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Union Wages and Hours: The Baking IndustryJuly 1, 1951

Bulletin No. 1053UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

M a u r ic e J. T o b in , S e c r e ta r yBUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

E w a n C l a g u e , C o m m is s io n e r

Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Union Wages and Hours: The Baking IndustryJuly 1, 1951

Bulletin No. 1053UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

M a u r i c e J. T o b i n , SecretaryBUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

E w a n C l a g u e , C om m issioner

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C, Price 25 cen ts


IETTER OF TRANSMITTALUNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR,

Bureau of labor Statistics, Washington, D. C., January 15, 1952.

The Secretary of Labor:I have the honor to transmit herewith the annual report on union wages and hours in the

baking industry in 74 cities as of July 1, 1951#

This report was prepared in the Bureau^ Division of Wages and Industrial Relations by Annette I. Sherier, under the direction of John F. Laciskey.

Ewan Clague, Commissioner.

Hon. Maurice J. Tobin,Secretary of Labor.

CONTENTSPage

Summary .......... ...... ........................ ................. . 1Scope and method of study....... ..... ......... ..... ........... 1Trends in union wage scales ...... ......... ........ *. ............... 1Rate variations by industry branch ....... .. ,. ...... ....... .... 2City and regional rate variations .... .......... .......................... .. 2Standard workweek................... .......................... .............. . 3Union scales of wages and hours, by city....... ............ ....................... 3Tables:

1. Indexes of union hourly wage rates and weekly hours in the bakingindustry, 1939-51

A. 1939 100.0................................................. 4P. 1947-49 = 100.0.............................................. 4

2. Average unl-^ n wage rates in the baking industry, July 1, 1951, andincreases since July 1, 1950, by type of baking ............. . 4

3* Percent increases in union wage rates and percent of workers affected,by type of baking, July 1, 1950, to July 1, 1951...................... 4

4 Cents-per-hour increases in union wage rates and percent of workersaffected, by type of baking, July 1, 1950, to July 1, 1951 5

5. Distribution of union members in the baking industry, by type of bakingand by hourly wage rates, July 1, 1951 ............. ....... ........ . 5

6. Average union hourly wage rates and wage increases in bread and cakehand shops, by city, July 1, 1950, to July 1, 1951 ......... .. 5

7. Average union hourly wage rates and wage increases in bread and cakemachine shops, by city, July 1, 195fy to July 1, 1951 ......... 6

8. Average union hourly wage rates and wage increases in pie and pastryshops, by city, July 1, 1950, to July 1, 1951 . 6

9* Average union hourly wage rates and wage increases in Hebrew bakeshops, by city, July 1, 1950, to July 1, 1951 ........... ............. 6

10. Average union hourly wage rates and wage increases in other nationalitybake shops, by city, July 1, 1950, to July 1, 1951...... . 7

11. Average union hourly wage rates and wage increases in cracker andcooky shops, by city, July 1, 1950, to July 1, 1951 ... 7

12. Average union wage rates in the baking industry, by population groupand by type of baking, July 1, 1951 ......... .............. 7

13 Average union wage rates in the baking industry, by region and bytype of baking, July 1, 1951.......................................... 7

14* Distribution of union members in the baking industry, by straight-timeweekly hours, and type of baking, July 1, 1951 7

15. Union scales of wages and hours in the baking industry, in selectedcities, July 1, 1950, and July 1, 1951........ ............... ...... . 8


Union Wages and Hours in the Baking Industry, July 1,1951Summftry

Hourly wage scales of organized bakery workers rose 5.7 percent, or 8 cents an hour, between July 1, 1950, and July 1, 1951, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics1 thirteenth annual survey of union scales in the baking industry* On July 1, 1951, the average union scale for all bakery workers was f 1 *4-5 an hour, and varied by type of baking from $1.18 in cracker and cooky plants to $2*04 in Hebrew bakeries* Mechanized bread and cake shops, which employed over half of the workers in the study, had scales averaging $1*42 an hour* Eighty-five percent of the workers covered in the current study received wage increases resulting from the negotiations of contracts effective during the 12-month period*

Straight-time hours averaged 40*7 a week and showed no change from the previous year* The 40-hour standard workweek was most prevalent in the industry and was in effect for over four-fifths of all bakery workers studied*Soop* and Method of Study

The information presented in this report is based on union scales in effect on July 1, 1951 which covered approximately75,000 union bakery workers in 74 cities ranging in population from about 40,000 to over 1,000,000* Data were obtained primarily from local unions by mail questionnaire; in some cities local union officials were visited by Bureau representatives for the desired information*

Union scales are defined as the minimum wage rates, or maximum schedules of hours agreed upon through collective bargaining between employers and trade-unions* Rates in excess of the negotiated minimum which may be paid for special qualifications or other reasons are not included.

Average hourly rates, designed to show current levels, are based on all rates reported in effect on July 1, 1951; individual rates are weighted by the number of union members working at the rate* These averages are not measures for yearly comparisons because of annual changes in union membership and in classifications studied*

Average cents-per-hour and percentage changes from July 1, 1950, to July 1, 1951,

are based on comparable quotations for the various classifications in both years weighted by the membership reported in 1951.Trend of Union Wage Scales

The 5.7 peroent rise in average hourly scales between July 1, 1950, and July 1, 1 9 5 1, exceeded the 4 .3 percent increase during the previous year and advanced the index of union hourly rates to 20 3.4 2/ (table 1). On July 1, 1951, union hourly rates in the baking industry were 17.7 percent above the average for the 3 years (1947-49) prior to the outbreak in Korea*

By type of baking, th e amount of increase ranged from 5 .2 p e rc e n t in bread and cake machine shops to 7*0 percent in cracker and cooky plants. In terms of cents-per-hour, the greatest average gain (12 cents) was made by workers in Hebrew bakeries* Machine bread and cake establishments, with an average advance of 7 cents, was the only group to record such adjustments averaging below the over-all average increase of 8 cents (table 2 ).

Approximately 85 percent of the union bakery workers included in the survey received wage advances during the year* The proportion of workers benefiting from scale revisions varied by type of baking and ranged from 81 percent in machine bread and cake establishments to 98 percent in Hebrew bakeries. Of the workers benefiting from scale adjustments between July 1, 1950, and July 1 , 1 9 5 1, a fourth received increases of less than 5 percent, over half from 5 to 10 percent, and a fifth from 10 to 15 percent. (See table 3.) Cracker and cooky plants, which had the lowest average

1/ In the index series, designed for trend purposes, year-to-year changes in union scales are based on comparable quotations for the various occupations in the two consecutive years, weighted by the number of union members reported at each quotation in the current year*

Beginning with this report, the base for the computation of the index series has been shifted from June 1, 1949, to the average of the 3-year period 1947-49* Index tables computed on both old and new bases are presented in this report. In future reports, indexes on the 1939 base will be discontinued.


2scale, was the only branch of the industry in which a majority of the workers showed gains ranging from 10 to 15 percent. In the other 5 branches, at least half of the workers received adjustments ranging from 5 to 10 percent. About a third of the machine bread and cake shop workers recorded advances of less than 5 percent.

Although individual increases ranged up to 38 cents an hour, raises of 5 to 15 cents were most frequent (table 4) About half of the bakery workers receiving scale revisions had adjustments ranging from 10 to 15 cents an hour, and 3 of every 8 received increases of from 5 to 10 cents.

Rate Variations bv Industry BranchOn July 1 1951, wage rates of union

bakery workers engaged in preparing and processing bakery products averaged #1 .4 5 an hour. In the baking industry such factors as baking process, type of product, and specialized or more standard baking have a marked influence in the over-all levels of hourly scales. Most of the baked goods are now standardized and produced by mass-production techniques in highly mechanized establishments. Many of the workers perform routine tasks requiring little training. Standardized baking, found primarily in bread and cake machine shops, pie and pastry bakeries, and cracker and cooky plants, employed about 80 percent of all bakery workers studied. In specialized baking and hand shops, the labor force is comprised mainly of skilled all-round j our- neymen; consequently, average union hourly scales in this type of baking exceed those in standardized baking.

Rate levels for specialized baking ranged from #1.73 in bread and cake hand shops to #2,04 in Hebrew bakeries. In mechanized shops, which employ large numbers of lower skilled workers, average hourly scales varied from #1.18 in cracker and cooky plants to #1 .4 2 in machine bread and cake shops.

Although hourly scales of individual workers tended to cluster heavily around the average in each type of baking, these scales ranged from #1 .2 0 to #2 .1 0 in shops producing nationality baked goods other than Hebrew and from less than 90 cents to #2 or more in all other types of shops. Over two-thirds of the workers in shops baking Hebrew products were employed under negotiated contracts providing scales of at least #2 an hour (table 5)*

City and Regional Rate VariationsUnion scales for the various branches

of the baking industry varied from city to city as well as within a city. Scale levels in the bakirg industry in the 74 cities included in the study ranged from 85 oents for pie and pastry shops in Chattanooga to #2.31 for Hebrew bakeries in Detroit.

Within individual cities there was no consistent relationship between the various braxiuut>3 oi industry. Hew York, for example, had the highest scale level for bread and cake hand shops, and the second lowest for other nationality baking; it ranked third in Hebrew baking, twelfth in v~ead and cake machine shops, and sixteenth in cracker and cooky plants.

On July 1, 1951, average scales in the 72 cities having mechanized bread and cake shops in which over half of the union bakery workers studied were employed, ranged from 91 cents an hour in Jackson to #2,12 in Oakland. Five Pacific Coast cities were among the 6 having scales averaging at least #1 .6 5; all 4 cities with levels under #1 were located in the Southeastern region.

Scale levels in excess of #1.50 were recorded for about half of the 35 cities which had bread and cake hand shops. Average union scales for this branch of the industry ranged from #1.13 in Chattanooga to #1.98 in New York City.

Among the 18 cities having Hebrew bakeries, average union scales ranged from #1.37 in Pittsburgh to #2.31 in Detroit. Levels in excess of #2 were recorded for 6 of these cities and of less than i .50 for 2 cities.

Rate levels for cracker and cooky plants varied from 95 cents in Salt Lake City to #1.46 in Houston. Half of the 34 cities in this group had average scales of #1 . 1 0 to #1.30 an hour.

San Francisco led in the other two branches of the industry with average scales of #1 .9 8 for pie and pastry shops and #1 .9 2 for other nationality baking. Chattanooga (85 cents) and Los Angeles (#1 .54), had the lowest city levels in the respective branches.

When the cities in the survey are grouped according to population size, it is clearly indicated that average union


hourly rates for all branches of the industry combined were typically highest in the largest population centers and descended in accordance with city size (table 12)*

Average scales generally followed a somewhat similar pattern among the individual industry branches. Some of the major exceptions are noted herewith. Scale levels for pie and pastry shops and other nationality bakeries in cities with populations of 500,000 to 1,000,000 exceeded those with a 1,000,000 or more population by 7 and 9 cents, respectively. Cracker and cooky plants in the A0,000 to 100,000 population group had scales averaging 2.3 cents above the level in cities with populations of 500,000 to 1,000,000.

On a regional basis, the national average for all baking ($1.45) was exceeded by two regions - the Middle Atlantic States ($1.58) and Pacific Coast ($1.63)* The scale level in the Southeast region was 34 cents below the national average and 52 cents below the level of the Pacific region (table 13)

Bread and cake machine shops and cracker and cooky shops were the only branches of the industry represented In all regions. The highest scale levels in these branches were ($1.75) for mechanized bread and cake shops on the Pacific Coast and ($1.28) for cracker and cooky baking in the Southwest.

Standard WorkweekThe average straight-time workweek of

40.7 hours for all bakery workers remained unchanged between July 1, 1950, and July 1, 1951* The 40-hour workweek was most prevalent and was applicable to over four- fifths of all bakery workers studied.

Union agreements in effect on July 1, 1951 provided standard work schedules of 40 hours or less for over 98 percent of the workers in 3 branches of the industry - bread and cake machine shops, pie and pastry shops, and cracker and cooky shops. Over a fourth of the workers in bread and cake hand*shops and in other nationality bake shops were employed under agreements specifying standard workweeks of 48 hours; more than half of the Hebrew bakers had straight-time weekly schedules of at least 44 hours. (See table 14#)Union Scales of Wages and Hours by City

Table 15 presents union hourly wage scales and straight-time hours per week in effect on July 1, 1950, and July 1, 1951, for each classification of bakery workers by type of baking in each of the 74 cities included in the study. Where more than one union rate was in effect for the same occupation in a particular city, all rates are listed with the letters,A, B, C, etc., designating the various effective agreements. The sequence of the letters does not indicate the relative importance of the agreements or rates.


4TABUS 1A.Indexes of union hourly wage rates and weekly hours in the baking industry, 1939 - 51 TABUS IB.Indexes of union hourly wage rates and weekly hours in the baking industry, 1939 - 51/June 1, 1939 = 1007 /July 1, 1947, 48, 49 = ICO?

TearIndex of hourly rates

Index of weekly hours

1939: June 1 ........ ................. . 100.0 100.01940: June 1 .......... ................ 102.7 99.51941: June 1 ......................... . 106.1 99.21942: July 1 ...... .................... 116.3 99.11943: July 1 .......................... 121.2 98.61944: July 1 ...................... 122.0 98.61945: July 1 ........................... 123.6 98.61946: July 1 ........................... 141.6 98.31947: Ju'y 1 ........... ............... 160.6 98.21948: July 1 .......................... 173.4 93.21949: July 1 .......................... 184.5 97.81950: July 1 ........ .............I.... 192.4 97.81951 July 1 ........................... 203.4 97.7

Tear Index of hourly ratesIndex of weekly hours ...

1939: June 1 ................................................... 57.9 102.01940: June 1 .......................................... 59.4 101.51941* June 1 ..................................................... 61.4 101.21942: July 1 ...................................................... 67.3 101.11943: July 1 ...................................................... 70.1 100.61944: July 1 ..................... ................. 70.6 100.61945* July 1 ...................................................... 71.5 100.61946: July 1 ........ ................... ....................... 81,9 100.21947: July 1 ...................................................... 92.9 100.11948: July 1 ............................. , ...................... 100.3 100.11949: July 1 ...................................................... 106.8 99.71950: July 1 ...................................................... 111.3 99.71951: July 1 ...................................................... 117.7 99.6

TABUS 2 .Average union wage rates in the baking industry, July 1, 1951, and increases since July 1, 1950, by type of baking

Type of bakingAveragerate Amount of increase July 1. 1950 - July 1. 1951 2 /_per hour July 1. 1951 1 / Percent Cents per hour

All baking ..................................................................................................................... $1.45 5.7 8Bread and cake:Hand........ ................................................................................................................. 1.73 5.8 10Machine.......... ................................................................................... ................... 1.42 5.2 7Pie and pastry ............................................................. ........................... ................. 1.34 6.3 3Nationality baking:Hebrew...................................................................................... ........................ . 2.04 6.2 12Other ....................... ........................................................ ................. 1.74 5.3 10Cracker and cooky ................................................................. .......... ......................... 1.18 7.0 8

1 / Average rates are based on a ll rates in effect on July 1, 1951; individual rates are weighted by the number of union members reported at each rate.2 / Based on comparable quotations for 1950 and 1951; weighted by the membership reported in 1951.

TABUS 3.Percent increases in union wage rates and percent of workers affected, by type of baking, July 1, 1950, to July 1, 1951

Percent of union workers affected by - Percent of workers affected by increase of -Type of baking Nochange Increase DecreaseLess than 5 percent

5 and under 10 percent

10 and under 15 percent

15 and tinder 20 percent20 and

under 25 percent25 and ' under 30 percent

30 percent and overAll baking....................... . 15,4 34.5 0.1 20.1 44.9 18.2 1.0 0.2 0.1 l l ABread and cake:Hand....................................... 15.4 84.6 - 11.0 58.3 12.7 2.6 (1/)Machine ................................. 19.2 80.7 .1 26.3 41.4 11.6 .9 .3 .1 0.1Pie and pastry ......................... 9.0 91.0 - 16.5 61.6 11.9 .9 .1 0 / )Nationality baking:Hebrew .......................... . 1.3 98.4 .2 12,2 77.6 8.5 .1 _ _Other ..................................... 5.8 94.2 - 22.1 71.6 .5Cracker and cooky .................... 11.3

________ 188.0

1__________.2 12.2 30.7 44.4 .6 .1 - -

1 / Less than 0.05 of 1 percent.


Table 4.__Cents-por-hour increase in union wage rates and percent of workers affected by type of baking, July 1, 1950 to July 1, 1951

Percent of Percent of workers affected by increasie of *Type of baking union workers affected by increase

Less than 5 cents5 and under 10 cents

10 and under 15 oents15 and under 20 oents

20 and under 25 cents25 and under 30 cents

30 cents and overAll baking ........................... ...............*............ 84.5 ,_7..2..... .....3.2*0 . ._2St2___ ___ ....0JL 0.1Bread and cake:Hand .......................................................... 84.6 7.5 12.1 55.5 4.6 3.1 1.8 -Machine ..................................................... 80,7 7.8 37,2 30.1 4.5 .9 .1 .1Pie and pastry 91.0 .5 55.4 33.2 1.0 .8 (1/0 .1Nationality baking: 8.6 68.6Hebrew ......................... ............. 93.4 9.2 9.8 2.2 - -Other ..................................................... 94.2 6.0 42.1 19.7 26.4 - - -Cracker and cooky ............................................ 83.0 9.7 32.1 42.9 2.8 .4 .1

1 / Less than 0.05 of 1 percent.

Table 5.Distribution of union members in the baking industry by type of baking and by hourly wage rates, July 1, 1951

Percent cf uniom me ml>ers wtose r*tes (:In centsi pei hour were -Av6r8|jc 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 lScT 170 180 190 200 210 220 230Type of baking Under and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and 240perhour 80 under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under and90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 330 190 200 210 220 230 240 ovexAll baking 0.3 ..Aa4 . ,.4*3... 2** U..2 , 10,3. 19.6 U.5 %9 8t2 ?t ..2*4. ?** 3,3 1 ,0 P*.4. 0*4Bread and cake:Hand........................... 1.731 - .5 U 1.5 1.3 3.3 5.9 8.6 4.9 14.6 21.8 12.0 6 .8 6 .0 7.8 1.3 1.7 3.6Machine 1.420 .2 .8 3.0 8.6 9.5 12.2 12.2 16.6 14.7 9.7 3.6 1.6 3.0 3.3 .9 .1Pie and pastxy .............. 1.341 .6 .4 9.8 12.4 10.1 13.0 13.6 11.0 13.1 5.0 4.4 .6 2.5 1.5 .7 .6 _ .7Nationality baking:Hebrew 2.040 .3 .2 .1 .3 - .1 1.4 2 .0 1.5 2 .1 2.5 10.3 n .7 18.1 30.1 13.3 3.8 2.2Other ................. 1.743- - - . - - .7 10.3 7.6 17.5 19.1 34.2 6 .9 3.7 _Cracker and cooky . . . . . 1.183 .5 3.8 10.5 19.6 26.0 13.2 11.2 8.9 3.3 2.4 .4 .2 (i/> o o - - -

i j Less than 0.05 of 1 percent.

TABLE 6 .Average union hourly wage rates and wage increases in bread and cake hand shops by city, July 1, 1950 to July 1, 1951

CityAveragerateper hour July 1. 1951

New York, N.Y.................... 1.982Oakland, Calif. .............. 1.784San Francisco, Calif. . . 1.772Baltimore, Md. 1.770Los Angeles, Calif. 1.765Portland, Oreg. . . . . . . . . 1.763Average, a ll c it ie s . . . . 1.731Chicago, 111. i 1.678Rochester, N.X. . . . . . . . . 1.624Cleveland, Ohio . . . . i 1.595Washington, D.C. . . . . . . . 1.550Butte, Mont. 1.534Denver, Colo. 1.524Springfield, Mass. . 1.522Newark, N.J........................ 1.505P ittsburg, Pa. 1.504Phoenix, Ariz.................... 1.495

Amount of increase July 1. 1950 - July 1. 1951Percent Gents per hour City

Averagerateper hour

7.47.0.26.46.66,7

i 5*8 7.0 ! 3.?1.3 i 0 ! 10.0 ! 5.5! 0 I 010.5

10.0

13.711.7 *310.611.011.0

9.510.95.02 .0C13.9 8.0 0014.313.6

Toledo, Ohio .................. *1.449New Haven, Conn. . . . . . . 1.420St. Paul, Minn................ 1.401Minneapolis, Minn. . . . . 1.394Duluth, Minn. 1.387South Bend, Ind. . . . . . . 1.337St. Louis, Mo. 1.377Peoria, 111...................... 1.372Providence, R.I.............. 2.343Milwaukee, Wis. . . . . . . . 1.335Rock Island, (111.)D istrict 1 / ........ . 1.332Scranton, Pa. . . 2.304Handies ter, N.H. . . . . . . 1.270Salt Lake City, Utah . . ! 1.265Youngstown, Ohio........ . 1.264Boston, Mass. 1.259Chattanooga, Term, . . . . 1.125

Amount of increaseJuly 1. 19'50 - July 1. 1951Percent Cents per hour

1.9 2.71 6.8 9.0I 6.0 8.06.0 7.90 0j 3.0 4.0i 10.0 12.53.2 4.2! 3.5 4.57.2 8.9; 2.3i 5.66.7 5.5 6.0

6.0 13.0

3.07.08.0 6.67.17.2 12.9

1 / Includes Rock Island and Moline, 111., and Davenport, Iowa.985312 0 - 52 -2


6TABLE 7.- Average union hourly wage rates and wage increases in bread and cake machine shops, by city, July 1, 1950 to July 1, 1951

CityAveragerateper hour July 1, 1951

Amount of increase July 1. 1950 - July 1. 1951 CityAveragerateper hour July 1, 1951

Amount of increase July 1. 1950 - July 1. 1951Percent Cents per how Percent Cents per hour

$2,116 8.2 16.0 South Bend, Ind, . . . . . $1,346 2.9 3.9Los Angeles, Calif. . . . . 1.830 7.3 12.5 Portland, Me............. 1.332 5.0 6.4San Francisco, Calif. . . 1.808 8.4 14.0 Boston, Mass. . . . . 1.329 5.7 7.1Butte, Mont................... .. 1.736 10.0 15.8 Duluth, Minn.................. 1.325 0 0Spokane, Wash. ........ 1.710 5.6 9.1 Syracuse, N.Y. . 1.323 9.5 11.4Portland, Oreg.......... . 1.655 7.7 11.8 Louisville, S y . ........ . 1.317 7.2 8.9Washington, D. C. . . . . . . 1.603 0 0 Scranton, Pa. . . . . . . . . 1.305 7.8 9.4Cincinnati, Ohio.......... . 1.594 3.4 5.3 Reading, Pa.................. 1.295 6.8 8.3Phoenix, Aria. . . . . . . . . . 1.561 10.0 14.2 Columbus, Ohio . . . 1.288 .8 1.0Seattle, Wash. ................ 1.554 5.0 7.4 Cleveland, Ohio . . . . . . 1.285 0 0Rochester, N.7.................. 1.527 3.3 4.8 Indianapolis, Ind. . . . 1.285 (2/) (1/)New York, N.Y................... 1.519 4.8 7.0 Providence, R.I. . . . . . 1.282 7.2 8.6Newark, N.J. . . . . . . . . . . . 1.518 4.1 6.0 Grand Rapids, Mich. 1.279 6.5 7.9Denver, Colo................ 1.506 5.6 8.0 New Orleans, La. ........ 1.267 6.7 8.0Peoria, 111....................... 1.481 3.5 5.0 Omaha, Nebr, ............ . 1.264 0 0Detroit, Mich. ................ 1.457 10.2 13.5 Charleston, W. Va. . . . 1.252 6.1 7.2Pittsburgh, Pa.................. 1.447 10.0 13.2 Dallas, Tex. . . . . . . . . . 1.239 3.6 4.4Houston, Tex..................... 1.441 11.6 15.0 Wichita, Kans................ 1.236 0 0Buffalo, N.Y..................... 1.434 4.2 5.8 Little Rock, Ark.......... 1.235 7.4 8.5St. Louis, Mo.................... 1.428 7.0 9.3 Milwaukee, Wis.............. 1.218 1.2 1.4Dayton, Ohio ................ 1.425 2.2 3.1 San Antonio, Tex. . . . . 1.218 5.2 6.0Average, a l l c it ie s . . . . 1.420 5.2 7.0 Springfield, Mass. . . . 1.203 0 0Kansas City, Mo.............. 1.417 0 0 Memphis, Term................ 1.197 3.5 4.1Youngstown, O hio......... 1.417 0 0 Richmond, Va. .............. 1.193 2.6 3.0Chicago, 111................. 1.398 7.7 10.0 Baltimore, Md................ 1.148 8.6 9.0Des Moines, Iowa ............ 1.397 5.3 7.0 El Faso, Tex. ............ . 1.111 9.9 10.0Toledo, O hio............. 1.387 2.5 3.3 Birmingham, Ala............ 1.107 3.8 4.1Salt Lake City, Utah . . . 1.378 4.9 6.4 Atlanta, Ga. . . . . . . . . . 1.100 3.6 3.8Rock Island, (111.) Chattanooga, Tenn. . . . 1.079 0 0District y .................. 1.368 2.2 3.0 Norfolk, Va. . . . . . . . . . 1.073 8.2 8.2Minneapolis, Minn.......... .. 1.366 4.6 6.0 Charlotto, N.C. . . . . . . 1.065 4-7 4.7Philadelphia, Pa............ . 1.361 4.1 5.3 Jacksonville, Fla. . . . 1.016 9.0 9.0Oklahoma City, Okla. . . . 1.360 0 0 Knoxville, Tenn............ .991 6.4 6.0Uo fn a f t + . T j Mnsfl, . . . . . . . I . 3 5 7 6.1 7.8 Miami, Fla. . . . . . . . . . . .982 11.3 10.0St. Paul, Minn.................. 1.352 4.7 6.1 Charleston, S.C............ .935 6.4 5.6New Haven, Conn................ 1.350 7.1 9.0 Jackson, Miss................ .913 2.9 2.6

X/ Includes Rock Island and Moline, 111., and Davenport, Iowa* 7 j Less than 0.05 of 1 percent (Decrease)Less than 1 mill (Decrease)

TABLE 8 .Average union hourly wage rates and wage increases in pie and pastry shops by c ity , July 1, 1950 to July 1, 1951 TABLE 9 .Average union hourly wage rates and wage increases In Hebrew bake shops by c ity , July 1, 1950 to July 1, 1951


Amount of increase July 1. 1950 - July 1. 1951Percent Cents per hour

San Francisco, Calif.......... $1,980 4.9 9.3Los Angeles, Calif.............. 1.564 9.8 14.0St. Paul, Minn...................... 1.557 4.0 6.0New York, N.Y....................... 1.533 6.4 9.2Detroit, Mich. ................... 1.439 8.4 11.1Average, a l l c ities . . . . . . 1.341 6.3 7.9Toledo, Ohio ............. 1.336 1.9 2.5Boston, M ass..................... 1.297 8.4 10.0Worcester, Mass.................. 1.297 7.6 9.0Indianapolis, Ind................ 1.296 0 0Philadelphia, Pa. ............. 1.281 5.0 6.1Cleveland, Ohio . . . . . . . . . . 1.261 0 0Syracuse, N.Y. ................... 1.209 12.7 13.6Omaha, Nebr. ..................... . 1.204 0 0Buffalo, N.Y.......................... 1.202 9.3 10.2Columbus, Ohio ................... 1.191 0 0York, Pa................................. 1.158 4.5 5.0Providence, R.I............... 1.110 9.9 10.0Scranton, Pa..................... 1.097 7.3 7.5Chicago, 111. ...................... 1.075 5.9 6.0Baltimore, Md. .................... 1.024 7.2 6.8South Bend, Ind.................... 1.020 5.2 5.0Duluth, Minn, ...................... .970 0 0Chattanooga, Tenn................ .848 0 0


Amount July 1. 195of increase >0 - July 1. 1951Percent Cents per hour

Detroit, Mich............... $2,308 5.7 12.4Los Angeles, Calif.......... 2.173 8.9 17.8New York, N.Y.................... 2.128 6.6 13.2Chicago, 111. .................. 2.121 7.3 14.3Rochester, N.Y................ 2.077 3.1 6.3Ayeiage^.all.cities . . . . 2.040 6.2 12.0Boston, Mass. .................. 2.010 10.2 18.7Newark, N.J....................... 1.924 7.5 13.3New Haven, Conn................ 1.908 5.8 10.4Providence, R.I. ............ 1.885 3.6 6.6Cleveland, Ohio .............. 1.842 5.1 9.0Philadelphia, Pa.............. 1.802 .9 1.6Worcester, Mass.............. .. 1.700 4.0 6.5Minneapolis, Minn.......... . 1.592 3.9 6.0Springfield, Mass.......... . 1.523 0 0Milwaukee, Wis. . . 1.512 7.1 10.0Denver, Colo. .................. 1.509 5.6 8.0St. Louis, Mo.............. . 1.416 1.6 2.2Pittsburgh, Pa. . . 1.374 4.8 6.3


7TABLE 10.Average union hourly wage rates and wage increases in other nationality bake shops, by c ity , July 1, 1950, to July 1, 1951TABLE 13. Average union, wage rates in the baking industry, by

region 1/ and by type of baking, July 1, 1951

City Average rate per hour Amount of increase July 1. 1950 - July 1. 1951July 1, 1951 Percent Cents per hourSan Francisco, Calif. . . 11.922 8.5 15.0Chicago, 111..................... 1.851 7.2 12.5Detroit, Mich ................. 1.781 4.4 7.5Average^ a ll c it ie s . . . . Buffalo, N.'Y. 7.............. 1.7411.680 5.84.7 9.57.6Cleveland, Ohio .............. 1.672 1.2 1.9New York, N. Y.................. 1.593 5.8 8.8Los Angeles, Calif.......... 1.538 0 0

TABUS 11.Average union hourly wage rates and wage increases in cracker and cooky shops, by c ity ,July 1, 1950, to July 1, 1951

City Average rate per hour July 1. 1951Amount of increase July 1. 1950 - July 1. 1951Percent Cents per hour

Houston, Tex..................... 11.458 8.6 11.5Rochester, N. Y................ 1.377 3.0 4.0Newark, N. J............. .. 1.326 - 5.3 - 7.4Pittsburgh, Pa................. 1.306 11.6 13.6Philadelphia, Pa.............. 1.298 10.0 11.8Oakland, Calif................. 1.278 4.3 5.3Buffalo, N. Y................... 1.277 9.0 10.5Detroit, Mich................... 1.269 11.1 12.7Chicago, 111................... . 1.263 8.3 9.6Atlanta, Ga....................... 1.249 9.8 11.1St. Louis, Mo................... 1.226 8.5 9.6York, Pa............................. 1.205 10.2 11.1Omaha, Nebr......................... 1.200 9.1 10.0Kansas City, Mo................ 1.195 7.6 8.4Average, a ll c it ie s . . . . 1.183 7.0 7.8Portland, Qreg.................. 1.180 (l/> Cl/)New York, N. Y.................. 1.171 4.9 5.5Cincinnati, Ohio ............ 1.157 3.1 3.5Cleveland, Ohio .............. 1.122 0 0Boston, Mass..................... 1.113 0 0Duluth, Minn..................... 1.108 0 0Seattle, Wash................... 1.106 0 0Dayton, Ohio ................... 1.105 5.4 6.7St. Paul, Minn.................. 1.098 11.6 11.4Los Angeles, Calif.......... 1.094 10.1 10.0Denver, Colo..................... 1.07a 6.4 6.5Richmond, Va..................... 1.057 7.x 7.0Baltimore, Md................... 1.031 6.6 6.4Milwaukee, Wis.................. 1.030 0 0Columbus, Ohio ................ 1.003 0 0Minneapolis, Minn............ .989 5.3 5.0Dallas, Tex....................... .986 6.8 6.3Spokane, Wash................. .. .985 4.6 4.4Birmingham, Ala................ .952 8.0 7.0Salt Lake City, Utah . . . .950 5.6 5.01 / Data not available for 1950.

TABLE 12.Average union wage rates in the baking industry, by population group and by type of baking, July 1, 1951PODUliation grout)

Type of baking Citieswith1,000,000 or more

Citieswith500,000to1,000.000

Citieswith250,000to500,000

Citieswith100,000to250,000

Citieswith40,000to100,000All baking .................. *1.597 $1.4?4 __ *1.352 $1,260

1.398Bread and cake:Hand....................... 1.869 1.592 1.621 1.356Machine .................. 1.509 1.406 1.422 1.298 1.253Pie and pastry .......... 1.354 1.422 1.332 1.174 1.158Nationality baking: Hebrew ................... 2.095 1.806 1.863 1.780 _Other ..................... 1.724 1.813 - - -Cracker and cooky . . . 1.243 1.182 1.163 1.080 1.205

Type of baking UnitedStates NewEngland MiddleAtlantic BorderStates Southeast

All baking..................... t l .U 8 *1.365 S I.580 .JX.271Bread and cake:Hand........................... 1.731 1.3181.3141.258

1.907 1.6351.316 1.125Machine ..................... 1.4201.341 1.4531.404 1.079Pie and pastry .............. 1.024 .848Nationality baking: Hebrew..................... 2.0401.741 1.935 2.0591.603Other...... .................. _ _Cracker and cooky........ 1.183 1.113 1.268 1.049 1.194

GreatLakes MiddleWest Southwest Mountain Pacific

All baking ...................... 1.367 1.322 1.289 1.273 1.629Bread and cake:Hand ........................... 1.5951.3771.195

1.3771.3841.2041.437 1.772Machine ..................... 1.291 1.506 1.7481.669Pie and p astry .............Nationality baking: Hebrew....................... 2.005 1.416 1.509 2.173Other......................... 1.813 _ 1.790Cracker and cooky ........ 1.167 1.204 1.276 1.056 1.181

l / The regions in this study include:New England ............ Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, NewHampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont;Middle Atlantic . . . New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania;Border States ........ Delaware, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia;Southeast ................ Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi,North Care'1 ina, South Carolina, and Tennessee;Great Lakes ............ I llin o is , Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota,Ohio,' and Wisconsin;Middle West ............ Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, NorthDakota, and South Dakota;Southwest ................ Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas;Mountain .................. Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, NewMexico, Utah, and Wyoming;Pacific .................... California, Nevada, Oregon, andWashington.

TABLE 14.Distribution of union members in the baking industry by straight-time weekly hours, and type of baking July 1, 1951

Averagehoursperweek

Perctmt of w

TABLE 15.Union scales of wages and hours in the baking industry, in selected c it ie s , July 1, 1950 and July 1, 1951 /^flours are AO per week for both years unless otherwise indicated/

City and occupation

ATLANTA, GA.Bread and cake - Machine shops: Agreement A:Working foremen ..................Mixers, ovenmen, and doughnut-machine operators ...................................Roll-machine operators . . . Dividers, depositors, wrapping-machine operators, and checkers ..........Holder operators, stockmenMixers helpers ..................Icing-machine operators . . Oven feeders and dumpers . Pan-washing-machine operators, ro ll panners female, and make-up women . Twisters, panners, rackers, catchers, carton makers, flour dumpers,and pan greasers ..............Hand icers (cake) ..............Wrappers ...............................Agreement B:Bread:Foremen .............................Dough mixers, ovenmen . .Dividermen .......................Moldermen, roll-machine operators, and bench-men ...................................Oven loaders anddumpers ...........................Dough mixer helpers, pan greasers, set-off men, and bread rackers (a llafter 6 months) ............Cake:Foremen .............................Ovenmen .............................Mixers ...............................Ingredient scalers, scaling-machine operators, and floor-ladies .............................Supervisors .....................Cake-wrapping-machineoperators .......................Icers, checkers, wrappers, packers, and cutters (after 6months) ...........................Greas ing-machineoperators......................Helpers, male,(after 6 months) ..........Shipping:Shipping clerks ..............Wrapping-machineoperators .......................Bread checkers...........Cake checkers .................Wrapping-machine helpers(after 6 months) ..........Bun trayers, hand wrappers, truck loaders, and helpers(after 6 months) ..........Crackers and cookies:Agreement A:Sponge and swset mixing:Head mixers .....................Mixers ...............................Mixers helpers ..............

Rate per hourCity and occupation

Rate per hour Rate per hour

July 1, 1950

July 1, 1951

July 1, 1950

July 1, 1951

City and occupation July 1, 1950

July 1, 1951

ATLANTA, GA. - Continued BALTIMORE, MD. - Continued

Crackers and cookies: - Bread and cake - MachineContinued shops: - Continued

$1.A00 I1.A30 Agreement A: - Continued Agreement A: - ContinuedSponge baking: Bread department: -Head bakers ........... $1.5A5 $1,700 Continued

1*350 1.330 1.A45 1.590 Bread packers ........ . $1,015 $1,1051.280 1.280 Bakers ................ 1,385 1.52A Flour blenders,

1.335 1.A69 (bread and cake) ...... .990 1.030Sweet baking: Bakery helpers

1.200 1.280 1.255 1.381 (men and women) ....... .978 1.0 681.2 30 1.2 3 0 Dough feeders, machine Cake and sweet department:1.150 1.230 set-up men, and pan Mixers, ovenmen1 .10 0 1.10 0 1.205 1.3 2 6 (first class) ......... 1.315 1.A15^920 1.0A0 Scalers, weighers, Ingredient mixers

1.065 1.172 helpers ........ . 1.290 1.390Icing: Bench hands ........... 1.285 1.385

.990 .990 Head mixers.......... 1.A30 1.573 Cooky mixers, icing1.355 1.A91 mixers ........... . 1.315 1.A151.305 1.A36 Cake decorators ........ 1.2A0 1.A15

Base cake weighers .... 1.255 1.381 Ovenmen (second class) . 1.215 1.315.950 .990 Floormen .............. 1.155 1.271 Dividers (depositor.920 .990 Machine operators, operators) ........... 1.165 1.255.370 .990 1.055 1 .1 6 1 Oven feeders ........... 1.065 1.155

Packing: Cake -'ackers ........... 1.QA0 1 .13 0Supplyraen ............. 1.305 1.A36 Pan greasers .......... .978 1.118

1.52 0 1.550 Pastemen, assemblymen .. 1.255 1.331 Packers ............... 1.0A0 1.1051.320 1.350 Head clerks, wrapping- Bascery helpers, bakers1.2A0 1.270 nachine op 'rators ..... 1.205 1.3 2 6 helpers .............. .978 1.068

Sponge packers, Bench helpers (women) .. .850 .9A0bund!era (nand) ....... 1.075 1.133 Cake icers (women) ..... .325 .900

1 .2 1 0 1.2 A0 Stitchers, formers .... 1.C55 1 .1 6 1 Cake wrappers (women) .. .300 .875Swe3t packers, closers, Agreement B:

1 .0 10 1.QA0 weighers, and carton Bread department:formirs ............... 1.0A5 1.150 Mi vers. nvf>mni>n T.TtTtfl 1.290 1.390

Agreement B: Set-up men ............ 1.230 1.330Foremen .................. 1.225 1.275 Dividermen ............. 1.130 1.2 50

.950 .980 Mixers ................... 1.025 1.075 Oven dumpers........ 1 .10C 1.130Ovennen, loaders ........ .875 .925 Moldermen.......... 1.075 1.155

1.370 1 .A00 Wrapping-machine oper Cooleraen, bake-shop1.300 1.330 ators, cuttermen, and helpers, pan1.220 1.250 sealers ........__...... .325 .375 greasers ............ . 1.020 1.10 0

Dumpers, enrobers, squeeze Wrapping-machine feeders .9A0 1.020bagmen, hand wrappers, Wrapping-machine feedpackers, and women ers (women) .......... .320 .825

1.090 1 .12 0 helpers ................ .775 .825 Cake department:.960 .990 Mixers, ovenmen,

BALTIMORE, MD. icing makers ......... 1.290 1.390.920 .950 Ingredient scalers,

Bread and cake - Hand shops: sugar grinders ....... 1.10 0 1.180Agreement A: Oven dumpers.......... 1.020 1.10 0Dough mixers, ovenmen .... 1/1.756 1/1.867 Flour blenders ........ .995 1.075

.920 .950 Benchmen................. . 1/1.689 1/1.300 Packers and shippers ... .920 1.0A0Agreement B: Pan greasers .......... .920 1.000

.910 .9A0 Dough mixers, journeymen Tray and mold boys .... .905 .985bakers...... . 2/1.125 2/1.188 Wrappers and icers

.910 .9A0 Helpers................ V .79 A V .35A (women) ....... . .820 .885Bread and cake - Machine shops: Agreement C:

1.320 1.350 Agreement A: General utilitymen ....... 1.275 1.370Bread department: Mixers ................... 1.225 1.320

1.190 1.2 2 0 Mixers, oven operators Ovenmen .................... 1.200 1.2901.160 1.190 (bread trays) ......... 1.315 1.A15 Machine operators,1.090 1 .12 0 Ingredient scalers ..... 1.290 1.390 bread wrapping-machine

Bench hands ............. 1.235 1.390 operators, depositor.950 .980 Wrapping setters ....... (2J) 1.3A0 operators ................ 1.175 1.270Divider operators, Cake bench hands ......... 1.125 1.270

molder operators ...... 1.190 1.280 Bread benchmen_________T 1.075 1.270Bread wrappers, Oven loaders and.900 .930 machine, wrapping- dumpers.......... ...... 1.125 1.220

machine heloers ....... 1.115 1.205 Ingredient scalers,Mixers' helpers, bread panners andoven feeders, oven rackers............... 1.075 1.170

1.505 1.6 56 dumpers, oven Dough mixers helpers,1.A05 1.5A6 helpers .............. 1.090 1.180 cake oven heloers ...... 1.050 1.1701.255 1.331 Pan greasers........ .973 1.118 Bread checkers .......... .350 1 .12 0

1 / A5-hour workweek.2 / A3-hour workweek.2 / Information not available for rate and hours on July 1, 1950,


9TABLE 15* Union scales of wages and hours in the baking industry, in selected cities, July 1, 1950 and July 1, 1951 - Continued

City and occupationRate per hour



July 1, 1950

July 1, 1951

July 1, 1950

July 1, 1951

July 1, 1950

July 1, 1951

BALTIMORE, ML. - Continued BALTIMORE, MD. - Continued BIRMINGHAM, ALA. - Continued

Bread and cake - Machine Crackers and cookies: - Bread and cake - Machineshops: - Continued Continued shops: - ContinuedAgreement C: - Continued Baking department: - Agreement A: - Continued

Pan greasers ............ $0,925 $1,020 Continued Bread: - ContinuedHand mixers (women) ..... .900 1.000 Rollermen ............... $1,150 $1,250 Panners, oven feeders,Checkers, packers and Fig grinders, and dumpers .......... $1,10 0 $1,140wrappers (women) ...... .300 .900 ingredient scaler Sweet-roll panners .... 1.0 50 1.090

Agreement D: helpers ............... 1.125 1.175 Wrapping-machineBread department: Stackers ................ 1.10 0 1.200 operators ............ 1.145 1.185

O v e n operators, dough Cracker-meal miller Slicers, feeders, wrap-mixers, doughnut- helpers, pan cleaners, ping-machine helpers .. .925 .965machine operators .... 1.345 1.445 pan feeders, fig grinder Sugar grinders, flour

.950 1.000 dumpers .............. 1.000 1.040molder operators, divi- Other men workers Pan greasers, stock-der ooerators, wrap- (after 30 days) ........ .875 .925 room helpers, andping-machine operators, Icing department: packers ............. 1.000 1.040roll-machine operators 1.295 1.395 Working foremen, machine Checkers .............. 1.055 1.095Ingredient scalers, operators, enrobing- Cake:oven feeders and dump- machine operators, marsh- Mixers ................ 1.350 1.390ers, mixers' helpers .. 1.245 1.345 mallow operators ....... 1.225 1.275 Depositors ............ 1 .2 50 1.290Pan rackers (loaders), Icing mixers ............ .975 1.025 Oven operators ...... 1.315 1.355pan greasers, molders' Working supervisors Depositor helpers ...... 1.165 1.205helpers, bread packers, (women), sample-room Oven feeders andselectors and order girls, packers A ....... .955 1.005 dumpers .............. 1.030 1.070packers .............. 1.195 1.295 Trolley stickers and Icing makers .......... 1.250 1.290

Flour handlers, pan dippers ................ .905 .955 Bake-shop helpers,washers .............. 1.145 1.225 Floormen ................ .875 .925 pan greasers, andPanners and fillers, Machine operators (women), packers .............. 1.000 1.040doughnut tray packers . .975 1.055 D. L. operators, Wrapping-machineHelpers (women) ....... .955 1.035 packers on D. L., operators, head

Agreement E: scalers, weighers, cad icere ........................................................ 1.040 1.080Bakers, 1st class ....... 1.175 1.325 die girls, depositor leers and wrappers .... .945 .985Bakers, 2d class ........ 1.025 1.125 feeders, other women Agreement B:General helpers ......... .875 .950 machine operators ...... .855 .905 Bread:Women workers..... ....... .750 .825 Delmarvia operators ..... .805 .905 Mixers ................ 1.095 1.145

Agreement F: Hand dippers, strappers, Head ovenmen ................................... .995 1.045Dough mixers ................................... ...... 1.330 1.430 stencil feeders and Overmen ......................... ....................... ... .970 1.020Divider operators ....... 1.305 1.355 fillers, floor girls, Dividers, headMolder operators . . . . . . . . . 1.230 1.305 other women help on roll-machineDough mixers1 helpers . . . . 1.230 1.230 D. L. machines ................................ .805 .855 operators .......................................... .945 .995Wrapping-machine Caddie girls' helpers, Molders, benchmen .................. .920 .970feeders ........................................................ 1.020 1.150 other women help Roll-machine operators . .870 .920General helpers: (after 30 days) ............................ .755 .805 Machine wrappers,Starting rate ......... 1.015 1.005 Packing department: utilitymen ........... .820 .870After 6 months ........ 1.043 1.043 Head flnorman T..... l t I t 1.325 1.375 Pan greasers, bake-After 1 year .......... 1.093 1.093 Utilitymen .............. 1 .15 0 1.200 shop helpers ......... .770 .820

Pie and pastry shops: Wrappingmachine opera Packers, shippers ..... .745 .795Doughnut shops: tors and setters ......................... 1.075 1.125 Crackers and cookies:Agreement A: Checkers ....................................................... 1.005 1.055 First floor:Doughnut-machine Wrapping-machine opera Mixing room:operators .......................................... 1.10 0 1 .15 0 tors, floormen A ......................... .975 1.025 Head mixers ......................... ... 1.180 1.260Head packers (women) . . . .850 .900 Sponge packers, bundlers, Mixers ....................................................... 1.060 1.140Packers (women) ......................... .800 .850 carton formers ..................... ... .955 1.005 Mixers' helpers ......................... .980 1.060Agreement B: Cracker-meal packers ............... .950 1.005 Bake shop:Foremen .................................................... 1.450 1.540 Sweet packers ...................................... .855 1.005 Machine operators,Mixers, machine Carton helpers ................................... .905 .955 sponge peelersoperators .......................................... 1.200 1.280 Floormen B, other men (after 6Bakery helpers . . . . . . . . . .975 1.055 help................... .875 .925 months .. 1 180 1 260Doughnut fryer..... ... (2/) 1.200 Weighers, chute tenders . . .855 .905 Machine feeders . . . . . . . . llooo l!o80Head packers .......... .900 .970 Machine operators - Machine helpers ....... .750 .800Packers and helpers women fillers ................................... .755 .905 Sponge peelers

. (women) ................................................. .850 .920 R paolcera___ ..rr.fII< , .825 .875 (1 st 6Crackers and cookies: Sealers, caddie formers . . .755 !855 months) ................................................. 1.060 1.140Mixing department: Relief girls - packing Sponge-ovenWorking foremen ................................ 1.375 1.425 gang, other women help bakers .................................................... 1.180 1.260Mixers ..................... ........................................ 1.325 1.375 (after 30 days) ............................ .755 .805 Sponge-ovenMixers' helpers ................................ 1.125 1.175 helpers, sponge-Flour dumpers ...........Baking department:

.950 1 . 0 0 0 BIRMINGHAM, ALA. oven traymen ................................Dough rollers,1.080 1 .16 0

Sponge peeler ...................................... 1.375 1.425 sweet-ovenBakers, peelers, Bread and cake - Machine shops: bakers ............... 1.030 1 .1 1 0cracker-meal Agreement A: Sweet-oven helpers ............... 1 .0 10 1.090millers, ingredient Bread: Stacking:scalers, machine Mixers ....................................................... 1.350 1.390 1 fit 8 months .750 .800captains .................................................... 1.325 1.375 Molder operators ..................... 1.175 1.215 After 3 months ...................... .980 l!o60Cuttermen .................................................... 1.300 1.350 Oven operators ............................ 1.315 1.355 W in p m qon i m nOvermen and reliefmen . . . . 1.225 1.275 Divider operators .................. 1.250 1.290 Pan greasers ................................... .900 .9802/ Information not available for rate and hours on July 1, 1950.


1 0

TABLE 15. Union scales of wages and hours in the baking industry, in selected cities, July 1, 1950 and July 1, 1951 - Continued


City and occupationRate per hour Rate per hour

July 1, 1950

July 1, 1951

July 1,1950

July 1, 1951


July 1, 1951

BIRMINGHAM, ALA. - Continued BOSTON, MASS. - Continued BOSTON, MASS. - Continued

Crackers and cookies: - Bread and cake - Hand Bread and cake - MachineContinued shops: - Continued shops: - ContinuedSecond floor: Agreement E: % $ Agreement C: - Continued

Sponge packers, Foremen................. 4/1.510 4/1.51C Molders* helpers, panlarge wafer-machine % % Dough mixers, benchmen, greasers, rackers,operators .............. 0.910 0.990 ovenmen, shipping clerks 4/1.360 4/1 .36C DeV elbi ss-machine

Large carton makers ..... .910 .990 Bread and cake - Machine shops: operators, wrapping-Wrapping-machine Agreement A: machine operators,operators .............. .850 .930 (General agreement) conveyor beltmen,Packers, helpers, Bread: frosting-machine oper

.750 .800 Mixers ................ 1.540 1.64C ators, head foreladies,Checkers, wrapping- Head ovenmen .......... (y) 1 .6 1C fondant-machine t 1

1.000 1.080 helpers ............... 1.415 1.500Tray and pan ovenmen, bench hands .. 1.430 1.530 General bakery helpers,dumpers ................ .930 1 .0 10 Mixers* helpers, ingre- inspectors, foreladies .. 1.345 1.430Machine helpers, dient scalers, molder Icers and decorators .... 1.130 1.215male; helpers, operators, oven feed- Doughnut tray packers,mu! ^ .750 .800 1.38 0 1.480 cake-cutting machine

Third floor: Pan greasers, bench operators, hand icers,Cold-room packers ....... .910 .990 helpers, general help- panners and make-upMachine feeders, ers, flour handlers and workers ................ 1.060 1.145capping ................ .850 .930 unloaders, rackers' General bakery helpers ... 1 .0 10 1.095Icing caddy and helpers .............. 1.300 1.400 Pie and pastry shops:carton makers .......... .750 .800 Wrappers, packers, Mixers, ovenmen, benchmen .. 1.410 1.510Head mixers ............. 1.060 1.140 floormen, checkers, Doughnut-machineMixers, wrapping- conveyor men: operators ................ 1.38 0 1.480

1.000 1.080 Up to 3 years ....... 1.240 1.340 Doughnut mixers ........... 1.320 1.420Icing mixers, After 3 years ....... 1.330 1.430 Checkers, dough cutters,syrup cooking .......... .980 1.060 Cake: filling cooks, pie

Helpers; mixer Mixers ................ 1.510 1.610 fillers (women) .T..TT_..tT 1.270 1.370he!pers ............r____ .750 .800 Ovenmen ............... 1.450 1.550 Bakery helpers........ 1.240 1.340

Fruit cake: Ingredient scalers, Baggers, packers, wrappers,Mixers .................... ............ 1.020 1.10 0 icing mixers ............... 1.380 1.480 boxers (women):Scalers, bakers ........ .... .960 1.0 40 Scalers, depositor Up to 1 year ............ .950 1.0 50Wrappers, packers, operators, stock- 1 to 3 years ............ .990 1.090scalers, checkers * men .................. 1.360 1.460 1 years and over T___ ... 1.030 1.130helpers, pan washers, Shippers - over 3 years . 1.330 1.430 Hebrew baking:and toppers . . . ... .............. .750 .800 Dumpers, general helpers 1.240 1.340 Foremen ................................ 1.999 2.193

Wrappers, packers, Second hands ........................ 1.853 2.041BOSTON, MASS. boxers, icers, pan Third hands ......................... 1.706 1.888

greasers: Crackers and cookies:Bread and cake - Hand shops: Up to 1 year .............. .950 1.0 50 Agreement A:

Agreement A: 1 to 3 years ............. .990 1.090 Dog food department:Dough mixers .................. 2/1.555 2/1.659 3 years and over ....... 1.030 1.130 Mi v e r s_. . . ______.. . 1.240 1.240Ovenmen, bench hands, Agreement B: Bakers, machinedivider operators . . . . . . . 2/1.445 2/1.549 Ovenmen, icing mixers, captains ...................... 1.215 1.215Molders ................. 2/1.395 2/1.499 mixers .......... 1.430 1.430 Rel i efman 1 r i r T T i r T . . I l f 1.185 1 .18 5Wrapping-machine opera Shippers ................ 1.330 1.330 Dough feeders......... 1 .14 0 1 .14 0tors, wrapping-machine Ingredient scalers .......... 1.280 1.280 Oven firemen . . . . . . . . . . . 1.115 1.U5helpers, shippers Bakery helpers ................. 1.180 1.180 Pen feeders 1.090 1.090(after 3 years) .............. 2/1.345 2/1.449 Shippers * helpers: Rakers * helpera T__ T _ _ 1.070 1.070

Packers ............................ 2/1.345 2/1.449 1 to 2 months ............... 1.130 1 .13 0 Kibblers . TTT............ 1.030 1.030Bakers' helpers ............... 2/1.255 2/1.359 Over 2 months ............... 1.180 1.180 Packing department:

Agreement B: Table head (women) .......... 1.130 1.130 FIoormen T T I . . . . T T 1 . . . t1 1 .10 0 1.10 0Foremen, second hands . . . . 1.540 1.610 Wrappers (women): Handlers of brokenShipping clerks ............... 1 .3 1 0 1.380 1 to 2 months ............... .980 .980 Alyl rejected goods 875Ovenmen (bread and pies) . 1.30 0 1.370 Over 2 months ......... 1.030 1.030 Scaler8 , weighers,

0 ( jMixers .................. 1.280 1.350 Agreement C: packers ........... -t-t .865 .865Ovenmen (cakes) ............... 1.270 1.340 Working foremen ............... 1.665 1.750 Shipping department:Frosting makers ............... 1.260 1.330 Doughnut-machine opera Shippers ................. 1 .19 0 1 .19 0Head benchmen ................... 1.250 1.320 tors, fondant mixers, Car checkers , , t, , , , , , 1.155 1.155Benchmen ........................... 1.200 1.270 mixers ............................. 1.565 1.650 Car assemblers t 1.135 1.135Filling cooks . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 .16 0 1.2 30 Divider operators, Head car loaders 1 .13 0 1.130Greasers, helpers, depositor operators, Assemblers ............ 1.105 1.105cleaners, frosters ..... .940 1 .0 10 roll-machine operators, Assistant car loaders .. 1.099 1.099Agreement C: benchmen, receivers Stock clerks,First hands ............. 1.495 1.585 and stockmen, doco- stockmen 1.070 1.070Ovenmen, dough mixers . . . . 1.385 1.475 machine operators .......... 1.515 1.600 Agreement B:Benchmen ................ 1.330 1.420 Molder operators, Machine captains 1.445 1.445Frosters (women) ............. .960 1.0 50 ingredient scalers, Saltine mixers,Agreement D: selectors, mixers sweet mixers ................... 1.365 1.365Foremen ............................ 1.270 1.390 helpers, steam-box Dough feeders, doughDough mixers, ovenmen . . . . 1.165 1.285 men, ovenmen, rollers, ovenmen,Benchmen ........................... 1.115 1.235 blenders ......................... 1.465 1.550 bakers ____T T .,.. 1.345 1.345

2 / 48-hour workweek.2 / Information not available for rate and hours on July 1, 1950, j j 44-hour workweek.


1 1





July 1,1950

July 1, 1951

July 1, 1950

July 1,1951

July 1, 1950

July 1, 1951

BOSTON, MASS. - Continued BUFFALO, N. Y. - Continued BUFFALO, N. Y. - ContinuedCrackers and cookies: - Bread and cake - Machine Bread and cake - MachineContinued shops: - Continued shops: - ContinuedAgreement B: - Continued Agreement C: - Continued Agreement E: - Continued

Marshmallow mixers, Cake department: Bench helpers, cooky-spray-machine opera- Foremen ............... #1.628 #1.628 machine operators, oven$1 1t2 Q ci $1,?Q5 1.515 1.515 helpers, flour sifters

1.195 1.195 Assemblymen, traveling- and blenders ......t r,, #1.325 #1.435Supplymen ............... 1.14-5 1.145 oven men ............. 1.490 1.490 Bake-shop helpers,Weighers, general work- Scalers .............. 1.435 1.435 flour sifters anders, beaters, stockmen, Pie mixers ............ 1.380 1.380 blenders' helpers,

1.095 1.095 Wrapp ing-machine doughnut fill era T T. . T . , 1.275 1.3851.075 1.075 1.340 1.340 leers, wrappers and

Oven helpers .......... 1.340 1.340 packers fwomen^ ..... 1.105 1.215department: Foreladies ............ 1.320 1.320 Agreement F:

Machine helpers ....... 1.315 1.315 Maie vnrlffirs TT..T..I1TI1 1.140 1.1401.295 1.295 Pan greasers......... 1.275 1.275 Agreement G:

Sponge packers, Pie-machine boys - Working foremen ........ 1.625 1.735relief girls, after 6 months ....... 1.205 1.205 Mixers, ovenmen,wrapp ing-machine Cake decorators - after benchmen, divider-

1.075 1.075 1.125 1.125 men, friedcake-Breakers, box makers, leers, packers, wrap- machine operators ..... 1.525 1.635bundlers, weight pers (women) ......... 1.105 1.105 Bench helpers, checkers,girls, sweet packers, Pie machine (women) .... 1.105 1.105 flour dumpers, molderbox liners, box and Agreement D: men, oven loaders andlabel girls, box Bread department: dumpers, wrapping-1.628 1.738 machlna opftrn+.nra 1.375 1.485sweet goods bundler Mixers ................ 1.515 1.625 Pan greasers, bread

1.075 1.075 Overmen............... 1.490 1.600 packers y bread, parmersAssemblymen ........... 1.465 1.575 wrapping-machineBUFFALO, N.Y. Dividermen, bench hands 1.445 1.555 helpers ............... 1.275 1.385Mixers' helpers ....... 1.365 1.475 Hand icers, checkers,

Bread and cake - Machine shops: Assembly helpers ...... 1.340 1.450 packers, wrappers andAgreement A (semimachine Checkers .............. 1.335 1.445 mitfarfl ( unmon^ 1.075 1.185shops): Machine and moldermen .. 1.415 1.425 Agreement H:Foremen ................. 1.575 1.650 Oven feeders and dumpers 1.340 1.350 Frvrftmftn - - T , 1.730Oven hands and mixers .... 1.525 1.600 Packers ............... 1.305 1.415 Dough mixers, ovenmen ... 1^670 1.670Bench hands ............. 1.470 1.540 Coolermen ............. 1.300 1.410 RflnrthTnAnCheckers, wrapping- Pan greasers, machine Dividermen .............

x20U1.480 1.480machine operators, help hand helpers ......... 1.275 1.385 Xfig-pfid 1 PTVfc i / on

ers, and pan greasers .... 1.215 1.260 Bench helpers, Oven loaders and dumpers 1.360 1^ 360Hand wrappers ........... 1.185 1.260 wr appi ng-mac hine Moldermen .......... 1.330 1.330Agreement B: operators ............ 1.325 1.335 Pan greasers, flourForemen ................. 1.730 1.730 Wrapping- and slicing- dumpers ......... 1.300 1.300Oven hands and mixers .... 1.670 1.670 machine helpers, Bread rackers,Bench hands ............. 1.560 1.560 flour handlers ....... 1.300 1.310 wrapping-machine

operators............Scalers and machine Cake department: 1.270 1.270operators .............. 1.480 1.480 Foremen............. 1.628 1.738 Hand 1 tSfiTs 1.070 1.070Ingredientmen ........... 1.420 1.420 Mixers ................ 1.515 1.625 Agreement I:Packers and checkers .... 1.370 1.370 Ovenmen ............... 1.490 1.600 WfYplfi n p f*rvr%fvm,n 1.760 1.870Oven dumpers ............ 1.360 1.360 Depositors ............ 1.435 1.545Holders (women) ......... 1.330 1.330 Ingredient scalers .... 1.425 1.535

Oven operators, doughnut-machine

Helpers and pan greasers, Foreladies ............ 1.320 1.430 operators, potato chipflour dumpers (women) Machine helpers ....... 1.305 1.415 opAT*flt^ ra ttH 1.560 1.670and blenders (women) .... 1.300 1.300 Pan greasers .......... 1.295 1.405 Benchmen, dividerMachine operators, bread General helpers ....... 1.275 1.385 deposltnrs ... 1.510 1.620and pan stackers ....... 1.350 1.350 Icing-machine opera Ingredient scalers,leers and wrappers tors (women) ......... 1.140 1.250 wrapping-machine opera(women) ................ 1.130 1.130 leers, packers, wrap tors, molder operators,

Agreement C: pers (women) ......... 1.105 1.215 mixers' helpers, headBread department: Rollette department: selectors, filling cook-nTomon 1.628

1.5151.628 Mixers ................ 1.455 1.565 gj*g a flnnT*l ftrii A*? 1.460 1.5701.515 Jam cookers ........... 1.370 1.480 S6l@ctiors oven feeders

Traveling-oven men, Mixers' helpers ....... 1.305 1.415 and dumpers, stock handassemblymen .......... 1.490 1.490 General machine helpers 1.275 1.385 lers, muffin grillers,Dividermen, bench hands 1.445 1.445 Foreladies ............ 1.320 1.330 open-kettle fryers .... 1.410 1.520Machine and moldermen .. 1.415 1.415 Wrappers, rollers, Production workers ...... 1.360 1.470Doughnut-mach ine boxers (women) ....... 1.105 1.215 Oliver-wrapper operaoperator ............. 1.380 1.380 Agreement E: tors, roll- and sweetOven feeders and dump Mixers, ovenmen ......... 1.535 1.645 yeast-machine operaers , v *appingmachine Cake decorators ......... 1.515 1.625 tors ......7 1.195 l "an*;operators ............ 1.340 1.340 Assemblymen, fried-cake- Icers and decorators,

X. J U ?1.335 1.335 machine operators ...... 1.465 1.575 cake-pan v&sners and, , , , , , ___TT-T-

Bench helpers ......... 1.325 1.325 Bench hands, dividermen .. 1.445 1.555 greasers, sweet yeastWrapping- and slicing- Moldermen, peelmen ...... 1.415 1.525 make-up panners, chipmachine helper, flour Doughnut fryers, icing- bagging-machine operahandlers, packers .... 1.300 1.300 machine operators, mix tors, chip fryers, order

Coolermen ............. 1.300 1.300 ers ' helpers, packers ... 1.365 1.475 packers, doughnut trayPan greasers, machine Wrapping-machine packers, generalhand hftlpArs trTtT,TTlt 1.275 1.275 operators .............. 1.345 1.455 he! tiers , . _ 1.160 1.270


1 2

TABLE 15.-Union scales of wages and hours in the baking industry, in selected cities, July 1, 1950 and July 1, 1951 - Continued

City and occupationRate ce* hour

July 1, July 1,1950 1951

*1.628 1.6281.515 1.5151.A90 1.4901.465 1.4651.AA5 1.4451.415 1.4151.365 1.365

1*340 1.3401.335 1.335

1.325 1.325

1.300 1.300

1.275 1.275

1.628 1.6281.515 1.5151.490 1.4901.465 1.4651.445 1.4451.415 1.415

1.380 1.3801.365 1.365

1.340 1.3401.335 1.335

1.325 1.3251.320 1.320

1.300 1.300

1.275 1.275

1.105 1.105

1.305 1.5151.155 1.5151.305 1.4951.155 1.4901.305 1.3801.155 1.325

1.270 1.2701.135 1.1351.105 1.105

1.025 1.025

1.750 1.7601.550 1.650

1.545 1.7001.460 1.6051.330 1.4951.360 1.495

1.460 1.6051.360 1.5301.340 1.505



July 1, 1950 Judy 1, 1951 July 1,1950 July 1, 1951BUTTE, MOST.

Bread and cake - Hand shopst $ %Foreman, m ixers............. 4/1.673 4/1.840Ovenmen ............ ....................... 4/1.628 2/1.791Bencnmen ............................. . 4/1.537 2/1.691Wrappers, hand$ * (women) .................................. 4 / .830 ( J .9131.360 1.495 Bread and cake-Machine shops;1.300 1.430 Foremen, dough mixers .......... 5/1.748 5/1.9231.290 1.420 KoLl-macnine operators,1.360 1.405 machinemen ............................. 5/1.748 5/1.9231.240 1.395 Ovenmen.............. . 5/1.700 5/1.8701.360 1.395 Bench hands.......... .................. 5/1.605 5/1.766Wrapping-machine1.240 1.365 operators, wrappers(men) ...................................... 4/1.182 4/1.301Wrappers (women) . . . . . . . . . . . y .830 4 / .913

CHARLESTON, S. C.1.210 1.365 Bread and cake- Machine shops*Bread!1.090 1.090 Miners ................................... 1.050 1.110Ovenmen ............................ .. 1.050 1.1101.545 1.665 Dividermen, moldermen,1.460 1.665 stockmen, and u t i li tymen ........................... .......... .900 .960Oven Loaders, dumpers . . . . .850 .9101.330 1.495 Helpers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .750 810Cake:1.070 1.175 Working foremen,mixers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.150 1.2101.090 1.090 Mixers, ovenmen .................. 1.050 1.110Ingredient s c a le r s .......... . .950 1.010Scalers, doughnut-1.190 1.310 machine operators,1.110 1.220 and wrappers . . . . . . . . . . . . .900 .960Icers, packers, and1.090 1.200 h elp ers.............................. .750 .8101.080 1.190 Bread and cake;Shippers ............................. . .950 1.0101.070 1.175 Wrappers ............................... .900 .960Checkers ............................... .850 .910Helpers ......................... .750 .8101.530 1.5651.400 1.480 CHARLESTON, W. VA.1.370 1.4451.250 1.315 Bread and cake-Machine shops:Agreement At1.470 1.550 Bread:1.380 1.455 Mixers No. 1 .................... 2/1.500 2/1.5801.330 1.445 Wrapping-machineoperators ........................ 2/1.410 2/3.4901.250 1.315 Mixers No. 2,dividers, shipping clerks 2/1.350 2/1.4301.380 1.480 Proof-box operators . . . . 2/1.300 2/1.3801.330 1.420 Bakers' helpers,f ir s t class .................... 2/1.250 2/1.3301.330 1.370 folders ............................. 2/1.150 2/1.2301.250 1.315 Bakers' helpers,second class .................. 2/1.100 2/1.180Dividers (women) ............ 2/1.350 2/1.4301.110 1.150 Agreement BtBread:1.060 1.110 Dough mixers,sponge setters .............. 2/1.470 2/1.5101.250 1.315 Wrapping-machine1.150 1,208 operators ....................... 2/U470 2/1.510Dividermen, moldermen . . 2/1.300 2/1.340Ovenmen, shipping and

receiving clerks 2/1.290 2/1.330Pan greasers, feeders,dough panners ................ 2/1.150 2/1.190Bread raokers .................. 2/1.120 2/1.160

1.100 1.150 Bakers' helpers ............ 2/1.050 2/1.090

B U F F A L O , . I . - Continued

Bread and cake - Machine shops: - Continued Agreement Js

Working foremen............. .Mixers .............Ovenmen .....................Assemblymen .....................Dividermen, benchmen . . . .Machine and moldermen . . . Mixers' helpers . . . . . . . . .Ovsn feeders and dusters,assembly helpers.......... .

Checkers ........................Bench helpers, wrapping- machine operators, flour sifters and blenders . . .

Wrapping and slicer helpers, flour handlers, packers, icers, rolls]leers, coolermen........

Fan greasers, machine helpers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Agreement KiWorking foremen............. ,Mixers .............................Ovenmen .......................... .Assemblymen .....................Dividermen, benchmen .... . Machine and moldermen ..., Doughnut-machineoperators ..................... .

Mixers' helpers............. .Oven feeders anddumpers........................ .

CheckersBench helpers, wrapping-machine operators........ .

Foreladies..................... .Wrapping and slicer helpers, flour handlers,packers........ . .............. .

Pan greasers, machinehelpers ........................

Packers, wrappers(women) ........................ .

Pie and pastry shopsi Agreement At

Mixers ....................Icing mixers . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ovenmen............. .............Ingredient scalers . . . . . . .Cookies...........................Shop helpers.................. .

Agreement BtScaling-machine operators, machine operators ,

Packers, checkers.......... .Floorladies................... .Packers and wrappers

(women) .........................Hebrew and Polish baking t

First hands, ovenmen,mixers............................. .

Second hands, bench hands ., Crackers and cookiest

Agreement At Mixing department t

Head mixers .................Sponge mixers..............Flour dumpers ..............Mixers' helpers . . . . . . . .

Baking departmenttMachine captains........ .Oven firemen ................Cuttemen.....................

BUFFALO, N. Y. - Continued

Crackers end cookies! - ContinuedAgreement At - Continued

Bakiug departmentt - ContinuedBakers, (traveling andreel oven) ...............

Rollermen ...................Graham oven feeders . . . Sponge rollermen . . . . . .Tenant-machine operators Floormen (class A) .. . . .Floormsn (class B), pan feeders and greasers

Spray-machine operators, and inspectors, oven feeders and takers-out, dough feeders, pan cleaners, andfeeders ........ .............

Forming-machineoperators ..................

Icing department tHead mixers ..................Machine captains . . . . . . .Machine set-up men, machinemen, jelly andmarshmallow men..........

leers (women), other helpers (women) . . . . . . .

Machine operators(women)......................

Packing department t Working supervisors

(women) ......................Sponge packers .............Hand bundlers, fillin g -machine operators .......

Sweet packers ...............Carton formers (machine), sealers and weighers ..

Agreement BsMixing department!

Head mixers..................Sponge mixersSweet mixers ................Flour dumpers..............

Baking department tMachine captains ..........Cuttermen....................Sponge rollermen ..........Pan feeders and greasers, general helpers ..

Icing and cello-bag department}Head mixers........ ........Machine set-up men . . . . . Paper cutters, icingmixers' helpers ..........

General helpers ...........Forming-machine operators, cartonformers, (women) ........

Sealers, weighers(women) .......................

Packing departmentsGeneral helpers ............Sponge packers .............fond bundlers, and carton formers (machine table), sweet packers, carton formers (hand), "Q" formers, cover stitchers, repack girls, breakage girls ........

2/K

AG-hour workweek. 44-hour workweek. 42-hour workweek.


13





July 1, 1950

July 1, 1951

July 1, 1950

July 1, 1951

July 1, 1950

July 1, 1951

CHARLOTTE, N. C. CHATTANOOGA, TENN. - Continued CHICAGO, ILL.'- Continued

Bread and cake - Machine shops: Bread and cake - Machine shops: Bread and cake - HandAgreement A: Agreement A: shops: - ContinuedBread: % % Bread: $ $ Retail - Bread and

1.320 1.320 1.110 1.110 cake: - ContinuedMixers, head Ovenmen ............... 1.050 1.050 Agreement B:1.160 1.160 1.030 1.030 First hands, spongers, $ 1Machinemen (rounders, Twisters, bench ovenmen .............. 2/1.650 2/1.750molders, and roll helpers, machine Second hands .......... 2/1.600 2/1.700dividers) ............ 1.030 1.080 helpers, and Third hands:Overmen, wrapping- wrapping-machine First 6 months ...... 5/ .950 2/1.050

.970 .970 7 to 24 months ...... 2/1.140 2/1.240hand wrappers, and Wrapping-machine 25 to 36 months ..... 3/1.440 2/1.540

1.050 1.050 .920 .920 Wholesale - Bread:Helpers: Cake: First hands, mixers,.830 .830 1.100 1.100 ovenmen, spongers ...... 1.575 1.675

.880 .880 .910 .910 Second hands, benchCake: Hand icers ............ .800 .800 or machine hands,Foremen ............... 1.320 1.320 Checkers, wrappers, molders or dividers,1.160 1.160 .780 .780 ingredientmen .......... 1.525 1.625Machinemen, depositors, Agreement B: Bread and cake - Machine shops:and ingredient Foremen................ 1.690 1.690 Agreement A:

1.050 1.050 1.430 1.430 Foremen .................. 1.670 1.770Oven loaders and Head benchmen, Oven operators, mixers,

.940 .940 1.350 1.350 doughnut operators,Foreladies ............ .990 .990 1.320 1.320 leader decorators ....... 1.560 1.660Helpers: Benchmen, machinemen, Bench hands, ingredient1st 3 months ........ .830 .330 assistant mixers, scalers, divider andAfter 3 months.... .. .880 .880 dumpers, and wrapping- depositor operators,

leers, wrappers, and machine operators ...... 1.280 1.280 cooky-machine operabox makers: Set-up men, wrapping- tors, oven feeders and1st 2 months ........ .770 .770 machine tall era TT...... 1.140 1.140 dumpers, floormen ...... 1.510 1.610Next 2 months ....... .830 .830 Doughnut-machine Molder operators, wrapAfter 4 months ...... .880 .830 operators T............. 1.100 1.100 ping machine set-up

Cake wrapping-machine Bread twisters .......... 1.080 1.080 men, dough dumpers,operators, experienced Helpers: assistant leader decoicers............... .940 .940 3 at 3 mnn+.hs__T T T . T . _ 1 .890 .390 rators ............ . 1.410 1.510

Pan washers and 4 to 6 months ......... .920 .920 Grease-machine operagreasers ............. .910 .910 Over 6 months ........ _ 1.010 1.010 tors , pan washing-

Shipping: Agreement C: machine operators,Shipping clerks ...... . 1.160 1.160 Foremen 1.150 1 .15 0 rack washing-machineCheckers .............. .940 .940 Mixers .................. .990 .990 operators, experiencedAgreement B: Ovenmen ................. .940 .940 bake-shop helpers,

Overmen, mixers, and Foreladies ............. .895 .895 stackmen ............... 1.300 1.400doughnut-machine Scalers, icing mixers .... .880 .830 General bakery helpers ... 1.190 1.290operators .............. 1.270 1.350 Cutting-machine opera Inspectors, floor-

Dividers, roll- tors, icers, wrappers, ladies, skilled cakemachine operators, and wrapping-machine decorators ............. 1.180 1.280depositors, and operators .............. .780 .780 Bread and dough pan-bread wrapping- Helpers ................. .750 .750 ners, doughnut traymachine operators ...... 1.220 1.300 Pie and pastry - Machine shops: packers, hand-icers,

Scalers, molder opera Foremen.............. ... 1.150 1.150 make-up girls .......... 1.110 1.210tors, stockmen, and Mixers, first cooks ....... .990 .990 Wrapping-machinemixers' helpers ........ 1.170 1.250 Ovenmen_____..,..T...T..TI .940 .940 feeders, Oliver

Cake wrapping- Cookers ................... .840 .840 wrapper operators,machine operators ...... 1.14 0 1.220 Shipping clerks ........... .790 .790 order fillersOven loaders, Wrappers, boxers, selectors, cake cutting-dumpers, cake crust-machine opera machine operators,icing-machine tors, pie fillers, cooler girls ........... 1.060 1.160operators .............. 1.060 1.140 anH toppers ............. T .780 .780 Unskilled generalProduction employees, Pie glacers, helpers ...... .750 .750 bakery helpers,cake icers, hand ....... .975 1.050 ( women) ............... .990 1.090Helpers: CHICAGO, ILL. Agreement B:1st 90 days ........... .875 .950 Bread department:After 90 days ......... .925 1.000 Bread and cake Hand shops: Group 1finders .T...TT... 1.665 1.765Shipping: Retail - Bread and cake: Mixers, ingredientShipping and receiv Agreement A: scalers, ovenmen ...... 1.560 1.660ing clerks ........... 1.120 1.200 First hands ..T........ 2/1.650 2/1 .7 7 0 Divider operators,Selectors ............. 1.060 1.140 Second hnnda . T . r r _ T T 2/1.600 2/1.72 0 softmill scaling

Icers, after 1 year .... 2/1.245 5/1*345 machine operators .... 1.510 1.610CHATTANOOGA, TENN. General bake-shop Moldermen, ovenhelpers, after dumpers and feeders

Bread and cake - Hand shops: 1 year ............... 5/1.175 5/1.260 benchmen, doughHead bakers ............... 2/1.146 2/1.281 Pan cleaners and dumpers ............... 1.460 1.560Second bakers ............. 2/ .938 2/1.042 greasers, after Helpers....... ....... 1.300 1.400Helpers ................... i ! -625 V .833 6 months ............. 5/1.055 5/1.140 Inside bakery cleaners . 1.190 1.2902/ 43-hour workweek.2/ 42-hour workweek.

985312 0 - 52 - 3


14





July 1, 1950

July 1, 1951

July 1, 1950

July 1, 1951

July 1, 1950

July 1, 1951

CHICAGO, ILL. - Continued CHICAGO, ILL. - Continued CHICAGO, ILL. - Continued

Bread and cake - Machine Polish baking: - Continued Crackers and cookies: -shops: - Continued Wholesale shops: ContinuedAgreement B: - Continued Day work: Agreement C:

Cake department: Foremen, spongers ..... $1,835 $1,985 Sponge baking:1.710 1.860 Machine captains ....... $1,530 $1,530

mixers, doughnut- Crackers and cookies: Rollermen, doughmachine mixers, oven- Agreement A: feeders, reliefmen .... 1.455 1.455men, ingredientmen, Men employees: Dough cutters..... 1.430 1.430

$1,520 $1,620 1.4C0 1.450 Scrap boys ............ 1.205 1.205Bake-shop helpers, Second mixers ......... 1.150 1.200 Sweet baking:1.260 1.360 Machine captains ...... 1.530 1.530.900 .950 Machine sheeters ...... 1.380 1.380

1.150 1.250 .950 1.000 Dough feeders ......... 1.255 1.2551.000 1.050 Scrap boys ............ 1.205 1.205.860 .960 1.050 1.100 Mixing room:.910 1.010 1.100 1.150 Mixers, sweet and.960 1.060 1.125 1.175 sponge ........... 1.450 1.450After 1 year ........ 1.010 1.110 Women employees: Raw material scalers ... 1.430 1.4301.060 1.160 .850 .900 Helpers ............... 1.330 1.330

.900 .950 Flour dumpers ......... 1.230 1.230

.950 1.000 Ovenmen ................. 1.380 1.380ingredientmen, first 1 to 2 years .......... 1.000 1.050 Icing department:

(3/) 1.620 1.050 1.100 Machinemen, enrobers ... 1.330 1.330(2/) 1.250 1.100 1.150 Head mixers ........... 1.230 1.2301.150 1.200 Stitchers ............. 1.180 1.180

greasers, inside Agreement B: Packers ............... 1.090 1.090bakery cleaners ........ (2/) 1.200 Sponge-mixing department: Trolley dippers, pinHelpers, men: Mixers ................ 1.420 1.510 ners , tailors, packers 1.060 1.060First month ........... (3/) 1.080 Mixers * helDers ....... 1.320 1.410 Head sample girls ..... 1.065 1.C65After 30 days ......... (2/) 1.200 Sponge-baking department: Stitchers (women),Helpers, women: Oven captains ......... 1.550 1.640 cellophane packers,First month ........... (2/) .960 Peelers-in........ 1.490 1.580 sample helpers,After 30 days ......... (2/) 1.010 Rollermen ............. 1.460 1.550 stickers ............. 1.020 1.020After 6 months ........ (2/) 1.060 Draw boys ......... 1.320 1.410 Packing department:After 1 year .......... (2/) 1.110 Stackers............. 1.270 1.360 S tackingmac hineAfter 3 years ......... (2/) 1.160 Sweet-mixing department: captains:Doughnut shops: Mixers ................ 1.470 1.560 First 3 months ...... 1.105 1.105

Doughnut and chocolate Mixers * helpers....... 1.370 1.460 Next 3 months ....... 1.330 1.330enrobing-machine Ingredient scalers ..... 1.220 1.310 After 6 months ...... 3$ 430 1.430operators .............. 1.410 1.500 Sweet-baking department: Wrapping-machineUtilitymen .............. 1.210 1.300 Sweetoven captains .... 1.470 1.560 operators ............ 1.280 1.280Foremen (women) ......... 1.050 1.180 Cuttingmachine Stitchers .........,Tt1 1.180 1.180Packers (women): operators ............ 1.370 1.460 General helpers ....... 1.130 1.130Start ................. .880 .960 Ovenmens helpens ..... 1.320 1.410 Carton formers, bundAfter 6 months ........ .950 1.030 Pan feeders and lers, sponge packers .. 1.100 1.100After 1 year .......... 1.000 1.080 greasers ............. 1.150 1.240 Sweet packers ......... 1.060 1.060

Pie and pastry shops: Icing department: Women carton and caddyPie shops: Mixers ................ 1.420 1.510 stitchers, scalers .... 1.020 1.020

Ingredientmen, ovenmen, Mixers* helpers, en- Stackers and feederscooks, dough mixers .... 1.290 1.370 rober operators ...... 1.320 1.410 (women) ............T- .990 .990Dough breakers, fruit Packers, machine feeders 1.020 1.090 Receiving department:mixers, servicemen, Packing and wrapping Flour unloaders ....... 1.300 1.300helpers ................ 1.060 1.140 department: Order fillers andPie-machine operators, Machinemen ............ 1.320 1.410 stockmen ............. 1.260 1.260cream toppers, oven Fiber-case scalers, Receiving clerks ...... 1.255 1.255helpers, (women) ....... .970 1.020 bag-machine operators, Paper cutters andWrappers, cream-pie automatic forming- sugar grinders ....... 1.205 1.205fillers, fruit clean machine operators .... 1.220 1.310 Shipping department:ers, plate washers, Fiber-case stitchers ... 1.170 1.260 Head shipping clerks ... 1.480 1.480sorters, inspectors .... .890 .940 Fiber-case stitchers, Men-in-charge, whole

Hebrew baking: tapers, (women) ...... 1.120 1.190 sale department.....T 1.330 1.330Foremen or first hands .... 5/2.023 5/2.167 Sponge packers, under Order fillers ......... 1.230 1.230Second hands .............. 5/1.952 5/2.095 16 oz. carton, Stockmen ..... T. 1.180 1.180Bohemian baking - Bread: bundlers ............. 1.120 1.190 Agreement D:Small shops - Hand: Sweet packers, pans .... 1.120 1.190 Sweet-mixing department:First hands ............. 5/1.715 5/1.815 Sponge packers, 16 oz. Mixers ......... . 1.435 ] /onSecond hands ............ 5/1.645 5/1.745 carton and over; sweet He]pers ...... 1.340 1.395Large shops - Machine: packers, cartons; car Sweet-baking department:First hands ............. 1.850 1.950 ton formers (women); Mnnh] nemer .... 1.485 i e j nSecond hands ........... 1.775 1.875 bag fillers; conveyors 1.070 1.140 Ovenmen.......t , t 1.350 1 1Polish baking: Sweet packers, caddies, Oven relievers ........ li310 X.AX'P1.365Retail shops: machine feeders, bag Oven helpers .......... 1.230 1.285Day work: stitchers ............ 1.020 1.090 Pan feeders andForemen, spongers ..... 2/1.729 2/1.879 Packers, cases; bag greasers ....... 1.130 1.185Second hands .......... 2/1.604 2/1.754 fillers; dump pack .... .970 1.040 General helpers ....... 1.015 l!o65

2/ 48-hour workweek.2 / Information not available for rate and hours on July 1, 1950. / 42-hour workweek.


1 5


City and occupationRate per hour Rate per hourJuly 1 1950

July 1, 1951


July 1, 1951

City and occupation

CINCINNATI, OHIO - Continued CLEVELAND, OHIO - Continued

Crackers and cookies: Bread and cake - MachineHead mixers, cutting- shops: - Continuedmachine operators ........ $1,515 $1,580 Mixers* helpers, ovenReel-oven operators ........ 1.465 1.520 feeders, helpers and

$1,500 $1,555 Machine set-up captains, dumpers, wrapping and1.350 1.5^0 1.435 1.490 slicer adjusters .........1.300 1.355 Upright and brake roller- Bake-shop helpers,1.030 1.085 men, mixers (baking and shipping-room helpers,

icing), band overmen ..... 1.415 1.470 bread wrappers and.960 1.015 Assistant cutting- slicers ...................950 1.005 machine operators, Pie-machine operators

marshmallow depositor (women) ..................1.075 1.130 operators, receiving Hand icers (women) ........1.005 1.060 clerks, truck shipping Women employees ...........1.030 1.085 clerks, assistant reel- Pie and pastry shops:.960 1.015 oven operators, inspec- Dough mixers, ovenmen ......795 .865 tors, checker captains .... 1.375 1.430 Bake-shop helpers .........

Assistant mixers, order Wrapper girls....... ......970 1.025 checkers, spray-machine Hebrew baking:

operators, auto-brake Ovenmen and dough mixers ... ]1.310 1.350 Bench workers .............]

Small power truck opera- Helpers ................... ]1.560 1.716 tors, repairmen, marshmal- Cake icers and miscella1.560 1.716 low beaters, order fillers, neous helpers, women:1.540 1.694 flour dumpers, warehouse First 6 months ..........1.480 1.628 1.270 1.310 After 6 months ..........

Sirup mixers, enrober help- Crackers and cookies:1.460 1.606 ers, grinding mill opera- Mixers, ovenmen, peelers,

tors, slotting-machine cracker ovenmen, machine-1.450 1.595 operators, order chasers, men ......................1.380 1.518 car packers, cheese and fig Rollers ...................1.360 1.496 grinders, spray-machine Cake-oven helpers,

cleaners, shortening mixers helpers ..........1.350 1.485 weighers ................. 1.230 1.270 Bake-shop helpers .......T.1.320 1.452 Women employees: All other helpers1.275 1.403 Inspectors, box tapers, (women) ..................

oven tenders, packers,1.270 1.397 ingredient weighers, COLUMBUS, OHIO

machine operators1.240 1.364 (class A) .............. 1.100 1.130 Bread and cake - Machine shops:

Machine operators Agreement A:(class B), breakers, Mixers, ovenmen .........1.160 1.276 (stackers) variable Oven feeders and1.100 1.210 scalers, dump fillers, dumpers ................bundlers, magazine Bench and machinefeeders, machine stock operators, checkers,clerks, nesting makers .. 1.050 1.C80 wrapping-machineCarton weighers, general operators (set-up) .....1.080 1.188 helpers, supply girls, Bake-shop helpers,carton handlers and bread rackers, packers,1.560 1 . 7 1 6 assemblers, machine flour blenders .........1.400 1.540 helpers and machine Women rackers,1.370 1.507 operators (class C), packers (buns) .........1.340 1.474 scrap pickers .......... 1.000 1.030 Agreement B:1.320 1.452 Bread department:CLEVELAND, OHIO Mixers, oven1.290 1.419 operators ............1.180 1.298 Bread and cake - Hand shops: Mixers * helpers, oven1.170 1.287 Agreement A: loaders and unloaders,1.080 1.188 First hands ............. 2/1.668 2/1.687 dividermen and molderSecond hands ............ 2/l.603 2/1.625 operatorsMale bake-shop helpers Pan rack washers ......1.260 1.386 and shipping clerks .... 2/1.229 2/1.250 Roll department:1.190 1.309 Women, all classes ...... 1/ .933 I f .956 Mixers, oven operators .Agreement B : Machinemen and1.160 1.276 Overmen.....