Biochips
Seminar: Engineering FrontiersFebruary 26th, 2003
Mike FaithDisha Sheth
Overview What is a Biochip? Its first occurrence and the history
behind its existence What are its uses and applications? Hurdles to overcome before the
technology becomes popular Who are the major researchers? What is the estimated market for
biochips?
Introduction Collection of miniaturized test sites
of living entities (microarrays) arranged on a solid substrate that permits many tests to be performed at the same time in order to achieve higher throughput, speed, accuracy and smaller size
A marriage between electronics and biology/medicine
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
In BriefBio + Chip = Biochip
• Bio: stands for any biological entity eg: protein, DNA
• Chip: a computer chip• Biochip: a mate between
biological entity and a computerGenome chips, Microarrays
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
The Idea behind Biochip Biology
• DNA was discovered in 1950• The Watson and Creek model was
developed in 1953• Protein sequences, DNA sequences
started getting discovered in 1980s Electronics
• Transistor was first invented in 1948• In 1980s 100,000 to 1 million
transistors• Brick wall due to size limitations
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
First IdeaMate Biology and Electronics
to overcome the brick wallLearn from natural
phenomena and improve the current medical technology
1980s was the first time Biological entities were put on nonliving substrate
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
Types of Biochips•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
Active
PositionEnergy supplier
implantable external
Interaction capture
Biochips
Function
Passive
Lab-on-chips
Tracking device Tracking and identification devices
in animals around 1983 for monitoring fishery
Now widely used in monitoring pets and animals in zoos
Implanted under the skin of the animal with a unique ID number
Works on Radio Frequency Identification
Made of Reader and Transponder
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
TransponderThe implantable biochipPassive Biochip: No BatteriesComposed of
• Microchip• Antenna coil• Tuning capacitor• Glass Capsule
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
Transponder Computer Chip: Stores the unique
ID number
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
Transponder Antenna Coil: Primitive Radio
antenna to receive and send signals
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
Transponder Tuning Capacitor: Charged by the
small (1/1000 of Watt) signal sent by the reader
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
Transponder Glass Capsule: Made of biocompatible
material such as soda lime glass, hermetically (air-tight) sealed, covered with Polypropylene polymer
Glass Capsule
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
Implant Injected by a Hypodermic syringe
beneath the skin Usually behind the neck in cats
and dogs
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
Reader/ScannerTransmits a small signal Charges the tuning capacitor ID number transmitted by the
transponder
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
Tracking device in Humans Works on the
same principles in general
Satellite will be able to track any human with the tracking biochip
Tracking Request
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
Social ConcernsBig Brother fear
• Federal government has not legalized the implant of tracking biochips in humans
Mark of the Beast fear• What if the tracking biochip has
the number 666?
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
Different Biochips•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
Biochip Manufacturing
Figure: http://www.affymetrix.com/technology/manufacturing/index.affx
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
Biochip Manufacturing
Figure: http://www.wired.com/news/medtech/0,1286,53861,00.html
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
Analysis using Biochip1. Sample intake2. Sample Processing3. Interaction
1. Glass cover2. Molecules to be
analyzed3. Microtube for feeding
the sample4. Biochip probes for
testingFigure: http://www.biochip.ru/en/anthr.html
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
Testing Equipments
Figure: http://www.biochip.ru/en/anthr.html
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
DNA Biochips DNA (Gene expression): Human Genome Project started in
1990 to study genomes Study of interactions of individual
genes in an organism• Requires simultaneous study of genes
Requires High-throughput
Figure: http://www.biochip.ru/en/anthr.html
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
Lab-on-Chip
Figure: http://www.biochip.ru/en/anthr.html
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
Technical ChallengesAttachment of living entity
with the silicon surfaceLimitation of visionBiocompatibility (Research
done at National Tsing Hua University)
Reliability
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
Overcome challengesMore experimentsMore funding by big
foundations like NSF• Eg: Human Genome project: $3
billion
Principal Players Industries
• Affymetrix: Pioneer in Genechip®
• Agilent Technologies: Production of Biochips (Lab-on-chips)
• Center of Biological Microchips, Russia (Biochip-IMB, USA): Production of TB-Biochips
• Intel, Motorola
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
Principal PlayersUniversities
• Prof Rashid Bashir, Purdue University developed first Protein Chip in 2000
• Stanford, Johns Hopkins, Washington and other universities
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
Motivation Improve Health care industryOvercome the brick wall in
electronicsOf course “Money”
Recently Past Market•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
Market ImpactsGreat Demand of Biochips
• Biochips expected to be involved in many surgical procedures
The worldwide biochip market will reach $950 million in sales by 2005.
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
Global Market of Biochips
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
Market ImpactsNew products and new players
will drive the market at a compound annual growth rate of 25% to 33%.
By 2006 the market is expected to reach 1.8 billion.
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
Market Impacts DNA chips will retain the largest
share of the biochip market reaching sales of $725 million in 2005
Lab chips are likely to find use in the broadest types of assays and are poised to reach $157 million in sales by 2005.
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
Market Impacts The protein biochips market was
worth about $76 million in 2001.
Sales of protein biochips have been predicted to top $700 million by 2006 which is almost 10 times its current size.
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
Market Analysis Affymetrix, Caliper and Ciphergen
currently dominate the market.
However emerging companies, such as Clinical Micro Sensors, ACLARA BioSciences and Phylos, will garner increased market share as customers look for low-cost and versatile products to meet their needs for new applications.
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
Market AnalysisThere are over 127 companies
currently involved in manufacturing, testing, and researching biochips.
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
I&O for next 5 yearsRapid grow from millions to
billions in sales.As biochip prices decrease,
they will become more visible in surgical procedures.
Biochip technology will improve reaching higher levels in medicine.
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
I&O long term$40 billion by 2010Consumers will see new and
better drugs on the market.
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
Quality of Life impacts Faster diagnosis of diseases Medicine will improve People will live longer healthier
lives. Biological warfare diagnoses
• (eg: Anthrax) Creates more jobs and improves
the economy.
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
SummaryBiochips is a very broad field
• Many different types of biochipsBiochips is going to set the
new trend in MedicineStill in research phase, but
soon will be commercially used
•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary
Further ResearchBiocompatibility: Not a lot of
research is done in making the Ics biocompatible
Artificial proteins and DNA More Tests need to be
conducted to make it more reliable
Reference Center of biological Microchips:
http://www.biochip.ru/en Affymetrix:
http://www.affymetrix.com/index.affx Agilent:
http://www.chem.agilent.com/Scripts/PDS.asp?lPage=51
http://www.av1611.org/666/biochip.html#Part3
http://www.biotechinsights.com/pages/biopr.html
Questions
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