BODY AND THE CITYJelle van DijkUniversity of Southern Denmark, SønderborgUtrecht University of Applied Sciences
International Week, February 10, 2014 Rotterdam Hogeschool,
Jelle van Dijk
Utrecht, The Netherlands, 1975MA Cognitive Science Nijmegen
Phd Industrial Design Eindhoven
Researcher-lecturer Hogeschool Utrecht, lectoraat Co-designPost-doc University of Southern Denmark, SPIRE centre, Sønderborg
www.jellevandijk.org
Interaction design ‘beyond’ the screen
Research Area’s: Ubiquitous computing, Wearables, Tangible Interaction, Embodied interaction,Augmented reality, Rich Interaction, Social Computing, Mobile computing, Ambient Intelligence, Human-Brain interfacing, etc…
Conference: Tangible, Embodied and Embedded Interaction (TEI)
TangibleInteraction
AugmentedReality
NaturalUserInterface
ContextAware
Full body interaction
Neuro-Feedback
Digital-physicalIntegration
Interaction Design: Two basic perspectives
The Information-Processing perspective
The Embodied perspective
THE INFORMATION PROCESSING PERSPECTIVE
Mind support
Physical support
RECENT WORRIES
Digital, digital, digital, digital…
Rotterdam City Walk App: info, info, info…
THE EMBODIED PERSPECTIVE
Embodied Cognition
The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces, W. White
“People sit where one can sit”“The best places are those where you can watch other people”
Design from an Embodied perspective
(Van Dijk, Van der Lugt & Hummels, 2014) Beyond Distributed Representation…
DESIGN FOR SKILLS
DESIGN FOR SOCIAL PRACTICES
DESIGN FOR TRACES
DESIGNING FOR SKILLS
Movie: “RAMPED”
Please go to:
http://www.ramped.nl/
DESIGN FOR SOCIAL PRACTICES
Klimavæggen (Climate Wall)Beyond Kyoto &
Digital Urban Living (Aarhus, Denmark)
DESIGN FOR TRACES
Andy Clark exlaining ‘Stigmergy’In: “Being There”, 1997
An alternative solution, however, is to open the campus for business without any paths, and with grass cov-ering all the spaces between buildings. Over a period of months, trackswill begin to emerge. These will reflect both the real needs of the users andthe tendency of individuals to follow emerging trails.
Movie “Gyroguide”
Please go to:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ed5WdGOMwTs
The smart city: an embodied perspective?
How to move beyond the “interface” that gives “access to digital information”
How to design technology that supports ‘embodied interactions’ with the city?
How to design for:- Skills?- Social practices?- Traces?
?Google glass: good or bad example?
Tomorrow: CITIES, PLACES FOR TRACES
• Please bring examples of design projects you know that implement some form of TRACES in relation to the SMART CITY. Anything springs to mind?
• Bring your own ideas: how could we design new kinds of TRACES?
• Bring your favorite sketching tools, a camera (phone), laptop, …
www.jellevandijk.org [email protected]
CITIES: PLACES FOR TRACES
Tuesday lecture/workshop, Rotterdam Hogeschool International Week 2014
Jelle van Dijkwww.jellevandijk.org
Embodied Cognition
Suchman on canoe descent: embodied ‘know-how’
Such
man
, Pla
ns a
nd S
ituat
ed A
ction
s
(Ryle, 1949; Merleau-Ponty, 1963; Dreyfus, 1979; Suchman, 1986)
Design for know-how (instead of ‘know-that’)
“Know-that” “Know-how”
Rotterdam
What does this ‘know how’ consist of? (In other words what should we design for?)
(Van Dijk, Van der Lugt & Hummels, 2014) Beyond Distributed Representation…
DESIGN FOR SKILLS
DESIGN FOR SOCIAL PRACTICES
DESIGN FOR TRACES
DESIGN FOR TRACES
Andy Clark exlaining ‘Stigmergy’In: “Being There”, 1997
An alternative solution, however, is to open the campus for business without any paths, and with grass cov-ering all the spaces between buildings. Over a period of months, trackswill begin to emerge. These will reflect both the real needs of the users andthe tendency of individuals to follow emerging trails.
• Based on Stigmergy (ant trails, termite hills, etc…)
Definition of an interactive trace:
1. People are immersed in an activity that is meaningful to them2. There is not much ‘thinking’ involved, it is a skilled routine (e.g. biking to
work)3. As a ‘by-effect’ the activity leaves a trace (e.g. worn grass)4. Later on, these same people, or other people, can use such traces to
guide their actions (see where to go on the grass field)5. Again, one does not need to think about this, the trace gets ‘taken up’ in
the skilled routine, it becomes part of unconscious ‘embodied action’.6. We can make technology that enables people to create and perceive new
kinds of traces that don’t exist in the natural world (e.g. we could create ‘worn grass’ on a concrete road if that concrete is made interactive)
Traces
Flight strips: the role of artifacts
• Study by Hughes et al, 1995
• Studying everyday work practices of air-traffic controllers
• “Flight strips” do not just ‘record information’
• Strips and their location in the space help people to coordinate work ‘in action’, without explicit planning and management.
• People show ‘what they are doing now’ through the way they leave the flight strips as traces in the environment
• (Dourish, 2001)
Smart Aarhus,
Media Architecture Institute
research centre CAVI
Smart Aarhus workgroup Intelligent Traffic Systems (ITS)
Feelspace
University of Osnabrück, Germany
INPUTSensing people’s activities in order to create the trace
OUTPUT Making the trace perceivable by the user
• Natuurlijke slijtage van product als ‘feedback’? (“Echte” traces?)
Target group
• Elementary school children (age 6-12)• Independent living seniors (70-80 years old)• Working mothers• People that bicycle to work each morning in rush-hour• Immigrants that just came to live in the city• Single people aged 25-35 who are married to their high-paid fulltime job• City cleaners• Ambulance personnel• Police officers who patrol the street (walking)• Street artists or street-musicians• Tourists from Azia
(Don’t take ‘students’ as a target group)
Ask the “How can...” question
• How can parents keep track of their children in the city through traces?• How can bikers be more social in traffic through traces?• How can foreign visitors meet local people through traces?• How can police patrol be optimized (or made less obtrusive) using traces?• How can children enjoy urban playgrounds more, using traces?• How can graffiti-art take on a whole new dimension, using traces?• How can older people show each other the way to ‘aged-friendly’ shops,
using traces?
• How can ….
Photocollage
30 min• Search (or make!) a photo of people of your target group) in their typical urban
setting (e.g. bikers in rush-hour)• Add your concept of interactive traces in Photoshop• Make sure it is clear what the people are doing, what ‘is happening’• Make sure it is clear what role the traces play in their activity (how they help)• Design from the concept, do not let the technological (im)possibilities constrain
your thinking.
• Send your picture to [email protected]
1 min per team• Pitch your concept
30 min• Discussion and reflection
RESULTS OF WORKSHOPCITIES: PLACES FOR TRACES
Traces guide people to less crowded spots on platform
Traces indicate where people went for dinner last evening
Traces enable you to run against a ‘ghost’ (the trace of another runner, or yourself, on another day/time, on this same track)
Traces show where local people often go, to tourists
Traces show how people usually walk to platform 1, 2, 3 (indicated in colours)
Traces show in which offices people are happy
Traces show how people usually walk to train, to taxi, to the busses, etc.