Below standard nutrition
Lack of pre/postnatal check-ups
Infections
Hypertension
Hemorrhage during and after delivery
Pre-pregnant nutritional status
Weight gain during pregnancy
FETAL GROWTH
Very big babyVery big baby Increase cesarean sectionIncrease cesarean section Pre-eclampsiaPre-eclampsia Diabetes during Diabetes during
pregnancypregnancy Late fetal death ( 3 - 4X )Late fetal death ( 3 - 4X ) Early neonatal death Early neonatal death
( 2X )( 2X )
Small babiesPreterm deliveries
1. Respiratory Conditions2. Pneumonias3. Congenital Anomalies4. Diarrheal Diseases5. Birth Injury/ Difficult Labor6. Septicemia7. Measles8. Meningitis9. Other diseases of the Respiratory System10. Avitaminoses & other nutritional
deficiency
Women who have:- Too many pregnancies- Previous low birth weight babies- Short intervals between births
RDA in Pregnancy
% RDA
1998 2002
EnergyProteinCalciumIronFolic Acid
2200 Kcal/ day
60 gm/ day 900 mg / day 41 mg / day 350 ug/ day
72.586.240.925.0(?)
80 > 90
29.533.7
Cigarettes Alcohol Diabetes
Birth defects
low birthweight
low folate, Vit C,
and carotenoids
Stillbirthbirth defectslow birthweight
Lowers plasma levels of Vit. C
Macronutrients Energy Protein Carbohydrates Fats
MicronutrientsDietary Fiber
PROTEIN 15%
FAT 25%
CARBOHYDRATE 60%
Micronutrients
Vitamins Fat-soluble:
A D E K Water-soluble:
B, C, Folate, Niacin
Minerals
Organic food substances found only in living things
Cannot be manufactured nor synthesized by the body
Must be supplied in the diet or in dietary supplements
Regulate metabolism
Convert fat and carbohydrates into energy
Assist in forming tissues and bones
Vital to the overall mental and physical well-being
Act as catalysts for many biological reactions in the body
Constituents of bones, teeth, soft tissues, muscles, blood and nerve cells
Minerals Maternal Fetal
Iron Anemia Easy fatigability Fainting spellsBreathlessness
Anemia
Calcium Osteoporosis Fetal utilization of maternal bone calcium
Poor mineralization of fetal skeleton and teeth
Iodine Abortion Stillbirth , Goiter, Congenital defectsCretinismHypothyroidismImpaired brain devt
Breastfeeding MOMS have a higher daily requirement for almost all nutrients,particularly:
ProteinsIronFolic AcidCalciumIodine
Non Pregnant 1st 6 mos 2nd 6 mos
Energy (kcal)
Protein (gram)
Vitamin:
A (ugRE)
D (ug)
E (mg alphaTE)
K (thiamin)
Thiamin (mg)
Riboflavin (mg)
Niacin (mg)
Pyridoxine (mg)
C (mg)
Folate (ug)
1900
52
450
5
8
65
1.0
1.0
18
70
150
+500
+16
+325
+5
+4
65
+0.4
+0.4
+5
2.1
+35
+100
+500
+12
+275
+5
+3
65
+0.4
+0.4
+5
2.1
+30
+100
Non-Pregnant 1st 6 mos 2nd 6 mos
Minerals:
Calcium (mg)
Phosphorous
(mg)
Iron (mg)
Magnesium (mg)
Zinc (mg)
Iodine (ug)
Selenium (ug)
500
500
26
280
9
100
55
+400
+400
+23
+75
+10
+50
+20
+400
+400
+23
+60
10
+50
+20
The risk of some pregnancy outcomes such as NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS can be reduced by intake of high levels of nutrients BEFORE
conception and during the earliest weeks of pregnancy.
At least 3 months preconception intake of 0.4 mg/ day folic acid until the 12th week of gestation is strongly recommended.
The simplest way to achieve proper nutrient intake for pregnant women is to follow the recommendations in the FOOD GUIDE PYRAMID
In our local setting, it would seem prudent to consider the use of vitamin and mineral supplements, particularly iron and folic acid, for the great majority of women who are not meeting their needs through diets alone.
Education and individual commitment to dietary behavior change of each reproductive age woman and her partner is essential in ensuring a good pregnancy outcome.