“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Sequence Stratigraphy - Sequence Stratigraphy - IntroductionIntroduction
Fall 2007Fall 2007
Professor Christopher G. St. C. KendallProfessor Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
[email protected] [email protected] 803 – 777 2410803 – 777 2410
Sequence Stratigraphy Sequence Stratigraphy
A framework of genetically A framework of genetically related stratigraphic facies related stratigraphic facies geometries and their geometries and their bounding surfaces used to bounding surfaces used to determine depositional determine depositional settingsetting
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. KendallPhoto by Torbjörn TörnqvisPhoto by Torbjörn Törnqvis
Use a framework of genetically Use a framework of genetically related stratigraphic facies related stratigraphic facies geometries and their bounding geometries and their bounding surfaces to determine their surfaces to determine their depositional settingdepositional setting
Book Cliffs – Prograding Cretaceous ShorelineBook Cliffs – Prograding Cretaceous Shoreline
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Use a framework of genetically Use a framework of genetically related stratigraphic facies related stratigraphic facies geometries and their bounding geometries and their bounding surfaces to determine their surfaces to determine their depositional settingdepositional setting
Book Cliffs – Prograding Cretaceous ShorelineBook Cliffs – Prograding Cretaceous Shoreline
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Use a framework of genetically Use a framework of genetically related stratigraphic facies related stratigraphic facies geometries and their bounding geometries and their bounding surfaces to determine their surfaces to determine their depositional settingdepositional setting
Book Cliffs – Prograding Cretaceous ShorelineBook Cliffs – Prograding Cretaceous Shoreline
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Book Cliffs – Prograding Cretaceous ShorelineBook Cliffs – Prograding Cretaceous Shoreline
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Establish a framework of geneticallyEstablish a framework of geneticallyrelated stratigraphic facies geometriesrelated stratigraphic facies geometries
and their bounding surfaces toand their bounding surfaces todetermine depositional settingdetermine depositional setting
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Barrier IslandBarrier IslandBarrier IslandBarrier Island
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
CoastCoastTypesTypesCoastCoastTypesTypes
Sequence Stratigraphy Sequence Stratigraphy
Interpretation involves: Interpretation involves: Identify subdividing "Identify subdividing "surfacessurfaces" enveloping " enveloping
““discrete sediment body geometriesdiscrete sediment body geometries” of ” of sedimentary section. sedimentary section.
BackstripBackstrip geometries from oldest to youngest geometries from oldest to youngest ReassembleReassemble these in order of formation, these in order of formation,
using subdividing surfaces, geometry, using subdividing surfaces, geometry, lithofacies & fauna to interpret the evolving lithofacies & fauna to interpret the evolving character of depositional settingcharacter of depositional setting
Remember:-Remember:-‘‘‘‘Each stratal unit is defined and identified Each stratal unit is defined and identified only by physical relationships of the strata, only by physical relationships of the strata, including lateral continuity and geometry of including lateral continuity and geometry of the surfaces bounding the units, vertical the surfaces bounding the units, vertical stacking patterns, and lateral geometry of stacking patterns, and lateral geometry of the strata within the units." (Van Wagoner the strata within the units." (Van Wagoner et al., 1990).et al., 1990).
Sequence Stratigraphy Sequence Stratigraphy
The surfaces subdividing sedimentary section The surfaces subdividing sedimentary section are fundamental to sequence stratigraphic are fundamental to sequence stratigraphic interpretationinterpretation
As understanding of sedimentary systems & As understanding of sedimentary systems & interpretation improves nomenclature of each interpretation improves nomenclature of each surface can change surface can change
Changes in nomenclature often confuse a Changes in nomenclature often confuse a scientific methodology over laden with complex scientific methodology over laden with complex multi-syllable termsmulti-syllable terms
Surface can be given names used before for Surface can be given names used before for different surfacedifferent surface
Innocent geologists, not knowing terminology Innocent geologists, not knowing terminology has been changed & lacking understanding of has been changed & lacking understanding of reason for change, may feel they are going reason for change, may feel they are going stark staring madstark staring mad
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Sequence StratigraphySequence StratigraphySequence StratigraphySequence Stratigraphy
Surfaces of erosion & non-deposition (Surfaces of erosion & non-deposition (Sequence Sequence Boundaries, Forced Regression Erosion Surface, Boundaries, Forced Regression Erosion Surface, Regressive Surface of Marine ErosionRegressive Surface of Marine Erosion))
Flooding (Flooding (Trangressive SurfacesTrangressive Surfaces [TS or [TS or Max Max Regressive SurfaceRegressive Surface] &/or ] &/or maximum flooding maximum flooding surfacessurfaces [mfs] [mfs] Ravinement SurfacesRavinement Surfaces [RS- [RS- transgressive )transgressive )
Subdivision & interpretation of Subdivision & interpretation of sedimentary record using a sedimentary record using a framework framework surfacessurfaces seen in outcrops, well logs, & 2- seen in outcrops, well logs, & 2-D and 3-D seismic. D and 3-D seismic. Include:Include:
This framework used to predict the This framework used to predict the extent of sedimentary facies geometry, extent of sedimentary facies geometry, lithologic character, grain size, sorting & lithologic character, grain size, sorting & reservoir qualityreservoir quality
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Sequence StratigraphySequence StratigraphySequence StratigraphySequence Stratigraphy
Surfaces of erosion & non-deposition Surfaces of erosion & non-deposition ((sequence boundariessequence boundaries))
Flooding (Flooding (trangressive surfaces [TS] &/or trangressive surfaces [TS] &/or maximum flooding surfaces [mfs]maximum flooding surfaces [mfs]))
Subdivision & interpretation of sedimentary record using a framework surfaces seen in outcrops, well logs, & 2-D and 3-D seismic. Include:
This framework used to predict the extent of sedimentary facies geometry, lithologic character, grain size, sorting & reservoir quality
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Lecture Series OverviewLecture Series OverviewLecture Series OverviewLecture Series Overview Sequence stratigraphy & stratigraphic Sequence stratigraphy & stratigraphic
surfacessurfaces Basics: Ideal ‘sequence’ of Vail et al 1977 & Basics: Ideal ‘sequence’ of Vail et al 1977 &
associated terminologyassociated terminology Clastic system response to changing sea Clastic system response to changing sea
level and rates of sedimentation - with movie level and rates of sedimentation - with movie Carbonate systems response to changing Carbonate systems response to changing
sea level and rates of sedimentation - with sea level and rates of sedimentation - with movie movie
Exercises – Sequence stratigraphy of Exercises – Sequence stratigraphy of carbonates and clastics from carbonates and clastics from chronostratigraphy, seismic, outcrop and chronostratigraphy, seismic, outcrop and well log characterwell log character
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Sequence StratigraphySequence StratigraphySequence StratigraphySequence Stratigraphy
Surfaces of erosion & non-deposition Surfaces of erosion & non-deposition ((sequence boundariessequence boundaries))
Flooding (Flooding (trangressive surfaces [TS] &/or trangressive surfaces [TS] &/or maximum flooding surfaces [mfs]maximum flooding surfaces [mfs]))
Subdivision & interpretation of sedimentary record using a framework surfaces seen in outcrops, well logs, & 2-D and 3-D seismic. Include:
This framework used to predict the extent of sedimentary facies geometry, lithologic character, grain size, sorting & reservoir quality
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Lecture – Points to NoteLecture – Points to NoteLecture – Points to NoteLecture – Points to Note Sequence are subdivided bySequence are subdivided by
Maximum Flooding Surfaces (mfs) Maximum Flooding Surfaces (mfs) Transgressive Surfaces (TS) Transgressive Surfaces (TS) Sequence Boundaries (SB)Sequence Boundaries (SB)
Arrangement of vertical succession or Arrangement of vertical succession or stacking patterns of unconfined sheetsstacking patterns of unconfined sheets
Prograde (step seaward) Prograde (step seaward) Retrograde (step landward) Retrograde (step landward) Aggrade (build vertically)Aggrade (build vertically)
Sheets and unconfined lobes containingSheets and unconfined lobes containingNon-amalgamated bodiesNon-amalgamated bodies
Incised topographic fillIncised topographic fillAmalgamated, multi-storied bodies (e.g. incised Amalgamated, multi-storied bodies (e.g. incised valleys)valleys)Within unconfined lobes Within unconfined lobes
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Lecture OutlineLecture OutlineLecture OutlineLecture Outline Principles of StenoPrinciples of Steno Bedding Planes - How they form and Bedding Planes - How they form and
significance with respect to timesignificance with respect to time Branches of Stratigraphy - Lithostratigraphy, Branches of Stratigraphy - Lithostratigraphy,
Allostratigragraphy, and Sequence StratigraphyAllostratigragraphy, and Sequence Stratigraphy EventsEvents Sequence stratigraphic subdividing boundariesSequence stratigraphic subdividing boundaries Clastic Sequence Stratigraphic HierarchyClastic Sequence Stratigraphic Hierarchy Carbonate Sequence Stratigraphic HierarchyCarbonate Sequence Stratigraphic Hierarchy
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Superposition: a succession of undeformed strata, Superposition: a succession of undeformed strata, oldest stratum its at base, with successive younger oldest stratum its at base, with successive younger ones above. Establishes relative ages of all strata & ones above. Establishes relative ages of all strata & their contained fossilstheir contained fossils
Original horizontality - stratification originally Original horizontality - stratification originally horizontal when sedimentary particles settled from horizontal when sedimentary particles settled from fluids under influence of gravity, so if steeply inclined fluids under influence of gravity, so if steeply inclined must have suffered subsequent disturbancemust have suffered subsequent disturbance
Original lateral continuity-strata originally extended in Original lateral continuity-strata originally extended in all directions until they thinned to zero or terminated all directions until they thinned to zero or terminated against edges of original basin of depositionagainst edges of original basin of deposition
Principles of StenoPrinciples of StenoPrinciples of StenoPrinciples of Steno
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Steno’s PrinciplesSteno’s PrinciplesSteno’s PrinciplesSteno’s Principles
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
After Bruce Railsback, After Bruce Railsback, 20022002
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Introduction to subdividing Introduction to subdividing surfacessurfaces
Introduction to subdividing Introduction to subdividing surfacessurfaces
High frequency surfaces define High frequency surfaces define bedsbeds
Lower frequency surfaces define Lower frequency surfaces define parasequencesparasequences (genetically related (genetically related cycles or packages of sediment) cycles or packages of sediment)
Lowest frequency major Lowest frequency major subdivisions in sedimentary subdivisions in sedimentary section - the section - the sequencesequence
Range fromRange from
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Bounding surfaces & their Bounding surfaces & their definitiondefinitionBounding surfaces & their Bounding surfaces & their definitiondefinition
Internal and external surfaces of anyInternal and external surfaces of any
BedBed ParasequenceParasequence Stratigraphic Sequence Stratigraphic Sequence
Products of unique associations of Products of unique associations of processes.processes.
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Bedding PlanesBedding PlanesBedding PlanesBedding Planes Beds are enclosed or bounded by sharply defined Beds are enclosed or bounded by sharply defined
upper & lower surfaces or bedding planes. upper & lower surfaces or bedding planes. These surfaces are easiest physical features of These surfaces are easiest physical features of
sedimentary rocks to identify in outcropsedimentary rocks to identify in outcrop Subdivide successions of sedimentary rock into Subdivide successions of sedimentary rock into
bedsbeds Used to determine relative order & timing of Used to determine relative order & timing of
accumulation of sediments forming bedsaccumulation of sediments forming beds Character of bedding planes, be they eroded, Character of bedding planes, be they eroded,
cemented, bored, bioturbated, or depositional cemented, bored, bioturbated, or depositional surfaces used to aid in interpretation of surfaces used to aid in interpretation of sedimentary rocks.sedimentary rocks.
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Bedding PlanesBedding PlanesBedding PlanesBedding Planes Most probably formed by erosion of Most probably formed by erosion of
unconsolidated sediment collected at sediment unconsolidated sediment collected at sediment surface. Weight of sediment, just beneath surface. Weight of sediment, just beneath sediment surface, causes sediment to dewater, sediment surface, causes sediment to dewater, compact & become cohesivecompact & become cohesive
Less cohesive sediment of surface truncated & Less cohesive sediment of surface truncated & expose surface of firmer cohesive sediment expose surface of firmer cohesive sediment below at bedding plane surface in response to:below at bedding plane surface in response to:
Storm wavesStorm wavesFast flowing currents of water (say in tidal or fluvial Fast flowing currents of water (say in tidal or fluvial channels)channels)Turbid flow of a density currentTurbid flow of a density current
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Bedding PlanesBedding PlanesBedding PlanesBedding Planes
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Link between time, surfaces & Link between time, surfaces & layerslayersLink between time, surfaces & Link between time, surfaces & layerslayers
Sedimentary layering of a stratigraphic Sedimentary layering of a stratigraphic section has a vast array of dimensional section has a vast array of dimensional hierarchieshierarchies
Range from units millimeters thick that Range from units millimeters thick that might be formed over seconds to thousands might be formed over seconds to thousands of feet thick and formed of millions of yearsof feet thick and formed of millions of years
Each layer no matter its dimension and Each layer no matter its dimension and whatever the time involved in its whatever the time involved in its deposition, is bounded by surfaces that deposition, is bounded by surfaces that transgress timetransgress time
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Link between time, surfaces & Link between time, surfaces & layerslayersLink between time, surfaces & Link between time, surfaces & layerslayers
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Beach Foreshore and Beach Foreshore and BackshoreBackshore
Beach Foreshore and Beach Foreshore and BackshoreBackshore
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Link between time, surfaces & Link between time, surfaces & layerslayersLink between time, surfaces & Link between time, surfaces & layerslayers
Foreshore swash units millimeters Foreshore swash units millimeters thick might have formed over seconds thick might have formed over seconds but preserve events the collectively but preserve events the collectively formed over weeks to monthsformed over weeks to months
Each layer no matter its dimension Each layer no matter its dimension and whatever the time involved in its and whatever the time involved in its deposition, is bounded by surfaces deposition, is bounded by surfaces that transgress timethat transgress time
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Beach BackshoreBeach BackshoreLow Angle Swash EventsLow Angle Swash Events
Beach BackshoreBeach BackshoreLow Angle Swash EventsLow Angle Swash Events
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Bounding surfaces & their Bounding surfaces & their definitiondefinitionBounding surfaces & their Bounding surfaces & their definitiondefinition
Internal and external surfaces of anyInternal and external surfaces of any
BedBed ParasequenceParasequence Stratigraphic Sequence Stratigraphic Sequence
Products of unique associations of Products of unique associations of processes.processes.
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Bounding surfaces & their Bounding surfaces & their definitiondefinitionBounding surfaces & their Bounding surfaces & their definitiondefinition
Parasequence is a relatively Parasequence is a relatively conformable succession of genetically conformable succession of genetically related beds or bedsets (within a related beds or bedsets (within a parasequence set) bounded by parasequence set) bounded by marine flooding surfacesmarine flooding surfaces or their or their correlative surfaces (Van Wagoner, at correlative surfaces (Van Wagoner, at SEPM's 1985 Midyear Meeting). SEPM's 1985 Midyear Meeting).
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Bounding surfaces & their Bounding surfaces & their definitiondefinitionBounding surfaces & their Bounding surfaces & their definitiondefinition
Marine Flooding Surface
Marine Flooding Surface
Marine Flooding Surface
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Walther’s LawWalther’s LawWalther’s LawWalther’s Law"Facies adjacent to one another in a continuous "Facies adjacent to one another in a continuous vertical sequence also accumulated adjacent to vertical sequence also accumulated adjacent to one another laterally".one another laterally".
Applies only to a section with no unconformities.Applies only to a section with no unconformities.
Applies to a section without subdividing diachronous Applies to a section without subdividing diachronous boundaries, including transgressive surfaces (TS) boundaries, including transgressive surfaces (TS) and the maximum flooding surfaces (mfs).and the maximum flooding surfaces (mfs).
The interpretation of depositional setting for a The interpretation of depositional setting for a section cut by diachronous surfaces must section cut by diachronous surfaces must contravene Walther’s Lawcontravene Walther’s Law
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
ShelfShelfCycleCycleJamesJames
--VerticalVertical
AssociatioAssociationn
AccumulatAccumulateded
LaterallyLaterally
ShelfShelfCycleCycleJamesJames
--VerticalVertical
AssociatioAssociationn
AccumulatAccumulateded
LaterallyLaterally
ShoalingShoalingUpUp
CycleCycle
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
26oN
24oN
52oE
50 km
U N I T E D A R A B E M I R A T E S
S A U D IA R A B I A
A R A B I A N
G U L F
Q A T A R
O M A N
54oE
Dubai
Ras AlKhaimah
RasGhanada
ABUDHABI
Khor Al Bazam
JabalOdaid
G R E A T
P E A R
L
B A N K
B A R R I E R
Wind direction of “Shamal”
20
10
MASANDAMPENINSULA
40
40
10
20
40
40
10
10
1010
10
10
10
40
20
10
Jabal Dhanna
I R A N56oE
Strait o
f Horm
uz
20
40
40
N
Al Ain
GULF OFOMAN
Fujairah
Nort
h E
aste
rn C
oast
Nor
thw
est Co
ast
Central Coast
Western Coast
Major coastal provinces of United Arab Emirates & bathymetry of Southern Arabian Gulf in fathoms (modified from Purser, 1973).
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Western Coastal Margin of the United Arab Emirates
Western Coast of the United Arab EmiratesWestern Coast of the United Arab Emirates
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Earlier High Earlier High Energy BeachesEnergy Beaches
Earlier High Earlier High Energy BeachesEnergy Beaches
Supratidal Supratidal SabkhaSabkha
EvaporitesEvaporites
Supratidal Supratidal SabkhaSabkha
EvaporitesEvaporites
High IntertidalHigh IntertidalCyanobacterialCyanobacterial
FlatsFlats
High IntertidalHigh IntertidalCyanobacterialCyanobacterial
FlatsFlatsIntertidalIntertidal
CarbonateCarbonateFlatsFlats
IntertidalIntertidalCarbonateCarbonate
FlatsFlats
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Tidal ChannelsTidal Channels
Intertidal Sand & Mud Flats
Intertidal Sand & Mud Flats
Hardg
roun
ds
Hardg
roun
ds
CyanobacterialMats
CyanobacterialMats
SabkhaSabkha
Beach
Ridg
es
Beach
Ridg
es
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Anhydrite
Anhydrite
Washover Sediments
Washover Sediments
Cyanobacterial Peat
Cyanobacterial Peat
ShoalingShoalingUpUp
CycleCycle
The Ancient Egyptians Knew This Before WaltherThe Ancient Egyptians Knew This Before WaltherOr may be not?Or may be not?
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Link between time, surfaces & Link between time, surfaces & layerslayers
Link between time, surfaces & Link between time, surfaces & layerslayers
Each layer no matter its dimension and Each layer no matter its dimension and whatever the time involved in its deposition, whatever the time involved in its deposition, is bounded by surfaces that transgress timeis bounded by surfaces that transgress time
The interpretation of depositional setting for The interpretation of depositional setting for a section cut by diachronous surfaces must a section cut by diachronous surfaces must contravene Walther’s Lawcontravene Walther’s Law
However we simplify this by assuming theHowever we simplify this by assuming theBounding surfaces &Bounding surfaces &
Layers of sedimentLayers of sediment
have the same agehave the same age
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Link between time, surfaces & Link between time, surfaces & layerslayersLink between time, surfaces & Link between time, surfaces & layerslayers Application of Steno's principles and Application of Steno's principles and
Walther’s Law provide powerful and Walther’s Law provide powerful and useful simplifications that assume the useful simplifications that assume the sediments packaged by surfaces sediments packaged by surfaces accumulated within discrete moments of accumulated within discrete moments of time. time.
If one thinks about this, these If one thinks about this, these simplifications don’t contravene logic simplifications don’t contravene logic (which is literally Fuzzy) and it aids in the (which is literally Fuzzy) and it aids in the interpretation of the sedimentary section.interpretation of the sedimentary section.
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Bounding surfaces & their Bounding surfaces & their definitiondefinitionBounding surfaces & their Bounding surfaces & their definitiondefinition
Internal and external surfaces of anyInternal and external surfaces of any
BedBed ParasequenceParasequence Stratigraphic Sequence Stratigraphic Sequence
Products of unique associations of Products of unique associations of processes.processes.
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Bounding surfaces & their Bounding surfaces & their definitiondefinitionBounding surfaces & their Bounding surfaces & their definitiondefinition
SequenceSequence A relatively conformable succession of A relatively conformable succession of
genetically related strata bounded at their genetically related strata bounded at their upper surface and base by unconformities and upper surface and base by unconformities and their correlative conformities (their correlative conformities (Vail, et al., 1977Vail, et al., 1977
Sequence is composed of a succession of Sequence is composed of a succession of genetically linked deposition systems genetically linked deposition systems (systems tracts) and is interpreted to be (systems tracts) and is interpreted to be deposited between eustatic-fall inflection deposited between eustatic-fall inflection points (points (Posamentier, et al., 1988Posamentier, et al., 1988).).
The sequences and the system tracts they The sequences and the system tracts they enclose are subdivided and/or bounded by a enclose are subdivided and/or bounded by a variety of "key" surfaces that bound or variety of "key" surfaces that bound or envelope these discrete geometric bodies of envelope these discrete geometric bodies of sediment. They mark changes in depositional sediment. They mark changes in depositional regime "thresholds" across that boundary.regime "thresholds" across that boundary.
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Bounding surfaces & their Bounding surfaces & their definitiondefinition
Bounding surfaces & their Bounding surfaces & their definitiondefinition
Stratigraphic SequenceStratigraphic Sequence
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Branches of stratigraphyBranches of stratigraphyBranches of stratigraphyBranches of stratigraphy LithostratigraphyLithostratigraphy: maps lithofacies : maps lithofacies
independent of subdividing external & independent of subdividing external & internal boundaries internal boundaries
AllostratigraphyAllostratigraphy: bounding discontinuities : bounding discontinuities including erosion surfaces, marine flooding including erosion surfaces, marine flooding surfaces, tuffs, tempestite, and/or turbidite surfaces, tuffs, tempestite, and/or turbidite boundaries etc. as time markersboundaries etc. as time markers
Sequence StratigraphySequence Stratigraphy: higher level : higher level allostratigraphic model which interprets allostratigraphic model which interprets depositional origin of sedimentary strata as depositional origin of sedimentary strata as products of "relative sea level change"products of "relative sea level change"
Lithostratigraphy & Lithostratigraphy & AllostratigraphyAllostratigraphyLithostratigraphy & Lithostratigraphy & AllostratigraphyAllostratigraphy
Lithostratigraphy
Based onGross
Lithology
Allostratigraphy
Based onLithology & Surfaces
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Branches of stratigraphyBranches of stratigraphyBranches of stratigraphyBranches of stratigraphy LithostratigraphyLithostratigraphy: maps lithofacies : maps lithofacies
independent of subdividing external & independent of subdividing external & internal boundaries internal boundaries
AllostratigraphyAllostratigraphy: bounding discontinuities : bounding discontinuities including erosion surfaces, marine flooding including erosion surfaces, marine flooding surfaces, tuffs, tempestite, and/or turbidite surfaces, tuffs, tempestite, and/or turbidite boundaries etc. as time markersboundaries etc. as time markers
Sequence StratigraphySequence Stratigraphy: higher level : higher level allostratigraphic model which interprets allostratigraphic model which interprets depositional origin of sedimentary strata as depositional origin of sedimentary strata as products of "relative sea level change"products of "relative sea level change"
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Branches of stratigraphyBranches of stratigraphyBranches of stratigraphyBranches of stratigraphy LithostratigraphyLithostratigraphy: maps lithofacies : maps lithofacies
independent of subdividing external & independent of subdividing external & internal boundaries internal boundaries
AllostratigraphyAllostratigraphy: bounding discontinuities : bounding discontinuities including erosion surfaces, marine flooding including erosion surfaces, marine flooding surfaces, tuffs, tempestite, and/or turbidite surfaces, tuffs, tempestite, and/or turbidite boundaries etc. as time markersboundaries etc. as time markers
Sequence StratigraphySequence Stratigraphy: higher level : higher level allostratigraphic model which interprets allostratigraphic model which interprets depositional origin of sedimentary strata as depositional origin of sedimentary strata as products of "relative sea level change"products of "relative sea level change"
AllostratigrapAllostratigraphichicEvents & Events & SurfacesSurfaces
AllostratigrapAllostratigraphichicEvents & Events & SurfacesSurfaces
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Branches of stratigraphyBranches of stratigraphyBranches of stratigraphyBranches of stratigraphy LithostratigraphyLithostratigraphy: maps lithofacies : maps lithofacies
independent of subdividing external & independent of subdividing external & internal boundaries internal boundaries
AllostratigraphyAllostratigraphy: bounding discontinuities : bounding discontinuities including erosion surfaces, marine flooding including erosion surfaces, marine flooding surfaces, tuffs, tempestite, and/or turbidite surfaces, tuffs, tempestite, and/or turbidite boundaries etc. as time markersboundaries etc. as time markers
Sequence StratigraphySequence Stratigraphy: higher level : higher level allostratigraphic model which interprets allostratigraphic model which interprets depositional origin of sedimentary strata as depositional origin of sedimentary strata as products of "relative sea level change"products of "relative sea level change"
Lithostratigraphy & Lithostratigraphy & AllostratigraphyAllostratigraphyLithostratigraphy & Lithostratigraphy & AllostratigraphyAllostratigraphy
Sequence Sequence StratigraphicStratigraphic
Higher level Higher level allostratigraphic allostratigraphic
model that enables model that enables interpretation of interpretation of
sedimentary strata sedimentary strata as products of as products of
"relative sea level "relative sea level change"change"
Lithostratigraphy & Lithostratigraphy & AllostratigraphyAllostratigraphyLithostratigraphy & Lithostratigraphy & AllostratigraphyAllostratigraphy
Sequence StratigraphySequence StratigraphyHigher level allostratigraphic model that Higher level allostratigraphic model that interprets sedimentary strata in terms of interprets sedimentary strata in terms of bounding surfaces that are the products bounding surfaces that are the products of "relative sea level change"of "relative sea level change"
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Bounding SurfacesBounding SurfacesBounding SurfacesBounding Surfaces
Relative time framework to sedimentary Relative time framework to sedimentary successionsuccession
Better understanding inter-relationship Better understanding inter-relationship of depositional settings & their lateral of depositional settings & their lateral correlationcorrelation
Subdivide sedimentary rock. BSubdivide sedimentary rock. Best understood by iteratively applying conceptual models that link processes that formed them. Provide:-Provide:-
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Sequence Stratigraphy Sequence Stratigraphy Sequence Stratigraphy Sequence Stratigraphy Study of rock relationships within a time-Study of rock relationships within a time-
stratigraphic framework of repetitive, stratigraphic framework of repetitive, genetically related strata bounded by genetically related strata bounded by surfaces of erosion or non-deposition, or surfaces of erosion or non-deposition, or their correlative conformities (Posamentier their correlative conformities (Posamentier et al., 1988; Van Wagoner et al., 1988). et al., 1988; Van Wagoner et al., 1988).
Implicit but sometimes unstated connection Implicit but sometimes unstated connection between the external and internal surfaces between the external and internal surfaces of a sequence and base level change.of a sequence and base level change.
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Sequence Stratigraphic Sequence Stratigraphic SurfacesSurfacesSequence Stratigraphic Sequence Stratigraphic SurfacesSurfaces
Sequence stratigraphy is based on the Sequence stratigraphy is based on the application of the systematic application of the systematic subdivision of the section by well subdivision of the section by well defined surfacesdefined surfaces
These surfaces are used to provide a These surfaces are used to provide a frame work to the interpretation of the frame work to the interpretation of the depositional settings of the sedimentary depositional settings of the sedimentary sectionsection
This interpretation is then is used to This interpretation is then is used to predict the extent and character of the predict the extent and character of the component sedimentary faciescomponent sedimentary facies
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Sequence Boundary (SB)Sequence Boundary (SB)Sequence Boundary (SB)Sequence Boundary (SB) Envelope SequenceEnvelope Sequence Significant erosional unconformity & correlative Significant erosional unconformity & correlative
disconformity formed bydisconformity formed by drop in base level (sea drop in base level (sea level?)level?)
Erodes subaerially exposed sediment surface of Erodes subaerially exposed sediment surface of earlier sequence or sequencesearlier sequence or sequences
DiachronousDiachronous boundary between underlying boundary between underlying Highstand System Tract (HST) & overlying Falling Highstand System Tract (HST) & overlying Falling Stage System Tract (FSST) or Early Lowstand Stage System Tract (FSST) or Early Lowstand System Tract (ELST)System Tract (ELST)
Erode surface of downstepping sediments Erode surface of downstepping sediments deposited during accompanying forced regression deposited during accompanying forced regression associated with sea level fall associated with sea level fall
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Sequence Boundary (SB)Sequence Boundary (SB)Sequence Boundary (SB)Sequence Boundary (SB)
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Characteristics of Characteristics of Sequence Boundary (SB) Sequence Boundary (SB) from seismicfrom seismic
Characteristics of Characteristics of Sequence Boundary (SB) Sequence Boundary (SB) from seismicfrom seismic Defined by erosion or truncation of underlying Defined by erosion or truncation of underlying
reflectors or the correlative conformityreflectors or the correlative conformity Can be inferred from onlapping reflectors Can be inferred from onlapping reflectors
overlying a surfaceoverlying a surface Should the upper surface of a falling stage Should the upper surface of a falling stage
system tract be eroded when a shoreline is system tract be eroded when a shoreline is forced seaward (a forced regression!) by a forced seaward (a forced regression!) by a drop in sea level (or base level) the drop in sea level (or base level) the interpretation of a sequence boundary is interpretation of a sequence boundary is ambiguousambiguous
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Characteristics of Characteristics of Sequence Boundary (SB) Sequence Boundary (SB) from seismicfrom seismic
Characteristics of Characteristics of Sequence Boundary (SB) Sequence Boundary (SB) from seismicfrom seismic
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Characteristics of Sequence Characteristics of Sequence Boundary (SB) from well logs, Boundary (SB) from well logs, core & outcropcore & outcrop
Characteristics of Sequence Characteristics of Sequence Boundary (SB) from well logs, Boundary (SB) from well logs, core & outcropcore & outcrop Defined by erosion or incision of underlying Defined by erosion or incision of underlying
flooding surfaces (mfs and TS)flooding surfaces (mfs and TS) Inferred from interruption in the lateral Inferred from interruption in the lateral
continuity of these surfaces continuity of these surfaces
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Characteristics of Sequence Characteristics of Sequence Boundary (SB) from well logs, Boundary (SB) from well logs, core & outcropcore & outcrop
Characteristics of Sequence Characteristics of Sequence Boundary (SB) from well logs, Boundary (SB) from well logs, core & outcropcore & outcrop Defined by erosion or incision of underlying Defined by erosion or incision of underlying
flooding surfaces (mfs and TS)flooding surfaces (mfs and TS) Inferred from interruption in the lateral Inferred from interruption in the lateral
continuity of these surfaces continuity of these surfaces
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Transgressive Surface (TS)Transgressive Surface (TS)Transgressive Surface (TS)Transgressive Surface (TS) Product of rise in base level (sea level?)Product of rise in base level (sea level?) Lies at boundary between underlying Late Lies at boundary between underlying Late
Lowstand System Tract (LLST) and the overlying Lowstand System Tract (LLST) and the overlying Transgressive system tract (TST) Transgressive system tract (TST)
Marine-flooding surface that forms first significant Marine-flooding surface that forms first significant flooding surface in a sequence - often marking flooding surface in a sequence - often marking base of most prominent onlap. base of most prominent onlap.
Formed when rate of creation of accommodation Formed when rate of creation of accommodation space is greater that the rate of sediment supply. space is greater that the rate of sediment supply.
In rimmed carbonate platforms, the rate of In rimmed carbonate platforms, the rate of sediment supply may keep pace with the rate of sediment supply may keep pace with the rate of relative sea-level rise and thus TS marks change relative sea-level rise and thus TS marks change from a progradational to an aggradational from a progradational to an aggradational parasequence stacking patternsparasequence stacking patterns. .
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Transgressive Surface (TS)Transgressive Surface (TS)Transgressive Surface (TS)Transgressive Surface (TS)
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Characteristics of Characteristics of Transgressive Surface [TS) Transgressive Surface [TS) from seismicfrom seismic
Characteristics of Characteristics of Transgressive Surface [TS) Transgressive Surface [TS) from seismicfrom seismic
Defined by onlapping reflectors over and onto a surface Defined by onlapping reflectors over and onto a surface (SB (SB
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Characteristics of Characteristics of Transgressive Surface [TS) - Transgressive Surface [TS) - well logs, core & outcropwell logs, core & outcrop
Characteristics of Characteristics of Transgressive Surface [TS) - Transgressive Surface [TS) - well logs, core & outcropwell logs, core & outcrop
Defined by erosion or incision of underlying Defined by erosion or incision of underlying onlapped sediment (Ravinement)onlapped sediment (Ravinement)
Inferred from presence of Glossifungites in Inferred from presence of Glossifungites in this surfacethis surface
Inferred from presence of nick or neck on Inferred from presence of nick or neck on resistivity logs caused by presence of resistivity logs caused by presence of carbonate cements probably derived from carbonate cements probably derived from the carbonate fauna eroded during the the carbonate fauna eroded during the Ravinement Ravinement
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Characteristics of Characteristics of Transgressive Surface [TS) - Transgressive Surface [TS) - well logs, core & outcropwell logs, core & outcrop
Characteristics of Characteristics of Transgressive Surface [TS) - Transgressive Surface [TS) - well logs, core & outcropwell logs, core & outcrop
Defined by erosion or incision of Defined by erosion or incision of underlying onlapped sediment underlying onlapped sediment (Ravinement)(Ravinement)
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Characteristics of Characteristics of Transgressive Surface [TS) - Transgressive Surface [TS) - well logs, core & outcropwell logs, core & outcrop
Characteristics of Characteristics of Transgressive Surface [TS) - Transgressive Surface [TS) - well logs, core & outcropwell logs, core & outcrop
Inferred from presence of Glossifungites Inferred from presence of Glossifungites in this surface)in this surface)
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Characteristics of Characteristics of Transgressive Surface [TS) - Transgressive Surface [TS) - well logs, core & outcropwell logs, core & outcrop
Characteristics of Characteristics of Transgressive Surface [TS) - Transgressive Surface [TS) - well logs, core & outcropwell logs, core & outcrop
Inferred from presence of nick or neck on Inferred from presence of nick or neck on resistivity logs caused by presence of resistivity logs caused by presence of carbonate cements probably derived from carbonate cements probably derived from the carbonate fauna eroded during the the carbonate fauna eroded during the RavinementRavinement
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Characteristics of Characteristics of Transgressive Surface [TS) - Transgressive Surface [TS) - well logs, core & outcropwell logs, core & outcrop
Characteristics of Characteristics of Transgressive Surface [TS) - Transgressive Surface [TS) - well logs, core & outcropwell logs, core & outcrop
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Transgressive Surface [TS) Transgressive Surface [TS) - well logs, core & outcrop- well logs, core & outcropTransgressive Surface [TS) Transgressive Surface [TS) - well logs, core & outcrop- well logs, core & outcrop
Section
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Transgressive Surface [TS) Transgressive Surface [TS) - well logs, core & outcrop- well logs, core & outcropTransgressive Surface [TS) Transgressive Surface [TS) - well logs, core & outcrop- well logs, core & outcrop
TS
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Maximum Flooding Maximum Flooding Surface (mfs)Surface (mfs)Maximum Flooding Maximum Flooding Surface (mfs)Surface (mfs) Product of maximum flooding or Product of maximum flooding or
transgression of shelf or stillstand in base transgression of shelf or stillstand in base level (sea level?)level (sea level?)
Lies at the boundary between the underlying Lies at the boundary between the underlying Transgressive system tract (TST) and the Transgressive system tract (TST) and the overlying High stand system tract (HST) overlying High stand system tract (HST)
Often expressed as a downlap surface.Often expressed as a downlap surface. Marine shelf and basinal sediments Marine shelf and basinal sediments
associated with this surface product of slow associated with this surface product of slow rates of deposition of pelagic-hemipelagic rates of deposition of pelagic-hemipelagic sedimentssediments
Make up condensed section and are usually Make up condensed section and are usually thinthin
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Maximum Flooding Maximum Flooding Surface (mfs)Surface (mfs)Maximum Flooding Maximum Flooding Surface (mfs)Surface (mfs)
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Often expressed as a downlap surface.Often expressed as a downlap surface.
Characteristics of Maximum Characteristics of Maximum Flooding Surface [mfs) from Flooding Surface [mfs) from seismicseismic
Characteristics of Maximum Characteristics of Maximum Flooding Surface [mfs) from Flooding Surface [mfs) from seismicseismic
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Defined as lying immediately below the Defined as lying immediately below the downlapping reflectors prograding downlapping reflectors prograding reflectors of the HST reflectors of the HST
Characteristics of Maximum Characteristics of Maximum Flooding Surface [mfs) from Flooding Surface [mfs) from seismicseismic
Characteristics of Maximum Characteristics of Maximum Flooding Surface [mfs) from Flooding Surface [mfs) from seismicseismic
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Defined by organic often radioactive (big Defined by organic often radioactive (big kicks on gamma ray logs) black shaleskicks on gamma ray logs) black shales
Not infrequently overlain by coarser Not infrequently overlain by coarser sediments (often sand sized)sediments (often sand sized)
Inferred from presence of condensed Inferred from presence of condensed faunal associationfaunal association
Inferred from presence of finest grain sizeInferred from presence of finest grain size
Characteristics of Maximum Characteristics of Maximum Flooding Surface [mfs) from well Flooding Surface [mfs) from well logs, cores, & outcroplogs, cores, & outcrop
Characteristics of Maximum Characteristics of Maximum Flooding Surface [mfs) from well Flooding Surface [mfs) from well logs, cores, & outcroplogs, cores, & outcrop
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Maximum Maximum FloodingFloodingSurfaceSurface[mfs) [mfs)
well logs, well logs, core & core & outcropoutcrop
Maximum Maximum FloodingFloodingSurfaceSurface[mfs) [mfs)
well logs, well logs, core & core & outcropoutcrop
MFSMFS
After Hanford
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Maximum FloodingMaximum FloodingSurface [mfs) Surface [mfs)
well logs, core & well logs, core & outcropoutcrop
Maximum FloodingMaximum FloodingSurface [mfs) Surface [mfs)
well logs, core & well logs, core & outcropoutcrop
MFSMFS
After Hanford
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
MaximuMaximum m
FloodingFloodingSurface Surface [mfs) [mfs) well well logs, logs,
core & core & outcropoutcrop
MaximuMaximum m
FloodingFloodingSurface Surface [mfs) [mfs) well well logs, logs,
core & core & outcropoutcrop
MFSMFS
After Hanford
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Maximum Flooding Maximum Flooding Surface [mfs) - well logs, Surface [mfs) - well logs,
core & outcropcore & outcrop
Maximum Flooding Maximum Flooding Surface [mfs) - well logs, Surface [mfs) - well logs,
core & outcropcore & outcrop
mfs
After Coe et al
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Maximum Flooding Maximum Flooding Surface (mfs)Surface (mfs)Maximum Flooding Maximum Flooding Surface (mfs)Surface (mfs) Product of maximum flooding or Product of maximum flooding or
transgression of shelf or stillstand in base transgression of shelf or stillstand in base level (sea level?)level (sea level?)
Lies at boundary between underlying Lies at boundary between underlying Transgressive system tract (TST) and Transgressive system tract (TST) and overlying High stand system tract (HST) overlying High stand system tract (HST)
Often expressed as a downlap surface.Often expressed as a downlap surface. Marine shelf and basinal sediments Marine shelf and basinal sediments
associated with this surface product of slow associated with this surface product of slow rates of deposition of pelagic-hemipelagic rates of deposition of pelagic-hemipelagic sedimentssediments
Often associated with condensed sections, Often associated with condensed sections, high gamma ray signals and are usually thinhigh gamma ray signals and are usually thin
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
DefinitionsDefinitionsDefinitionsDefinitionssedimentsediment:: unconsolidated* material that is unconsolidated* material that is
produced on Earth’s surface by the produced on Earth’s surface by the disaggregation of pre-existing rocks disaggregation of pre-existing rocks
sedimentary rocksedimentary rock:: a consolidated body a consolidated body formed from sediments or formed from sediments or solutessolutes that are that are transported and deposited by gravity, transported and deposited by gravity, biologic activity, or a biologic activity, or a fluidfluid and then and then lithifiedlithified by the combined effects of by the combined effects of compactioncompaction and and cementationcementation
sedimentologysedimentology:: the study of the the study of the productionproduction, , transporttransport,, and and depositiondeposition of sediment of sediment
** some exceptions applysome exceptions apply
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
stratastrata: : layers of (usually sedimentary) rocklayers of (usually sedimentary) rock
stratigraphystratigraphy:: 1.1. the description, study, and/or application the description, study, and/or application
of the composition of layered (usually of the composition of layered (usually sedimentary) rocks sedimentary) rocks
2.2. a a successionsuccession of layered rocks; of layered rocks; e.ge.g., the ., the stratigraphy of South Carolinastratigraphy of South Carolina
basinbasin: : 1.1. a region of potential sediment a region of potential sediment
accumulationaccumulation generally caused by generally caused by subsidencesubsidence
2.2. the largest possible body of related and the largest possible body of related and once-contiguous* strata; once-contiguous* strata; e.g.e.g., the , the Appalachian basinAppalachian basin
* some exceptions apply* some exceptions apply
DefinitionsDefinitionsDefinitionsDefinitions
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
facierefaciere: : to send, to put, to place, to send, to put, to place, to maketo make faciesfacies: : outward appearance, sight, form, shapeoutward appearance, sight, form, shape
faciesfacies: : the face; the general aspect of any the face; the general aspect of any group of organisms or of rocks group of organisms or of rocks ((Webster’s Webster’s 19451945))
faciesfacies: : a rock distinguished from others by a rock distinguished from others by its appearance or compositionits appearance or composition (www.dictionary.com)(www.dictionary.com)
DefinitionsDefinitionsDefinitionsDefinitions
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
stratastrata: : layers of (usually sedimentary) rocklayers of (usually sedimentary) rock
stratigraphystratigraphy:: 1.1. the description, study, and/or application the description, study, and/or application
of the composition of layered (usually of the composition of layered (usually sedimentary) rocks sedimentary) rocks
2.2. a a successionsuccession of layered rocks; of layered rocks; e.ge.g., the ., the stratigraphy of South Carolinastratigraphy of South Carolina
basinbasin: : 1.1. a region of potential sediment a region of potential sediment
accumulationaccumulation generally caused by generally caused by subsidencesubsidence
2.2. the largest possible body of related and the largest possible body of related and once-contiguous* strata; once-contiguous* strata; e.g.e.g., the , the Appalachian basinAppalachian basin
** some exceptions apply some exceptions apply
DefinitionsDefinitionsDefinitionsDefinitions
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Sedimentary FaciesSedimentary FaciesSedimentary FaciesSedimentary Facies
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Sedimentary FaciesSedimentary FaciesSedimentary FaciesSedimentary Facies faciesfacies: : the total textural, compositional and structural the total textural, compositional and structural
characteristics of a sedimentary deposit resulting from characteristics of a sedimentary deposit resulting from accumulation and modification in a particular accumulation and modification in a particular environment.environment.
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
• grain size, sorting, roundinggrain size, sorting, rounding
• lithologylithology
• sedimentary structuressedimentary structures
• bedding typebedding type
Sedimentary FaciesSedimentary FaciesSedimentary FaciesSedimentary Facies faciesfacies: : the total textural, compositional and structural the total textural, compositional and structural
characteristics of a sedimentary deposit resulting from characteristics of a sedimentary deposit resulting from accumulation and modification in a particular accumulation and modification in a particular environment.environment.
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Sedimentary FaciesSedimentary FaciesSedimentary FaciesSedimentary Facies faciesfacies: : the total textural, compositional and the total textural, compositional and
structural characteristics of a sedimentary deposit structural characteristics of a sedimentary deposit resulting from accumulation and modification in a resulting from accumulation and modification in a particular environment.particular environment.
EX: EX: well-sorted, moderately rounded, trough cross-stratified, well-sorted, moderately rounded, trough cross-stratified, horizontally burrowed & normally graded arkosic coarse horizontally burrowed & normally graded arkosic coarse sandstonesandstone
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Lithofacies & Lithofacies Lithofacies & Lithofacies CodesCodesLithofacies & Lithofacies Lithofacies & Lithofacies CodesCodes
Sedimentary facies often get reduced to Sedimentary facies often get reduced to lithofacieslithofacies which detail grain-size, composition, which detail grain-size, composition, and dominant sedimentary structures onlyand dominant sedimentary structures only
EX: planar cross-stratified gravel, inversely graded EX: planar cross-stratified gravel, inversely graded massive sandstonemassive sandstone
This has led to lithofacies codes (after Miall, 1978).This has led to lithofacies codes (after Miall, 1978).
EX: Gmm, St, FslEX: Gmm, St, Fsl
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Sedimentary FaciesSedimentary FaciesSedimentary FaciesSedimentary Facies faciesfacies: : the total textural, compositional and structural the total textural, compositional and structural
characteristics of a sedimentary deposit resulting from characteristics of a sedimentary deposit resulting from accumulation and modification in a particular accumulation and modification in a particular environment.environment.
facies assemblagefacies assemblage:: collection of multiple facies collection of multiple facies resulting from genetically related accumulation and resulting from genetically related accumulation and modification.modification.
EX: lenticularly bedded stratified pebble conglomerate EX: lenticularly bedded stratified pebble conglomerate with subordinate planar cross-stratified sandstone with subordinate planar cross-stratified sandstone
OR: fluvial channel lithofacies assemblageOR: fluvial channel lithofacies assemblage
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Facies AssemblageFacies AssemblageFacies AssemblageFacies Assemblage
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Depositional SystemsDepositional SystemsDepositional SystemsDepositional Systems depositional systemdepositional system:: assemblage of multiple assemblage of multiple
process-related sedimentary facies assemblages, process-related sedimentary facies assemblages, commonly identified by the geography in which commonly identified by the geography in which deposition occurs.deposition occurs.
EX: nearshore depositional system, deep marine EX: nearshore depositional system, deep marine depositional system, glacial depositional system, fluvial depositional system, glacial depositional system, fluvial depositional systemdepositional system
NBNB depositional systems are: depositional systems are:modern featuresmodern features
used to interpret ancient sedimentary successionsused to interpret ancient sedimentary successions
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Sequence stratigraphic Sequence stratigraphic analysisanalysisSequence stratigraphic Sequence stratigraphic analysisanalysis
Subdivision of section into sequences, Subdivision of section into sequences, parasequences and beds.parasequences and beds.
Link conceptual models with mix of Link conceptual models with mix of components of the individual sequence, components of the individual sequence, parasequence or beds parasequence or beds
Use these to explain the depositional Use these to explain the depositional setting in terms of their lithology, grain setting in terms of their lithology, grain size, sedimentary structures, contacts size, sedimentary structures, contacts character (gradational, abrupt) etccharacter (gradational, abrupt) etc
This analysis involvesThis analysis involves
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
SequenceSequenceStratigraphiStratigraphi
ccAnalysisAnalysis
SequenceSequenceStratigraphiStratigraphi
ccAnalysisAnalysis
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Clastic Sequence Stratigraphic Clastic Sequence Stratigraphic HierarchiesHierarchies
Clastic Sequence Stratigraphic Clastic Sequence Stratigraphic HierarchiesHierarchies
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Clastic Sequence Clastic Sequence Stratigraphic HierarchiesStratigraphic Hierarchies
Clastic Sequence Clastic Sequence Stratigraphic HierarchiesStratigraphic Hierarchies
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Clastic Sequence Stratigraphic Clastic Sequence Stratigraphic HierarchiesHierarchies
Clastic Sequence Stratigraphic Clastic Sequence Stratigraphic HierarchiesHierarchies
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
CLASTIC SEQUENCE CLASTIC SEQUENCE HIERARCHYHIERARCHYCLASTIC SEQUENCE CLASTIC SEQUENCE HIERARCHYHIERARCHY
SHELF & MARGIN COMPLEX – Mix of shelf, SHELF & MARGIN COMPLEX – Mix of shelf, coastal (barrier & deltaic) & adjacent basin & coastal (barrier & deltaic) & adjacent basin & fan facies evolving in response to complete & fan facies evolving in response to complete & complex cycles of changing base level & complex cycles of changing base level & paleogeographypaleogeography
STACKED CYCLES OF BEDS – Vertical character STACKED CYCLES OF BEDS – Vertical character of beds from varying depositional settingsof beds from varying depositional settings
BEDDING – Internal character including BEDDING – Internal character including lithology, geometry, sedimentary structures, & lithology, geometry, sedimentary structures, & faunafauna
ALLOCHEMS – Lthological components, their ALLOCHEMS – Lthological components, their cementation & diagenesiscementation & diagenesis
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
ClasticClasticSequenceSequenceStratigrapStratigrap
hichicHierarchieHierarchie
ss
ClasticClasticSequenceSequenceStratigrapStratigrap
hichicHierarchieHierarchie
ss
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
ClasticClasticSequenceSequenceStratigrapStratigrap
hichicHierarchieHierarchie
ss
ClasticClasticSequenceSequenceStratigrapStratigrap
hichicHierarchieHierarchie
ss
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
ClasticClasticSequenceSequenceStratigrapStratigrap
hichicHierarchieHierarchie
ss
ClasticClasticSequenceSequenceStratigrapStratigrap
hichicHierarchieHierarchie
ss
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
ClasticClasticSequenceSequenceStratigrapStratigrap
hichicHierarchieHierarchie
ss
ClasticClasticSequenceSequenceStratigrapStratigrap
hichicHierarchieHierarchie
ss
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Establish a framework of geneticallyEstablish a framework of geneticallyrelated stratigraphic facies geometriesrelated stratigraphic facies geometries
and their bounding surfaces toand their bounding surfaces todetermine depositional settingdetermine depositional setting
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
CoastCoastTypesTypesCoastCoastTypesTypes
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Lst Sequence Stratigraphic Lst Sequence Stratigraphic HierarchiesHierarchies
Lst Sequence Stratigraphic Lst Sequence Stratigraphic HierarchiesHierarchies
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Lst Sequence Stratigraphic Lst Sequence Stratigraphic HierarchiesHierarchies
Lst Sequence Stratigraphic Lst Sequence Stratigraphic HierarchiesHierarchies
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Lst Sequence Stratigraphic Lst Sequence Stratigraphic HierarchiesHierarchies
Lst Sequence Stratigraphic Lst Sequence Stratigraphic HierarchiesHierarchies
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Lst Sequence Stratigraphic Lst Sequence Stratigraphic HierarchiesHierarchies
Lst Sequence Stratigraphic Lst Sequence Stratigraphic HierarchiesHierarchies
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Lst Sequence Stratigraphic Lst Sequence Stratigraphic HierarchiesHierarchies
Lst Sequence Stratigraphic Lst Sequence Stratigraphic HierarchiesHierarchies
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Lst Sequence Stratigraphic Lst Sequence Stratigraphic HierarchiesHierarchies
Lst Sequence Stratigraphic Lst Sequence Stratigraphic HierarchiesHierarchies
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Lst Sequence Stratigraphic Lst Sequence Stratigraphic HierarchiesHierarchies
Lst Sequence Stratigraphic Lst Sequence Stratigraphic HierarchiesHierarchies
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
CARBONATE SEQUENCE CARBONATE SEQUENCE HIERARCHYHIERARCHYCARBONATE SEQUENCE CARBONATE SEQUENCE HIERARCHYHIERARCHY SHELF COMPLEX – Mix of shelf, shelf margin & SHELF COMPLEX – Mix of shelf, shelf margin &
adjacent basin facies evolving in response to adjacent basin facies evolving in response to complete & complex cycles of changing base level complete & complex cycles of changing base level & paleogeography& paleogeography
MARGIN COMPLEX – Shelf, shelf margin & adjacent MARGIN COMPLEX – Shelf, shelf margin & adjacent basin facies evolving in response to a cycle in basin facies evolving in response to a cycle in changing base levelchanging base level
STACKED CYCLES OF BEDS – Vertical character of STACKED CYCLES OF BEDS – Vertical character of beds from varying depositional settingsbeds from varying depositional settings
BEDDING – Internal character including lithology, BEDDING – Internal character including lithology, geometry, sedimentary structures, & faunageometry, sedimentary structures, & fauna
ALLOCHEMS – Lthological components, their ALLOCHEMS – Lthological components, their cementation & diagenesiscementation & diagenesis
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Hierarchy of Carbonate Hierarchy of Carbonate Shelf Architectural Shelf Architectural
ElementsElements
Hierarchy of Carbonate Hierarchy of Carbonate Shelf Architectural Shelf Architectural
ElementsElements
Shelfmargincomplex
HST margincomplex
MARGINCOMPLEX
Stacked Cycles ofBeds Component
Grains
PROGRADING MARGINPROGRADING MARGIN
Beds
SHELFCOMPLEX
PROGRADING MARGINPROGRADING MARGIN
ONLAPPING MARGINONLAPPING MARGINPROGRADING MARGINPROGRADING MARGIN
STACKESTACKEDD
BEDBEDCYCLESCYCLES
BED,BED,LITHOLOGY,LITHOLOGY,
SEDIMENTARYSEDIMENTARYSTRUCTURESSTRUCTURES
FAUNAFAUNA
ALLOCHEMSALLOCHEMSCEMENTATIONCEMENTATION& DIAGENESIS& DIAGENESIS
“Sequence Stratigraphy – Basics”C. G. St. C. Kendall
Lecture Ends!!Lecture Ends!!Lecture Ends!!Lecture Ends!!
And so to lunchAnd so to lunch