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Behavioral Neuroscience
Chapter2
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Biology and Behavior
The term behavioral neuroscience describes the
work of scientists from several disciplines who
work to understand how the nervous system is
related to behavior.
Concerned with:
Sensing
Processing
Responding
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The Evolutionary Perspective
The evolutionary
perspective > role of
physiological
structures &behaviors;
adaptation to the
environment
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Natural Selection
Natural selection =
the most fit organisms
survive; they adaptbest to the
environment; pass on
genes
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The Nervous System
We use the processes of sensing,
processing, and responding to interact
with the environment. The nervous system is divided into two
parts:
central nervous system (CNS-brain and spinal
cord)
peripheral nervous system (PNS-all parts of
the nervous system outside the CNS)
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The CNS
The spinal cord is
composed ofsensory
(afferent or ascending)and motor(efferent or
descending) nerves.
Interneurons may
connect sensory andmotor neurons.
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CNS Nerves
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CNS Nerves
A reflex arc occurs in less than 1/1000 of a second
A typical fast response that uses brain pathways takes
about 1/10th of a second
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CNS NervesThe Cranial Nerves
Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
TrochlearTrigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Auditory-vestibular
GlossopharyngealVagus
Spinal Accessory
Hypoglossal
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The PNS
PNS > the somatic division and the autonomic
division.
Somatic division > sensory nerves run from
receptors to the brain; motor nerves run to theglands and muscles.
Autonomic division > sympathetic division, which
mobilizes body's resources, and theparasympathetic division which returns body to
homeostasis.
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Divisions of the Nervous System
Central NervousSystem Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous SystemSomatic
Autonomic
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Neurons: The Basic Cells
The cells that make up the nervoussystem are called neurons.
Neurons are composed of:
dendrites > receive signals fromadjacent neurons
cell body orsoma
axon > transmits signals terminal buttons > contain
neurotransmitters.
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Structure of a Neuron
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Structure of a Neuron
Bipolar > interneurons or association
neurons
Unipolar > usually sensory neurons
Multipolar > tend to be motor neurons
All neuronscarryimpulsesinonly
onedirection
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The Synapse
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Key Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Dopamine
Serotonin Endorphins
Norepinephrine
Gamma amino butryic acid (GABA)
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Refractory Period
Neurotransmitters must be removed from
the synapse before another signal can be
transmitted.
Removal is
accomplished either
by breakdown or byreuptake.
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Agonists and Antagonists
Agonists > drugs that promote the action of a
neurotransmitter.
Antagonists > drugs that inhibit the action of a
neurotransmitter.
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Neuromodulators
Neuromodulators have more widespread
and indirect effects than neurotransmitters.
Neuromodulators also influencetransmission between cells.
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The Action Potential
The reversal in electrical charge is
known as the action potential.
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The Brain: A Closer Look
Phrenology is nota science.Popularized in the
1800s by FranzJoseph Gall
Gall > skills andcharacteristicsdetermined byiding bumps onthe skull.
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The Brain: A Closer Look
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The Brain: A Closer Look
Early studies
stimulated or
removed portions
of the cortex.
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The Brain
The brain is divided
into the hindbrain, the
midbrain, and the
forebrain.
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The Hindbrain
The most
primitive of the
three main
divisions. Major
structures >
medulla, pons,
andcerebellum.
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The Brain
Q i Ti e an aT n re e e re r
are nee e ee hi i re
Balan e
an
ve en
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The Midbrain
The midbrain,
pons, and
medulla lie on
top of the spinalcord. Together
they make up
the brain stem.
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The Forebrain
The forebrain
consists of
subcorticalstructures and the
two hemispheres
of the cerebral
cortex
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The Corpus Callosum
Millions of myelinated
axons connecting the
brains hemispheres
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Subcortical Structures
Thalamus
Likearelay
stationtoareas
ofthecortex
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Subcortical Structures
Thalamus
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Subcortical Structures
Hypothalamus
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The Cortex
The cerebral cortex covers the forebrain
and is divided into four lobes:
frontal
parietal
temporal
and occipital
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Occipital lobe
Visual center
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Parietal lobe
Includes
somatosensory
cortex (input
fromenvironment)
Helpsprocess
perceptions
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Temporal lobe
Hearing
Understanding
language
Memory
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Frontal lobe
Youare whoyouare
becauseofthis lobe.
Personality
EmotionsControlling
judgment
Impulses
Sexual behavior
Using LanguageMovement
MotorCortex
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Somatosensory and Motor Cortexes
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More About the Brain
Aphasia
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are needed to see this picture.
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More About the Brain
AphasiaCAT Scan
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More About the Brain
Apraxia of lid
opening
(blepharospasm)
ApraxiaLoss or impairment
of the ability to
execute complex,coordinated
movements without
impairment of the
muscles or senses.
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Split-Brain and Lateralization
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Split-Brain Experiment
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The Endocrine System
Endocrine system: Ductless glands that
regulate growth,reproduction,
metabolism, mood,and some behavior
Hormones: Chemical messengers
secreted into thebloodstream
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The Endocrine System
Cortisol:
CortiSlim?
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The Endocrine System
Cortisol is the body's mainstress hormone, and isrequired for many vitalpurposes -- proper glucosemetabolism, blood pressure,immune function andinflammatory response are afew. In times of stress, eithermental or physical, the bodycan produce an excessiveamount of cortisol. At thesehigh levels, cortisol is a nastylittle number indeed. It cannegatively affect cognitiveperformance, suppress thyroidfunction, foster blood sugar
imbalances and thesubsequent deposition of bodyfat, decrease bone density, aswell as other things. Athletesdon't like cortisol, as it iscatabolic -- i.e., muscle-wasting, rather than anabolic -- i.e., muscle building.