UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
Part-1
LIST OF PROTECTIONS
1) 132 kV Ramnagar line protection
a) REL 511 (distance protection terminal)b) RAICA Breaker Failure Protection 50Gc) RAAAM Auto Reclose Relayd) RXEG – 27P –Under Voltage Protection Relay e) RASC Check Synchronizing Relay
2) 132 kV Kashipur-1 line protection
a) REL 511 (distance protection terminal)b) RAICA Breaker Failure Protection 50Gc) RAAAM Auto Reclose Relayd) RXEG – 27P –Under Voltage Protection Relay e) RASC Check Synchronizing Relay
3) 132 kV Kashipur-2 line protection
a) REL 511 (distance protection terminal)b) RAICA Breaker Failure Protection 50Gc) RAAAM Auto Reclose Relayd) RXEG – 27P –Under Voltage Protection Relay e) RASC Check Synchronizing Relay
4) 132 kV Baspur Nagar line protection
a) REL 511(distance protection terminal) b) RAICA Breaker Failure Protection 50Gc) RAAAM Auto Reclose Relayd) RXEG – 27P –Under Voltage Protection Relay e) RASC Check Synchronizing Relay
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORPORATION LIMITEDPrepared by Sarith Madhu Order Ref
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
5) 400kV Rishikesh line protection
a) REL 521(distance protection terminal)b) RAICA Breaker Failure Protection 50Gc) RAAAM Auto Reclose Relayd) RXEG – 27P –Under Voltage Protection Relay e) RASC Check Synchronizing Relay f) LZ96 Distance Relay
6) 400kV Moradabad line protection
a) REL 521(distance protection terminal)b) RAICA Breaker Failure Protection 50Gc) RAAAM Auto Reclose Relayd) RXEG – 27P –Under Voltage Protection Relay e) RASC Check Synchronizing Relay f) LZ96 Distance Relay
7) 220kV Haldwani line protection
a) REL 521(distance protection terminal)b) RAICA Breaker Failure Protection 50Gc) RAAAM Auto Reclose Relayd) RXEG – 27P –Under Voltage Protection Relay e) RASC Check Synchronizing Relay f) LZ96 Distance Relay
8) 220 kV Almora line protection
a) REL 521(distance protection terminal)b) RAICA Breaker Failure Protection 50Gc) RAAAM Auto Reclose Relayd) RXEG – 27P –Under Voltage Protection Relay e) RASC Check Synchronizing Relay f) LZ96 Distance Relay
1 (a) REL 511 (21) - RAMNAGAR FEEDER
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
System Particulars :-A)Line parameters
1)Rated line voltage - 132 kV2)Line length - 18.56 Km3)Max power flow in the line - 1301.14 MVA4)Positive sequence resistance - 0.16221744 ohms/km5)Positive sequence reactance - 0.386116 ohms/km6)Zero sequence resistance - 0.405631 ohms/km7)Zero sequence reactance - 1.622174 ohms/km
B)CT/PT details1)CT primary rating - 1000A2)CT secondary rating - 1A3)PT primary rating - 145000 V4)PT secondary rating - 110 V
C)Source Impedance1)Fault MVA at local end - 1694.1 MVA2)Fault MVA at remote end - 1694.1 MVA(assumed)3)Source impedance angle - 80º (assumed)
D)Fault resistance 1)Fault resistance in primary for phase-earth faults - 20 ohms (Assumed)2)Fault resistance in primary for phase-phase faults - 5 ohms (Assumed)
Relay details:-In=1A,Un=110V
Calculations :-
Impedance ratio = CTR/PTR= (1000/1) /(145000/110)
= 0.758621Positive sequence line resistance in secondary,R1 = 0.16221744 x 18.56 x 0.758621
= 2.2840 ohmsPositive sequence line reactance in secondary,X1 = 0.386116 x 18.56 x 0.758621
= 5.4365 ohmsZero sequence line resistance in secondary,R0 = 0.405631 x 18.56 x 0.758621
= 5.7112 ohmsZero sequence line reactance in secondary,X0 = 1.622174 x 18.56 x 0.758621
= 22.8402 ohms
Fault resistance in secondary for phase-earth faults , Rfe = 20 x 0.758621= 15.1724 ohms
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
Fault resistance in secondary for phase-phase faults , Rfp = 5 x 0.758621= 3.7931 ohms
Zone-1 is set to protect 80% of the lineZone-2 is set to protect (120% of the line)Zone-3 is set to protect (200% of the line)Zone-4 is set to protect 20% of the Line in the reverse direction
Zone-1 settingPositive sequence resistance , R1PP&R1PE = 0.8 x 2.2840
= 1.8272 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X1PP&X1PE = 0.8 x 5.4365
= 4.3492 ohms/phase Zero sequence resistance , R0PE = 0.8 x 5.7112
= 4.56896 ohms/phaseZero sequence reactance , X0PE = 0.8 x 22.8402 = 18.2722 ohms/phase
Resistive reach for phase-phase faults, RFPP = 2 x Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 3X }
= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (3.7931, 4.3492 x 0.4663 + 1.8272) , 3 x 4.3492}= 2 x Min {3.855232 , 13.0476 }= 7.7104 ohms / loop
Resistive reach for phase-earth, RFPE = Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 4.5X }
= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (15.1724 , 4.3492 x 0.4663 +1.8272) , 4.5 x 4.3492}= Min { 15.1724 , 19.5714 }= 15.1724 ohms / loop
Zone-2 settingPositive sequence resistance , R1PP&R1PE = 2.2840 + 0.2 x 2.2840
= 2.7408 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X1PP&X1PE = 5.4365+ 0.2 x 5.4365
= 6.5238 ohms/phaseZero sequence resistance , R0PE = 5.7112 + 0.2 x 5.7112
= 6.8534 ohms/phaseZero sequence reactance , X0PE = 22.8402 + 0.2 x 22.8402
= 27.4082 ohms/phase
Resistive reach for phase-phase faults, RFPP = 2 x Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 3X }
= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (3.7931 , 6.5238 x 0.4663 + 2.7408) , 3 x 6.5238}= 2 x Min { 5.7828 , 19.5714 }= 11.5696 ohms / loop
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
Resistive reach for phase-earth, RFPE = Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 4.5X }
= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (15.1724 , 6.5238 x 0.4663 + 2.7408) , 4.5 x 6.5238}= Min { 15.1724 , 29.3571 }= 15.1724 ohms/ loop
Zone-3 settingPositive sequence resistance , R1PP&R1PE = 2.2840+2.2840
= 4.568 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X1PP&X1PE = 5.4365+5.4365
= 10.873 ohms/phaseZero sequence resistance , R0PE = 5.7112+5.7112
= 11.4224 ohms/phaseZero sequence reactance , X0PE = 22.8402+22.8402
= 45.6804 ohms/phase
Resistive reach for phase-phase faults, RFPP = 2 x Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 3X }
= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (3.7931 , 10.873 x 0.4663 + 4.568) , 3 x 10.873}= 2 x Min { 9.6380 , 32.619 }= 19.276 ohms / loop
Resistive reach for phase-earth, RFPE = Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 4.5X }
= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (15.1724 , 10.873 x 0.4663 + 4.568) , 4.5 x 10.873}= Min { 15.1724 , 48.9285 }= 15.1724 ohms / loop
Zone-4 setting (reverse)Positive sequence resistance , R1PP&R1PE = 0.2 x 2.2840
= 0.4568 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X1PP&X1PE = 0.2 x 5.4365
= 1.0873 ohms/phaseZero sequence resistance , R0PE = 0.2 x 5.7112
= 1.1422 ohms/phaseZero sequence reactance , X0PE = 0.2 x 22.8402
= 4.5680 ohms/phase
Resistive reach for phase-phase faults, RFPP = 2 x Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 3X }
= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (3.7931 , 1.0873 x 0.4663 + 0.4568) , 3 x 1.0873}= 2 x Min { 3.7931 , 3.2619 }= 6.5238 ohms / loop
Resistive reach for phase-earth,
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
RFPE = Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 4.5X } = Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (15.1724 , 1.0873 x 0.4663 + 0.4568) , 4.5 x 1.0873}= Min { 15.1724 , 4.8928 }= 4.8928 ohms / loop
General Fault Criteria (GFC)
GFC is an overall impedance-measuring element with a very high reach and long time delay for its tripping function. The GFC characteristics should in general cover all the impedance measuring zones used for distance protection, regardless of their directionality. Normally set to 2 times of zone-3 with a limit on the resistive direction so that the characteristic does not enter the load area.
Positive sequence reactance for ph-ph & ph-e elements in the forward direction, X1FwPP & X1FwPE= 2 x X3 =2 x 10.873= 21.746 ohms/ phase
Positive sequence reactance for ph-ph & ph-e elements in the reverse direction, X1RvPP & X1RvPE= 2 x X4 =2 x 1.0873 = 2.7146 ohms/ phase
Positive sequence resistance for ph-ph faults for forward & reverse reach, RFPP= (2[2*R3 + RFPP]) = (2 [2 x 4.568 + 19.276] )= 56.824 ohms/loop
Positive sequence resistance for ph-e faults for forward & reverse reach, RFPE= (2[1/3(2R3 + R03) +RFPE])= (2[1/3(2x4.568+ 11.4224) +15.1724])= 44.0504 ohms/loop
Zero sequence reactance for ph-e elements in the forward & reverse direction, X0FwPE & X0RvPE = 2 x X03= 2 x X0PE= 2 x 45.6804 =91.3608 ohms/phase
The resistive reach in the load impedance area, RLd = Max (RFPP,RFPE) = Max (19.276, 15.1724) = 19.276 ohms/loop
Load Angle, ARGLd = 25º (Assumed)
Power Swing Block FunctionThe reach of the inner characteristic in the resistive and reactive direction is set so that the inner
characteristics covers completely all the distance protection zones, which are to be blocked by the PSD function. At least 10% of additional safety margin is considered.
Reactive reach of the inner characteristics of the power swing blocking element, X1IN= 1.1 x X3= 1.1 x X1PP= 1.1 x 10.873 = 11.9603 ohms/phase
Resistive reach of the inner characteristics of the power swing blocking element, R1IN= 1.1 (2R3 +RFPP)= 1.1 (2 x 4.568 + 19.276)
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
= 31.2532 ohms/phaseReach multiplication for the outer reactive boundary, KX = 125 %( recommended)Reach multiplication for the outer reactive boundary, KR = 125 %( recommended)
Setting Recommendations:-
1) Zone-1:-R1PP & R1PE = 1.8272X1PP & X1PE = 4.3492R0PE = 4.56896X0PE = 18.2722RFPP = 7.7104RFPE = 15.1724
2) Zone-2:-R1PP & R1PE = 2.7408X1PP & X1PE = 6.5238R0PE = 6.8534X0PE = 27.4082RFPP = 11.5696RFPE = 15.1724t2PP & t2PE = 0.400 s (time delay for trip)
3) Zone-3:-R1PP & R1PE = 4.568X1PP & X1PE = 10.873R0PE = 11.4224X0PE = 45.6804RFPP = 19.276RFPE = 15.1724t3PP & t3PE = 0.800 s(time delay for trip) 4) Zone-4:- (reverse)R1PP & R1PE = 0.4568X1PP & X1PE = 1.0873R0PE = 1.1422X0PE = 4.5680RFPP = 6.5238RFPE = 4.8928t4PP & t4PE = 0.250 s (time delay for trip)
5) GFC:-X1FwPP & X1FwPE = 17.606X1RvPP & X1RvPE = 0.6212RFPP = 43.752RFPE = 26.48
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
X0FwPE & X0RvPE = 57.63RLd = 43.752ARGLd = 25ºtPP & tPE = 2s(time delay for trip)
6) PSB:-X1IN = 9.677R1IN = 24.064KX = 125RX = 125tP1 = 0.045s (Initial PSD timer for the first swing)tP2 = 0.015s (Fast PSD timer for the consecutive swings within tW)tW = 0.250s(Hold timer for the activation of fast PSD timer)tH = 0.5s (Hold Timer for PSD detected)tEF = 60s(Timer overcoming 1-Ph reclosing dead time)tR1 = 0.300s (Timer to time delay block by the residual current)tR2 = 2.00s (On delay timer for blocking of output signal at very slow swings
The time delays tP1, tP2, tW, tH, tEF, tR1, tR2 are recommendations and the same need to be set in accordance with the system studies.
1(b) Breaker Failure Protection - 50 - RAICA
Relay Detail:RXIB range: 0 .2-3ATime delay: 20 ms - 99 hrs
System Particulars:CT ratio = 1000 / 1A
Calculations:Setting of LBB should be as sensitive or more sensitive than the most sensitive protection of the unit. The most sensitive protection of the unit is Reverse power protection which is set at 5%. Hence the setting recommended is 5% of the rated current
The rated current is (1301.14 x 106) / (√3 x 132 x 103) = 5691.18 A5% of this corresponds to 0.05 x 5691.18 = 284.559 AThe secondary current is 284.559 / 1000 =2.85 A
Setting recommended = 3 ATime Delay : The time delay should include RXIB pickup time + Breaker opening time + Reset time of RXIB24 + Marginie., the time delay = 4ms + 60ms + 12ms + 75ms ( Assuming 3 cycle breaker)
= 150ms
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
1(c) Auto reclose RAAAM
Dead Time: A time between the fault clearing and the reclosing shot is necessary to allow for the arc de-ionisation. The dead time setting corresponds to the time between the auto reclosing start and the reclosing shot. In the event of a single phase fault and single phase tripping in long lines, the de-ionisation time will be longer than with three phase tripping due to capacitive coupling to the healthy phases.Single phase dead time is recommended to be set to 1secThree phase dead time is recommended to be set to 600msecReclaim Time: The reclaim time is the time during which a new start of the auto-reclosing is blocked. It is chosen considering the breaker duty cycle, which specifies the minimum allowed time between successive breaker reclosing attempts, so that an eventual tripping and reclosing on to permanent faults, will neither deteriorate the breaker capacity nor damage the breaker. Typical value = 30 sec.
1(d) Under Voltage Protection – 27P - RXEG
Relay Details:RXEG range: 40 - 120 V
Calculations:Under voltage 1st stage is set to 85% of the rated voltage.Setting of RXEG = 0.85 x 110 = 93.5 VTime delay 1st stage – 3 sec.Under voltage 2nd stage is set to 80% of the rated voltage.Setting of RXEG = 0.8 x 110 = 88 VTime delay 2nd stage – 1 sec.
Recommended Settings:RXEG 1st stage setting = (2.34 x 40)RXEG 2nd stage setting = (2.2 x 40)Timers Stage I = 3 secStage II = 1 sec
1(e) Check Synchronizing Relay RASC:
Relay Details:Voltage difference: 7.5 - 67.5 % in steps of 7.5%Phase angle difference: 5 - 75 in steps of 5
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
Calculations:Check synchronizing relay for line is set to voltage difference of 30 % and phase angle difference of 30
.
Recommended SettingsVoltage setting: 4 * 7.5 %Phase angle setting: 6 * 5
Connect 110 V if phase to phase voltage is connected
2(a) REL 511 (21) - KASHIPUR-1 FEEDER
System Particulars :-A)Line parameters
1)Rated line voltage - 132 kV2)Line length - 7.05 Km3)Max power flow in the line - 1694.61 MVA4)Positive sequence resistance - 0.16221744 ohms/km5)Positive sequence reactance - 0.386116 ohms/km6)Zero sequence resistance - 0.405631 ohms/km7)Zero sequence reactance - 1.622174 ohms/km
B) CT/PT details1)CT primary rating - 1000A2)CT secondary rating - 1A3)PT primary rating - 145000 V4)PT secondary rating - 110 V
C)Source Impedance1)Fault MVA at local end - 1301.4 MVA2)Fault MVA at remote end - 1301.4 MVA(assumed)3)Source impedance angle - 80º (assumed)
D)Fault resistance 1)Fault resistance in primary for phase-earth faults - 20 ohms 2)Fault resistance in primary for phase-phase faults - 5 ohms
Relay details:-In=1A,Un=110V
Calculations :-
Impedance ratio = CTR/PTR= (1000/1) /(145000/110)
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
= 0.758621Positive sequence line resistance in secondary,R1 = 0.16221744 x 7.05 x 0.758621
= 0.8675 ohmsPositive sequence line reactance in secondary,X1 = 0.386116 x 7.05 x 0.758621
= 2.0650 ohmsZero sequence line resistance in secondary,R0 = 0.405631 x 7.05 x 0.758621
= 2.1694 ohmsZero sequence line reactance in secondary,X0 = 1.622174 x 7.05 x 0.758621
= 8.6758 ohms
Fault resistance in secondary for phase-earth faults , Rfe = 20 x 0.758621= 15.1724 ohms
Fault resistance in secondary for phase-phase faults , Rfp = 5 x 0.758621= 3.7931 ohms
Zone-1 is set to protect 80% of the lineZone-2 is set to protect (120% of the line)Zone-3 is set to protect (200% of the line)Zone-4 is set to protect 20% of the Line in the reverse direction
Zone-1 settingPositive sequence resistance , R1PP&R1PE = 0.8 x 0.8675
= 0.694 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X1PP&X1PE = 0.8 x 2.0650
= 1.652 ohms/phaseZero sequence resistance , R0PE = 0.8 x 2.1694
= 1.7355 ohms/phaseZero sequence reactance , X0PE = 0.8 x 8.6758 = 6.94064 ohms/phase
Resistive reach for phase-phase faults, RFPP = 2 x Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 3X }
= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (3.7931, 1.652x 0.4663 + 0.694) , 3 x 1.652}= 2 x Min {3.7931 , 4.956 }= 7.5862 ohms / loop
Resistive reach for phase-earth, RFPE = Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 4.5X }
= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (15.1724 , 1.652 x 0.4663 +0.694) , 4.5 x 1.652}= Min { 15.1724 , 7.434 }= 7.434 ohms / loop
Zone-2 settingPositive sequence resistance , R1PP&R1PE = 1.2 x 0.8675
= 1.041 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X1PP&X1PE = 1.2 x 2.065
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
= 2.478 ohms/phaseZero sequence resistance , R0PE = 1.2 x 2.1694
= 2.6033 ohms/phaseZero sequence reactance , X0PE = 1.2 x 8.6758
= 10.4109 ohms/phase
Resistive reach for phase-phase faults, RFPP = 2 x Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 3X }
= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (3.7931 , 2.4780 x 0.4663 + 1.041) , 3 x 2.478}= 2 x Min { 3.7931, 7.434 }= 7. 5862 ohms / loop
Resistive reach for phase-earth, RFPE = Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 4.5X }
= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (15.1724 , 2.478 x 0.4663 + 1.041) , 4.5 x 2.478}= Min { 15.1724 , 11.151 }
= 11.151 ohms/ loop
Zone-3 settingPositive sequence resistance , R1PP&R1PE = 2 x 0.8675
= 1.735 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X1PP&X1PE = 2 x 2.065
= 4.13 ohms/phaseZero sequence resistance , R0PE = 2 x 2.1694
= 4.339 ohms/phaseZero sequence reactance , X0PE = 2 x 8.6758
= 17.3516 ohms/phase
Resistive reach for phase-phase faults, RFPP = 2 x Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 3X }
= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (3.7931 , 4.13 x 0.4663 + 1.735) , 3 x 4.13}= 2 x Min { 3.7931 , 12.39 }= 7.5862 ohms / loop
Resistive reach for phase-earth, RFPE = Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 4.5X }
= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (15.1724 , 4.13 x 0.4663 + 1.735) , 4.5 x 4.13}= Min { 15.1724 , 18.585 }= 15.1724 ohms / loop
Zone-4 setting (reverse)Positive sequence resistance , R1PP&R1PE = 0.2 x 0.8675
= 0.1735 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X1PP&X1PE = 0.2 x 2.065
= 0.413 ohms/phase
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
Zero sequence resistance , R0PE = 0.2 x 2.1694 = 0.4338 ohms/phase
Zero sequence reactance , X0PE = 0.2 x 8.7658 = 1.7352 ohms/phase
Resistive reach for phase-phase faults, RFPP = 2 x Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 3X }
= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (3.7931 , 0.413 x 0.4663 + 0.1735) , 3 x 0.413}= 2 x Min { 3.7931 , 1.239 }= 2.478 ohms / loop
Resistive reach for phase-earth, RFPE = Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 4.5X }
= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (15.1724 , 0.413x 0.4663 + 0.1735) , 4.5 x 0.413}= Min { 15.1724 , 1.8585 }= 1. 8585 ohms / loop
General Fault Criteria (GFC)
GFC is an overall impedance-measuring element with a very high reach and long time delay for its tripping function. The GFC characteristics should in general cover all the impedance measuring zones used for distance protection ,regardless of their directionality. Normally set to 2 times of zone-3 with a limit on the resistive direction so that the characteristics does not enter the load area.
Positive sequence reactance for ph-ph & ph-e elements in the forward direction ,X1FwPP & X1FwPE= 2 x X3 =2 x 4.13= 8.26 ohms/ phase
Positive sequence reactance for ph-ph & ph-e elements in the reverse direction ,X1RvPP & X1RvPE= 2 x X4 =2 x 0.413 = 0.826 ohms/ phase
Positive sequence resistance for ph-ph faults for forward & reverse reach , RFPP= (2[2*R3 + RFPP]) = ( 2 [2 x 1.735 + 7.5862] )= 22.1124 ohms/loop
Positive sequence resistance for ph-e faults for forward & reverse reach , RFPE= (2[1/3(2R3 + R03)+RFPE])= (2[1/3(2 x 1.735+ 4.339)+15.1724])= 35.5508 ohms/loop
Zero sequence reactance for ph-e elements in the forward & reverse direction, X0FwPE & X0RvPE = 2 x X03= 2 x X0PE= 2 x 17.3516 =34.7032 ohms/phase
The resistive reach in the load impedance area , RLd = Max(RFPP,RFPE) = Max (7.5862 ,15.1724) = 15.1724 ohms/loop
Load Angle, ARGLd = 25º (Assumed)
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORPORATION LIMITEDPrepared by Sarith Madhu Order Ref
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YN1M 300 624-SETYr. wk
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
Power Swing Block FunctionThe reach of the inner characteristic in the resistive and reactive direction is set so that the inner
characteristics covers completely all the distance protection zones,which are to be blocked by the PSD function.At least 10% of additional safety margin is considered.
Reactive reach of the inner characteristics of the power swing blocking element , X1IN= 1.1 x X3= 1.1 x X1PP= 1.1 x 4.13 = 4.543 ohms/phase
Resistive reach of the inner characteristics of the power swing blocking element , R1IN= 1.1 (2R3 +RFPP)= 1.1 ( 2 x 1.735 + 7.5862)= 12.1618 ohms/phase
Reach multiplication for the outer reactive boundary, KX = 125%(recommended)Reach multiplication for the outer reactive boundary, KR = 125%(recommended)
Setting Recommendations:-
1) Zone-1:-R1PP & R1PE = 0.694X1PP & X1PE = 1.652R0PE = 1.7355X0PE = 6.94064RFPP = 7.5862RFPE = 7.434
2) Zone-2 :-R1PP & R1PE = 1.041X1PP & X1PE = 2.478R0PE = 2.6033X0PE = 10.4109RFPP = 7.5862RFPE = 11.1151t2PP & t2PE = 0.400 s (time delay for trip)
3) Zone-3 :-R1PP & R1PE = 1.735X1PP & X1PE = 4.13R0PE = 4.339X0PE = 17.3516RFPP = 7.8562RFPE = 15.1724t3PP & t3PE = 0.800 s(time delay for trip) 4) Zone-4:- (reverse)R1PP & R1PE = 0.1735X1PP & X1PE = 0.413
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
R0PE = 0.4338X0PE = 1.7352RFPP = 2.478RFPE = 1.8585t4PP & t4PE = 0.250 s (time delay for trip)
5) GFC :-X1FwPP & X1FwPE = 8.26X1RvPP & X1RvPE = 0.826RFPP = 22.1124RFPE = 35.5508X0FwPE & X0RvPE = 34.7032RLd = 15.1724ARGLd = 25ºtPP & tPE = 2s(time delay for trip)
6) PSB :-X1IN = 4.543R1IN = 12.1618KX = 125RX = 125tP1 = 0.045s(Initial PSD timer for the first swing)tP2 = 0.015s(Fast PSD timer for the consecutive swings within tW)tW = 0.250s(Hold timer for the activation of fast PSD timer)tH = 0.5s (Hold Timer for PSD detected)tEF = 60s(Timer overcoming 1-Ph reclosing dead time)tR1 = 0.300s(Timer to time delay block by the residual current)tR2 = 2.00s (On delay timer for blocking of output signal at very slow swings
The time delays tP1,tP2,tW,tH,tEF,tR1,tR2 are recommendations and the same need to be set in accordance with the system studies.
2(b) Breaker Failure Protection - 50 - RAICA
Relay Detail:RXIB range: 0 .2-3ATime delay: 20 ms - 99 hrs
System Particulars:CT ratio = 1000 / 1A
Calculations:Setting of LBB should be as sensitive or more sensitive than the most sensitive protection of the unit. The most sensitive protection of the unit is Reverse power protection which is set at 5%. Hence the setting recommended is 5% of the rated current
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
The rated current is (1694.61 x 106) / (√3 x 132 x 103) = 7412.22 A5% of this corresponds to 0.05 x 7412.22 = 370.611 AThe secondary current is 370.611 / 1000 =0.371 A
Setting recommended = 0.4 ATime Delay: The time delay should include RXIB pickup time + Breaker opening time + Reset time of RXIB24 + Marginie., the time delay = 4ms + 60ms + 12ms + 75ms ( Assuming 3 cycle breaker)
= 150ms2(c) Auto reclose RAAAM
Dead Time: A time between the fault clearing and the reclosing shot is necessary to allow for the arc de-ionization. The dead time setting corresponds to the time between the auto reclosing start and the reclosing shot. In the event of a single phase fault and single phase tripping in long lines, the de-ionization time will be longer than with three phase tripping due to capacitive coupling to the healthy phases.Single phase dead time is recommended to be set to 1secThree phase dead time is recommended to be set to 600msecReclaim Time: The reclaim time is the time during which a new start of the auto-reclosing is blocked. It is chosen considering the breaker duty cycle, which specifies the minimum allowed time between successive breaker reclosing attempts, so that an eventual tripping and reclosing on to permanent faults, will neither deteriorate the breaker capacity nor damage the breaker. Typical value = 30 sec.
2(d) Under Voltage Protection – 27P - RXEG
Relay Details:RXEG range: 40 - 120 V
Calculations:Under voltage 1st stage is set to 85% of the rated voltage.Setting of RXEG = 0.85 x 110 = 93.5 VTime delay 1st stage – 3 sec.Under voltage 2nd stage is set to 80% of the rated voltage.Setting of RXEG = 0.8 x 110 = 88 VTime delay 2nd stage – 1 sec.
Recommended Settings:RXEG 1st stage setting = (2.34 x 40)
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
RXEG 2nd stage setting = (2.2 x 40)Timers Stage I = 3 secStage II = 1 sec
2(e) Check Synchronizing Relay RASC:
Relay Details:Voltage difference: 7.5 - 67.5 % in steps of 7.5%Phase angle difference: 5 - 75 in steps of 5
Calculations:Check synchronizing relay for line is set to voltage difference of 30 % and phase angle difference of 30
.
Recommended SettingsVoltage setting: 4 * 7.5 %Phase angle setting: 6 * 5
Connect 110 V if phase to phase voltage is connected
3(a) REL 511 (21)- KASHIPUR – 2 FEEDER
System Particulars :-A)Line parameters
1)Rated line voltage - 132 kV2)Line length - 60.09 Km3)Max power flow in the line - 1694.61 MVA4)Positive sequence resistance - 0.16221744 ohms/km5)Positive sequence reactance - 0.386116 ohms/km6)Zero sequence resistance - 0.405631 ohms/km7)Zero sequence reactance - 1.622174 ohms/km
B)CT/PT details1)CT primary rating - 1000A2)CT secondary rating - 1A3)PT primary rating - 145000 V4)PT secondary rating - 110 V
C)Source Impedance1)Fault MVA at local end - 1694.61MVA2)Fault MVA at remote end - 1694.61 MVA(assumed)3)Source impedance angle - 80º (assumed)
E)Fault resistance 1)Fault resistance in primary for phase-earth faults - 20 ohms
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
2)Fault resistance in primary for phase-phase faults - 5 ohms
Relay details:-In=1A,Un=110V
Calculations :-
Impedance ratio = CTR/PTR= (1000/1) /(145000/110)
= 0.758621Positive sequence line resistance in secondary,R1 = 0.16221744 x 15.615 x 0.758621
= 1.9216 ohmsPositive sequence line reactance in secondary,X1 = 0.386116 x 15.615 x 0.758621
= 4.5731 ohmsZero sequence line resistance in secondary,R0 = 0.405631 x 15.615 x 0.758621
= 4.8051 ohmsZero sequence line reactance in secondary,X0 = 1.622174 x 15.615 x 0.758621
= 19.2161 ohms
Fault resistance in secondary for phase-earth faults , Rfe = 20 x 0.758621= 15.1724 ohms
Fault resistance in secondary for phase-phase faults , Rfp = 5 x 0.758621= 3.7931 ohms
Zone-1 is set to protect 80% of the lineZone-2 is set to protect (120% of the line)Zone-3 is set to protect (200% of the line)Zone-4 is set to protect 20% of the Line in the reverse direction
Zone-1 settingPositive sequence resistance , R1PP&R1PE = 0.8 x 1.9216
= 1.5373 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X1PP&X1PE = 0.8 x 4.5739
= 3.6591 ohms/phaseZero sequence resistance , R0PE = 0.8 x 4.8051
= 3.8441 ohms/phaseZero sequence reactance , X0PE = 0.8 x 19.2161 = 15. 3729 ohms/phase
Resistive reach for phase-phase faults, RFPP = 2 x Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 3X }
= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (3.7931, 3.6591x 0.4663 + 1.5373) , 3 x 3.6591}= 2 x Min {3.7931 10.9773 }= 7. 5862 ohms / loop
Resistive reach for phase-earth,
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
RFPE = Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 4.5X } = Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (15.1724 , 3.6591 x 0.4663 +1.5373) , 4.5 x 3.6591}= Min { 15.1724 , 16.4659 }= 15.1724 ohms / loop
Zone-2 settingPositive sequence resistance , R1PP&R1PE = 1.2 x 1.9216
= 2.30592 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X1PP&X1PE = 1.2 x 4.5739
= 5.48868 ohms/phaseZero sequence resistance , R0PE = 1.2 x 4.8051
= 5.7661 ohms/phaseZero sequence reactance , X0PE = 1.2 x 19.2161
= 23.0593 ohms/phase
Resistive reach for phase-phase faults, RFPP = 2 x Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 3X }
= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (3.7931 , 5.48868 x 0.4663 + 2.3059) , 3 x 5.48868}= 2 x Min { 4.8653, 16.466 }= 9.7306 ohms / loop
Resistive reach for phase-earth, RFPE = Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 4.5X }
= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (15.1724 , 5.48868 x 0.4663 + 2.3059) , 4.5 x 5.48868}= Min { 15.1724 , 24.6990 }= 15.1724 ohms/ loop
Zone-3 settingPositive sequence resistance , R1PP&R1PE = 2 x 1.9216
= 3. 8432 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X1PP&X1PE = 2 x 4.5739
= 9.1478 ohms/phaseZero sequence resistance , R0PE = 2 x 4.8051
= 9.6102 ohms/phaseZero sequence reactance , X0PE = 2 x 19.2161
= 38.4322 ohms/phase
Resistive reach for phase-phase faults, RFPP = 2 x Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 3X }
= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (3.7931 , 9.1478 x 0.4663 + 3.8432) , 3 x 9.1478}= 2 x Min { 8.1088 , 27.4434 }= 16.2176 ohms / loop
Resistive reach for phase-earth,
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
RFPE = Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 4.5X } = Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (15.1724 , 9.1478 x 0.4663 + 3.8432) , 4.5 x 9.1478}= Min { 15.1724 , 27.4434 }= 15.1724 ohms / loop
Zone-4 setting (reverse)Positive sequence resistance , R1PP&R1PE = 0.2 x 1.9216
= 0.3843 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X1PP&X1PE = 0.2 x 4.5739
= 0.9148 ohms/phaseZero sequence resistance , R0PE = 0.2 x 4.8051
= 0.9610 ohms/phaseZero sequence reactance , X0PE = 0.2 x 19.2161
= 3.8432 ohms/phase
Resistive reach for phase-phase faults, RFPP = 2 x Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 3X }
= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (3.7931 , 0.9148 x 0.4663 + 0.3843) , 3 x 0.9148}= 2 x Min { 3.7931 , 2.7444}= 5.4888 ohms / loop
Resistive reach for phase-earth, RFPE = Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 4.5X }
= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (15.1724 , 0.9148 x 0.4663 + 0.3843) , 4.5 x 0.9148}= Min { 15.1724 , 4.1166 }= 4.1166 ohms / loop
General Fault Criteria (GFC)
GFC is an overall impedance-measuring element with a very high reach and long time delay for its tripping function. The GFC characteristics should in general cover all the impedance measuring zones used for distance protection ,regardless of their directionality. Normally set to 2 times of zone-3 with a limit on the resistive direction so that the characteristics does not enter the load area.
Positive sequence reactance for ph-ph & ph-e elements in the forward direction ,X1FwPP & X1FwPE= 2 x X3 =2 x 9.1438= 18.2876 ohms/ phase
Positive sequence reactance for ph-ph & ph-e elements in the reverse direction ,X1RvPP & X1RvPE= 2 x X4 =2 x 0.9148 = 1. 8296 ohms/ phase
Positive sequence resistance for ph-ph faults for forward & reverse reach , RFPP= (2[2*R3 + RFPP]) = ( 2 [2 x 3.8432 + 16.2176] )= 47.808 ohms/loop
Positive sequence resistance for ph-e faults for forward & reverse reach , RFPE= (2[1/3(2R3 + R03)+RFPE])= (2[1/3(2 x 3.8432+ 9.6102)+15.1724])= 47.8759 ohms/loop
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORPORATION LIMITEDPrepared by Sarith Madhu Order Ref
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
Zero sequence reactance for ph-e elements in the forward & reverse direction, X0FwPE & X0RvPE = 2 x X03= 2 x X0PE= 2 x 38.4332=76.8664 ohms/phase
The resistive reach in the load impedance area , RLd = Max(RFPP,RFPE) = Max (16.2176,15.1724) = 16.2176 ohms/loop
Load Angle, ARGLd = 25º (Assumed)
Power Swing Block FunctionThe reach of the inner characteristic in the resistive and reactive direction is set so that the inner
characteristics covers completely all the distance protection zones,which are to be blocked by the PSD function.At least 10% of additional safety margin is considered.
Reactive reach of the inner characteristics of the power swing blocking element , X1IN= 1.1 x X3= 1.1 x X1PP= 1.1 x 9.1438 = 10.0582 ohms/phase
Resistive reach of the inner characteristics of the power swing blocking element , R1IN= 1.1 (2R3 +RFPP)= 1.1 ( 2 x 3.8432 + 16.2176)= 26.2944 ohms/phase
Reach multiplication for the outer reactive boundary, KX = 125%(recommended)Reach multiplication for the outer reactive boundary, KR = 125%(recommended)
Setting Recommendations:-
1) Zone-1:-R1PP & R1PE = 1.5373X1PP & X1PE = 3.6591R0PE = 3.8441X0PE = 15.3729RFPP = 7.5862RFPE = 15.1724
2) Zone-2 :-R1PP & R1PE = 2.30592X1PP & X1PE = 5.48868R0PE = 5.7661X0PE = 23.0593RFPP = 9.7306RFPE = 15.1724t2PP & t2PE = 0.400 s (time delay for trip)
3) Zone-3 :-R1PP & R1PE = 3.8432
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
X1PP & X1PE = 9.1478R0PE = 9.6102X0PE = 38.4322RFPP = 16.2176RFPE = 15.1724t3PP & t3PE = 0.800 s(time delay for trip) 4) Zone-4:- (reverse)R1PP & R1PE = 0.3843X1PP & X1PE = 0.9148R0PE = 0.961X0PE = 3.8432RFPP = 5.4888RFPE = 4.1166t4PP & t4PE = 0.250 s (time delay for trip)
5) GFC :-X1FwPP & X1FwPE = 18.2876X1RvPP & X1RvPE = 1.8296RFPP = 47.808RFPE = 47.8759X0FwPE & X0RvPE = 76.8664RLd = 16.2176ARGLd = 25ºtPP & tPE = 2s(time delay for trip)
6) PSB :-X1IN = 10.0582R1IN = 26.2944KX = 125RX = 125tP1 = 0.045s(Initial PSD timer for the first swing)tP2 = 0.015s(Fast PSD timer for the consecutive swings within tW)tW = 0.250s(Hold timer for the activation of fast PSD timer)tH = 0.5s (Hold Timer for PSD detected)tEF = 60s(Timer overcoming 1-Ph reclosing dead time)tR1 = 0.300s(Timer to time delay block by the residual current)tR2 = 2.00s (On delay timer for blocking of output signal at very slow swings
The time delays tP1,tP2,tW,tH,tEF,tR1,tR2 are recommendations and the same need to be set in accordance with the system studies.
3(b) Breaker Failure Protection - 50 - RAICA
Relay Detail:RXIB range: 0 .2-3A
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
Time delay: 20 ms - 99 hrs
System Particulars:CT ratio = 1000 / 1A
Calculations:Setting of LBB should be as sensitive or more sensitive than the most sensitive protection of the unit. The most sensitive protection of the unit is Reverse power protection which is set at 5%. Hence the setting recommended is 5% of the rated current
The rated current is (1694.61 x 106) / (√3 x 132 x 103) = 7412.21 A5% of this corresponds to 0.05 x 7412.21 = 370.61 AThe secondary current is 370.61 / 1000 =0.37 A
Setting recommended = 0.4 ATime Delay: The time delay should include RXIB pickup time + Breaker opening time + Reset time of RXIB24 + Margini.e., the time delay = 4ms + 60ms + 12ms + 75ms (Assuming 3 cycle breaker)
= 150ms3(c) Auto reclose RAAAM
Dead Time: A time between the fault clearing and the reclosing shot is necessary to allow for the arc de-ionisation. The dead time setting corresponds to the time between the auto reclosing start and the reclosing shot. In the event of a single phase fault and single phase tripping in long lines, the de-ionisation time will be longer than with three phase tripping due to capacitive coupling to the healthy phases.Single phase dead time is recommended to be set to 1secThree phase dead time is recommended to be set to 600msecReclaim Time: The reclaim time is the time during which a new start of the auto-reclosing is blocked. It is chosen considering the breaker duty cycle, which specifies the minimum allowed time between successive breaker reclosing attempts, so that an eventual tripping and reclosing on to permanent faults, will neither deteriorate the breaker capacity nor damage the breaker. Typical value = 30 sec.
3(d) Under Voltage Protection – 27P - RXEG
Relay Details:RXEG range: 40 - 120 V
Calculations:
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
Under voltage 1st stage is set to 85% of the rated voltage.Setting of RXEG = 0.85 x 110 = 93.5 VTime delay 1st stage – 3 sec.Under voltage 2nd stage is set to 80% of the rated voltage.Setting of RXEG = 0.8 x 110 = 88 VTime delay 2nd stage – 1 sec.
Recommended Settings:RXEG 1st stage setting = (2.34 x 40)RXEG 2nd stage setting = (2.2 x 40)Timers Stage I = 3 secStage II = 1 sec
3(e) Check Synchronizing Relay RASC:
Relay Details:Voltage difference: 7.5 - 67.5 % in steps of 7.5%Phase angle difference: 5 - 75 in steps of 5
Calculations:Check synchronizing relay for line is set to voltage difference of 30 % and phase angle difference of 30
.
Recommended SettingsVoltage setting: 4 * 7.5 %Phase angle setting: 6 * 5
Connect 110 V if phase to phase voltage is connected
4(a) REL 511 (21) - BASPUR NAGAR FEEDER
System Particulars :-A)Line parameters
1)Rated line voltage - 132 kV2)Line length - 15.615 Km3)Max power flow in the line - 1694.61 MVA4)Positive sequence resistance - 0.16221744 ohms/km5)Positive sequence reactance - 0.386116 ohms/km6)Zero sequence resistance - 0.405631 ohms/km7)Zero sequence reactance - 1.622174 ohms/km
B)CT/PT details1)CT primary rating - 1000A
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
2)CT secondary rating - 1A3)PT primary rating - 145000 V4)PT secondary rating - 110 V
C)Source Impedance1)Fault MVA at local end - 1694.61MVA2)Fault MVA at remote end - 1694.61 MVA(assumed)3)Source impedance angle - 80º (assumed)
E)Fault resistance 1)Fault resistance in primary for phase-earth faults - 20 ohms 2)Fault resistance in primary for phase-phase faults - 5 ohms
Relay details:-In=1A,Un=110V
Calculations :-
Impedance ratio = CTR/PTR= (1000/1) /(145000/110)
= 0.758621Positive sequence line resistance in secondary,R1 = 0.16221744 x 15.615 x 0.758621
= 1.9216 ohmsPositive sequence line reactance in secondary,X1 = 0.386116 x 15.615 x 0.758621
= 4.5731 ohmsZero sequence line resistance in secondary,R0 = 0.405631 x 15.615 x 0.758621
= 4.8051 ohmsZero sequence line reactance in secondary,X0 = 1.622174 x 15.615 x 0.758621
= 19.2161 ohms
Fault resistance in secondary for phase-earth faults , Rfe = 20 x 0.758621= 15.1724 ohms
Fault resistance in secondary for phase-phase faults , Rfp = 5 x 0.758621= 3.7931 ohms
Zone-1 is set to protect 80% of the lineZone-2 is set to protect (120% of the line)Zone-3 is set to protect (200% of the line)Zone-4 is set to protect 20% of the Line in the reverse direction
Zone-1 settingPositive sequence resistance , R1PP&R1PE = 0.8 x 1.9216
= 1.5373 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X1PP&X1PE = 0.8 x 4.5739
= 3.6591 ohms/phaseZero sequence resistance , R0PE = 0.8 x 4.8051
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
= 3.8441 ohms/phaseZero sequence reactance , X0PE = 0.8 x 19.2161 = 15. 3729 ohms/phase
Resistive reach for phase-phase faults, RFPP = 2 x Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 3X }
= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (3.7931, 3.6591x 0.4663 + 1.5373) , 3 x 3.6591}= 2 x Min {3.7931 10.9773 }= 7. 5862 ohms / loop
Resistive reach for phase-earth, RFPE = Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 4.5X }
= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (15.1724 , 3.6591 x 0.4663 +1.5373) , 4.5 x 3.6591}= Min { 15.1724 , 16.4659 }= 15.1724 ohms / loop
Zone-2 settingPositive sequence resistance , R1PP&R1PE = 1.2 x 1.9216
= 2.30592 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X1PP&X1PE = 1.2 x 4.5739
= 5.48868 ohms/phaseZero sequence resistance , R0PE = 1.2 x 4.8051
= 5.7661 ohms/phaseZero sequence reactance , X0PE = 1.2 x 19.2161
= 23.0593 ohms/phase
Resistive reach for phase-phase faults, RFPP = 2 x Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 3X }
= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (3.7931 , 5.48868 x 0.4663 + 2.3059) , 3 x 5.48868}= 2 x Min { 4.8653, 16.466 }= 9.7306 ohms / loop
Resistive reach for phase-earth, RFPE = Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 4.5X }
= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (15.1724 , 5.48868 x 0.4663 + 2.3059) , 4.5 x 5.48868}= Min { 15.1724 , 24.6990 }= 15.1724 ohms/ loop
Zone-3 settingPositive sequence resistance , R1PP&R1PE = 2 x 1.9216
= 3. 8432 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X1PP&X1PE = 2 x 4.5739
= 9.1478 ohms/phaseZero sequence resistance , R0PE = 2 x 4.8051
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
= 9.6102 ohms/phaseZero sequence reactance , X0PE = 2 x 19.2161
= 38.4322 ohms/phase
Resistive reach for phase-phase faults, RFPP = 2 x Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 3X }
= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (3.7931 , 9.1478 x 0.4663 + 3.8432) , 3 x 9.1478}= 2 x Min { 8.1088 , 27.4434 }= 16.2176 ohms / loop
Resistive reach for phase-earth, RFPE = Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 4.5X }
= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (15.1724 , 9.1478 x 0.4663 + 3.8432) , 4.5 x 9.1478}= Min { 15.1724 , 27.4434 }= 15.1724 ohms / loop
Zone-4 setting (reverse)Positive sequence resistance , R1PP&R1PE = 0.2 x 1.9216
= 0.3843 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X1PP&X1PE = 0.2 x 4.5739
= 0.9148 ohms/phaseZero sequence resistance , R0PE = 0.2 x 4.8051
= 0.9610 ohms/phaseZero sequence reactance , X0PE = 0.2 x 19.2161
= 3.8432 ohms/phase
Resistive reach for phase-phase faults, RFPP = 2 x Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 3X }
= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (3.7931 , 0.9148 x 0.4663 + 0.3843) , 3 x 0.9148}= 2 x Min { 3.7931 , 2.7444}= 5.4888 ohms / loop
Resistive reach for phase-earth, RFPE = Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 4.5X }
= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (15.1724 , 0.9148 x 0.4663 + 0.3843) , 4.5 x 0.9148}= Min { 15.1724 , 4.1166 }= 4.1166 ohms / loop
General Fault Criteria (GFC)
GFC is an overall impedance-measuring element with a very high reach and long time delay for its tripping function. The GFC characteristics should in general cover all the impedance measuring zones used for distance protection ,regardless of their directionality. Normally set to 2 times of zone-3 with a limit on the resistive direction so that the characteristics does not enter the load area.
Positive sequence reactance for ph-ph & ph-e elements in the forward direction ,X1FwPP & X1FwPE
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= 2 x X3 =2 x 9.1438= 18.2876 ohms/ phasePositive sequence reactance for ph-ph & ph-e elements in the reverse direction ,X1RvPP & X1RvPE
= 2 x X4 =2 x 0.9148 = 1. 8296 ohms/ phasePositive sequence resistance for ph-ph faults for forward & reverse reach , RFPP
= (2[2*R3 + RFPP]) = ( 2 [2 x 3.8432 + 16.2176] )= 47.808 ohms/loop
Positive sequence resistance for ph-e faults for forward & reverse reach , RFPE= (2[1/3(2R3 + R03)+RFPE])= (2[1/3(2 x 3.8432+ 9.6102)+15.1724])= 47.8759 ohms/loop
Zero sequence reactance for ph-e elements in the forward & reverse direction, X0FwPE & X0RvPE = 2 x X03= 2 x X0PE= 2 x 38.4332=76.8664 ohms/phase
The resistive reach in the load impedance area , RLd = Max(RFPP,RFPE) = Max (16.2176,15.1724) = 16.2176 ohms/loop
Load Angle, ARGLd = 25º (Assumed)
Power Swing Block FunctionThe reach of the inner characteristic in the resistive and reactive direction is set so that the inner
characteristics covers completely all the distance protection zones,which are to be blocked by the PSD function.At least 10% of additional safety margin is considered.
Reactive reach of the inner characteristics of the power swing blocking element , X1IN= 1.1 x X3= 1.1 x X1PP= 1.1 x 9.1438 = 10.0582 ohms/phase
Resistive reach of the inner characteristics of the power swing blocking element , R1IN= 1.1 (2R3 +RFPP)= 1.1 ( 2 x 3.8432 + 16.2176)= 26.2944 ohms/phase
Reach multiplication for the outer reactive boundary, KX = 125%(recommended)Reach multiplication for the outer reactive boundary, KR = 125%(recommended)
Setting Recommendations:-
1) Zone-1:-R1PP & R1PE = 1.5373X1PP & X1PE = 3.6591R0PE = 3.8441X0PE = 15.3729RFPP = 7.5862RFPE = 15.1724
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2) Zone-2 :-R1PP & R1PE = 2.30592X1PP & X1PE = 5.48868R0PE = 5.7661X0PE = 23.0593RFPP = 9.7306RFPE = 15.1724t2PP & t2PE = 0.400 s (time delay for trip)
3) Zone-3 :-R1PP & R1PE = 3.8432X1PP & X1PE = 9.1478R0PE = 9.6102X0PE = 38.4322RFPP = 16.2176RFPE = 15.1724t3PP & t3PE = 0.800 s(time delay for trip) 4) Zone-4:- (reverse)R1PP & R1PE = 0.3843X1PP & X1PE = 0.9148R0PE = 0.961X0PE = 3.8432RFPP = 5.4888RFPE = 4.1166t4PP & t4PE = 0.250 s (time delay for trip)
5) GFC :-X1FwPP & X1FwPE = 18.2876X1RvPP & X1RvPE = 1.8296RFPP = 47.808RFPE = 47.8759X0FwPE & X0RvPE = 76.8664RLd = 16.2176ARGLd = 25ºtPP & tPE = 2s(time delay for trip)
6) PSB :-X1IN = 10.0582R1IN = 26.2944KX = 125RX = 125tP1 = 0.045s(Initial PSD timer for the first swing)tP2 = 0.015s(Fast PSD timer for the consecutive swings within tW)tW = 0.250s(Hold timer for the activation of fast PSD timer)tH = 0.5s (Hold Timer for PSD detected)
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
tEF = 60s(Timer overcoming 1-Ph reclosing dead time)tR1 = 0.300s(Timer to time delay block by the residual current)tR2 = 2.00s (On delay timer for blocking of output signal at very slow swings
The time delays tP1,tP2,tW,tH,tEF,tR1,tR2 are recommendations and the same need to be set in accordance with the system studies.
4(b) Breaker Failure Protection - 50 - RAICA
Relay Detail:RXIB range: 0 .2-3ATime delay: 20 ms - 99 hrs
System Particulars:CT ratio = 1000 / 1A
Calculations:Setting of LBB should be as sensitive or more sensitive than the most sensitive protection of the unit. The most sensitive protection of the unit is Reverse power protection which is set at 5%. Hence the setting recommended is 5% of the rated current
The rated current is (1694.61 x 106) / (√3 x 132 x 103) = 7412.21 A5% of this corresponds to 0.05 x 7412.21 = 370.61 AThe secondary current is 370.61 / 1000 =0.37 A
Setting recommended = 0.4 ATime Delay : The time delay should include RXIB pickup time + Breaker opening time + Reset time of RXIB24 + Marginie., the time delay = 4ms + 60ms + 12ms + 75ms ( Assuming 3 cycle breaker)
= 150ms4(c) Auto reclose RAAAM
Dead Time: A time between the fault clearing and the reclosing shot is necessary to allow for the arc de-ionisation. The dead time setting corresponds to the time between the auto reclosing start and the reclosing shot. In the event of a single phase fault and single phase tripping in long lines, the de-ionisation time will be longer than with three phase tripping due to capacitive coupling to the healthy phases.Single phase dead time is recommended to be set to 1secThree phase dead time is recommended to be set to 600msecReclaim Time: The reclaim time is the time during which a new start of the auto-reclosing is blocked. It is chosen considering the breaker duty cycle, which
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
specifies the minimum allowed time between successive breaker reclosing attempts, so that an eventual tripping and reclosing on to permanent faults, will neither deteriorate the breaker capacity nor damage the breaker. Typical value = 30 sec.
4(d) Under Voltage Protection – 27P - RXEG
Relay Details:RXEG range: 40 - 120 V
Calculations:Under voltage 1st stage is set to 85% of the rated voltage.Setting of RXEG = 0.85 x 110 = 93.5 VTime delay 1st stage – 3 sec.Under voltage 2nd stage is set to 80% of the rated voltage.Setting of RXEG = 0.8 x 110 = 88 VTime delay 2nd stage – 1 sec.
Recommended Settings:RXEG 1st stage setting = (2.34 x 40)RXEG 2nd stage setting = (2.2 x 40)Timers Stage I = 3 secStage II = 1 sec
4(e)Check Synchronizing Relay RASC:
Relay Details:Voltage difference: 7.5 - 67.5 % in steps of 7.5%Phase angle difference: 5 - 75 in steps of 5
Calculations:Check synchronizing relay for line is set to voltage difference of 30 % and phase angle difference of 30
.
Recommended SettingsVoltage setting: 4 * 7.5 %Phase angle setting: 6 * 5
Connect 110 V if phase to phase voltage is connected
5(a) REL 511 (21) - RISHIKESH FEEDER
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
System Particulars :-A)Line parameters
1)Rated line voltage - 400 kV2)Line length - 189 Km3)Max power flow in the line - 7109.02 MVA4)Positive sequence resistance - 0.029792 ohms/km5)Positive sequence reactance - 0.332 ohms/km6)Zero sequence resistance - 0.16192 ohms/km7)Zero sequence reactance - 1.24 ohms/km
B)CT/PT details1)CT primary rating - 1000A2)CT secondary rating - 6A3)PT primary rating - 400000 V4)PT secondary rating - 110 V
C)Source Impedance1)Fault MVA at local end - 1694.61MVA2)Fault MVA at remote end - 1694.61 MVA(assumed)3)Source impedance angle - 80º (assumed)
E)Fault resistance 1)Fault resistance in primary for phase-earth faults - 20 ohms 2)Fault resistance in primary for phase-phase faults - 5 ohms
Relay details:-In=1A,Un=110V
Calculations :-
Impedance ratio = CTR/PTR= (1000/6) /(400000/110)
= 0.045833Positive sequence line resistance in secondary,R1 = 0.029792 x 189 x 0.045833
= 0.2580 ohmsPositive sequence line reactance in secondary,X1 = 0.332 x 189 x 0.045833
= 2.8759 ohmsZero sequence line resistance in secondary,R0 = 0.16192 x 189 x 0.045833
= 1.4026 ohmsZero sequence line reactance in secondary,X0 = 1.24 x 189 x 0.045833
= 10.7414 ohms
Fault resistance in secondary for phase-earth faults , Rfe = 20 x 0.045833= 0.9167 ohms
Fault resistance in secondary for phase-phase faults , Rfp = 5 x 0.045833= 0.2291 ohms
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
Zone-1 is set to protect 80% of the lineZone-2 is set to protect (120% of the line)Zone-3 is set to protect (200% of the line)Zone-4 is set to protect 20% of the Line in the reverse direction
Zone-1 settingPositive sequence resistance , R1PP&R1PE = 0.8 x 0.2580
= 0.2064 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X1PP&X1PE = 0.8 x 2.8759
= 2.3007 ohms/phaseZero sequence resistance , R0PE = 0.8 x 1.4026
= 1.1221 ohms/phaseZero sequence reactance , X0PE = 0.8 x 10.7414 = 8.5931 ohms/phase
Resistive reach for phase-phase faults, RFPP = 2 x Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 3X }
= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (0.2291, 2.3007 x 0.4663 + 0.2064) , 3 x 2.3007}= 2 x Min {1.2792, 6.9021 }= 2.5584 ohms / loop
Resistive reach for phase-earth, RFPE = Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 4.5X }
= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (0.9167 , 2.3007 x 0.4663 +0.2064) , 4.5 x 2.3007}= Min { 1.2792 , 10.3532 }= 1.2792 ohms / loop
Zone-2 settingPositive sequence resistance , R1PP&R1PE = 1.2 x 0.2580
= 0.3096 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X1PP&X1PE = 1.2 x 2.8759
= 3.4511 ohms/phaseZero sequence resistance , R0PE = 1.2 x 1.4026
= 1.6831 ohms/phaseZero sequence reactance , X0PE = 1.2 x 10.7414
= 12.8897 ohms/phase
Resistive reach for phase-phase faults, RFPP = 2 x Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 3X }
= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (0.2291 , 3.4511 x 0.4663 + 0.3096) , 3 x 3.4511}= 2 x Min { 1.9188, 10.3533 }= 3.8376 ohms / loop
Resistive reach for phase-earth, RFPE = Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 4.5X }
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (0.9167 , 3.4511 x 0.4663 + 0.3096) , 4.5 x 3.4511}= Min { 1.9188 , 15.5299 }= 1.9188 ohms/ loop
Zone-3 settingPositive sequence resistance , R1PP&R1PE = 2 x 0.2580
= 0.516 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X1PP&X1PE = 2 x 2.8759
= 5.7518 ohms/phaseZero sequence resistance , R0PE = 2 x 1.4026
= 2.8052 ohms/phaseZero sequence reactance , X0PE = 2 x 10.7414
= 21.4828 ohms/phase
Resistive reach for phase-phase faults, RFPP = 2 x Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 3X }
= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (0.2291 , 5.7518 x 0.4663 + 0.516) , 3 x 5.7518}= 2 x Min { 3.1981 , 17.2554 }= 6.3962 ohms / loop
Resistive reach for phase-earth, RFPE = Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 4.5X }
= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (0.9167 , 5.7518 x 0.4663 + 0.516) , 4.5 x 5.7518}= Min { 3.1981, 25.8831 }= 3.1981 ohms / loop
Zone-4 setting (reverse)Positive sequence resistance , R1PP&R1PE = 0.2 x 0.2580
= 0.0516 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X1PP&X1PE = 0.2 x 2.8759
= 0.5752ohms/phaseZero sequence resistance , R0PE = 0.2 x 1.4026
= 0.2805ohms/phaseZero sequence reactance , X0PE = 0.2 x 10.7414
= 2.1483 ohms/phase
Resistive reach for phase-phase faults, RFPP = 2 x Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 3X }
= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (0.2291 , 0.5752 x 0.4663 + 0.0516) , 3 x 0.5752}= 2 x Min { 0.3198 , 1.7256}= 0.6396 ohms / loop
Resistive reach for phase-earth, RFPE = Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 4.5X }
= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (0.9167 , 0.5752 x 0.4663 + 0.0516) , 4.5 x 0.5752
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
= Min { 0.9167 , 2.5884 }= 0.9167 ohms / loop
General Fault Criteria (GFC)
GFC is an overall impedance-measuring element with a very high reach and long time delay for its tripping function. The GFC characteristics should in general cover all the impedance measuring zones used for distance protection ,regardless of their directionality. Normally set to 2 times of zone-3 with a limit on the resistive direction so that the characteristics does not enter the load area.
Positive sequence reactance for ph-ph & ph-e elements in the forward direction ,X1FwPP & X1FwPE= 2 x X3 =2 x 5.7518= 11.5036 ohms/ phase
Positive sequence reactance for ph-ph & ph-e elements in the reverse direction ,X1RvPP & X1RvPE= 2 x X4 =2 x 0.5752 = 1. 1504 ohms/ phase
Positive sequence resistance for ph-ph faults for forward & reverse reach , RFPP= (2[2*R3 + RFPP]) = (2 [2 x 0.516 + 6.3962])= 14. 8564 ohms/loop
Positive sequence resistance for ph-e faults for forward & reverse reach , RFPE= (2[1/3(2R3 + R03)+RFPE])= (2[1/3(2 x 0.516+ 2.8052) + 3.1981])= 8.9541 ohms/loop
Zero sequence reactance for ph-e elements in the forward & reverse direction, X0FwPE & X0RvPE = 2 x X03= 2 x X0PE= 2 x 21.4828=42.9656 ohms/phase
The resistive reach in the load impedance area , RLd = Max(RFPP,RFPE) = Max (6.3962,3.1981) = 6.3962 ohms/loop
Load Angle, ARGLd = 25º (Assumed)
Power Swing Block FunctionThe reach of the inner characteristic in the resistive and reactive direction is set so that the inner
characteristics covers completely all the distance protection zones,which are to be blocked by the PSD function.At least 10% of additional safety margin is considered.
Reactive reach of the inner characteristics of the power swing blocking element , X1IN= 1.1 x X3= 1.1 x X1PP= 1.1 x 5.7518 = 6.3270 ohms/phase
Resistive reach of the inner characteristics of the power swing blocking element , R1IN= 1.1 (2R3 +RFPP)= 1.1 (2 x 0.516 + 6.3962)= 8.168 ohms/phase
Reach multiplication for the outer reactive boundary, KX = 125%(recommended)Reach multiplication for the outer reactive boundary, KR = 125%(recommended)
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
Setting Recommendations:-
1) Zone-1:-R1PP & R1PE = 0.2064X1PP & X1PE = 2.3007R0PE = 1.1221X0PE = 8.5931RFPP = 2.5584RFPE = 1.2792
2) Zone-2 :-R1PP & R1PE = 0.3096X1PP & X1PE = 3.4511R0PE = 1.6831X0PE = 12.8897RFPP = 3.8376RFPE = 1.9188t2PP & t2PE = 0.400 s (time delay for trip)
3) Zone-3 :-R1PP & R1PE = 0.516X1PP & X1PE = 5.7518R0PE = 2.8052X0PE = 21.4828RFPP = 6.3962RFPE = 3.1981t3PP & t3PE = 0.800 s(time delay for trip) 4) Zone-4:- (reverse)R1PP & R1PE = 0.0516X1PP & X1PE = 0.5752R0PE = 0.2805X0PE = 2.1483RFPP = 0.6396RFPE = 0.9167t4PP & t4PE = 0.250 s (time delay for trip)
5) GFC :-X1FwPP & X1FwPE = 11.5036X1RvPP & X1RvPE = 1.1504RFPP = 14.8564RFPE = 8.9541X0FwPE & X0RvPE = 42.9656RLd = 6.3962ARGLd = 25º
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
tPP & tPE = 2s(time delay for trip)
6) PSB :-X1IN = 6.3270R1IN = 8.168KX = 125RX = 125tP1 = 0.045s(Initial PSD timer for the first swing)tP2 = 0.015s(Fast PSD timer for the consecutive swings within tW)tW = 0.250s(Hold timer for the activation of fast PSD timer)tH = 0.5s (Hold Timer for PSD detected)tEF = 60s(Timer overcoming 1-Ph reclosing dead time)tR1 = 0.300s(Timer to time delay block by the residual current)tR2 = 2.00s (On delay timer for blocking of output signal at very slow swings
The time delays tP1,tP2,tW,tH,tEF,tR1,tR2 are recommendations and the same need to be set in accordance with the system studies.
5(b) Breaker Failure Protection - 50 - RAICA
Relay Detail:RXIB range: 0 .2-3ATime delay: 20 ms - 99 hrs
System Particulars:CT ratio = 1000 / 6A
Calculations:Setting of LBB should be as sensitive or more sensitive than the most sensitive protection of the unit. The most sensitive protection of the unit is Reverse power protection which is set at 5%. Hence the setting recommended is 5% of the rated current
The rated current is (7109.02 x 106) / (√3 x 400 x 103) = 10261.29 A5% of this corresponds to 0.05 x 10261.29 = 513.06 AThe secondary current is 513.06 x 6 / 1000 =3.0786 A
Setting recommended = 3.1 ATime Delay : The time delay should include RXIB pickup time + Breaker opening time + Reset time of RXIB24 + Marginie., the time delay = 4ms + 60ms + 12ms + 75ms ( Assuming 3 cycle breaker)
= 150ms5(c) Auto reclose RAAAM
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Dead Time: A time between the fault clearing and the reclosing shot is necessary to allow for the arc de-ionisation. The dead time setting corresponds to the time between the auto reclosing start and the reclosing shot. In the event of a single phase fault and single phase tripping in long lines, the de-ionisation time will be longer than with three phase tripping due to capacitive coupling to the healthy phases.Single phase dead time is recommended to be set to 1secThree phase dead time is recommended to be set to 600msecReclaim Time: The reclaim time is the time during which a new start of the auto-reclosing is blocked. It is chosen considering the breaker duty cycle, which specifies the minimum allowed time between successive breaker reclosing attempts, so that an eventual tripping and reclosing on to permanent faults, will neither deteriorate the breaker capacity nor damage the breaker. Typical value = 30 sec.
5(d) Under Voltage Protection – 27P - RXEG
Relay Details:RXEG range: 40 - 120 V
Calculations:Under voltage 1st stage is set to 85% of the rated voltage.Setting of RXEG = 0.85 x 110 = 93.5 VTime delay 1st stage – 3 sec.Under voltage 2nd stage is set to 80% of the rated voltage.Setting of RXEG = 0.8 x 110 = 88 VTime delay 2nd stage – 1 sec.
Recommended Settings:RXEG 1st stage setting = (2.34 x 40)RXEG 2nd stage setting = (2.2 x 40)Timers Stage I = 3 secStage II = 1 sec
5(e) Check Synchronizing Relay RASC:
Relay Details:Voltage difference: 7.5 - 67.5 % in steps of 7.5%Phase angle difference: 5 - 75 in steps of 5
Calculations:
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Issued by Dept . Yr. Wk
UASE 06 40
Drg. No.
YN1M 300 624-SETYr. wk
06 40
UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
Check synchronizing relay for line is set to voltage difference of 30 % and phase angle difference of 30
.
Recommended SettingsVoltage setting: 4 * 7.5 %Phase angle setting: 6 * 5
Connect 110 V if phase to phase voltage is connected
5(f) LZ96 Distance Relay
System Particulars :-A)Line parameters
1)Rated line voltage - 400 kV2)Line length - 189 Km3)Max power flow in the line - 7109.02 MVA4)Positive sequence resistance - 0.029792 ohms/km5)Positive sequence reactance - 0.332 ohms/km6)Zero sequence resistance - 0.16192 ohms/km7)Zero sequence reactance - 1.24 ohms/km
B)CT/PT details1)CT primary rating - 1000 A2)CT secondary rating - 6 A3)PT primary rating - 400000 V4)PT secondary rating - 110 V
C)Source Impedance1)Fault MVA at local end - 1694.61MVA2)Fault MVA at remote end - 1694.61 MVA(assumed)3)Source impedance angle - 80º (assumed)
E)Fault resistance 1)Fault resistance in primary for phase-earth faults - 20 ohms 2)Fault resistance in primary for phase-phase faults - 5 ohms
Relay details:-In=1A,Un=110V
Calculations :-
Impedance ratio = CTR/PTR= (1000/6) /(400000/110)
= 0.045833Positive sequence line resistance in secondary,R1 = 0.029792 x 189 x 0.4
Checked by Nagendra Description
UTTARANCHAL POWER CORPORATION LIMITEDPrepared by Sarith Madhu Order Ref
415229Rev00
Sheet39/73
Issued by Dept . Yr. Wk
UASE 06 40
Drg. No.
YN1M 300 624-SETYr. wk
06 40
UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
= 0.258073 ohmsPositive sequence line reactance in secondary,X1 = 0.332 x 189 x 0.4
= 2.87595 ohmsZero sequence line resistance in secondary,R0 = 0.16192 x 189 x 0.4
= 46.81152 ohmsZero sequence line reactance in secondary,X0 = 1.24 x 189 x 0.4
= 93.744 ohms
Zone-1 is set to protect 80% of the lineZone-2 is set to protect (120% of the line)Zone-3 is set to protect (200% of the line)Zone-4 is set to protect 20% of the Line in the reverse direction
Zone-1 settingPositive sequence resistance R1 = 0.8 x 0.258073
= 0.206459 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance X1 = 0.8 x 2.87595
= 2.30076 ohms/phase Z1 = 0.206459+j 2.30076 ohms/phase │Z1│= 2.31 ohms/phase Zone-2 settingPositive sequence resistance R1 = 1.2 x 0.258073
= 0.309668 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance X1 = 1.2 x.2.87595
= 3.45114 ohms/phase Z2 = 0.309668+j3.45114 ohms/phase
│Z2│ = 3.46501 ohms/phaseZone-3 settingPositive sequence resistance , R1 = 2 x 0.258073
= 0.516146 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X2 = 2 x 2.87595
= 5.7519 ohms/phase Z3 = 0.516146+j5.7519 ohms/phase │Z3│ = 5.77501 ohms/phaseZone-4 settingPositive sequence resistance , R1 = 0.2 x 0.258073
= 0.05162 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X1 = 0.2 x 9.74175
= 0.5752 ohms/phase Z4 = 0.05162+j0.5752 ohms/phase
│Z4│ = 0.5723 ohms/phase
Setting of Distance ZonesThe values of Zi (i=1,2,3) for the zones can be set using the formula : Zi = ZM * mi * 100/Ni Ohms/phase m = 1,10,100 m1/N1 = Z1/(100*ZM)
Checked by Nagendra Description
UTTARANCHAL POWER CORPORATION LIMITEDPrepared by Sarith Madhu Order Ref
415229Rev00
Sheet40/73
Issued by Dept . Yr. Wk
UASE 06 40
Drg. No.
YN1M 300 624-SETYr. wk
06 40
UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
= 6.9543/(100*0.1) m1/N1 = 0.84782 m1= 100 N1 = 87 m2/N2 = Z2/(100*Zm) = 10.4433/(100*0.1) m2/N2 = 1.04433 m2 = 100 N2= 58 m3/N3 = Z3/(100*Zm) = 17.4055/(100*0.1) m3/N3 = 1.74055 m3= 100 N3= 35 REPLICA IMPEDANCE (ZM)= 0.02 REPLICA ANGLE (PHI-M) = 85
Setting Of Under Impedance Starter
ZA= (0.258073+j*2.87595)+(1.2*(0.029792+j*0.332)*189*0.045833) Load Impedance = 400*400/ 7109.02 ZA= 0.567761 +j 6.32709
ZA is less than 0.65 * Load Impedance. ZA is set according to the formula : ZA = 50 * ZM * 100/NA NA = 50*100*0.02/6.35251 Reverse to forward reach ratio kB = ZB/ZA = 0.3
Setting Of Zero Seq. Compensation Factor: ko= Z0-Z1/3*Z1 =((0.16192+j*1.24)-(0.029792+j*0.332))/(3*(0.029792+j*0.332)) =0.3
The Recommended Settings m1 = 100
N1 = 87
m2 = 100
N2 = 58
m3 = 100
Checked by Nagendra Description
UTTARANCHAL POWER CORPORATION LIMITEDPrepared by Sarith Madhu Order Ref
415229Rev00
Sheet41/73
Issued by Dept . Yr. Wk
UASE 06 40
Drg. No.
YN1M 300 624-SETYr. wk
06 40
UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
N3 = 35
ZM = 0.02
6(a) REL 511 (21) - MORADABAD FEEDER
System Particulars :-A)Line parameters
1)Rated line voltage - 400 kV2)Line length - 92.26 Km3)Max power flow in the line - 17084.91 MVA4)Positive sequence resistance - 0.029792 ohms/km5)Positive sequence reactance - 0.332 ohms/km6)Zero sequence resistance - 0.16192 ohms/km7)Zero sequence reactance - 1.24 ohms/km
B)CT/PT details1)CT primary rating - 1000A2)CT secondary rating - 6A3)PT primary rating - 400000 V4)PT secondary rating - 110 V
C)Source Impedance1)Fault MVA at local end - 1694.61MVA2)Fault MVA at remote end - 1694.61 MVA(assumed)3)Source impedance angle - 80º (assumed)
E)Fault resistance 1)Fault resistance in primary for phase-earth faults - 20 ohms 2)Fault resistance in primary for phase-phase faults - 5 ohms
Relay details:-In=1A,Un=110V
Calculations :-
Impedance ratio = CTR/PTR= (1000/6) /(400000/110)
= 0.045833Positive sequence line resistance in secondary,R1 = 0.029792 x 92.26 x 0.045833
= 0.1259 ohmsPositive sequence line reactance in secondary,X1 = 0.332 x 92.26 x 0.045833
= 1.4039 ohmsZero sequence line resistance in secondary,R0 = 0.16192 x 92.26 x 0.045833
Checked by Nagendra Description
UTTARANCHAL POWER CORPORATION LIMITEDPrepared by Sarith Madhu Order Ref
415229Rev00
Sheet42/73
Issued by Dept . Yr. Wk
UASE 06 40
Drg. No.
YN1M 300 624-SETYr. wk
06 40
UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
= 0.6847 ohmsZero sequence line reactance in secondary,X0 = 1.24 x 92.26 x 0.045833
= 5.2434 ohms
Fault resistance in secondary for phase-earth faults , Rfe = 20 x 0.045833= 0.9167 ohms
Fault resistance in secondary for phase-phase faults , Rfp = 5 x 0.045833= 0.2291 ohms
Zone-1 is set to protect 80% of the lineZone-2 is set to protect (120% of the line)Zone-3 is set to protect (200% of the line)Zone-4 is set to protect 20% of the Line in the reverse direction
Zone-1 settingPositive sequence resistance , R1PP&R1PE = 0.8 x 0.1259
= 0.10072 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X1PP&X1PE = 0.8 x 1.4039
= 1.1231 ohms/phaseZero sequence resistance , R0PE = 0.8 x 0.6847
= 0.5478 ohms/phaseZero sequence reactance , X0PE = 0.8 x 5.2434 = 4.1947 ohms/phase
Resistive reach for phase-phase faults, RFPP = 2 x Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 3X }
= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (0.2291, 1.1231 x 0.4663 + 0.10072) , 3 x 1.1231}= 2 x Min {0.6244, 3.3693 }= 1.2488 ohms / loop
Resistive reach for phase-earth, RFPE = Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 4.5X }
= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (0.9167 , 1.1231 x 0.4663 + 0.10072) , 4.5 x 1.1231}= Min { 0.9167 , 5.0539 }= 0.9167 ohms / loop
Zone-2 settingPositive sequence resistance , R1PP&R1PE = 1.2 x 0.1259
= 0.1511 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X1PP&X1PE = 1.2 x 1.4039
= 1.6847 ohms/phaseZero sequence resistance , R0PE = 1.2 x 0.6847
= 0.8216 ohms/phaseZero sequence reactance , X0PE = 1.2 x 5.2434
= 6.2921 ohms/phase
Checked by Nagendra Description
UTTARANCHAL POWER CORPORATION LIMITEDPrepared by Sarith Madhu Order Ref
415229Rev00
Sheet43/73
Issued by Dept . Yr. Wk
UASE 06 40
Drg. No.
YN1M 300 624-SETYr. wk
06 40
UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
Resistive reach for phase-phase faults, RFPP = 2 x Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 3X }
= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (0.2291 , 1.6847 x 0.4663 + 0.1511) , 3 x 1.6847}= 2 x Min { 0.9377, 5.0541 }= 1.8754 ohms / loop
Resistive reach for phase-earth, RFPE = Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 4.5X }
= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (0.9167 , 1.6847 x 0.4663 + 0.1511) , 4.5 x 1.6847}= Min { 0.9377 , 7.5812 }= 0.9377 ohms/ loop
Zone-3 settingPositive sequence resistance , R1PP&R1PE = 2 x 0.1259
= 0.2518 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X1PP&X1PE = 2 x 1.4039
= 2.8078 ohms/phaseZero sequence resistance , R0PE = 2 x 0.6847
= 1.3694 ohms/phaseZero sequence reactance , X0PE = 2 x 5.2434
= 10.4868 ohms/phase
Resistive reach for phase-phase faults, RFPP = 2 x Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 3X }
= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (0.2291 , 2.8078 x 0.4663 + 0.2518) , 3 x 2.8078}= 2 x Min { 1.5611 , 5.6156 }= 3.1222 ohms / loop
Resistive reach for phase-earth, RFPE = Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 4.5X }
= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (0.2291 , 2.8078 x 0.4663 + 0.2518) , 4.5 x 5.7518}= Min { 1.5611, 25.8831 }= 1.5611 ohms / loop
Zone-4 setting (reverse)Positive sequence resistance , R1PP&R1PE = 0.2 x 0.1259
= 0.0252 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X1PP&X1PE = 0.2 x 1.4039
= 0.2808ohms/phaseZero sequence resistance , R0PE = 0.2 x 0.6847
= 0.1369ohms/phaseZero sequence reactance , X0PE = 0.2 x 5.2434
= 1.0487 ohms/phase
Resistive reach for phase-phase faults,
Checked by Nagendra Description
UTTARANCHAL POWER CORPORATION LIMITEDPrepared by Sarith Madhu Order Ref
415229Rev00
Sheet44/73
Issued by Dept . Yr. Wk
UASE 06 40
Drg. No.
YN1M 300 624-SETYr. wk
06 40
UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
RFPP = 2 x Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 3X } = 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (0.2291 , 0.2808 x 0.4663 + 0.0252) , 3 x 0.2808}= 2 x Min { 0.2291 , 0.8424}= 0.4582 ohms / loop
Resistive reach for phase-earth, RFPE = Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 4.5X }
= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (0.9167 , 0.2808 x 0.4663 + 0.0252) , 4.5 x 0.2808}= Min { 0.9167 , 1.2636 }= 0.9167 ohms / loop
General Fault Criteria (GFC)
GFC is an overall impedance-measuring element with a very high reach and long time delay for its tripping function. The GFC characteristics should in general cover all the impedance measuring zones used for distance protection ,regardless of their directionality. Normally set to 2 times of zone-3 with a limit on the resistive direction so that the characteristics does not enter the load area.
Positive sequence reactance for ph-ph & ph-e elements in the forward direction ,X1FwPP & X1FwPE= 2 x X3 =2 x 2.8078= 5.6156 ohms/ phase
Positive sequence reactance for ph-ph & ph-e elements in the reverse direction ,X1RvPP & X1RvPE= 2 x X4 =2 x 0.2808 = 0.5616 ohms/ phase
Positive sequence resistance for ph-ph faults for forward & reverse reach , RFPP= (2[2*R3 + RFPP]) = ( 2 [2 x 0.2518 + 3.1222] )= 7.2516 ohms/loop
Positive sequence resistance for ph-e faults for forward & reverse reach , RFPE= (2[1/3(2R3 + R03)+RFPE])= (2[1/3(2 x 0.2518+ 1.3694)+1.5611])= 1.3709 ohms/loop
Zero sequence reactance for ph-e elements in the forward & reverse direction, X0FwPE & X0RvPE = 2 x X03= 2 x X0PE= 2 x 10.4868=20.9736 ohms/phase
The resistive reach in the load impedance area , RLd = Max(RFPP,RFPE) = Max (3.1222.1.5611) = 3.1222 ohms/loop
Load Angle, ARGLd = 25º (Assumed)
Checked by Nagendra Description
UTTARANCHAL POWER CORPORATION LIMITEDPrepared by Sarith Madhu Order Ref
415229Rev00
Sheet45/73
Issued by Dept . Yr. Wk
UASE 06 40
Drg. No.
YN1M 300 624-SETYr. wk
06 40
UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
Power Swing Block FunctionThe reach of the inner characteristic in the resistive and reactive direction is set so that the inner
characteristics covers completely all the distance protection zones,which are to be blocked by the PSD function.At least 10% of additional safety margin is considered.
Reactive reach of the inner characteristics of the power swing blocking element , X1IN= 1.1 x X3= 1.1 x X1PP= 1.1 x 2.8078 = 3.08858 ohms/phase
Resistive reach of the inner characteristics of the power swing blocking element , R1IN= 1.1 (2R3 +RFPP)= 1.1 ( 2 x 0.2518 + 3.1222)= 3.9084 ohms/phase
Reach multiplication for the outer reactive boundary, KX = 125%(recommended)Reach multiplication for the outer reactive boundary, KR = 125%(recommended)
Setting Recommendations:-
1) Zone-1:-R1PP & R1PE = 0.10072X1PP & X1PE = 1.1231R0PE = 0.5478X0PE = 4.1947RFPP = 1.2488RFPE = 0.9167
2) Zone-2 :-R1PP & R1PE = 0.1511X1PP & X1PE = 1.6847R0PE = 0.8216X0PE = 6.2921RFPP = 1.8754RFPE = 0.9377t2PP & t2PE = 0.400 s (time delay for trip)
3) Zone-3 :-R1PP & R1PE = 0.2518X1PP & X1PE = 2.8078R0PE = 1.3694X0PE = 10.4868RFPP = 1.3222RFPE = 1.5611t3PP & t3PE = 0.800 s(time delay for trip) 4) Zone-4:- (reverse)R1PP & R1PE = 0.0252X1PP & X1PE = 0.2808
Checked by Nagendra Description
UTTARANCHAL POWER CORPORATION LIMITEDPrepared by Sarith Madhu Order Ref
415229Rev00
Sheet46/73
Issued by Dept . Yr. Wk
UASE 06 40
Drg. No.
YN1M 300 624-SETYr. wk
06 40
UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
R0PE = 0.1369X0PE = 1.0487RFPP = 0.4582RFPE = 0.9167t4PP & t4PE = 0.250 s (time delay for trip)
5) GFC :-X1FwPP & X1FwPE = 5.6156X1RvPP & X1RvPE = 0.5616RFPP = 7.2516RFPE = 1.3709X0FwPE & X0RvPE = 20.9736RLd = 3.1222ARGLd = 25ºtPP & tPE = 2s(time delay for trip)
6) PSB :-X1IN = 3.08858R1IN = 3.9084KX = 125RX = 125tP1 = 0.045s(Initial PSD timer for the first swing)tP2 = 0.015s(Fast PSD timer for the consecutive swings within tW)tW = 0.250s(Hold timer for the activation of fast PSD timer)tH = 0.5s (Hold Timer for PSD detected)tEF = 60s(Timer overcoming 1-Ph reclosing dead time)tR1 = 0.300s(Timer to time delay block by the residual current)tR2 = 2.00s (On delay timer for blocking of output signal at very slow swings
The time delays tP1,tP2,tW,tH,tEF,tR1,tR2 are recommendations and the same need to be set in accordance with the system studies.
6(b) Breaker Failure Protection - 50 - RAICA
Relay Detail:RXIB range: 0 .2-3ATime delay: 20 ms - 99 hrs
System Particulars:CT ratio = 1000 / 6 A
Calculations:Setting of LBB should be as sensitive or more sensitive than the most sensitive protection of the unit. The most sensitive protection of the unit is Reverse power protection which is set at 5%. Hence the setting recommended is 5% of the rated current
Checked by Nagendra Description
UTTARANCHAL POWER CORPORATION LIMITEDPrepared by Sarith Madhu Order Ref
415229Rev00
Sheet47/73
Issued by Dept . Yr. Wk
UASE 06 40
Drg. No.
YN1M 300 624-SETYr. wk
06 40
UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
The rated current is (17084.91 x 106) / (√3 x 400 x 103) = 24660.67 A5% of this corresponds to 0.05 x 24660.67 = 1233.03 AThe secondary current is 1233.03 x 6 / 1000 =7.398 A
Setting recommended = 7.4 ATime Delay : The time delay should include RXIB pickup time + Breaker opening time + Reset time of RXIB24 + Marginie., the time delay = 4ms + 60ms + 12ms + 75ms ( Assuming 3 cycle breaker)
= 150ms6(c) Auto reclose RAAAM
Dead Time: A time between the fault clearing and the reclosing shot is necessary to allow for the arc de-ionisation. The dead time setting corresponds to the time between the auto reclosing start and the reclosing shot. In the event of a single phase fault and single phase tripping in long lines, the de-ionisation time will be longer than with three phase tripping due to capacitive coupling to the healthy phases.Single phase dead time is recommended to be set to 1secThree phase dead time is recommended to be set to 600msecReclaim Time: The reclaim time is the time during which a new start of the auto-reclosing is blocked. It is chosen considering the breaker duty cycle, which specifies the minimum allowed time between successive breaker reclosing attempts, so that an eventual tripping and reclosing on to permanent faults, will neither deteriorate the breaker capacity nor damage the breaker. Typical value = 30 sec.
6(d) Under Voltage Protection – 27P - RXEG
Relay Details:RXEG range: 40 - 120 V
Calculations:Under voltage 1st stage is set to 85% of the rated voltage.Setting of RXEG = 0.85 x 110 = 93.5 VTime delay 1st stage – 3 sec.Under voltage 2nd stage is set to 80% of the rated voltage.Setting of RXEG = 0.8 x 110 = 88 VTime delay 2nd stage – 1 sec.
Recommended Settings:RXEG 1st stage setting = (2.34 x 40)
Checked by Nagendra Description
UTTARANCHAL POWER CORPORATION LIMITEDPrepared by Sarith Madhu Order Ref
415229Rev00
Sheet48/73
Issued by Dept . Yr. Wk
UASE 06 40
Drg. No.
YN1M 300 624-SETYr. wk
06 40
UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
RXEG 2nd stage setting = (2.2 x 40)Timers Stage I = 3 secStage II = 1 sec
6(e) Check Synchronizing Relay RASC:
Relay Details:Voltage difference: 7.5 - 67.5 % in steps of 7.5%Phase angle difference: 5 - 75 in steps of 5
Calculations:Check synchronizing relay for line is set to voltage difference of 30 % and phase angle difference of 30
.
Recommended SettingsVoltage setting: 4 * 7.5 %Phase angle setting: 6 * 5
Connect 110 V if phase to phase voltage is connected
6(f) LZ96 Distance Relay
System Particulars :-A)Line parameters
1)Rated line voltage - 400 kV2)Line length - 92.26 Km3)Max power flow in the line - 17084.91 MVA4)Positive sequence resistance - 0.029792 ohms/km5)Positive sequence reactance - 0.332 ohms/km6)Zero sequence resistance - 0.16192 ohms/km7)Zero sequence reactance - 1.24 ohms/km
B)CT/PT details1)CT primary rating - 1000 A2)CT secondary rating - 6 A3)PT primary rating - 400000 V4)PT secondary rating - 110 V
C)Source Impedance1)Fault MVA at local end - 1694.61MVA2)Fault MVA at remote end - 1694.61 MVA(assumed)3)Source impedance angle - 80º (assumed)
Checked by Nagendra Description
UTTARANCHAL POWER CORPORATION LIMITEDPrepared by Sarith Madhu Order Ref
415229Rev00
Sheet49/73
Issued by Dept . Yr. Wk
UASE 06 40
Drg. No.
YN1M 300 624-SETYr. wk
06 40
UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
E)Fault resistance 1)Fault resistance in primary for phase-earth faults - 20 ohms 2)Fault resistance in primary for phase-phase faults - 5 ohms
Relay details:-In=1A,Un=110V
Calculations :-
Impedance ratio = CTR/PTR= (1000/1) /(400000/110)
= 0.275Positive sequence line resistance in secondary,R1 = 0.029792 x 107.794x 0.275
= 0.883 ohmsPositive sequence line reactance in secondary,X1 = 0.332 x 107.794 x 0.275
= 1.40389 ohmsZero sequence line resistance in secondary,R0 = 0.16192 x 92.26 x 0.045833
= 0.6847 ohmsZero sequence line reactance in secondary,X0 = 1.24 x 92.26 x 0.045833
= 5.2434 ohms
Zone-1 is set to protect 80% of the lineZone-2 is set to protect (120% of the line)Zone-3 is set to protect (200% of the line)Zone-4 is set to protect 20% of the Line in the reverse direction
Zone-1 settingPositive sequence resistance R1 = 0.8 x 0.125978
= 0.100782 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance X1 = 0.8 x 1.40389
= 1.12311 ohms/phase Z1 = 0.100782+j 1.12311 ohms/phase │Z1│= 1.12762 ohms/phase Zone-2 settingPositive sequence resistance R1 = 1.2 x 0.125978
= 0.151174 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance X1 = 1.2 x 1.40389
= 1.68467 ohms/phase Z2 = 0.151174+j1.6847 ohms/phase
│Z2│ = 1.69144 ohms/phaseZone-3 settingPositive sequence resistance , R1 = 2 x 0.125978
= 0.251976 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X2 = 2 x 1.40389
= 2.80778 ohms/phase Z3 = 0.251976+j2.80778 ohms/phase │Z3│ = 2.81906 ohms/phase
Checked by Nagendra Description
UTTARANCHAL POWER CORPORATION LIMITEDPrepared by Sarith Madhu Order Ref
415229Rev00
Sheet50/73
Issued by Dept . Yr. Wk
UASE 06 40
Drg. No.
YN1M 300 624-SETYr. wk
06 40
UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
Zone-4 settingPositive sequence resistance , R1 = 0.2 x 0.125978
= 0.0251976 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X1 = 0.2 x 1.40389
= 0.280778 ohms/phase Z4 = 0.0251976+j0.280778 ohms/phase
│Z4│ = 0.2819 ohms/phase
Setting of Distance ZonesThe values of Zi (i=1,2,3) for the zones can be set using the formula : Zi = ZM * mi * 100/Ni Ohms/phase m = 10 m1/N1 = Z1/(100*ZM) = 6.9543/(100*0.1) m1/N1 = 0.84782 m1= 10 N1 = 18 m2/N2 = Z2/(100*Zm) = 10.4433/(100*0.1) m2/N2 = 1.04433 m2 = 10 N2= 12 m3/N3 = Z3/(100*Zm) = 17.4055/(100*0.1) m3/N3 = 1.74055 m3= 100 N3= 71 REPLICA IMPEDANCE (ZM)= 0.02 REPLICA ANGLE (PHI-M) = 85
Setting Of Under Impedance Starter
ZA= (0.125978+j*1.40389)+(1.2*(0.029792+j*0.332)*92.26*0.0458333) Load Impedance = 400*400/ 17084.91 ZA= 1.60232 +j 18.7968
ZA is less than 0.65 * Load Impedance. ZA is set according to the formula : ZA = 50 * ZM * 100/NA NA = 50*100*0.02/3.10097 Reverse to forward reach ratio kB = ZB/ZA = 0.3
Setting Of Zero Seq. Compensation Factor: ko= Z0-Z1/3*Z1 =((0.16192+j*1.24)-(0.029792+j*0.332))/(3*(0.029792+j*0.332)) = 0.3
Checked by Nagendra Description
UTTARANCHAL POWER CORPORATION LIMITEDPrepared by Sarith Madhu Order Ref
415229Rev00
Sheet51/73
Issued by Dept . Yr. Wk
UASE 06 40
Drg. No.
YN1M 300 624-SETYr. wk
06 40
UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
The Recommended Settings m1 = 10
N1 = 18
m2 = 10
N2 = 12
m2 = 100
N1 = 71
ZM = 0.02
PHI-M = 85
kB = 0.3
7(a) REL 511 (21) - HALDWANI FEEDER
System Particulars :-A)Line parameters
1)Rated line voltage - 220 kV2)Line length - 53.5 Km3)Max power flow in the line - 2870.56 MVA4)Positive sequence resistance - 0.0748748 ohms/km5)Positive sequence reactance - 0.399252 ohms/km6)Zero sequence resistance - 0.219978 ohms/km7)Zero sequence reactance - 1.339228 ohms/km
B)CT/PT details1)CT primary rating - 800 A2)CT secondary rating - 1 A3)PT primary rating - 220000 V4)PT secondary rating - 110 V
C)Source Impedance1)Fault MVA at local end - 1694.61MVA2)Fault MVA at remote end - 1694.61 MVA(assumed)3)Source impedance angle - 80º (assumed)
E)Fault resistance 1)Fault resistance in primary for phase-earth faults - 20 ohms
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
2)Fault resistance in primary for phase-phase faults - 5 ohms
Relay details:-In=1A,Un=110V
Calculations :-
Impedance ratio = CTR/PTR= (800/1) /(220000/110)
= 0.4Positive sequence line resistance in secondary,R1 = 0.0748748 x 53.50 x 0.4
= 1.6023 ohmsPositive sequence line reactance in secondary,X1 = 0.399252 x 53.50 x 0.4
= 8.5440 ohmsZero sequence line resistance in secondary,R0 = 0.219978 x 53.50 x 0.4
= 4.7075 ohmsZero sequence line reactance in secondary,X0 = 1.339228 x 53.50 x 0.4
= 28. 6595 ohms
Fault resistance in secondary for phase-earth faults , Rfe = 20 x 0.4= 8 ohms
Fault resistance in secondary for phase-phase faults , Rfp = 5 x 0.4= 2 ohms
Zone-1 is set to protect 80% of the lineZone-2 is set to protect (120% of the line)Zone-3 is set to protect (200% of the line)Zone-4 is set to protect 20% of the Line in the reverse direction
Zone-1 settingPositive sequence resistance , R1PP&R1PE = 0.8 x 1.6023
= 1.2818 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X1PP&X1PE = 0.8 x 8.5440
= 6.8352 ohms/phaseZero sequence resistance , R0PE = 0.8 x 4.7075
= 3.766 ohms/phaseZero sequence reactance , X0PE = 0.8 x 28.6595 = 22.9276 ohms/phase
Resistive reach for phase-phase faults, RFPP = 2 x Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 3X }
= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (2, 6.8352 x 0.4663 + 1.28184) , 3 x 6.8352}= 2 x Min {4.4691, 20.5056 }= 8.9382 ohms / loop
Resistive reach for phase-earth, RFPE = Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 4.5X }
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (8 , 6.8352 x 0.4663 + 1.28184) , 4.5 x 6.8352}= Min { 8 , 30.8754 }= 8 ohms / loop
Zone-2 settingPositive sequence resistance , R1PP&R1PE = 1.2 x 1.6023
= 1.9228 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X1PP&X1PE = 1.2 x 8.554
= 10.2648 ohms/phaseZero sequence resistance , R0PE = 1.2 x 4.7075
= 5.649 ohms/phaseZero sequence reactance , X0PE = 1.2 x 28.6595
= 34.3914 ohms/phase
Resistive reach for phase-phase faults, RFPP = 2 x Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 3X }
= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (2 , 10.2648 x 0.4663 + 1.9228) , 3 x 10.2648}= 2 x Min { 6.7093, 30.7944 }= 13. 4186 ohms / loop
Resistive reach for phase-earth, RFPE = Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 4.5X }
= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (8 , 10.2648 x 0.4663 + 1.9228), 4.5 x 10.2648}= Min { 8 , 46.1916 }= 8 ohms/ loop
Zone-3 settingPositive sequence resistance , R1PP&R1PE = 2 x 1.6023
= 3.2046 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X1PP&X1PE = 2 x 8.554
= 17.108 ohms/phaseZero sequence resistance , R0PE = 2 x 4.7075
= 9.415 ohms/phaseZero sequence reactance , X0PE = 2 x 28.6595
= 57. 319 ohms/phase
Resistive reach for phase-phase faults, RFPP = 2 x Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 3X }
= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (2 , 17.108 x 0.4663 + 3.2046) , 3 x 17.108 }= 2 x Min { 11.1821 , 51.324 }= 22.3642 ohms / loop
Resistive reach for phase-earth, RFPE = Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 4.5X }
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (8, 17.108 x 0.4663 + 3.2046) , 4.5 x 17.108 }= Min { 11.1821, 76.986 }= 11.1821 ohms / loop
Zone-4 setting (reverse)Positive sequence resistance , R1PP&R1PE = 0.2 x 1.6023
= 0.3205 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X1PP&X1PE = 0.2 x 8.554
= 1.7108ohms/phaseZero sequence resistance , R0PE = 0.2 x 4.7075
= 0.9415 ohms/phaseZero sequence reactance , X0PE = 0.2 x 28.6595
= 5.7319 ohms/phase
Resistive reach for phase-phase faults, RFPP = 2 x Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 3X }
= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (2 , 1.7108 x 0.4663 + 0.3205) , 3 x 1.7108}= 2 x Min { 2 , 5.1324}= 4 ohms / loop
Resistive reach for phase-earth, RFPE = Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 4.5X }
= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (8 , 1.7108 x 0.4663 + 0.3205) , 4.5 x 1.7108 }= Min { 8 , 7.6986 }= 7. 6986 ohms/km
General Fault Criteria (GFC)
GFC is an overall impedance-measuring element with a very high reach and long time delay for its tripping function. The GFC characteristics should in general cover all the impedance measuring zones used for distance protection ,regardless of their directionality. Normally set to 2 times of zone-3 with a limit on the resistive direction so that the characteristics does not enter the load area.
Positive sequence reactance for ph-ph & ph-e elements in the forward direction ,X1FwPP & X1FwPE= 2 x X3 =2 x 17.108= 34.216 ohms/ phase
Positive sequence reactance for ph-ph & ph-e elements in the reverse direction ,X1RvPP & X1RvPE= 2 x X4 =2 x 1.7108 = 3.4216 ohms/ phase
Positive sequence resistance for ph-ph faults for forward & reverse reach , RFPP= (2[2*R3 + RFPP]) = ( 2 [2 x 3.2046 + 22.3642] )= 57. 5468 ohms/loop
Positive sequence resistance for ph-e faults for forward & reverse reach , RFPE= (2[1/3(2R3 + R03)+RFPE])= (2[1/3(2 x 3.2046 + 9.415)+11.1821])= 34. 391 ohms/loop
Zero sequence reactance for ph-e elements in the forward & reverse direction, X0FwPE & X0RvPE
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
= 2 x X03= 2 x X0PE= 2 x 51.319 = 102.638 ohms/phase
The resistive reach in the load impedance area , RLd = Max(RFPP,RFPE) = Max (22.3642,11.1821) = 22.3642 ohms/loop
Load Angle, ARGLd = 25º (Assumed)
Power Swing Block FunctionThe reach of the inner characteristic in the resistive and reactive direction is set so that the inner
characteristics covers completely all the distance protection zones,which are to be blocked by the PSD function.At least 10% of additional safety margin is considered.
Reactive reach of the inner characteristics of the power swing blocking element , X1IN= 1.1 x X3= 1.1 x X1PP= 1.1 x 17.108 = 18.8188 ohms/phase
Resistive reach of the inner characteristics of the power swing blocking element , R1IN= 1.1 (2R3 +RFPP)= 1.1 ( 2 x 3.2046 + 22.3642)= 31.6507 ohms/phase
Reach multiplication for the outer reactive boundary, KX = 125%(recommended)Reach multiplication for the outer reactive boundary, KR = 125%(recommended)
Setting Recommendations:-
1) Zone-1:-R1PP & R1PE = 1.2818X1PP & X1PE = 6.8352R0PE = 3.766X0PE = 22.9276RFPP = 8.9382RFPE = 8
2) Zone-2 :-R1PP & R1PE = 1.9228X1PP & X1PE = 10.2648R0PE = 5.649X0PE = 34.3914RFPP = 13.4186RFPE = 8t2PP & t2PE = 0.400 s (time delay for trip)
3) Zone-3 :-R1PP & R1PE = 3.2046X1PP & X1PE = 17.108
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
R0PE = 9.415X0PE = 57.319RFPP = 22.3642RFPE = 11.1821t3PP & t3PE = 0.800 s(time delay for trip) 4) Zone-4:- (reverse)R1PP & R1PE = 0.3205X1PP & X1PE = 1.7108R0PE = 0.9415X0PE = 5.7319RFPP = 2.2364RFPE = 1.1182t4PP & t4PE = 0.250 s (time delay for trip)
5) GFC :-X1FwPP & X1FwPE = 34.216X1RvPP & X1RvPE = 3.4216RFPP = 57.5468RFPE = 32.9031X0FwPE & X0RvPE = 102.638RLd = 22.3642ARGLd = 25ºtPP & tPE = 2s(time delay for trip)
6) PSB :-X1IN = 18.8188R1IN = 31.6507KX = 125RX = 125tP1 = 0.045s(Initial PSD timer for the first swing)tP2 = 0.015s(Fast PSD timer for the consecutive swings within tW)tW = 0.250s(Hold timer for the activation of fast PSD timer)tH = 0.5s (Hold Timer for PSD detected)tEF = 60s(Timer overcoming 1-Ph reclosing dead time)tR1 = 0.300s(Timer to time delay block by the residual current)tR2 = 2.00s (On delay timer for blocking of output signal at very slow swings
The time delays tP1,tP2,tW,tH,tEF,tR1,tR2 are recommendations and the same need to be set in accordance with the system studies.
7(b) Breaker Failure Protection - 50 - RAICA
Relay Detail:RXIB range: 0 .2-3A
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
Time delay: 20 ms - 99 hrs
System Particulars:CT ratio = 800 / 1A
Calculations:Setting of LBB should be as sensitive or more sensitive than the most sensitive protection of the unit. The most sensitive protection of the unit is Reverse power protection which is set at 5%. Hence the setting recommended is 5% of the rated current
The rated current is (2780.56 x 106) / (√3 x 220 x 103) = 7297.29 A5% of this corresponds to 0.05 x 7297.29 = 364.86 AThe secondary current is 364.86 / 800 =0.4561 A
Setting recommended = 0.5 ATime Delay : The time delay should include RXIB pickup time + Breaker opening time + Reset time of RXIB24 + Marginie., the time delay = 4ms + 60ms + 12ms + 75ms ( Assuming 3 cycle breaker)
= 150ms7(c) Auto reclose RAAAM
Dead Time: A time between the fault clearing and the reclosing shot is necessary to allow for the arc de-ionisation. The dead time setting corresponds to the time between the auto reclosing start and the reclosing shot. In the event of a single phase fault and single phase tripping in long lines, the de-ionisation time will be longer than with three phase tripping due to capacitive coupling to the healthy phases.Single phase dead time is recommended to be set to 1secThree phase dead time is recommended to be set to 600msecReclaim Time: The reclaim time is the time during which a new start of the auto-reclosing is blocked. It is chosen considering the breaker duty cycle, which specifies the minimum allowed time between successive breaker reclosing attempts, so that an eventual tripping and reclosing on to permanent faults, will neither deteriorate the breaker capacity nor damage the breaker. Typical value = 30 sec.
7(d) Under Voltage Protection – 27P - RXEG
Relay Details:RXEG range: 40 - 120 V
Calculations:
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
Under voltage 1st stage is set to 85% of the rated voltage.Setting of RXEG = 0.85 x 110 = 93.5 VTime delay 1st stage – 3 sec.Under voltage 2nd stage is set to 80% of the rated voltage.Setting of RXEG = 0.8 x 110 = 88 VTime delay 2nd stage – 1 sec.
Recommended Settings:RXEG 1st stage setting = (2.34 x 40)RXEG 2nd stage setting = (2.2 x 40)Timers Stage I = 3 secStage II = 1 sec
7(e) Check Synchronizing Relay RASC:
Relay Details:Voltage difference: 7.5 - 67.5 % in steps of 7.5%Phase angle difference: 5 - 75 in steps of 5
Calculations:Check synchronizing relay for line is set to voltage difference of 30 % and phase angle difference of 30
.
Recommended SettingsVoltage setting: 4 * 7.5 %Phase angle setting: 6 * 5
Connect 110 V if phase to phase voltage is connected
7(f) LZ96 Distance Relay
System Particulars :-A)Line parameters
1)Rated line voltage - 220 kV2)Line length - 53.5 Km3)Max power flow in the line - 2870.56 MVA4)Positive sequence resistance - 0.0748748 ohms/km5)Positive sequence reactance - 0.399252 ohms/km6)Zero sequence resistance - 0.219978 ohms/km7)Zero sequence reactance - 1.339228 ohms/km
B)CT/PT details1)CT primary rating - 800 A
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
2)CT secondary rating - 1 A3)PT primary rating - 220000 V4)PT secondary rating - 110 V
C)Source Impedance1)Fault MVA at local end - 1694.61MVA2)Fault MVA at remote end - 1694.61 MVA(assumed)3)Source impedance angle - 80º (assumed)
E)Fault resistance 1)Fault resistance in primary for phase-earth faults - 20 ohms 2)Fault resistance in primary for phase-phase faults - 5 ohms
Relay details:-In=1A,Un=110V
Calculations :-
Impedance ratio = CTR/PTR= (800/1) /(220000/110)
= 0.4Positive sequence line resistance in secondary,R1 = 0.0748748 x 53.50 x 0.4
= 1.6023 ohmsPositive sequence line reactance in secondary,X1 = 0.399252 x 53.50 x 0.4
= 8.5440 ohmsZero sequence line resistance in secondary,R0 = 0.219978 x 53.50 x 0.4
= 4.7075 ohmsZero sequence line reactance in secondary,X0 = 1.339228 x 53.50 x 0.4
= 28. 6595 ohms
Zone-1 is set to protect 80% of the lineZone-2 is set to protect (120% of the line)Zone-3 is set to protect (200% of the line)Zone-4 is set to protect 20% of the Line in the reverse direction
Zone-1 settingPositive sequence resistance R1 = 0.8 x 1.6023
= 1.2818 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance X1 = 0.8 x 8.5440
= 6.8352 ohms/phase Z1 = 1.2818+j6.8352 ohms/phase │Z1│= 6.9543 ohms/phase Zone-2 settingPositive sequence resistance R1 = 1.2 x 1.6023
= 1.9228 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance X1 = 1.2 x 8.554
= 10.2648 ohms/phase
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORPORATION LIMITEDPrepared by Sarith Madhu Order Ref
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
Z2 = 1.9228+j10.2648 ohms/phase │Z2│ = 10.4315 ohms/phase
Zone-3 settingPositive sequence resistance , R1 = 2 x 1.6023
= 3.2046 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X2 = 2 x 8.554
= 17.108 ohms/phase Z3 = 3.2046+j17.108 ohms/phase │Z3│ = 17.1629 ohms/phaseZone-4 settingPositive sequence resistance , R1 = 0.2 x 1.6023
= 0.3205 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X1 = 0.2 x 8.554
= 1.7108ohms/phase Z4 = 0.3205+j1.7108 ohms/phase
│Z4│ = 1.7056 ohms/phase
Setting of Distance ZonesThe values of Zi (i=1,2,3) for the zones can be set using the formula : Zi = ZM * mi * 100/Ni Ohms/phase m = 10 m1/N1 = Z1/(100*ZM) = 6.9543/(100*0.1) m1/N1 = 0.84782 m1= 10 N1 = 14 m2/N2 = Z2/(100*Zm) = 10.4433/(100*0.1) m2/N2 = 1.04433 m2 = 100 N2= 96 m3/N3 = Z3/(100*Zm) = 17.4055/(100*0.1) m3/N3 = 1.74055 m3= 100 N3= 58 REPLICA IMPEDANCE (ZM)= 0.1 REPLICA ANGLE (PHI-M) = 85
Setting Of Under Impedance Starter
ZA= (1.60232+j*8.54399)+(1.2*(0+j*0.399252)*53.5*0.4) Load Impedance = 220*220/ 2870.56 ZA= 1.60232 +j 18.7968
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
ZA is less than 0.65 * Load Impedance. ZA is set according to the formula : ZA = 50 * ZM * 100/NA NA = 50*100*0.1/18.865 Reverse to forward reach ratio kB = ZB/ZA = 0.3
Setting Of Zero Seq. Compensation Factor: ko= Z0-Z1/3*Z1 =((0.219978+j*1.33923)-(0.0748748+j*0.399252))/(3*(0.0748748+j*0.399252)) =0.3
The Recommended Settings m1 = 10
N1 = 14
m2 = 100
N2 = 96
m3 = 100
N3 = 58
ZM = 0.1
PHI-M = 85
ko = 0.3
kB = 0.3
8(a) REL 511 (21) – ALMORA FEEDER
System Particulars :-A)Line parameters
1)Rated line voltage - 220 kV2)Line length - 61 Km3)Max power flow in the line - 3783.99 MVA4)Positive sequence resistance - 0.0748748 ohms/km5)Positive sequence reactance - 0.399252 ohms/km6)Zero sequence resistance - 0.219978 ohms/km7)Zero sequence reactance - 1.339228 ohms/km
B)CT/PT details1)CT primary rating - 800 A
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
2)CT secondary rating - 1 A3)PT primary rating - 220000 V4)PT secondary rating - 110 V
C)Source Impedance1)Fault MVA at local end - 1694.61MVA2)Fault MVA at remote end - 1694.61 MVA(assumed)3)Source impedance angle - 80º (assumed)
E)Fault resistance 1)Fault resistance in primary for phase-earth faults - 20 ohms 2)Fault resistance in primary for phase-phase faults - 5 ohms
Relay details:-In=1A,Un=110V
Calculations :-
Impedance ratio = CTR/PTR = (800/1) /(220000/110)
= 0.4Positive sequence line resistance in secondary,R1 = 0.0748748 x 61x 0.4
= 1.8269 ohmsPositive sequence line reactance in secondary,X1 = 0.399252 x 61x 0.4
= 9.7417 ohmsZero sequence line resistance in secondary,R0 = 0.219978 x 61x 0.4
= 5.3675 ohmsZero sequence line reactance in secondary,X0 = 1.339228 x 61x 0.4
= 32.6772 ohms
Fault resistance in secondary for phase-earth faults , Rfe = 20 x 0.4= 8 ohms
Fault resistance in secondary for phase-phase faults , Rfp = 5 x 0.4= 2 ohms
Zone-1 is set to protect 80% of the lineZone-2 is set to protect (120% of the line)Zone-3 is set to protect (200% of the line)Zone-4 is set to protect 20% of the Line in the reverse direction
Zone-1 settingPositive sequence resistance , R1PP&R1PE = 0.8 x 1.8269
= 1.4615 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X1PP&X1PE = 0.8 x 9.7417
= 7.79336 ohms/phaseZero sequence resistance , R0PE = 0.8 x 5.3675
= 4.294 ohms/phase
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
Zero sequence reactance , X0PE = 0.8 x 32.6772 = 26.1418 ohms/phase
Resistive reach for phase-phase faults, RFPP = 2 x Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 3X }
= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (2, 7.79336 x 0.4663 + 1.4615) , 3 x 7.79336}= 2 x Min {5.0955, 23.3801 }= 10.191 ohms / loop
Resistive reach for phase-earth, RFPE = Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 4.5X }
= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (8 , 7.79336 x 0.4663 + 1.4615) , 4.5 x 7.79336}= Min { 8 , 35.0701 }= 8 ohms / loop
Zone-2 settingPositive sequence resistance , R1PP&R1PE = 1.2 x 1.8269
= 2.1923 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X1PP&X1PE = 1.2 x 9.7417
= 11.69004 ohms/phaseZero sequence resistance , R0PE = 1.2 x 5.3675
= 6.441 ohms/phaseZero sequence reactance , X0PE = 1.2 x 32.6772
= 39.2126 ohms/phase
Resistive reach for phase-phase faults, RFPP = 2 x Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 3X }
= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (2 , 11.69 x 0.4663 + 2.1923) , 3 x 11.69}= 2 x Min { 7.6433, 35.07 }= 15.2866 ohms / loop
Resistive reach for phase-earth, RFPE = Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 4.5X }
= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (8 , 11.69 x 0.4663 + 2.1923), 4.5 x 11.69}= Min { 8 , 52.61 }= 8 ohms/ loop
Zone-3 settingPositive sequence resistance , R1PP&R1PE = 2 x 1.8269
= 3.6538 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X1PP&X1PE = 2 x 9.7417
= 19.4834 ohms/phaseZero sequence resistance , R0PE = 2 x 5.3675
= 10.735 ohms/phase
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
Zero sequence reactance , X0PE = 2 x 32.6772= 65.3544 ohms/phase
Resistive reach for phase-phase faults, RFPP = 2 x Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 3X }
= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (2 , 19.4834 x 0.4663 + 3.6538) , 3 x 19.4834 }= 2 x Min { 12.7389 , 58.4502 }= 25.4778 ohms / loop
Resistive reach for phase-earth, RFPE = Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 4.5X }
= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (8, 19.4834 x 0.4663 + 3.6538) , 4.5 x 19.4834 }= Min { 12.7389, 87.6753 }= 12.7389 ohms / loop
Zone-4 setting (reverse)Positive sequence resistance , R1PP&R1PE = 0.2 x 1.8269
= 0.3654 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X1PP&X1PE = 0.2 x 9.7417
= 1.9483ohms/phaseZero sequence resistance , R0PE = 0.2 x 5.3675
= 1.0735 ohms/phaseZero sequence reactance , X0PE = 0.2 x 32.6772
= 6.5354 ohms/phase
Resistive reach for phase-phase faults, RFPP = 2 x Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 3X }
= 2 x Min { Max (Rfp , X1PP tan 25 +R1PP) , 3X1PP } = 2 x Min { Max (2 , 1.9483 x 0.4663 + 0.3564) , 3 x 1.9843}
= 2 x Min { 2 , 5.9529}= 4 ohms / loop
Resistive reach for phase-earth, RFPE = Min { Max (Fault resistance, X tan 25 +R) , 4.5X }
= Min { Max (Rfe , X1PE tan 25 +R1PE) , 4.5X1PE } = Min { Max (8 , 1.9483 x 0.4663 + 0.3564) , 4.5 x 1.9483 }= Min { 8 , 8.7674 }= 8 ohms/km
General Fault Criteria (GFC)
GFC is an overall impedance-measuring element with a very high reach and long time delay for its tripping function. The GFC characteristics should in general cover all the impedance measuring zones used for distance protection ,regardless of their directionality. Normally set to 2 times of zone-3 with a limit on the resistive direction so that the characteristics does not enter the load area.
Positive sequence reactance for ph-ph & ph-e elements in the forward direction ,X1FwPP & X1FwPE= 2 x X3 =2 x 19.4834= 38.9668 ohms/ phase
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
Positive sequence reactance for ph-ph & ph-e elements in the reverse direction ,X1RvPP & X1RvPE= 2 x X4 =2 x 1.9483 = 3.8966 ohms/ phase
Positive sequence resistance for ph-ph faults for forward & reverse reach , RFPP= (2[2*R3 + RFPP]) = ( 2 [2 x 3.6538 + 25.4778] )= 65.5708 ohms/loop
Positive sequence resistance for ph-e faults for forward & reverse reach , RFPE= (2[1/3(2R3 + R03)+RFPE])= (2[1/3(2 x 3.6538 + 10.735)+12.7389])= 37.5062 ohms/loop
Zero sequence reactance for ph-e elements in the forward & reverse direction, X0FwPE & X0RvPE = 2 x X03= 2 x X0PE= 2 x 65.3544 = 130.7088 ohms/phase
The resistive reach in the load impedance area , RLd = Max(RFPP,RFPE) = Max (25.4778,12.7389) = 25. 4778 ohms/loop
Load Angle, ARGLd = 25º (Assumed)
Power Swing Block FunctionThe reach of the inner characteristic in the resistive and reactive direction is set so that the inner
characteristics covers completely all the distance protection zones,which are to be blocked by the PSD function.At least 10% of additional safety margin is considered.
Reactive reach of the inner characteristics of the power swing blocking element , X1IN= 1.1 x X3= 1.1 x X1PP= 1.1 x 19.4834 = 21.4317 ohms/phase
Resistive reach of the inner characteristics of the power swing blocking element , R1IN= 1.1 (2R3 +RFPP)= 1.1 ( 2 x 3.6538 + 25.4778)= 36.0639 ohms/phase
Reach multiplication for the outer reactive boundary, KX = 125%(recommended)Reach multiplication for the outer reactive boundary, KR = 125%(recommended)
Setting Recommendations:-
1) Zone-1:-R1PP & R1PE = 1.4615X1PP & X1PE = 0.7934R0PE = 4.294X0PE = 26.1418RFPP = 10.191RFPE = 8
2) Zone-2 :-
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
R1PP & R1PE = 2.1923X1PP & X1PE = 11.69004R0PE = 6.441X0PE = 39.2126RFPP = 15.2866RFPE = 8t2PP & t2PE = 0.400 s (time delay for trip)
3) Zone-3 :-R1PP & R1PE = 3.6538X1PP & X1PE = 19.4834R0PE = 10.735X0PE = 65.3544RFPP = 25.47`78RFPE = 12.7389t3PP & t3PE = 0.800 s(time delay for trip) 4) Zone-4:- (reverse)R1PP & R1PE = 0.3654X1PP & X1PE = 1.9483R0PE = 1.0735X0PE = 6.5354RFPP = 4RFPE = 8t4PP & t4PE = 0.250 s (time delay for trip)
5) GFC :-X1FwPP & X1FwPE = 38.9668X1RvPP & X1RvPE = 3.8966RFPP = 65.5708RFPE = 37.5062X0FwPE & X0RvPE = 130.7088RLd = 25.4778ARGLd = 25ºtPP & tPE = 2s(time delay for trip)
6) PSB :-X1IN = 21.4317R1IN = 36.0639KX = 125RX = 125tP1 = 0.045s(Initial PSD timer for the first swing)tP2 = 0.015s(Fast PSD timer for the consecutive swings within tW)tW = 0.250s(Hold timer for the activation of fast PSD timer)tH = 0.5s (Hold Timer for PSD detected)tEF = 60s(Timer overcoming 1-Ph reclosing dead time)
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
tR1 = 0.300s(Timer to time delay block by the residual current)tR2 = 2.00s (On delay timer for blocking of output signal at very slow swings
The time delays tP1,tP2,tW,tH,tEF,tR1,tR2 are recommendations and the same need to be set in accordance with the system studies.
8(b) Breaker Failure Protection - 50 - RAICA
Relay Detail:RXIB range: 0 .2-3ATime delay: 20 ms - 99 hrs
System Particulars:CT ratio = 1000 / 1A
Calculations:Setting of LBB should be as sensitive or more sensitive than the most sensitive protection of the unit. The most sensitive protection of the unit is Reverse power protection which is set at 5%. Hence the setting recommended is 5% of the rated current
The rated current is (3783.99 x 106) / (√3 x 220 x 103) = 9930.69 A5% of this corresponds to 0.05 x 9930.69 = 496.53 AThe secondary current is 496.53 / 800 =0.6207 A
Setting recommended = 0.62 ATime Delay: The time delay should include RXIB pickup time + Breaker opening time + Reset time of RXIB24 + Marginie., the time delay = 4ms + 60ms + 12ms + 75ms ( Assuming 3 cycle breaker)
= 150ms
8(c) Auto reclose RAAAM
Dead Time: A time between the fault clearing and the reclosing shot is necessary to allow for the arc de-ionization. The dead time setting corresponds to the time between the auto reclosing start and the reclosing shot. In the event of a single phase fault and single phase tripping in long lines, the de-ionization time will be longer than with three phase tripping due to capacitive coupling to the healthy phases.Single phase dead time is recommended to be set to 1secThree phase dead time is recommended to be set to 600msecReclaim Time: The reclaim time is the time during which a new start of the auto-reclosing is blocked. It is chosen considering the breaker duty cycle, which
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
specifies the minimum allowed time between successive breaker reclosing attempts, so that an eventual tripping and reclosing on to permanent faults, will neither deteriorate the breaker capacity nor damage the breaker. Typical value = 30 sec.
8(d) Under Voltage Protection – 27P - RXEG
Relay Details:RXEG range: 40 - 120 V
Calculations:Under voltage 1st stage is set to 85% of the rated voltage.Setting of RXEG = 0.85 x 110 = 93.5 VTime delay 1st stage – 3 sec.Under voltage 2nd stage is set to 80% of the rated voltage.Setting of RXEG = 0.8 x 110 = 88 VTime delay 2nd stage – 1 sec.
Recommended Settings:RXEG 1st stage setting = (2.34 x 40)RXEG 2nd stage setting = (2.2 x 40)Timers Stage I = 3 secStage II = 1 sec
8(e) Check Synchronizing Relay RASC:
Relay Details:Voltage difference: 7.5 - 67.5 % in steps of 7.5%Phase angle difference: 5 - 75 in steps of 5
Calculations:Check synchronizing relay for line is set to voltage difference of 30 % and phase angle difference of 30
.
Recommended SettingsVoltage setting: 4 * 7.5 %Phase angle setting: 6 * 5
Connect 110 V if phase to phase voltage is connected
8(f) LZ96 Distance Relay
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
System Particulars :-A)Line parameters
1)Rated line voltage - 220 kV2)Line length - 61 Km3)Max power flow in the line - 2870.56 MVA4)Positive sequence resistance - 0.0748748 ohms/km5)Positive sequence reactance - 0.399252 ohms/km6)Zero sequence resistance - 0.219978 ohms/km7)Zero sequence reactance - 1.339228 ohms/km
B)CT/PT details1)CT primary rating - 800 A2)CT secondary rating - 1 A3)PT primary rating - 220000 V4)PT secondary rating - 110 V
C)Source Impedance1)Fault MVA at local end - 1694.61MVA2)Fault MVA at remote end - 1694.61 MVA(assumed)3)Source impedance angle - 80º (assumed)
E)Fault resistance 1)Fault resistance in primary for phase-earth faults - 20 ohms 2)Fault resistance in primary for phase-phase faults - 5 ohms
Relay details:-In=1A,Un=110V
Calculations :-
Impedance ratio = CTR/PTR= (800/1) /(220000/110)
= 0.4Positive sequence line resistance in secondary,R1 = 0.0748748 x 61 x 0.4
= 1.82695 ohmsPositive sequence line reactance in secondary,X1 = 0.399252 x 61 x 0.4
= 9.74175 ohmsZero sequence line resistance in secondary,R0 = 0.219978 x 61 x 0.4
= 5.3675 ohmsZero sequence line reactance in secondary,X0 = 1.339228 x 61 x 0.4
= 32.6772 ohms
Zone-1 is set to protect 80% of the lineZone-2 is set to protect (120% of the line)Zone-3 is set to protect (200% of the line)
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Zone-4 is set to protect 20% of the Line in the reverse direction
Zone-1 settingPositive sequence resistance R1 = 0.8 x 1.82695
= 1.46156 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance X1 = 0.8 x 9.74175
= 7.7934 ohms/phase Z1 = 1.46156+j 7.7934 ohms/phase │Z1│= 7.92926 ohms/phase Zone-2 settingPositive sequence resistance R1 = 1.2 x 1.82695
= 2.19233 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance X1 = 1.2 x 9.74175
= 11.6901 ohms/phase Z2 = 2.19233+j11.6901 ohms/phase
│Z2│ = 11.8939 ohms/phaseZone-3 settingPositive sequence resistance , R1 = 2 x 1.82695
= 3.2046 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X2 = 2 x 9.74175
= 17.108 ohms/phase Z3 = 3.2046+j17.108 ohms/phase │Z3│ = 19.8232 ohms/phaseZone-4 settingPositive sequence resistance , R1 = 0.2 x 1.82695
= 0.36539 ohms/phasePositive sequence reactance , X1 = 0.2 x 9.74175
= 1.94835 ohms/phase Z4 = 0.36539+j1.94835 ohms/phase
│Z4│ = 1.9823 ohms/phase
Setting of Distance ZonesThe values of Zi (i=1,2,3) for the zones can be set using the formula : Zi = ZM * mi * 100/Ni Ohms/phase m = 10 m1/N1 = Z1/(100*ZM) = 6.9543/(100*0.1) m1/N1 = 0.84782 m1= 10 N1 = 13 m2/N2 = Z2/(100*Zm) = 10.4433/(100*0.1) m2/N2 = 1.04433 m2 = 100 N2= 84 m3/N3 = Z3/(100*Zm) = 17.4055/(100*0.1)
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
m3/N3 = 1.74055 m3= 100 N3= 50 REPLICA IMPEDANCE (ZM)= 0.1 REPLICA ANGLE (PHI-M) = 85
Setting Of Under Impedance Starter
ZA= (1.82695+j*9.74175)+(1.2*(0.0748748+j*0.399252)*61*0.4) Load Impedance = 220*220/ 3783.99 ZA= 1.60232 +j 18.7968
ZA is less than 0.65 * Load Impedance. ZA is set according to the formula : ZA = 50 * ZM * 100/NA NA = 50*100*0.1/21.8055 Reverse to forward reach ratio kB = ZB/ZA = 0.3
Setting Of Zero Seq. Compensation Factor: ko= Z0-Z1/3*Z1 =((0.219978+j*1.33923)-(0.0748748+j*0.399252))/(3*(0.0748748+j*0.399252)) =0.3
The Recommended Settings m1 = 10
N1 = 13
m2 = 100
N2 = 84
m3 = 100
N3 = 50
ZM = 0.1
PHI-M = 85
ko = 0.3
kB = 0.3
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORP.LTD / SETTING CALCULATIONS
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UTTARANCHAL POWER CORPORATION LIMITEDPrepared by Sarith Madhu Order Ref
415229Rev00
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UASE 06 40
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YN1M 300 624-SETYr. wk
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