaste, PAFR
Outlined Topics• First Aid Basics• Medical Emergencies• Injury Emergencies• Environmental Emergencies• CPR
First Aid Basics
DEFINITION OF FIRST AID
First Aid is an immediate care given to a person who has been injured or suddenly taken ill. It includes self-
help and home care if medical assistance is not available or
delayed.
1.1. To To alleviate suffering. suffering.2.2. To prevent added/further injury or To prevent added/further injury or
danger.danger.3.3. To prolong life.To prolong life.4. Summon more advanced medical care
as needed.5. Provide needed care for the patient.6. Assist more advanced personnel.7. Record all finding and care given to the
patient.
Objectives of First AidObjectives of First Aid
Supplying the First Aid Kit• Contains supplies you might need in an
emergency• Not all contain the same supplies• Keep the supplies in a sturdy, watertight
container that is clearly labeled• Know where the First Aid kit is• Replace what you use• Check it at the beginning of each work period
Deciding to Provide First Aid• Some people may be required to perform
First Aid while working• If they are off-duty, they can choose
whether or not to provide First Aid• Providing First Aid may be part of your job
description• Before you provide First Aid, it’s important
to ask the ill or injured person if you may help
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE
FIRST AIDER1. Bridge that fills the gap between the
victim and the physician.• It is not intended to compete with, or take the place of the
services of the physician.• It ends when the services of a physician begins.
2. Ensure safety of him/herself and that of bystanders.
3. Gain access to the victim.4. Determine any threats to patient’s life.
Characteristics of a good first aider:
• Observant - should notice all signs• Resourceful - should make the best
use of things at hand• Gentle - should not cause pain• Tactful - should not alarm the patient• Sympathetic - should be comforting
Assessing the Scene
Evaluate the scene
Assess safety
Prioritize care
Check for medical alert tags
Do head-to-toe check
Move only if necessary
Evaluate the scene
Assess safety
Prioritize care
Check for medical alert tags
Do head-to-toe check
Move only if necessary
Assessing the Scene
• Look out for danger to you and the injured person
• Look for people who can help you and look for telephones
• Who’s injured?• Where are they?
Exposure to Blood• Blood borne diseases are caused by
germs.
• A rescuer may catch a disease if germs in someone else’s blood or body fluids enter the rescuer’s body.
• Rescuers should wear personal protective equipment (PPE) to keep from touching the injured person’s blood or body fluids.
When to Phone for Help• Ask for help whenever:
– Someone is seriously ill or injured– You are not sure what to do
• Examples of someone who is seriously ill or injured:– Does not respond to voice or touch– Has chest discomfort– Has signs of stroke– Has a problem breathing
Finding the Problem
• Check the scene to be sure it is safe• Tap the person and shout “Are you OK?”
• Check if the person is breathing• Look for signs of injury such as bleeding, broken
bones, burns or bites• Look for medical information jewelry
Medical Emergencies
General Breathing Problems
• Is breathing very fast or slow
• Is having trouble with every breath
• Has noisy breathing
• Can only make sounds or speak no more than a
few words at a time in between breaths
Helping with Breathing Problems
, If
Helping a Choking Adult
• If someone is choking, they might use the choking sign
Helping a Choking Adult
Injury Emergencies
BLEEDING
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Bleeding You can See
• When a large blood vessel is cut or torn, the person can lose a lot of blood within minutes
• You can stop most bleeding with pressure • If the injured person can help you, ask them to put
direct pressure on the wound while you put on your personal protective equipment (PPE)
• If a body part has been amputated, put it on ice
Bleeding You can See
Bandaging• A bandage is material used to protect
or cover an injured body part
• A bandage may also help keep pressure on the wound
Burns
• Burns are injuries that can be caused by contact with heat,
electricity, or chemicals
• Heat burns can be caused by contact with fire, a hot
surface, a hot liquid, or steam
• If someone with a burn gets too cold, they can get
hypothermia
BurnsSmall burns
Large burns
Electrical Injuries
• Electricity can burn the body on the inside and
outside
• Electricity can stop breathing or cause a deadly
abnormal heart rhythm
• Electricity may leave only small marks on the body
Electrical Shock1. Don’t touch!2. Turn power off3. Call 9114. Remove person from live wire5. Check for breathing
Electrical Injuries
Wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Environmental Emergencies
Bites and Stings• Usually insect and spider bites and stings cause
only mild pain, itching, and swelling at the bite
• Some insect bites can be serious and even fatal if:– The person bitten has a severe allergic
reaction to the bite or sting– Poison is injected into the person
Bites and Stings
Heat Cramps
Heat Cramps• Most heat-related emergencies are caused by
vigorous exercise
• Heat cramps are painful muscle spasms, most often in the calves, arms, stomach muscles, and back
• Signs of heat cramps include muscle cramps, sweating, and headache
Heat Exhaustion• Heat exhaustion is a serious condition that often turns
into heat stroke
• It often occurs when someone exercises in the heat and sweats a lot
• Signs of heat exhaustion include sweating, nausea, dizziness, vomiting, muscle cramps, feeling faint, and fatigue
Heat Exhaustion
Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation
(CPR)
New CPR Sequence
Compressions• A compression is the act of pushing on the chest
• People often don’t push hard enough because they’re afraid of hurting the victim
• An injury is unlikely, but it is better than death
• It is better to push too hard than not hard enough
Compressions
Give Breaths• Compressions are the most important part of CPR
• If you are also able to give breaths, you will help even more
• Your breaths need to make the chest rise
• When the chest rises, you know the person has taken in enough air
Open the Airway
Give Breaths
RECOVERY POSITION• For people who are unconscious, or
semiconscious, but are still breathing.• If there are spinal or neck injuries, do
not attempt to place the casualty in the recovery position.
• NOTE: Leaving the victim in this position for long periods may cause them to experience nerve compression.
STEP 1: Kneel next to the person. Place the arm closest to you straight out from the body. Position the far arm with the back of the hand against the near cheek.
STEP 2: Grab and bend the person’s far knee.
STEP 3: Protecting the head with one hand, gently roll the person toward you by pulling the far knee over and to the ground.
STEP 4: Tilt the head up slightly so that the airway is open. Make sure that the hand is under the cheek. Place a blanket or coat over the person (unless he/she has a heat illness or fever) and stay close until help arrives.
EMERGENCY METHODS OF MOVING CASUALTIES
One Man Human Crutch• Conscious• Able to walk with some assistance
Pick-a-back• Conscious• Light weight• Able to hold on using arms
Cradle method• Light weight• A child
EMERGENCY METHODS OF MOVING CASUALTIES
Fore Method• When pick-a-back or fireman’s life method cannot be used to
carry a heavy casualty down the staircase
Fireman’s Lift• Conscious• Unconscious• Light-weight
Double Human Crutch• Conscious• Able to walk with some assistance
EMERGENCY METHODS OF MOVING CASUALTIES
Two-handed Seat• Unable to walk with assistance• Able to use his arms to support
Three-handed Seat• Unable to walk with assistance• Usually with injury on one leg• Able to use his arms to support
EMERGENCY METHODS OF MOVING CASUALTIES
Four-handed SeatUnable to walk with assistanceUnable to walk with assistanceAble to use his arms to supportAble to use his arms to support
EMERGENCY METHODS OF MOVING CASUALTIESFore and Aft Method• Unconscious• Sustained abdominal injury
GOLDEN RULES IN GIVING EMERGENCY CARE• WHAT TO DO
– Do obtain consent when possible– Do think the worst. It’s best to administer first aid for
the gravest possibility– Do remember to identify yourself to the victim– Do provide comfort and emotional support– Do respect the victim’s modesty and physical privacy– Do be as calm and as direct as possible– Do care for the most serious injuries first.– Do assist the victim with his or her prescription
medication.– Do keep onlookers away from the injured person.– Do handle the victim to a minimum.– Do loosen tight clothing.
Medical emergencies can happen anytime.
Act quickly, calmly, and correctly.
Consider being certified in first aid and CPR.