About the EOC
Required for graduation 15 percent rule is still up for debate You STILL have to pass, or you won’t graduate!
Biology EOC has 54 Multiple Choice Questions
You have 4 hours Don’t rush! Take the time to actually READ the material!
Scores won’t come out until school is done.
Study Strategies Identify strengths and weaknesses
Try to improve your weakest areas, but don’t neglect the other areas!
Don’t just “look at” your notes! Interact with the information Find practice problems Rephrase notes in your own words Explain a concept to someone else
Study Strategies
DON’T just blindly copy someone to get the practice problems done. YOU are responsible for the information. Are
you really going to let someone else think for you and cripple you on test day because you never learned to think?
Come to tutoring! If you don’t understand something or can’t
explain it in gorey detail, GET HELP!
Study Strategies
Form a study group- actually study! Keep it small, be selective of who you study with Divide and conquer- if pressed for time, try to have
someone in your group each tackle a particular unit or topic, have them explain it to the group.
Meet regularly to discuss the material, but don’t over do it
Get a good night’s sleep and eat well (eat a real meal, not chips, candy, and a soda)
Make a flash card of things you know you tend to forget. Tape it to your bathroom mirror and recite the things on your flash card every day while you get ready for school.
Test taking strategies
Process of elimination If you can narrow a question down to two possible choices,
you’ve increased your odds of guessing correctly by 50% !
If you don’t know a question, SKIP IT and come back later Don’t leave things blank, but make sure you give yourself
enough time to answer the questions you do know where you can earn points.
Breathe!
Breakdown words you don’t know. We’ve talked about prefixes and suffixes all year long
Physically cover distracting information with scratch paper or your hand.
Test Taking Strategies
If you find yourself glazing over, put your pencil down, close your eyes and take a few deep breaths. Sit up straight and try again.
DON’T sleep!
Take your time! You have four hours to answer 54 questions. That’s a little less than twice the questions we normally give you on an exam.
Sit up! You’ll increase the flow of oxygen to your brain and increase your chances of understanding the stuff you’re reading
Test Taking Strategies
Write in your booklets! Don’t be afraid to take notes, hi-lite, or
underline important words Draw diagrams if it helps you break down a
problem.
Identify what the problem is asking for. Sometimes you will be given a lot of information! It helps to know what you’re looking for in a problem.
Test Taking Strategies
You are NOT penalized for guessing (unless you guess on the whole test…) Make your best guess if you do not know!
Use information from previous problems Sometimes you can find answers to other problems on
the test just by answering a different question that might jog your memory
Plan something fun to do after the EOC- see a movie, get some ice cream, visit a friend, etc. Don’t party too hard! You’ve got other exams to think
about!
Unit 1 : Safety & Scientific Method
MSDS- material safety data sheet Dangers/ precautions to take/ action to take
Hazard Diamond (NFPA Safety Diamond)
Flammability HazardStability/Reactivity HazardSpecial or Specific HazardHealth Hazards
Rated 0- 4, (least to most dangerous)
Unit 1: Safety/Scientific Method
Scientific Method: Observe Question Research Hypothesis Collect Data/ Do
experiment Draw conclusions
Unit 1: Safety/Scientific Method
Experimental Design Control Controlled experiment Dependent Variable Independent Variable
Draw Conclusions
Replication Accuracy Vs. Precision
Theory Vs. Hypothesis Vs. Law
Unit 2: biochemistry
Macromolecules – smaller molecules form larger ones
Carbohydrates (Short term energy) Starches, sugars Monosaccharide
-Ose means sugar
Lipids (long term energy) glycerol, waxes,
steroids, fats, phospholipids
Glycerol
Proteins (building block, enzymes) (Amino Acids)
-Ase means enzyme
Nucleic Acids (DNA/RNA) (Nucleotides)
Unit 2: biochemistry
Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts
Lock and Key mechanism Enzyme fits onto
substrate at active site
Things that affect enzyme activity: Temperature (Too
high- denatures (kills), too cold (slow))
pH- optimal range Salts (can denature
protein) Inhibitors
Competitive- block active site
allosteric- change shape of active site to prevent binding.
Unit 2: biochemistry
Bonding Ionic: two oppositely charged ions steal/give
electrons to each other (easily broken) Covalent: two atoms share electrons
Peptide Bonds: usually between amino acids to make proteins Dehydration synthesis- remove a water molecule,
create a larger molecule
Hydrogen bonds: form between base pairs in DNA- gives DNA
Unit 2: biochemistry
LipidsSaturated – most carbon atoms
are bonded to two hydrogen atoms.
Unsaturated – most carbon atoms are bonded to one hydrogen atom.
Unit 3: Cells Important scientists:
Hooke First compound
microscope Looked at cork cells
Van Leewenhoek First living cells
Schleiden Cells make up all parts of
plants Virchow
Cells come from other cells
Schwann Animals are made of cells
They developed Cell theory: 1. All living things are
made of one or more cells. 2. Cells are the basic units
of structure and function in organisms.
3. All cells arise from existing cells
Homeostasis
Unit 3: Cells
Organelles:
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Ribosomes
Centrioles
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic
Reticulum RoughSmooth
Golgi Bodies
Lysosome
Nucleus
Vacuole
Cilia/Flagellum
Pili
Unit 3: CellsCharacteristic
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Nucleus Absent Present
Organelles Limited Many different organelles present
DNA structure
Single looping strand Many chromosomes
Chlorophyll Dissolved in cytoplasm (when present)
Found in chloroplasts (when present)
Ribosomes Free floating in cytoplasmSmaller than eukaryotes
Free or attached to membranesLarger than prokaryotes
Cell Walls Present and chemically complex
May or may not be present and chemically simple
Reproduction Binary fission Mitosis
Unit 4: osmosis/Diffusion
Diffusion: Particles move from high concentration to low Passive Transport (no energy required to move particles) Osmosis: Same thing, but with water
Facilitated Diffusion: Some particles are too big to fit through a membrane Use a special hole in membrane to pass down concentration
gradient.
Active Transport (need energy- ATP) Use proteins to transport things AGAINST concentration
gradient. Example: Sodium/Potassium Pump
Endo/Exocytosis
Unit 4: Photosynthesis/Respirati
onStage 1: Pigments in chloroplasts capture
energy (light) from the sun Water molecules split, O2 is released
Stage 2: Convert light energy in electron transport chain (makes ATP/NADPH)
Stage 3: Carbon fixation
Stage 4: Reduction
Stage 5: Regeneration of Co2 Acceptor
Ligh
t R
eactio
ns
Dark
Reactio
ns
(Calv
in
Cycle
)
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP
Unit 4: Photosynthesis/Respirati
onCellular Respiration: Makes ATP from sugar
Opposite reaction of photosynthesis Occurs in Mitochondria Aerobic Respiration
In Oxygen Krebs Cycle ETC Makes 32 ATP
Anaerobic Respiration- Makes 2 ATP Fermentation (Lactic Acid or Alcoholic)
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP
Unit 4: Cell Cycle
Mitosis- asexual reproduction Somatic Cells 2 Identical cells IPMAT (Interphase,
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis)
Diploid Cells Spindle fibers Centrioles
Cancer- uncontrolled Cell growth
Unit 4: Mitosis/Meiosis
Meiosis: Sexual reproduction Make genetically distinct four haploid cells 2 rounds of division Makes Gametes
Egg Sperm
Recombination
Unit 4: Mitosis/Meiosis
During Meiosis, Chromsomes undergo
“Crossing Over”
It allows for genetic variation
Unit 5: Genetics
DNA Replication (in nucleus) DNA copies itself during S Phase Semiconservative Helicase, polymerase, ligase,
topoisomerase New strand assembled 5’ 3 ‘
Lagging strand 3’ 5’ Creates okazaki fragments
Synthesis pairs complementary base pairs, bind with hydrogen bonds. A-T C-G
Unit 5: Genetics
DNA is a double helix Smallest unit is a nucleotide.
Mutations happen when a mistake is made during replication, transcription, or translation Mutation- change in nucleotide base sequence
of a gene. Point mutation- change 1 base Frame shift- add or delete base, changes
reading frame Germ line mutation occurs in gamete cells
Unit 5: GeneticsProtein synthesis- 2
steps: Transcription Translation
Transcription: convert DNA RNA in nucleus RNA Primase finds TATA
box to begin transcription
New transcript is mRNA (messenger RNA)
mRNA leaves nucleus to find a ribosome
Translation: convert mRNA Protein mRNA associates with
large and small ribosomal subunits
tRNA brings amino acid that corresponds to codon
Chain of AA held together by polypeptide bonds continues until a stop codon is reached
Ribosome falls off, protein synthesized.
Unit 5: GeneticsNuclearmembrane
Transcription
RNA Processing
Translation
DNA
Pre-mRNA
mRNA
Ribosome
Protein
Unit 5: Genetics
RNA DNA
Has Ribose sugar Has Deoxyribose sugar
Contains the base
Uracil(U)
Has Thymine (T)
RNA is Single stranded DNA is Double
stranded
Unit 5: Genetics
Gregor Mendel- Pea Plant study for patterns of inheritance (color, height, seed shape, etc.) Genotype- alleles of an individual Phenotype- physical appearance of an individual Capital Letter means dominant Lower case letter means recessive.
Use punnett squares to figure out inheritance patterns Dominant BB (homozygous dominant) or Bb
(heterozygous) Recessive bb (homozygous recessive)
Bb Bb
Bb bb
b
b
B b
Unit 5: Genetics
Can use punnett square to study two traits- dihybrid cross: TtPp X TtPp
TP Tp tP tp
TP TTPP TTPp TtPP TtPp
Tp TTPp TTpp TtPp Ttpp
tP TtPP TtPp ttPP ttPp
tp TtPp Ttpp ttPp ttpp
Unit 5: Genetics
Non-Mendellian Genetics Polygenetic
inheritance Eye color
Co-Dominance Roan Cows
Sex Linked Trait Color blindness Hemophilia
Incomplete dominance Pink snapdragons
Environmental factors can affect phenotype! Acidity of soil and
hydrangeas Arctic Fox
Unit 5: Genetics
Pedigree- diagram that shows a family’s pattern of inheritance Circles- girls Squares- boys Shaded means have trait Half shaded means carrier
Unit 5: Genetics
Gene technology Karyotype
Helps to determine trisomy Recombinant DNA Stem Cells DNA Fingerprint Electrophoresis Cloning
Human Genome Project Mapped DNA sequence of
humans
Unit 6: Evolution
How Earth formed Earth released gas bubble Primordial soup
Miller-Urey Experiment Small molecules eventually formed together to make first
cells Cyanobacteria photosynthesize to add O2 to atmosphere Prokaryotes form partnerships with other prokaryotes to
make first Eukaryotes. To move to land, bacteria and fungi formed partnerships
No soil, just large rocks, no organic nutrients on land. Fungi added nutrients.
Multicellular eukaryotes evolve
Evolution occurs gradually
Unit 6: Evolution
Natural Selection Organisms that are better
adapted to environment survive better
Lamarck’s theory- physical features of an organism increase or decrease depending on use, traits are then passed on to offspring WRONG!
Darwin’s theory- survival of the fittest, organisms that are better suited to their environment survive and pass those traits on to offspring Finches
Requirements Specific geographical area
(geographic isolation) can not interbreed
(reproductive isolation) All populations have genetic
variation Individuals tend to have
more babies than an environment can support.
Adaptations become common in a population because it gives selective advantage.
Unit 6: Evolution
Types of Adaptations:MigrationHibernationCamouflageMimicryMetamorphosis
Homologous structures – different appearance, same ancestorDivergent evolution
Analogous Structures- same appearance, different ancestorConvergent Evolution
Vestigial Structures- not used by the organism anymore
Unit 7: Classification
Taxonomy- science of studying and classifying organisms
Binomial Nomenclature (Genus species)
8 levels of classification (Dear King Phillip Came Over For Great Spaghetti)• Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order
Family Genus Species
• Classify based on Morphology (looks), DNA Evidence, Fossil Evidence• Ancestral Characteristics- from a common ancestor• Derived Characteristics- only in one group
Unit 7: Classification
Organize using: Cladogram Phylogentic Tree
Dichotomous Key- uses differences between two very similar species to classify
Mosses
Ferns
Pine trees
Flowering plants
Unit 8: Microbiology Bacteria (Prokaryotic)
Reproduce asexually by fission or sexually with Pili Conjugation allows for passing of antibiotic
resistance Archaebacteria -Extremophiles Eubacteria- Photosynthetic Identify with Gram stain, shape,
arrangement Gram positive (purple), Gram negative
(pink) Shapes: Rod, Coccus, Spirilum Arrangement: Diplo, Staphylo (grapes),
Strepto Jobs: Nitrogen fixation, make food, cause
illness Kill with antibiotics
Capsule Cell Wall
Chromosome
Flagellum
PlasmidPilus
Plasma membrane
Examples: TB, Strep
Unit 8: Microbiology
Viruses Microscopic disease
causing agents Need a Host to reproduce Not alive (no cell type) Very small – can only see
with electron microscope Structure- capsid
(proteins), envelope (glycoprotein), RNA/DNA, Attachment Spikes Bacteriophage,
spherical, tubular, polyhedral
Infection: Lytic: Invade host cell,
make new viral parts, burst out of cell
Lysogenic: invade host cell, integrate to host genome, wait for ideal conditions to reproduce.
No cure- but can prevent with Vaccines
Examples: Hepatitis, AIDS, Epstein-Barr, Chicken Pox, small pox, flu, herpes, rhino virus
Unit 8: Microbiology
Protista Very diverse- animal like, plant like Multicellular or single celled Sexual or asexual production Autotrophic or heterotrophic
Eukaryotic
Examples: Euglena, Amoeba, Algae, Diatoms, Dinoflagellates (red tide), Malaria (plasmodium Vivax)
Unit 8: Microbiology
Fungi (eukaryotic)HeterotrophicMost are multicellular
(except yeasts)Sexual ReproductionHyphaeCell wall made of
chitinExtracellular digestionCan be saprophytes
(dead tissue), mutualists (mycorrhizae), parasites (athlete’s
foot)Decomposers
Types: Zygomycotes (mold)Ascomycotes (sac
fungi like morels)Basidiomycotes
(mushrooms)Deuteromycotes
(Bleu cheese, penicillin)
Lichens- fungus + algae
Unit 9: Plants
Plant classifications: Non-Vascular
Mosses, Liverworts Pollinate by water
only (need water for sperm to swim)
Seedless vascular Ferns Pollinate by
wind/water (water not required)
Vascular Angiosperms
(flowering plants) Monocots Dicots Wind, Animal
pollination
Gymnosperms (Naked seeds- cones) Animal pollination
•Growth of plants occur at roots and shoots (meristem)•Flowers are reproductive structures• Fruits are ripened
plant ovaries with seeds
•Guard cells open stoma in leaves for gas exchange during respiration/photosyntehsis.
Unit 9: Plants
Annuals- plants that complete life cycle in one year
Perenials- complete life cycle over many growing seasons.
Growth- plants germinate if given right soil/water/temp conditions Tropisms are factors affecting growth
Thigmotropism- touch response when growing (vines) Phototropism- bend toward light Geotropism- bend according to gravitational pull of earth Photoperiodism- growth occurs according to how long plant
has been exposed to light.
Unit 9: Plants
Important hormones: Auxin – control phototropism Giberellin – plant growth, germination Abscisic Acid – slows/stops growth in times of
environmental stress
Defense 1st- secrete chemical that destroys bacterial cell
wall 2nd- Lignin- forms a “jail cell” around infected plant
cell 3rd- kill neighboring cells to prevent further spread
of infection.
Unit 10: Animals
Characteristics of Animals:HeterotrophyMobilityMulticellularityDiploidySexual
reproductionBlastula formationNo cell wall
Made of tissues
Coelom- internal body cavity
Parthenogenesis
Notochord- internal rod in spinal column, precursor to spinal cord.
Unit 10: Animals
Invertebrates Sponges (porifera) Cnidarians (coral, jellyfish) Annelid (earthworm –
segmented body) Echinoderm (starfish) Mollusks
Gastropod Cephalopod Bivalve
Chordates
Arthropods Insects Crustaceans
Unit 10: Animals Vertebrates
Fish Ectothermic 2 chambered heart
Amphibians Ectothermic 3 chambered heart Need water to hatch
babies Reptiles
Ectothermic 3 or 4 chambered heart Do not need water for
eggs Birds
Endothermic 4 chambered heart Eggs Feathers Keeled sternum
Mammals Monotremes Marsupials Endothermic 4 chambered heart Fur Live young Nurse young
Unit 11: Body Systems
Skeletal- provides support to body, made of bones
Muscular system- movement, made of muscles
Endocrine system- secretes hormones to tell body what/when to do something, made of
endocrine glands and hormones
Nervous system- takes sensory input, processes it, and tells body how to respond. (brain, nerves)
Digestive system- digests/absorbs nutrients (stomach, pancreas, liver, intestines)
Circulatory system- transports O2/CO2 in body, delivers nutrients from digestive system, immune response
Immune system- body’s defense against pathogens
Reproductive system- allows human body to reproduce
Integumentary system- skin, part of immune systems.
Excretory System- rids body of wastes
Respiratory System- gas exchange of O2/CO2
Unit 12: Ecology
Ecosystem Vs. Population Vs. Community Biotic factors Abiotic factors
Sucession Primary Secondary
Relationships
Mutualism Parasitism Commensalism
Producers can photosynthesize (plants, algae, SOME protists, SOME bacteria)
Consumers eat (everything else)
Unit 12 Ecology
Energy- only 10% gets passed on to next trophic level Producers Primary Consumers Secondary Consumers
Biogeochemical Cycles Water Carbon Nitrogen Phosphorus
Eutrophication
Biomagniciation
Unit 12 Ecology
Human Environmental Impact Global warming Air pollution/CO2
Emissions Pollution of water Loss of natural
resources and wildlife Increased cancer risk
due to hole in ozone layer
Various Biomes (large ecosytems) Tundra Taiga Desert Temperate Deciduous
Forest Savana (grass land) Chaparal Aquatic Biomes