CHAPTER 2 : CELL STRUCTURE AND CELL ORGANISATION
LEARNING OBJECTIVE:- Understanding cell structure and function
LEARNING OUTCOMES:- You should be able to :-
1) Draw and label an animal cell
2) Draw and label a plant cell
3) Identify the cellular components of an animal cell
4) Identify the cellular components of a plant cell
5) State the functions of the cellular components in an animal cell
6) State the functions of the cellular components in a plant cell
7) Compare and contrast an animal cell and a plant cell
8) Relate the density of certain organelles with the functions of specific cells
LEARNING OBJECTIVE:- Understanding cell organization
LEARNING OUTCOMES:- You should be able to :-
1) State the necessity for cell specialization in multicellular organisms as compared to unicellular organisms
2) Describe cell specialization in multicellular organisms
3) Describe cell organization in the formation of tissues, organs and systems in multicellular organisms
4) State the meaning of internal environment
5) Identify factors affecting the internal environment
6) Explain the necessity to maintain optimal internal environment
7) Describe the involvement of various systems in maintaining optimal internal environmen
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CHAPTER 2 : CELL STRUCTURE AND CELL ORGANISATION
TASK 1: Identify the cell below and label every cell component
……………………………………… CELL
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CHAPTER 2 : CELL STRUCTURE AND CELL ORGANISATION
TASK 2: Identify the cell below and label every cell component
……………………………………… CELL
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CHAPTER 2 : CELL STRUCTURE AND CELL ORGANISATION
TASK 3: Draw an animal cell observed under an electron microscope
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CHAPTER 2 : CELL STRUCTURE AND CELL ORGANISATION
TASK 4: Draw a plant cell observed under an electron microscope
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CHAPTER 2 : CELL STRUCTURE AND CELL ORGANISATION
TASK 5: Complete the table below
ORGANELLES STRUCTURE FUNCTION
Nucleus
It consists of …………………………………….
…………………………………………
Surrounded by a membrane known
as…..........................................................
………………………………………
………………………………………
The chromosomes are important in
………………………………………
………………………………………
VacuoleFluid-filled sac enclosed by a membrane called
………………….
Contains fluid known as ……………… and it
consists of ………………………
…………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
MitochondrionHaving a ……………………….. shape
Made up of double / single unit membranes……………………………………
……………………………………
Chloroplast ………………………………………….
………………………………………………………
……………………………
……………………………………
…………………………………………
……………………………………
Ribosomes
Small spherical organelle
Attached to ………………….. or found freely in
……………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
Rough endplasmic reticulum
Consists of sacs which are ……………… and
…………………….
Has ……………………………attached to its
surface
Transport ……………… synthesized
by the ribosomes to the
…………………
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
…………………………………………
…………………………………………Synthesis of …………………………
……………………………………….
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CHAPTER 2 : CELL STRUCTURE AND CELL ORGANISATION
Golgi Apparatus Stacks of flattened membranous sacs
The outer membrane buds off to form
……………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
Plasma Membrane
Made up of ……………………………
…………………………………………
It is a ………………………………
membrane
Regulates the ………………………of
substances ……………….and
…………… of the cells
Cell Wall Made up of ……………………………
…………………………………………
It is a ………………………………
membrane
Provides mechanical
………………….to the plant cells
Gives ……………………..to the plant
cells
CytoplasmJelly-like matrix
Contain organic and inorganic substances
……………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
COMPARISON BETWEEN THE STRUTUREOF PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL
Task 6: Complete the following graphic organization on the similarities and differences between an animal cell and a plant
cell
Animal cell Plant cell
Similarities
Differences
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CHAPTER 2 : CELL STRUCTURE AND CELL ORGANISATION
Animal cell Structure Plant cell
Shape
Cell wall
Vacuoles
Chloroplasts
Food Storage
You can write the comparison of both cells as below:-
An animal cell does not have a fixed shape whereas the plant cell has a fixd shape
EXERCISE
1. The red blood cells are the ony cells in our body that do not contain ………………..
2. In a green leaf, all cells have chloroplasts except the ……………………………….. cell
Task 7: Predict the organelle which is found in large numbers in each cell shown below.
Explain the importance of the organelle.
Organelle : …………………………………………………
Explanation : …………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………
Organelle : …………………………………………………
Explanation : …………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
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CHAPTER 2 : CELL STRUCTURE AND CELL ORGANISATION
UNDERSTANDING CELL ORGANISATION – UNICELLULAR ORGANISM
Task 8: Label the structures of the Ameoba sp.
Task 9: With the help of the diagrams , describe the process of phagocytosis in Ameoba sp.
Organelle : …………………………………………………
Explanation : …………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
Organelle : …………………………………………………
Explanation : …………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
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CHAPTER 2 : CELL STRUCTURE AND CELL ORGANISATION
Task 10: With the help of the diagrams , describe the process of reproduction called Binary fission in Ameoba sp.
Task 11: Complete the table below on the living process of Ameoba sp.
1. First, the amoeba sp. moves closer to the food particles
2. Then, it extends its ……………………… ……………. out to enclose the food particles
3. The food particles are packaged in a …………………………………..which later fuses with the lysosome
4. The food particles are …………………………………… by the enzymes called lysozyme before they
are absorbed into the …………………………… …….as nutrients
1. Ameoba sp. divides after it has grown to ……………………………….
2. The pseudopodia are pulled in and the ………………………………divides
3. The …………………………………..begins to divide when the nucleus has
split
4. Later, two …………………….daughter cells are formed
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CHAPTER 2 : CELL STRUCTURE AND CELL ORGANISATION
Living Process Explanation
HabitatIt mostly found in …………………………………………………
Respiration Gases exchange occurs by a process called …………………….across the ……………………
Excretion Waste products are expelled by a process called ……………………across the
…………………………..It has a contractile vacuole which …………………………..to expel
……………… water and the process is called ………………………
Locomotion It moves by extending its ………………………………. The cytoplasm , then flows into the projected pseudopodia and anchoring the tips to the ground
TASK 12 : Based on the information above, state the differentiation of the basic cell in forming the following cells.
Cell specialization is a process whereby cells grow, change shape and differentiate to carry out specific function. For example :
Basic cell
Undergoes specialization to form
Xylem vessels which
have lignified cell wall
and form hollow tubes to
transport water and
dissolved minerals
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CHAPTER 2 : CELL STRUCTURE AND CELL ORGANISATION
Differentiated Cells The way they differentiate
Guard cell
Sperm
Eythrocyte
TASK 13 : Name the tissues below and match them with their appropriate function.
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CHAPTER 2 : CELL STRUCTURE AND CELL ORGANISATION
Act as insulator and stores fat
Functions in support and protection
Allows rapid diffusion of gaseous
Detects stimuli and transmits impulses
Transport oxygen, acts a defensing and
blood clotting mechanism
Lining of trachea and help sweeping
impurities
Helps in moving substances in lumens of
body
Helps in moving substances in lumens
of body
Helps in the pumping of blood
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CHAPTER 2 : CELL STRUCTURE AND CELL ORGANISATION
TASK 14: Fill in the boxes to show the hierarchy of cell organization in one of the human body systems.
System TissuesOrgan Cells
2.
6.
5.
4.
1.
7.
8.
11.
9.
10.
12.
Function
Function
Function
3.
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CHAPTER 2 : CELL STRUCTURE AND CELL ORGANISATION
TASK 16: Fill in the boxes to show the hierarchy of cell organization in a plant
Organism Systems TissuesOrgans
Leaf
Cells
Function:
Function:
Function:
Function:
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CHAPTER 2 : CELL STRUCTURE AND CELL ORGANISATION
TASK 17 : Read the statement below . Then , on the diagram, identitify the interstitial fluid by colouring it in red.
TASK 14 : Fill in the blanks to complete the information on maintaining an optimal internal environment
The i……………………. environment of a multicellular organisms needs to be in a maintained for the cells to
function at an optimum level.
To achieve this, the p.……………………………….and the c ……………………………. factors of the internal
environment must be maintained.
The physical factors are :- ………………………, …………………………, …………….
The chemical factors are :- ……………………., ……………………, …………………
The mechanism which maintain the internal environment is called h…………………………… which is governed
by another mechanism known as n……………………………………f……………………………………….
m………………………………….
The internal environment of a multicellular organism consists of the interstitial fluid and the
blood plasma. The interstitial fluid fills the space between the cells and constantly bathes
the cells
Blood capillary Arteriole
Venul
Body cell
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CHAPTER 2 : CELL STRUCTURE AND CELL ORGANISATION
TASK 18 : By referring to the diagram below, fill in the blanks to describe how the negative feedback
mechanism works.
(a) The negative feedback mechanism involves three components which are Receptor,
Effector and Control centre
(b) The r…………………….. detect changes in the internal environment
(c) The receptors send the information (impulse) to the c………………………. centre
(d) The control centre processes the information and brings about an appropriate responses
(e) The information on the responses are then sent to the e…………………………………. which will carry
out the corrective mechanism to bring back the internal environment to its n………………………..
condition
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CHAPTER 2 : CELL STRUCTURE AND CELL ORGANISATION
TASK 19 : Name the various systems involved in regulating the internal environment and complete the explanation on how the corrective mechanism works
Physical and chemical factors
Systems involved How the corrective mechanism works
Body temperature
…………………………………
…………………………………
…………………………………
………………………………….
………………………………….
On a hot day:-
a) blood vessels ………………..to increase heat loss
b) sweat glands secrete more ………………..to cool the
body through ……………………..
c) hair erector muscles …………………..to pull down the
hair, to ……………………insulation
d) the thyroid gland is ……………….stimulated to lower
basal metabolic rate
The opposite corrective mechanism occurs on a cold day
Blood glucose level
…………………………………
…………………………………
…………………………………
………………………………….
………………………………….
When blood glucose level rises:-
a) pancreas secretes …………………….into the circulatory
system to the liver
b) insulin converts……………………………into
…………………to bring down the glucose level
When blood glucose level drops:-
a) pancreas secretes ……………………..to
breakdown ……………………………into
glucose
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