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The Body
The report proper of the study is divided
into separate chapters usually beginning with
Chapter 2. The whole text discusses the
topics of the outline, each chapter
representing one main topic.
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The Conclusion
The concluding chapter begins with a
brief statement of what the paper is all
about.
Then, in two or three sentences, the
findings or conclusions arrived at after a
research has been made.
In some cases, recommendations or
suggestions to improve present conditions
are also given.
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Footnote and Bibliographical References
Footnotes and bibliography are essentialparts of a research paper. Documenting sources
of ideas and information does not only make the
paper an honest work but also gives it validity.
Footnotes are citations placed at the bottomof a page acknowledging the source of an idea
or quotation or giving a brief explanation to a
word or phrase used in the text.
Footnotes are classified as eithersourceorexplanatory.
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Source Footnotes- specify the author(s) of
the reference, title, facts of publication,
and the page number where an idea or
quotation was taken.
When the reference was cited for the firsttime, the footnotes include all the information
indicated above. When the reference has been
previously cited, abbreviations of the Latin terms
ibidem, loco citato, and opere citato are
used.
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Source footnotes of second or succeeding reference
The abbreviations of Latin words for footnotes of
second or succeeding reference are used according tothe following instructions:
Ibid. from ibidem, which means in English, in the same place asthe one immediately preceding, is used if a footnote refers to the
same work as the one immediately preceding it.
Loc. cit. from loco citato, which means, in place cited, is usedwhen the footnote refers to the same work and the same page asthe one previously mentioned but not immediately preceding. Thisis placed after the authors surname.
Op. cit. from opere citato, which means, in the work cited, is usedwhen the footnotes refer to the same work but to different page(s)as the one previously mentioned but not immediately preceding.Like loc. cit., it is also placed after the authors surname.
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_______________
1Don M. Wolf, Language Arts and Language Patterns (New
York: The Odyssey Press, Inc., 1998), pp. 15-20.2Jane Miller, Teaching Term Paper Skills, English Teaching
Forum, Vol. XXV (April, 2000), pp. 20-22.3William Markowitz, Time, Measurement and Determination
of, Encyclopedia Americana, 1997, XXVI, 631-33.