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BIO 156
Chapter 10
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The Nervous System
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The nervous system controls
body functions, but also
allows for higher functionssuch as thinking.
The nervous system consists
of two parts, the central and
peripheral nervous systems.
The central nervous
system (CNS) is made up
of the brain and spinalcord
The peripheral nervous
system (PNS) consists ofthe spinal and cranial
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In the CNS:
Receptors transmit sensory input to the CNS via sensory
neurons.The CNS integrates all sensory input and generates
appropriate responses.Motor output leaves the CNS in motor neurons.
In the PNS:
The peripheral consists of the somatic and the autonomic
subdivisions.The autonomic division controls involuntary actions.The somatic division largely controls voluntary actions.
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Structure and Function of the Neuron
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The fundamental unit of the nervous system is the neuron.
This highly specialized cell generates and transmits
bioelectric impulses.
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Nerve impulses result from the flow of ions across
their plasma membranes.
The electrical potential across the membrane is known as
the membrane potential or resting potential.
When a nerve cell is stimulated, its plasma membrane
increases its permeability to sodium ions.
Sodium ions rush in, causing depolarization down the
membrane.
Depolarization is followed by repolarization.
The depolarization and repolarization of the neurons
plasma membrane constitute a bioelectric impulse or action
potential.
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Action Potential
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Nerve impulses travel
from one neuron toanother across
synapses.
When an impulse
reaches the terminalbouton, it stimulates
the release of
neurotransmitters.
Neurotransmittersmay excite or inhibit
the postsynaptic
membrane.
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The spinal cord transmits information to and from the brainand houses many reflexes.
The nerves attached to the spinal cord carry motor andsensory impulses.
Two types of nerves emanate from the CNS: spinal andcranial.
Spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord and may besensory, motor, or mixed.
Cranial nerves attach to the brain and supply thestructures of the head and several key body parts.
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The Reflex Arc
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The Brain
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Hypothalamus
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The Reticular Activating System
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Cerebrospinal fluid
cushions the CNS.
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End of Chapter 10