BELLWORKMinerals - A naturally formed, inorganic solid that has a definite crystal line structure.
Inorganic – was never living.
MINERALS OF THE EARTH’S CRUST
Chapter 13 – Section 1
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How do the physical characteristics and chemical properties of minerals determine how they are used by humans?
Mineral A naturally formed, inorganic solid
that has a definite crystalline structure.
Organic – derived from living things. Inorganic – not made of living things.
To Find Out if Something is a Mineral, Ask These 4 Questions…
Is it a non-living thing? All minerals are inorganic.
Is it a solid? All minerals are solids.
Does it have a crystalline structure? Minerals are crystals and have a repeating inner
structure. Is it formed in nature?
Minerals can not be man-made.
Crystalline Structure A crystal’s
shape is determined by the arrangement of the atoms or molecules within the crystal.
Copper Sulfate - Triclinic
Salt – Isometric (cubic)
Quartz - Hexagonal
2 Groups of Minerals Silicates - Minerals that contain a combination of silicon,
oxygen and one or more metals. Quartz Feldspar Mica
Nonsilicates – Minerals that do not contains compounds of silicon and oxygen. Native Elements – minerals composed of only one element such as copper. Carbonates – minerals that contain carbon and oxygen in their chemical
makeup such as calcite. Halides – form when fluorine, chlorine, iodine or bromine combine with sodium,
potassium or calcium such as fluorite. Oxides – form when an element combines with oxygen such as corundum. Sulfates – minerals that contain sulfur and oxygen such as gypsum. Sulfides – minerals that contain elements such as lead, iron or nickel, that
combine with sulfur such as galena.
BELLWORKWhat are the 4 questions you must ask to determine if something is a mineral?
IDENTIFYING MINERALS
Chapter 13 – Section 2
Hi! My name is
Bob!
Identifying MineralsColorLusterStreakCleavage and FractureHardnessDensitySpecial Properties
Color Not the best way to identify a mineral.
Luster The way a mineral reflects light.
Streak The mineral in its powdered form.
Cleavage and Fracture Cleavage – mineral breaks along
smooth, flat surfaces. Fracture – mineral breaks along either
curved or irregular surfaces.
Chonchoidal fracture is a smooth curved fracture.
Hardness Minerals resistance to being
scratched. Mohs’ Hardness Scale
(1 softest to 10 hardest)1. Talc2. Gypsum3. Calcite4. Fluorite5. Apatite6. Feldspar7. Quartz8. Topaz9. Corundum10. Diamond
Fingernail 2.5
Penny 3
Knife Blade 5.5
Glass 6-7
Steel File 7+
Mnemonic That Girl Can Fly Across Oceans Quietly Trailing Cosmic Dust
Special PropertiesFluorescenceMagnetismChemical ReactionTasteOptical PropertiesRadioactivity
Mohs’ Chant Color, luster, hardness, streak (repeat)Mineral I.D. isn’t for the meek (repeat)Color isn’t a reliable sight (repeat)Luster is how it reflects light (repeat)Streak is the mineral in powdered form
(repeat)1 to 10 is hardness norm (repeat)Can it scratch it? (repeat)
Fingernail 1, 2 Penny 3, 4 Knife blade 5, 6Steel file 7, 8It can scratch glass 9, 10
BELLWORKList the minerals of the Mohs’ Hardness Scale in order from 1 to 10.
THE FORMATION, MINING AND USE OF
MINERALSChapter 13 – Section 3
The Formation of Minerals
Hot Water Solutions
Groundwater works its way downward and is heated by magma. It then reacts with minerals to form a hot liquid solution. Dissolved metals
and other elements crystallize out o the hot fluid
to form new minerals.
LimestonesSurface water and groundwater carry dissolved materials into lakes and seas
where they crystallize on the
bottom.
Evaporating Salt Water
When a body of salt water dries up, minerals are left behind and crystallize as
the water evaporates.
Metamorphic RockWhen changes in pressure, temperature, or chemical
makeup alter a rock, metamorphism takes place. Pegmatites
As magma moves upward, it can form
teardrop-shaped bodies called pegmatities.
PlutonsAs magma rises upward
through the crust, it sometimes stops moving
before it reaches the surface and cools slowly,
forming millions of mineral crystals. Eventually the
entire magma body solidifies to form a pluton.
Types of Mines Surface Mines
Located at or near the surface. Open pits Surface coal mines Quarries
Subsurface Mines Located deep
within the Earth. Shaft mines Slope mines Drift mines
The Effects of Mining Before After
Responsible Mining Reclamation
The process of returning land to its original condition after mining is completed.