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Dr.-Eng. Zayed Al-Hamamre
Biofuels
Lec 1: Introduction
Chemical Engineering Department | University of Jordan | Amman 11942, Jordan
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Content
Biomass
Biofuels types
Biofuel Production Technologies
Chemical Engineering Department | University of Jordan | Amman 11942, Jordan
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3Energy security
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“Let’s face it. It’s all about olive oil.”
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Alternatives to fossil fuels: Biomass
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What is meant by Biomass
• Materials produced by metabolic activities of biological systems (plants and animals) and/or products of their decomposition or conversion
• The materials are based on carbon compounds
• The chemical and energetic value of those materials is based on the carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bond
• Biomass suitable for utilization must have a net heating value
• Biomass is infact collected and stored solar energy
Chemical Engineering Department | University of Jordan | Amman 11942, Jordan
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Sources of Biomass
Agriculture
Residues from forestry, specific
industries (e.g. furniture production,
saw dust), food processing
Solid municipal and industrial wastes
Used wood e.g. from old furniture, used
timber
Marine systems: the oceans of our
world contain much more biomass than
existing on the continents (but they are
not regarded as a source of biomass for
energetic utilization)
Chemical Engineering Department | University of Jordan | Amman 11942, Jordan
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• Bio Mass from cattle manure, agricultural waste, forest residue and municipal waste.
• Anaerobic digestion of livestock wastes to give bio gas
• Fertilizers as by product.
Sources of Biomass
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• Coal
• Tyres
• Sugar Cane Bagasse
• Oil sludge/waste
• Energy crops
• Oil seed rape husks
• Rice and Corn husks
• Packaging Waste
• Chicken Waste
• Wood chips / waste
• Straw
• MSW-RDF
• Nut shells
• Sewage sludge
• Olive pips
• Bone meal
• Leather waste
• Animal litter
Biomass
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Carbon Neutral
• Energy is produced from biomass by basically burning organicmatter to release its stored chemical energy that it has accumulatedthrough the process of photosynthesis.
• Using biomass contributes very little to the build-up of greenhousegases.
• Although plants will release their stored carbon dioxide (CO2) whenburned, that CO2 is recaptured and used by other plants as theygrow.
• Therefore, theoretically there is no net gain of carbon dioxidebecause of a cycle of usage
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Some Definitions
• Bioenergy is energy of biological origin, derived from biomass, such as fuelwood, livestock manure, municipal waste, energy crops
• Biofuels are fuels produced from biomass, usually of agricultural origin– Bioethanol– Biodiesel– Biogas
• Energy crops are crops specifically cultivated to provide bioenergy, mainly biofuels but also (miscanthus, short rotation coppice, eucalyptus) other forms of energy
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• BIOFUELS are liquid or gaseous fuels produced
from biomass resources and used in place of, or in
addition to, diesel, petrol or other fossil fuels for
transport, stationary, portable and other applications.
• CATEGORIES• First generation biofuels (Bioalcohols,
Biodiesel, Vegetable oil, Bioethers, Biogas)
• Second generation biofuels (advanced biofuels like biohydrogen, biomethanol)
• Third generation biofuels (micro-organisms like algae)
14
Biofuels Types
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Biofuel made from sugar, starchy crops, vegetable oil or animal fat using conventional technology.
The starch from the basic feedstocks is fermented into bioethanol, or the vegetable oil through chemical process to biodiesel.
These feedstocks could instead enter the animal or human food chain.
They don’t seem to be more environment friendly than the fossil fuels.
First generation biofuels:
Biofuels Types
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First generation biofuels production scheme
PLANTS
ENZYMESSUGARS BiofuelsBIOFUELS
Sunlight
First generation biofuels:
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Problems
1. Competition with food usage (supplies and costs)
2. Bumper crops or poor harvest → instability
3. Can be real energy production? → Life Cycle Analysis is necessary
First generation biofuels:
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Second generation biofuels: use a
variety of non food crops,
including agricultural waste, wood
and grasses (lignocellulosic)
Second generation biofuels:
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Advantages vs 1st generation:
Increase quantitative potential for biofuel generation per hectare
Grow on poor, degradated soils where food crop production is not optimal
(Jatropha).
Less effects on commodity markets
Disadvantages:
More of these species can be invasive and have negative impacts on water
resources, biodiversity and agriculture
At the moment they are still more expensive than fossil fuels
Still under research and development for a significant commercial scale
Second generation biofuels:
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The third generation biofuels come from algae, that are low-input,
high-yield feedstock to produce Biofuels
Third generation biofuels:
Third generation biofuels:
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30 - 100 times more energy productive and effective
The Biomass leftover from oil pressing can be used for
animal feeding and ethanol production
Processing Biofuel from algae can capture large amount of
CO2
They are relatively easy to grow, but the algal oil is hard and
expensive to extract
Third generation biofuels:
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Colorado’s Solix Biofuels harvests algae with a field of bioreactors
Third generation biofuels:
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Marine algae:
10 times the oil content of oil palm
(Botryococcus braunii produce 75%
of their dry weight as hydrocarbons)
Chemical Engineering Department | University of Jordan | Amman 11942, Jordan
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Biofuels Types
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Biochemical Platform (Sugar)
Thermochemical Platform
• Pyrolysis • Gasification
Biogas Platform (Anaerobic Digestion)Biomass
Feedstock
Carbon Rich Chains Platform (Biodiesel)
Combined Heat & Power,
Fuels, Chemicals,
and Materials
Biochemical Platform (Sugar)
Thermochemical Platform
• Pyrolysis • Gasification
Biogas Platform (Anaerobic Digestion)Biomass
Feedstock
Carbon Rich Chains Platform (Biodiesel)
Combined Heat & Power,
Fuels, Chemicals,
and Materials
Biomass to Energy
Chemical Engineering Department | University of Jordan | Amman 11942, Jordan
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Oil bearing plants
Agricultural crops
and residues
Woody biomass
Industrial and
municipal waste
Biomass resources
Harvesting,
collection,
handling,
and storage
Supply systems Conversion
Biochemical
(fermentation)
Thermochemical
(gasification)
Chemical
(transesterification)
End products
Transportation fuels(biodiesel, bioethanol)
Heat
Electricity
Solid fuels(wood pellets, charcoal)
High added-value
chemicals(pharmaceuticals,
polymers)
Physical chemical
(extraction)
byproducts
Biomass to Energy
Chemical Engineering Department | University of Jordan | Amman 11942, Jordan
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Biofuel type Specific name Feedstock Conversion Technologies
Pure vegetable oil Pure plant oil (PPO),
Straight vegetable oil (SVO)
Oil crops (e.g. rapeseed, oil palm, soy, canola, jatropha,
castor, …)
Cold pressing extraction
Biodiesel - Biodiesel from energy crops: methyl
and ethyl esters of fatty acids
- Biodiesel from waste
- Oil crops (e.g. rapeseed, oil palm, soy, canola, jatropha,
castor, …)
- Waste cooking/frying oil
- Cold and warm pressing extraction, purification, and
transesterification
- Hydrogenation
Bioethanol Conventional bio-ethanol
Sugar beet, sugar cane, grain Hydrolysis and fermentation
Biogas Upgraded biogas Biomass (wet) Anaerobic digestion
Bio-ETBE Bioethanol Chemical Synthesis
Overview of Biofuel Production Technologies: 1st Generation of Biofuels
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Biofuel type Specific name Feedstock Conversion Technologies
Bioethanol Cellulosic bioethanol Lignocellulosic biomass and biowaste
Advanced hydrolysis & fermentaion
Biogas SNG (Synthetic Natural Gas) Lignocellulosic biomass
and residues
Pyrolysis/Gasification
Biodiesel Biomass to Liquid (BTL), Fischer-Tropsch (FT) diesel, synthetic (bio)diesel
Lignocellulosic biomass and residues
Pyrolysis/Gasification & synthesis
Other biofuels Biomethanol, heavier (mixed) alcohols, biodimethylether (Bio-DME)
Lignocellulosic biomass
and residues
Gasification & synthesis
Biohydrogen Lignocellulosic biomass and biowaste
Gasification & synthesis or biological process
Overview of Biofuel Production Technologies: 2nd Generation of Biofuels
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Biofuel Transformation Processes
First generation
Second generation
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Electric Power, Heat, and Vehicle Fuels• Anaerobic digestion
• Gasification
• Pyrolysis
Electric Power and Heat• Direct combustion
Ethanol Fuel• Cellulosic ethanol
• Dilute acid hydrolysis
Biodiesel Fuel• Transesterification
Technologies for Converting Biomass to Energy
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Techn . Efforta
Overall efficiency c
[%]Expected plant
capacity b
[MWbf]
Current stage of development
a regarding system complexity (+ less promising….++++ very promising)b related to biomass feedstockc according state of development (many different concepts) only theoretical values d suitability for current distribution and use (+ less promising….++++ very promising)
Distri-bution d
Use d
Comparison of technologies
Many different concepts for biofuel options of
the 2nd generation; associated with
appropriate benefits and bottlenecks along the
pathway.
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Comparison of technologies Economic versus environmentalaspects
Source: IEE Leipzig, 2007
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Biochemical Conversion
• Plant matter – hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin
• Pretreatment
• Hydrolysis
• Sugar Fermentation
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In Brazil, sugarcane
fields lose up to 30
tons of topsoil per
ha per year
Burning of sugarcane fields before
harvesting emits carbon
Sugarcane produces the most
ethanol per hectare
One million jobs, mostly low-paying
How can smallholders work with large processors?
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Thermochemical Conversion
• Gasification, Pyrolysis, Direct Hydrothermal Liquefaction
• Carbon monoxide and Syngas (Hydrogen)
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Pyrolysis
• Absence of oxygen
• Thermal degradation
• Liquid pyrolysis oil
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Anaerobic Digestion
• Biogas Platform -Methane
• Decomposition -microorganisms
• Anaerobic Digesters• Four Main Processes• Uses wastes and turns
into valuable compost
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Transesterification
• “Biodiesel” Platform
• Takes vegetable oil, animal fat, or grease into biodiesel – fatty acid methyl ester
• Base catalyzed of the oil with alcohol, direct acid catalyzed, and conversion of the oil to fatty acids and then to alkyl esters with acid catalysts
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Biodiesel
Produced from seeds such as palm, jatropha, canola, sunflower and soy
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Rail line between Mumbai and Delhi is planted with Jatropha and the trains run on
15-20% biodiesel
Biodiesel
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41
Biofuel Yields of Selected Feedstock
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
Barley Wheat Corn Sugar beet Sugarcane
Soybean Castorbeans
Sunflowerseed
Rapeseed Jatropha Palm oil
Lit
ers
pe
r H
ec
tare
Source: Fulton et al.
Ethanol Feedstock
Biodiesel Feedstock
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Some Market Information
• Biofuel market development during the last 5 years: now ~3% global gasoline consumption
• Biofuels may share ~10% of world fuel use for transport by 2025
• Less than 10% of global biofuels production is internationally traded
• But important expansion in global trade: key consumers (EU, US, and Japan) will not have the domestic capacity to meet internal demand
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Biomass Today
• Construction of large-scale Biorefineries
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Biomass Today
• Improved Catalysis Technology– High Selectivity– Less Energy Intensive Conditions– Reduction of Unit Operations
• Combined Government and Industry Efforts
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Environmental Concerns Air Pollution
• Biomass processing technologies have the potential to
increase emissions of ozone precursors (Increase in Nox
emissions)
• Emission of relatively large sized particulate matter
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• Burning biomass deprives local eco-systems of nutrients
• Production of dedicated energy crops renders land fallow
• Reduced land availability for cattle grazing
• Increased use of pesticides and fertilizers to produce energy crops
contaminate ground and surface water
o Affects fish and wildlife
Soil Deterioration
Environmental Concerns
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Environmental Benefits
• Reduction of waste
• Extremely low emission of greenhouse gases compared to
fossil fuels
• Carbon neutral and forms a part of the carbon cycle
• Growing variety of crops increases bio-diversity
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Present Status
• USA & Brazil account for 80% of total Biofuel
production, mainly bio-ethanol
• EU accounts for about 90% of world’s biodiesel output.
• USA is the world’s largest consumer of Biofuels
• Biofuels provide 2.7% of worlds’ fuels for road transport
• 31 countries mandate blending biofuels
International Scenario
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Estimate
• IEA –potential to meet 5% of total road transport fuel demand by 2030
• IEA – to meet 13% of total transport fuel demand and contributes to about 6% of global emission reductions by 2050.
• Emerging markets – India, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Argentina
Biodiesel growth by region 2010-20Biofuel demand by regions 2011-20
Brazil Biofuel Policy: 1975
USA Biofuel Policy: 1992
Indonesia Biofuel Policy: 2009
International Scenario
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Converting food crops into biofuel “is a crime against humanity.”
Jean Zeigler, United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, October 2007