Bio Review Lessons 35-42
By, Zain Qureshi
What is Phosphorylation?
It is when energy is put in to link phosphate (P) to ADP to form ATP
Energy in Food
Average human beings need 2,500 kilocalories.
One gram of sugar is equal to 3811 calories (not kilo)
Types of Respiration
Aerobic Respiration
Occurs in Cytoplasm and Mitochondria
C6 H12 O6 -----> 36 ATP + CO2 + H2O
Types of Respiration
Anaerobic
Occurs in cytoplasm
C6 + H12 + O6 2 ATP + CO2 + Alcohol
C6 + H12 + O6 2 ATP + Lactic Acid
Fermentation pathways make little ATP
Facultive vs. Obligate
Facultive- Can do aerobic or anaerobic
Obligate- Must do only one
This is Greg and Kavan’s childand Greg wanna fight? Kavanprobably just laughed
Glycolysis
Occurs in Cytoplasm
Splits Glucose into 2 pyruvate
Requires 2 ATP but later gains a net of 2 ATP
Phosphoglyceraldehide- 3 carbons attached two a phosphate group (This later becomes pyruvate)
NAD+ and FAD
Both carry electrons by carrying H
When they are reduced: NAD -> NADH
Fermentation
When no O2 is present fermentation occurs
2 Types- Lactic (Humans) and Alcoholic
Quick burst of energy (low ATP)
Causes muscle fatigue (lactic acid)
Cellular Respiration
ALWAYS has O2 present
Glucose is oxidized and O2 is reduced
Yields 36-38 ATP
3 stages- 1) Glycolysis, 2) Citric/Krebs cycle, and 3) Electron Transport System
Mitochondria
In the mitochondria the transition reaction, the Krebs cycle, and ETC occur.
The cristae is the inner folds, this is were ETC happens.
The matrix is the fluid (gel like), Krebs and transition occur there.
Transition Reaction
Is in between glycolysis and citric acid cycle.
Changes pyruvate to 2 carbon attached to an coenzyme called coenzyme A.
A carbon is lost during this!
Transportation Reaction
Citric Acid Cycle
Occurs in Matrix.
Four CO2 is taken away, and two ATP is gained, six Hydrogen is taken using NADH, and 2 FADH.
Also called Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
Happens in the cristae of the mitochondria
Also called oxidative phosphorylation
O2 combines with the H to form water
Per glucose there are 10 NADH and 2 FADH
H+ Ions flow from high to low
Addition of 32 ATP
NAD, FAD and ATP
1 NAD= 3 ATP
1 FAD= 2 ATP
* Remember LEO loss electrons OXIDATION and GER gain of electrons reduction
What is being Oxidized and Reduced?
Respiration of Protiens
During respiration the amino group must be removed (NH2) This is called deamination!
Respiration of Protiens
When the group is removed it attaches to a H and becomes AMONIA. This substance is very toxic and is used to clean (A substance which Jonny cleans his bathroom with)
This mixes with water and becomes URINE (Kavan and Greg drink this)
Respiration of Fats
Fats could be two categories Glycerol or Fatty Acids
Fats yield to most ATP but take long to respirate (to remember this think about Jonny he is fat, so he takes a long time to get up, but the amount of energy ATP he uses to get is a lot)
Respiration vs. Cellular Respiration
Breathing rate is determined by the level of CO2. It forces us to breath faster.
Respiration Burning
Little to no light Light
Low heat High heat
ENZYMES No enzymes
Respiration vs. Cellular Respiration
Series of reactions Single reaction
RESPIRATION IS MORE EFFICENT
Production Chart
Glycolysis Trans Krebs ETC
ATP 2 0 2 34
CO2 0 2 4 0
H2O 0 0 0 6
NADH 4 2 6 0
FADH 0 0 2 0
Question
During fermentation is pyruvate being oxidized or reduced?
Answer
REDUCED
Question
Catabolic Anabolic
Digestion Synthetic
Hydrolysis
Degradive
Which terms best describe cellular respiration?
Answer
ALL of them, due to the fact that respiration is a catabolic and anabolic process.
Question
How many waters are produced during cellular respiration?
Answer
6 H2O
Question
How many times is fermentation less efficient than respiration?
Answer
18x or 18 times less efficient
Question
What is the “summary equation” for cellular respiration?
Answer
Question
What is the role of O2 in cellular respiration?
Answer
FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR
Question
What are the intermediate electrons acceptors? (2)
Answer
FAD and NAD
Question
Gram for gram, sugars are not as god as fats as a source of energy for cellular respiration because sugars
A) Produce toxic amino groups when broken down
B) Contain more hydrogen
C) Are not as easily reduced
D) Contain fewer Hydrogen atoms and electrons
Answer
D
Questions
Order the following in terms of potential energy (high to low).
Glucose, ATP, NADH, FAD
Answer
1) Glucose (36-38 ATP)
2) NADH (3 ATP)
3) FAD (2 ATP)
4) ATP (1 ATP)
Question
What do all of the following have in common? What is the name for this process?
Oxygen, NAD+, FAD
Answer
All of them accept/carry electrons. The process of carrying electrons is called reduction.
Question
What gets oxidized in respiration? (5 things)
Answer
Glucose, pyruvic acid, Acetyl CoA, FADH, NADH
Question
What kind of reaction is respiration?
Answer
Respiration is a redox reaction.
It is also anabolic and catabolic.
Question
Highlight in red what is being oxidized and bold what is being reduced in this:
C6 H12 O6 + O2 CO2 + H20
Answer
C6 H12 O6 + O2 CO2 + H20
Question
Who is the most handsome kid in Bio period 1 honors?
A) Zain (OF COURSE)
B) Kavan (he is pretty hot but not as great as Zain)
C) Jonny (hes hot too)
D) Greg (NOPE)
Answer
ZAIN OF COURSE CHOICE A
Need more help?
Glycolysis- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FE2jfTXAJHg
Citric Acid Cycle-
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=juM2ROSLWfw
Electron Transport Chain-
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mfgCcFXUZRk