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P R I N C E T O N
U N I V E R S I T Y
V
L I B R A R Y
J
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T H E B O O K O F
A
H U N D R E D
H A N D S
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T H E B O O K O F
A
H U N D R E D
H A N D S
B y
G E O R G E
B . B R I D G M A N
I N S T R U C T O R
I N
D R A W I N G A N D
L E C T U R E R O N T H E C O N S T R U C T I O N
A N D A N A T O M Y
O F
T H E
H U M A N
F I G U R E , A R T S T U D E N T S L E A G U E
N E W
Y O R K
A U T H O R
O F C O N S T R U C T I V E
A N A T O M Y
E D W A R D
C .
B R I D G M A N
P U B L I S H E R O F B O O K S
A T
P E L H A M ,
N E W
Y O R K
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C o p y r i g h t b y
G e o r g e
B .
B r i d g m a n
P e l h a m , N .
Y . ,
1 9 2 0
T h e S h o p
o f
W i l l i a m E d w i n R u d g e
N e w
Y o r k
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V
D e d i c a t e d
t o
H e l e n e
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T h e a u t h o r
d e s i r e s
t o a c k n o w l e d g e
h i s i n d e b t e d n e s s
t o
D r . E r n e s t E . T u c k e r
a s h i s c o l l a b o r a t o r i n
t h e
p r e p a r a t i o n o f
t h i s v o l u m e .
p
H
R
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I n t r o d u c t i o n
H e l v e t i u s ,
i n 1 7 5 8 , i n a n
e s s a y
o n
T h e M i n d ,
q u o t e d b y H .
T . B u c k l e
i n
h i s I n t r o d u c t i o n
t o
t h e
H i s t o r y o f C i v i l i z a t i o n , m a i n t a i n s a s a n i n c o n t r o
v e r t i b l e
f a c t t h a t
t h e
d i f f e r e n c e
b e t w e e n
m a n
a n d
a n i m a l i s a
r e s u l t
o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e
i n
t h e i r e x t e r n a l
f o r m ; t h a t i f f o r e x a m p l e t h e
w r i s t s
i n s t e a d o f
e n d i n g
i n
h a n d s w i t h
f l e x i b l e
f i n g e r s
h a d
e n d e d l i k e
a h o r s e s h o o f , m a n
w o u l d
h a v e r e m a i n e d a w a n
d e r e r
o n t h e f a c e o f t h e e a r t h a m o n g t h e a n i m a l s ,
i g n o r a n t o f e v e r y a r t a n d e n t i r e l y d e f e n s e l e s s ;
t h a t
t h i s
s t r u c t u r e — t h e h a n d — i s t h e s o l e c a u s e o f o u r
s u p e r i o r i t y .
E v e r s i n c e t h e g e n e s i s o f t h e h u m a n r a c e t h e
h a n d h a s b e e n t h e i n d i s p e n s i b l e i n s t r u m e n t o f i t s
c o n t i n u e d a d v a n c e . A b o u t t h e c r e a t i o n s o f t h i s
h a n d , i n s c i e n c e a n d i n
a r t
a n
e n d l e s s
s u c c e s s i o n o f
v o l u m e s
h a s b e e n w r i t t e n ; t o t h e h a n d , a l s o m a n y
s c i e n t i f i c w o r k s
a r e
d e v o t e d ; b u t
t h e w r i t e r
h a s n o t
d i s c o v e r e d a s i n g l e v o l u m e d e v o t e d e x c l u s i v e l y t o
t h e d e p i c t i n g o f t h e h a n d .
I t
i s
t h e
p u r p o s e o f t h i s w o r k t o
p r e s e n t
t h e h a n d
n o t
o n l y t o t h e e y e
b u t
t o t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g .
[ 9 ]
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H i s t o r y o f t h e H a n d i n A r t
N a t u r e s t a n d a r d i z e s a l l h a n d s t o l a w s o f m e
c h a n i c s a n d d y n a m i c s . T h e h a n d s o f t h e m u m m i e s
o f a n c i e n t E g y p t , t h o u s a n d s o f y e a r s o l d a r e n o t
d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h o s e o f
t o d a y . T h e
b o n e s o f p r e
h i s t o r i c m a n a r e t h e s a m e . N i n e t y p e r c e n t . a n d
m o r e , o f t h e h a n d i s s t a n d a r d i z e d
b y
i t s u s e
t o
t h e
u n c h a n g i n g
l a w s
o f
i t s
u s e .
B u t
t h e h a n d a s d r a w n
a n d
s c u l p t u r e d
h a s
v a r i e d
m a r k e d l y
i n
d i f f e r e n t
a g e s .
C a v e
d w e l l e r s
m a r k e d
t h e w a l l s a n d r o o f s
o f t h e i r d w e l l i n g s a n d
t h e i r
i m p l e m e n t s w i t h s i g n s
a n d
f i g u r e s a n d a m o n g
t h e m ,
h a n d s .
T h e
h a n d s t h e y d r e w
o r c a r v e d
h a d
a
g e n
e r a l c h a r a c t e r
d i s t i n c t l y
o f
t h a t
a g e .
T h e P e r u v i a n , t h e A z t e c , t h e A m e r i c a n I n d i a n i n
h i s w r i t t e n s i g n l a n g u a g e , t h e A l a s k a n o n h i s t o t e m
p o l e e a c h o f t h e s e — w h e t h e r t h e h a n d w a s c a r v e d
o u t o r c u t i n d r a w n o r p a i n t e d ,
i n
r e d o r
b l u e
w h e r e v e r
a
h a n d w a s
s h o w n
—
a d h e r e d
t o
a
c e r t a i n
s t y l e o f h a n d
w h o s e c h a r a c t e r
m a r k e d
i t a s
b e l o n g
i n g
t o
t h a t
a g e
o r
t h a t
t r i b e o r t h a t r a c e
a n d
a l l
d i s t i n c t l y d i f f e r e n t
f r o m o t h e r p e r i o d s
o r r a c e s o r
t r i b e s .
T h e A s s y r i a n s g r a v e d h a n d s o n t h e i r p a l a c e w a l l s
a n d c a r v e d t h e m i n s t o n e a n d t h e y w e r e A s s y r i a n
h a n d s , d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e e a s i l y f r o m t h o s e o f a n y
o t h e r r a c e o r a g e . T h e
E g y p t i a n s
t o l d
s t o r i e s b y
m e a n s o f c a r v e d a n d p a i n t e d h a n d s , a s
i n d i v i d u a l
a s t h o s e o f a n y
o t h e r p l a c e
o r
t i m e .
W h e n w e c o m e
t o
t h e a g e s o f a m o r e s t u d i e d a r t
t h e
s a m e p s y c h o l o g i c a l l a w i s
i n
e v i d e n c e . T h e r e
i s
a n
e a r l y G o t h i c h a n d ,
d i s t i n c t l y
d i f f e r e n t f r o m
t h a t
o f
a n y o t h e r
p e r i o d .
[ ]
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T h e r e i s a R e n a i s s a n c e h a n d w i t h a c h a r a c t e r o f
i t s
o w n ; s o
m u c h
s o t h a t t h e y
c a n
b e p i c k e d o u t a n d
c l a s s i f i e d
n o t
o n l y
a s
R e n a i s s a n c e
h a n d s ,
b u t
a s
e a r l y o r l a t e R e n a i s s a n c e h a n d s .
N o o n e
q u e s t i o n s
t h e s i n c e r i t y o f G h i r l a n d a j o ,
o r o f L i p p i , o r o f B o t t i c e l l i . N o t o n l y w e r e t h e y
g r e a t m a s t e r s , b u t c l o s e s t u d e n t s , a n d y e t e a c h d r e w
a d i f f e r e n t s t y l e o f
h a n d .
O f
l a t e r
s c h o o l s t h e s a m e t h i n g
m a y
b e s a i d ; a s o f
t h e
V e n e t i a n a n d t h e
D u t c h s c h o o l s ,
a n d
o f t h e
s c h o o l s o f J o r d a e n s , R u b e n s a n d
V a n
D y c k . O f
V a n
D y c k i t
h a s
b e e n s a i d t h a t
h e
c o u l d
n o t d r a w
t h e
h a n d
o f
a
l a b o r e r ,
a n d
o f
M i l l e t
t h a t
h e
c o u l d
n o t d r a w a g e n t l e m a n s h a n d .
I n d e e d ,
i t i s
v e r y
f a r
f r o m
a c c u r a t e t o s a y
t h a t
w e
s e e w i t h o u r e y e s . T h e e y e i s b l i n d
b u t
f o r t h e
f i d e a b e h i n d t h e e y e . I t i s t h e
i d e a
b e h i n d t h e e y e
t h a t
m a k e s
i t d i f f e r e n t f r o m a
p h o t o g r a p h i c
p l a t e —
t h a t p r i c k s o u t s o m e p a r t s w i t h e m p h a s i s a n d c e n
s o r s o t h e r p a r t s . W e
s e e
w i t h t h e i d e a a n d o n l y
t l i r o u g h t h e e y e .
M i c h a e l
A n g e l o ,
L e o n a r d o
D a
V i n c i
a n d
R a p h a e l ,
a l l o f t h e s a m e p e r i o d , a l l
h a d
t h e
s a m e
s t y l e o f
m o d e l s ,
a n d
y e t t h e y
p r o d u c e d
h a n d s o f t h r e e v e r y
d i s t i n c t t y p e s .
A l b e r t D i i r e r ,
H o l b e i n t h e y o u n g e r , R e m b r a n d t ,
a l l m a d e h a n d s t h a t b e c a u s e o f t h e i r
i n d i v i d u a l i t y ,
a r e
c l a s s e d a s a H o l b e i n o r a D i i r e r o r a R e m b r a n d t
h a n d b y t h e a r t w o r l d .
R e a s o n s f o r t h i s c h a n g e a n d f l u x i n c h a r a c t e r a n d
s t y l e
o f
h a n d s
a r e
n o
d o u b t
f a m i l i a r
t o
e v e r y
o n e .
B r i e f l y t h e h a n d a s p i c t u r e d i s n o t s u b j e c t t o t h e
a u t o m a t i c f o r c e s t h a t s t a n d a r d i z e t h e a c t u a l h a n d
t o
t h e
l a w s
o f i t s u s e .
T h e
p i c t u r e d h a n d i s
s t a n d
a r d i z e d
t o n o
l a w s e x c e p t
t h o s e
o f p e r c e p t i o n ;
w h i c h m e a n s
t o t h e
c u r r e n t c o n c e p t s
a n d t o i n d i
[ 1 2 ]
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v i d u a l
t a s t e .
T h e
b u s i n e s s o f t h e
a r t i s t i n s u c h
a
c o n n e c t i o n i s t o
s t a n d a r d i z e h i s c o n c e p t s
o f t h e h a n d
t o
t h o s e
o f
n a t u r e
—
t o
s e e
i t
a s
n a t u r e
s e e s
i t s
p u r p o s e , m e t h o d s , l a w s .
I t
m a y
b e r e f l e c t e d t h a t t h e s c i e n c e o f a n a t o m y i s
a c o m p a r a t i v e l y r e c e n t
a c q u i s i t i o n
o f t h e r a c e . I t i s
n o t m a n y d e c a d e s s i n c e t h e
c u t t i n g
u p o f t h e h u m a n
b o d y w a s f o r b i d d e n
b y
l a w a n d a b h o r r e d i n r e l i g i o n .
E v e n
a f t e r s u c h a s t u d y i s w e l l d e v e l o p e d ,
i t
t a k e s a
c e r t a i n
t i m e
f o r i t s s i g n i f i c a n c e
t o
p e n e t r a t e
t o
o t h e r
d o m a i n s o f t h o u g h t
a n d e f f o r t
a n d a m u c h
l o n g e r
t i m e
f o r
i t
t o
b e
a s s i m i l a t e d
t h e r e .
I t
h a s t a k e n m a n c e n t u r i e s t o l e a r n t o l o o k u n d e r
t h e f o r m f o r t h e
m e c h a n i s m s
i n t h e
h u m a n b o d y ;
a n d h e
i s
o n l y
n o w l e a r n i n g t o l o o k u n d e r
t h e
m e c h a n i s m s f o r t h e r e a s o n s t h a t u n d e r l i e t h e m .
T h e w o r l d o f a r t i s b e g i n n i n g t o a p p r o p r i a t e t h e s e
t h i n g s t o i t s e l f a n d t h e i m p r o v e m e n t i n o n e m a n s
t e c h n i c
b y t h i s
m e a n s c o m p e l s o t h e r s
t o s e e k
i m
p r o v e m e n t
i n
t h e s a m e s c h o o l —
t h e s c h o o l
o f n a t u r e ,
h e r r e a s o n s a n d h e r p u r p o s e s .
I f t h i s
t e n d e n c y
t o
f l u c t u a t i o n s , t o
s t y l e s
a n d
f a s h i o n s i s
m o r e
m a r k e d
i n t h e
h a n d
t h a n
i n
o t h e r
p a r t s o f
t h e
b o d y ,
i t
i s p r o b a b l y b e c a u s e
t h e i m p o r t
a n c e o f t h e h a n d a s a n a v e n u e o f e x p r e s s i o n h a s
n o t
b e e n
u n d e r s t o o d . T h e h a n d i s t h o u g h t o f a s t h e
s l a v e o f
a c t i o n .
B u t t h e s l a v e o f
a c t i o n
i s t h e m a s t e r
o f
e x p r e s s i o n .
[ 1 3 ]
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E x p r e s s i o n
T h e
f a c e i s w e l l s c h o o l e d t o s e l f - c o n t r o l a s
a
r u l e ,
a n d m a y
b e c o m e
a n a i d i n d i s s i m u l a t i o n o f t h o u g h t
a n d f e e l i n g .
R a r e l y i s t h e h a n d s o t r a i n e d ; a n d r e s p o n d i n g
u n c o n s c i o u s l y t o t h e
m e n t a l s t a t e s ,
i t
m a y
r e v e a l
w h a t t h e f a c e w o u l d c o n c e a l .
L i k e a n y
o t h e r
l i v i n g t h i n g , t h e
h a n d
i s m o d i f i e d
t o
i t s
u s e .
T h e
t o t a l
m o d i f i c a t i o n
i n a n y i n d i v i d u a l
i s l e s s t h a n o n e
p e r c e n t .
b u t
i n a s u c c e s s i o n
o f
g e n e r a t i o n s i t m a y b e c u m u l a t i v e . A l s o i t h a p p e n s
t h a t i t i s t h e m o r e s u p e r f i c i a l a n d c o n s p i c u o u s p a r t s
t h a t
a r e t h u s
m o d i f i e d .
O n t h e b a c k g r o u n d o f t h e m e c h a n i c s , t h e n , w h i c h
i s o l d e r t h a n t h e h u m a n r a c e ,
w e
m a y h a v e r a c i a l
v a r i a t i o n s ;
t h e n
o n t h i s b a s i s , a c c u m u l a t e d h e r e d i
t a r y o r f a m i l y m o d i f i c a t i o n s , a n d o n t h e m i n
t u r n
e x p r e s s i o n s
o f i n d i v i d u a l
h i s t o r y
a n d
c h a r a c t e r .
T h e
h a n d
o f t h e
c h i l d
i s
a l m o s t
u n m o d i f i e d .
W i t h
i t s
c r e a s e s a n d d i m p l e s a n d i t s t a p e r i n g
f i n g e r s ,
i t
r e p r e s e n t s a l m o s t
t h e p u r e s y m m e t r y t h a t i s t h e
n a t u r a l h e r i t a g e o f
a l l
c r e a t e d t h i n g s .
T h e h a n d o f a g e r e p r e s e n t s t h e o p p o s i t e e x t r e m e ,
t h e e n d p r o d u c t , t h e i n s a n i t y o f o v e r - m o d i f i c a t i o n ;
f u r r o w e d , w r i n k l e d w i t h t h e s c a r s o f t i m e , w i t h
e n l a r g e d
s q u a r e d j o i n t s ,
a n d s h a k y .
O n t h e
b a c k g r o u n d t h e n
o f
m e c h a n i c s a n d
r a c i a l
v a r i a t i o n s ,
w e
h a v e
m a n y
v a r i a t i o n s ,
s u c h
a s
t h o s e
o f
y o u t h
o r
a g e ; m a l e
o r
f e m a l e ;
h e a l t h y
o r
u n
s o u n d l a b o r i n g
o r
a r i s t o c r a t i c s t r o n g
o r
w e a k .
T y p e s o f h a n d s m a y b e c l a s s i f i e d a s : s q u a r e ,
r o u n d , c o m p a c t l o n g
o r
s h o r t t h i c k
o r
t h i n . T h e
r e l a t i v e l e n g t h o f
f i n g e r s
v a r i e s , b o t h a m o n g t h e m
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s e l v e s a n d i n c o m p a r i s o n w i t h t h e
h a n d .
T h e r e l a
t i v e
t h i c k n e s s
o f
j o i n t
a n d s h a f t
a n d f i n g e r t i p
v a r i e s .
T h e
t h u m b
m a y
b e
s h o r t ,
t h i c k
o r
t h i n ,
m a y l i e c l o s e
o r
s p r e a d f a r f r o m t h e h a n d .
T h e
h a n d t h a t i s i n u r e d t o h e a v y l a b o r s h o w s
v e r y d e f i n i t e c h a n g e s . I t i s l a r g e r a n d h e a v i e r .
T h e
m u s c l e s a r e
o f c o u r s e
d e v e l o p e d ,
b u t
t h e s e
l i e f o r
t h e m o s t p a r t a b o v e t h e h a n d i n t h e f o r e a r m .
T h o s e
o f t h e
t h e n a r a n d h y p o t h e n a r e m i n e n c e s a r e s o m e
w h a t
l a r g e r a n d m o r e s q u a r e .
C h i e f l y , t h e
j o i n t s
b e c o m e
e n l a r g e d , s q u a r e
a n d r u g g e d a n d
i r r e g u l a r
i n
a p p e a r a n c e .
T h e
t e n d o n s
a r e
m o r e
i n
e v i d e n c e .
T h e
s k i n i s
h a r d e n e d ,
s o
t h a t c r e a s e s a r e d e e p e r
e s p e c i a l l y
a r e t h e
s k i n p a d s
h e a v i e r
a n d m a y
o v e r
h a n g t h e
b o r d e r s .
T h e
s k i n h a i r s m a y s t a n d u p l i k e
b r i s t l e s . I n r e p o s e i t a s s u m e s a m o r e c r o o k e d p o s i
t i o n .
C l e n c h e d , w i t h t h e a g g r e s s i v e t h u m b
t w i s t e d
a r o u n d t h e f i n g e r s ,
i t b e c o m e s a s q u a r e d ,
k n o b b e d
a n d f o r m i d a b l e
l o o k i n g w e a p o n .
T h e
c o n v e r s e
o f t h i s i s t r u e
i n
t h e h a n d
n o t i n u r e d
t o l a b o r .
T h e
m u s c l e s
o f
t h e
p a l m
p r e s e n t
a
s o f t l y
r o u n d e d a p p e a r a n c e ,
t h e
s k i n
i s
s m o o t h a n d
s i l k y ,
t h e s k i n p a d s n o t c l e a r l y d e m a r k e d ; t h e j o i n t s a r e
n o t o n l y n o t r u g g e d , b u t m a y b e u n d u l y f l e x i b l e
s m a l l a n d w e a k l y a n g l e d .
T h e
b o n e s o f
t h e h a n d
a n d
f i n g e r s
w i l l h a v e l e s s o f t h e s p r i n g c u r v e , t h a t i s ,
w i l l
b e
s t r a i g h t e r , a n d
s l i g h t e r .
T h e
h a n d w i l l o n
t h e w h o l e
b e m u c h m o r e
s y m m e t r i c a l a n d e x p r e s
s i o n l e s s .
W h e n
t h e
h a n d
i s
e m p l o y e d
i n
w h a t
m a y
b y
c o n
t r a s t
b e
c a l l e d t h e i n t e l l i g e n t
u s e s ,
i n w h i c h f l e x i
b i l i t y
i s
n e c e s s a r y ,
i t w i l l h a v e a s
a
c o n s e q u e n c e
g r e a t e r
f r e e d o m
o f m o v e m e n t , w i l l
a s s u m e m u c h
m o r e
v a r i e d p o s i t i o n s , a n d w i l l
e x p r e s s m u c h m o r e
r e a d i l y t h e
m e n t a l s t a t e s . I n
p r o p o r t i o n a s
t h i s
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h a b i t u a l
e x e r c i s e i s f r e e a n d i n t e l l i g e n t w i l l t h e
s y m m e t r i e s
a s s u m e d
b e
f r e e a n d e x p r e s s i v e .
C e r t a i n
t y p i c a l
p o s i t i o n s
a r e
d u e
n o t
s o
m u c h
t o
t h e m e n t a l s t a t e s a s t o t h e m e c h a n i c s o f t h e h a n d .
F o r i n s t a n c e , t h e
l i t t l e
f i n g e r s i d e i s
a l w a y s m o r e
f l e x i b l e t h a n t h e t h u m b s i d e b e c a u s e i t i s
o p p o s i t e
t o t h e p o w e r f u l t h u m b . T h e m i d d l e f i n g e r i s a l w a y s
i n c l i n e d
t o
b e n d
f a r t h e r f o r w a r d , o r t o
b e n d
f o r
w a r d f i r s t ;
t h i s o n a c c o u n t
o f i t s r e l a t i v e l y
g r e a t e r
p o w e r .
A l l
f i n g e r s
b e n d
f o r w a r d f i r s t
a t
t h e
k n u c k l e s , t h e n
a t e a c h
j o i n t
i n t u r n . T h e
t h u m b i s
h a b i t u a l l y c a r r i e d
s o m e w h a t
e x t e n d e d , o u t
o f t h e
w a y o f t h e f i n g e r s .
M o d e r n
p s y c h o l o g y ,
s t u d y i n g t h e
d y n a m i c s
o f
t h e
n e r v o u s
s y s t e m , i n f o r m s u s i n r e g a r d t o
m a n y
o f t h e i n s t i n c t i v e p o s i t i o n s a n d a c t i o n s o f t h e b o d y i
( i n c l u d i n g
t h e h a n d ) a n d t h e t h i n g s e x p r e s s e d b y
t h e m . F o r
i n s t a n c e ,
t h e r e i s a w h o l l y
i n v o l u n t a r y
o p e n i n g
o u t
m o v e m e n t
o f t h e w h o l e b o d y , l i m b s
a n d
f e a t u r e s ,
i n p l e a s a n t
e m o t i o n s ,
h o n e s t y ,
c o u r
a g e , u n d e r s t a n d i n g , e t c .
a n d
c o n v e r s e l y , t h e r e i s a
c l o s i n g
u p ,
a
d r a w i n g
i n
a
t u r n i n g
a w a y ,
i n
u n
p l e a s a n t
e m o t i o n s , i n m e n t a l
d i s h o n e s t y , e t c .
I n s t a t e s o f s e l f - c o n s c i o u s n e s s , a n d t h e e f f o r t a t
s e l f - c o n t r o l t h e r e i s a t e n d e n c y t o e x p r e s s t h e s a m e
b y c l a s p i n g o n e s s e l f a s c l a s p i n g t h e t h u m b w i t h
t h e f i n g e r s c l a s p i n g o r t w i s t i n g t h e o t h e r h a n d , o r
s o m e p a r t o f t h e b o d y .
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T H E H A N D
B a c k V i e w
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T H E
H A N D
B a c k
V i e w
T h e
w r i s t
b o n e s
a r e
c o l l e c t i v e l y
s m a l l e r
t h a n
t h e
e n d
o f t h e f o r e a r m , s o
t h e r e
i s a
c o n s t r i c t i o n
a t
t h e s i d e s .
T h e w r i s t b o n e s
a r e
i n
t w o
t r a n s v e r s e l a y e r s
w i t h
a n a n g l e
b e t w e e n ,
f o r m i n g i n
p r o f i l e
v i e w
a
h o o k ,
p o i n t
b a c k w a r d
( m e c h a n i s m s , p a g e
1 5 9 ) o v e r
w h i c h
i s
a s t e p - d o w n t o
t h e b a c k o f
t h e h a n d . A l i t t l e
t o
t h e
o u t e r s i d e , t h i s
i s b r i d g e d
b y t h e e x t e n s o r
t e n d o n s .
T h e r o w s
o f
w r i s t
b o n e s
a r e a r c h e d
t o w a r d t h e
b a c k .
T h e
t w o
p i l l a r s
o f
t h i s
a r c h
i n
f r o n t
f a r
o v e r
h a n g t h e a n t e r i o r l i n e o f t h e a r m ( p a g e s
3 3 ,
3 9 .
1 6 3 ) . F r o m t h e m a r i s e t h e t h e n a r a n d h y p o t h e n a r
e m i n e n c e s , a n d t h e p a l m o f t h e h a n d .
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T H E H A N D
B a c k V i e w
E x c e p t f o r t h e t h u m b a n d t h e e x t e n s o r t e n d o n s ,
t h e
b a c k
o f t h e h a n d i s s m o o t h . I t i s
s l i g h t l y
a r c h e d
f r o m s i d e t o
s i d e .
I t i s b e v e l e d f r o m k n u c k l e s t o w r i s t , a n d i s n a r
r o w e r o n t h e
b a c k
t h a n o n t h e p a l m a r s u r f a c e .
T h e r e
i s
a
s l i g h t
f a n - l i k e
m o v e m e n t
a m o n g
t h e
b o n e s o f t h e h a n d .
T h e g e n e r a l m a s s o f t h e b a c k f l o w s f r o m t h e
w r i s t t o w a r d t h e f i r s t
a n d
s e c o n d
k n u c k l e s ,
a n d
i s
f l a t t e n e d a n d
t h i n n e d
t o w a r d t h e
l i t t l e
f i n g e r s i d e .
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. .
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U *
l 5 . / / ,
^ V )
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T H E
H A N D
B a c k V i e w
D i s t r i b u t e d
o v e r
t h e
b a c k
a r e
s e e n
t h e
e x t e n s o r
t e n d o n s . T h e s e
r e p r e s e n t
t w o
s e t s
w h i c h
h a v e
b e
c o m e b l e n d e d , s o h a v e d u p l i c a t i o n s a n d v a r i o u s c o n
n e c t i n g b a n d s . T h o s e t o t h e t h u m b a n d l i t t l e
f i n g e r
r e m a i n s e p a r a t e .
i E x t e n s o r c o m m u n i s d i g i t o r u m .
2
A b d u c t o r m i n i m i
d i g i t i .
3 D o r s a l i n t e r o s s e o u s .
4
A d d u c t o r p o l l i c i s .
5 E x t e n s o r c a r p i u l n a r i s .
6
E x t e n s o r
m i n i m i
d i g i t i .
7
E x t e n s o r l o n g u s p o l l i c i s .
8 E x t e n s o r
b r e v i s p o l l i c i s .
E x t e n s o r o s s i s m e t a c a r p i p o l l i c i s .
O r i g i n ,
I n s e r t i o n
a n d
A c t i o n
o f
M u s c l e s
P a g e 1 6 9
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T H E H A N D
B a c k V i e w
U n l i k e t h o s e o f t h e f r o n t , t h e t e n d o n s
o n
t h e
b a c k o f t h e h a n d p a s s q u i t e h i g h o v e r t h e w r i s t .
I t i s c l e a r l y i m p o s s i b l e
t o
a r c h t h e w r i s t b o t h
w a y s a n d f l e x i o n
b e i n g - s o
m u c h
m o r e i m p o r t a n t a
f u n c t i o n , t h e e x t e n s o r t e n d o n s a r e
f o r c e d
f a r
f r o m
t h e
c e n t r e o f m o v e m e n t b a c k w a r d
a n d
o u t w a r d .
T h e y
c o n v e r g e
o n
t h e
l o w o u t e r p a r t o f t h e w r i s t
a r c h . T h u s p l a c e d
t h e y a r e t a u t i n
e x t r e m e
f l e x i o n
s o
t h a t
t h e
f i n g e r s
c a n n o t b e
t i g h t l y
c l o s e d .
T h e
t h u m b
s i d e
o f t h e w r i s t
a r c h
i s
l a r g e r ,
h i g h e r
a n d p r o j e c t s f a r t h e r f o r w a r d , c a r r y i n g t h e
t h u m b
i t
h a s a d e e p e r i n s e t a t t h e w r i s t a n d i s
s q u a r e c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e h e e l i n s i d e w h i c h e n d s
i n a b a l l — t h e p i s i f o r m b o n e .
O n t h e l i t t l e f i n g e r s i d e o f t h e w r i s t , b e t w e e n
t h e
e n d o f t h e u l n a a n d
t h e
p i s i f o r m
b o n e ,
m a y
b e
s e e n
a r o c k e r — t h e c u n e i f o r m
b o n e .
T h i s
i s
t h e p a r t
o f t h e
a r c h
o f t h e
w r i s t
i m m e
d i a t e l y a b o v e t h e p i s i f o r m
—
i t s o u t e r e n d . I t i s
p r o m i n e n t
w h e n
t h e
h a n d
i s b e n t
t o
t h e o p p o s i t e s i d e
o r
i n
t h e a c t o f p u l l i n g . I t
a l m o s t
b l e n d s w i t h t h e
u l n a w h e n t h e h a n d
i s
c a r r i e d
t o
t h a t s i d e .
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T H E
H A N D
T o t h e f o u r c o r n e r s o f
t h e
w r i s t a r e f a s t e n e d
f o u r
m u s c l e s ,
o n e
o f
t h e m
d o u b l e d
( t h a t
o n
t h e
b a c k
o f
t h e f i r s t f i n g e r s i d e ) .
B a c k
V i e w
i E x t e n s o r c a r p i u l n a r i s .
2 E x t e n s o r c o m m u n i s d i g i t o r u m .
3
E x t e n s o r o s s i s
m e t a c a r p i
p o l l i c i s .
4
E x t e n s o r b r e v i s p o l l i c i s .
5
E x t e n s o r
c a r p i
r a d i a l i s
b r e v i o r .
6
E x t e n s o r c a r p i
r a d i a l i s
l o n g i o r .
O r i g i n , I n s e r t i o n a n d A c t i o n
o f M u s c l e s
P a g e
1 6 9
P a l m a r V i e w
7 S u p i n a t o r
l o n g u s .
8
F l e x o r
c a r p i
r a d i a l i s .
9 T e n d o n o f t h e p a l m a r i s l o n g u s .
1 0
F l e x o r c a r p i u l n a r i s .
1 P a l m a r f a s c i a .
O r i g i n ,
I n s e r t i o n
a n d A c t i o n
o f M u s c l e s
P a g e
1 7 1
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T H E H A N D
B a c k V i e w
M o r t i c e d w i t h t h e b o n e s o f
t h e
w r i s t , a n d m o v
i n g s o l i d l y w i t h t h e m , a r e t h e
f o u r b o n e s
o f t h e
h a n d ,
o n e f o r
e a c h
f i n g e r . E a c h
b o n e
i s s l i g h t l y
a r c h e d
f o r w a r d ,
a s e v e r y b o n e i n t h e b o d y i s s l i g h t l y
a r c h e d
t h e y
h a v e a
s h a f t w i t h
e n l a r g e m e n t s a t e a c h
e n d , a l s o a s
e v e r y
o t h e r b o n e i n t h e
b o d y . T h e s e
e n l a r g e m e n t s
a r e
f o r t w o r e a s o n s
—
f i r s t s a f e t y ,
o n
a c c o u n t
o f e x p o s u r e
a n d s t r a i n
a t t h e e n d s , a n d
s e c o n d , t o a f f o r d s p a c e f o r j o i n t s u r f a c e a n d f o r
a t t a c h m e n t
o f l i g a m e n t s
a n d
m u s c l e s .
T h e i r e n l a r g e d
e n d s a r e
i n
c o n t a c t w i t h e a c h
o t h e r n o t
o n l y a t
t h e w r i s t , w h e r e t h e y a r e a l m o s t
s o l i d
b u t
a l s o a t
t h e k n u c k l e s , w h e r e i s s o m e s l i g h t
f a n - l i k e
m o v e m e n t , f r e e s t
i n t h e
l i t t l e f i n g e r .
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T H E
H A N D
B a c k V i e w
T h e
h a n d i s
a r c h e d
b a c k w a r d f r o m s i d e t o
s i d e
b e i n g
h i g h e s t a t
t h e
s e c o n d
f i n g e r .
T h e a r c h
r e a c h e s f r o m
t h e m e t a c a r p a l b o n e o f
t h e f i r s t f i n g e r t o
t h a t
o f t h e
l i t t l e
f i n g e r .
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T H E H A N D
B a c k
V i e w
F r o m t h e b o n e o f t h e f i r s t f i n g e r t h e m a s s s e t s
s h a r p l y
f o r w a r d t o w a r d
t h e t h u m b .
F r o m t h e b o n e s
o f t h e
l i t t l e f i n g e r a l s o
i t s e t s
s h a r p l y
f o r w a r d ,
f o r m i n g
t h e b a c k
o f
t h e h y p o -
t h e n a r e m i n e n c e .
T h e b a c k
o f
t h e h a n d i s
m a r k e d
b y
t h e p r o m i
n e n c e o f
t h e
f i r s t
t w o m e t a c a r p a l s a t
t h e
w r i s t , b y
s u p e r f i c i a l
t e n d o n s
c o n v e r g i n g o n t h e
w r i s t ,
o f t e n
c o v e r e d w i t h h e a v y v e i n s , a n d b y t h e k n u c k l e s .
S o m e w h a t
r a i s e d
a b o v e
t h e
l e v e l
o f
t h e
b a c k
a r e
t h e k n u c k l e s . T h e y a r e i n a
c u r v e d
l i n e c o n c a v e
a r o u n d t h e b a s e
o f t h e t h u m b ; e .
p a l m w a r d a n d
w r i s t w a r d . W h e n t h e
f i n g e r s
a r e e x t e n d e d , c r e a s e s
f o r m b e t w e e n
t h e
k n u c k l e s f o l l o w i n g d i f f e r e n t
d i r e c
t i o n s .
T h e s e
d i v e r g e f r o m
t h e
m i d d l e k n u c k l e ,
c u r v i n g
o v e r
t h e f i r s t a n d t h i r d , w h i l e t h a t
f r o m
b e t w e e n
t h e t h i r d
a n d f o u r t h
c u r v e s
o v e r
t h e
f o u r t h .
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T H E H A N D
B a c k V i e w
W i t h
t h e p a l m
r e s t i n g o n
t h e t a b l e t h e w e i g h t i s
c a r r i e d
n o r m a l l y b y t h e
l i t t l e
f i n g e r
s i d e
( p i s i f o r m
b o n e
o r h e e l
o f t h e h a n d ) . O p p o s i t e i t i s
t h e h o o k
o f t h e u n c i f o r m . B e t w e e n t h e m t h e
t e n d o n
o f t h e
p a l m a r i s l o n g u s b u l g e s t h e w r i s t .
T h e w e i g h t o n t h e t h u m b s i d e i s c a r r i e d
n o t
b y
t h e w r i s t
p i l l a r
( u n c i f o r m b o n e ) , b u t b y t h e m u s
c u l a r m a s s ( t h e n a r e m i n e n c e ) . T h e t h u m b
n a t u r
a l l y
l i e s
o n
i t s
s i d e
b u t
m a y
b y
p r e s s u r e
b e
f l a t t e n e d
t o w a r d t h e t a b l e .
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V E I N S
E n l a r g e d
v e i n s h a v e
i n
r e a l i t y
n o t h i n g t o d o
w i t h
m u s c u l a r d e v e l o p m e n t
o r
r o u g h
u s a g e ,
b u t
a r e
d u e
t o c o n d i t i o n s
o f
h e a l t h
o r
i l l h e a l t h . T h e i r s i z e l o c a
t i o n a n d e l e v a t i o n a r e e x t r e m e l y v a r i a b l e . T h e s a m e
t h i n g i s t r u e o f t h e s k i n h a i r s , a l t h o u g h t h e s e a r e
m o r e l i k e l y t o b e e r e c t a n d t h e r e f o r e c o n s p i c u o u s
i n t h e h a n d s r o u g h e n e d b y l a b o r .
[ 4 0 ]
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w
j m
\
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T H E H A N D
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4 - z
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T H E
H A N D
B a c k V i e w
i
A b d u c t o r
m i n i m i
d i g i t i .
2 T e n d o n s o f
e x t e n s o r
c o m m u n i s
d i g i t o r u m .
3
F i r s t d o r s a l i n t e r o s s e i .
O r i g i n , I n s e r t i o n a n d A c t i o n
o f M u s c l e s
P a g e
1 6 9
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1 —
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T H E
H A N D
P a l m a r V i e w
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T H E H A N D
P a l m a r V i e w
T h e
p a l m s l i g h t l y o v e r l i e s t h e w r i s t ,
a n d
e x t e n d s
t o t h e m i d d l e
o f t h e f i r s t j o i n t o f t h e f i n g e r s . I t i s
m a d e
o f t h r e e p o r t i o n s , w i t h t h e h o l l o w o f t h e
p a l m
b e t w e e n
t h e m .
O n
t h e
t h u m b
s i d e
i s
t h e
l a r g e s t
o f t h e s e
p o r t i o n s ,
t h e
t h e n a r e m i n e n c e ; o p p o s i t e i t i s t h e h y p o t h e n a r
e m i n e n c e , a n d a c r o s s u n d e r t h e k n u c k l e s i s t h e t h i r d
p o r t i o n ,
t h e
m o u n d s o f
t h e
p a l m .
T h e t h e n a r e m i n e n c e i s h i g h , f a t a n d s o f t i t c o n
t a i n s t h e s h o r t m u s c l e s o f t h e t h u m b a n d f o r m s
w i t h t h e b o n e t h e p y r a m i d a l f i r s t s e g m e n t o f i t .
T h e
h y p o t h e n a r
e m i n e n c e i s l o n g e r , l o w e r , h a r d e r
a n d m o r e
t r i a n g u l a r .
I t c o n t a i n s
s o m e
m u s c l e s o f
t h e l i t t l e f i n g e r
l a r g e
o n a c c o u n t o f t h e e x p o s e d
p o s i t i o n
o f
t h a t
d i g i t
a n d
p a r t o f
t h e
p a l m a r i s
b r e v i s . I t r e a c h e s
a s f a r a s t h e b a s e o f t h e l i t t l e
f i n g e r b l e n d i n g
t h e r e
w i t h t h e r o w o f m o u n d s . A t
t h e
w r i s t i t
c o v e r s
t h e
p i s i f o r m b o n e ,
w i t h
a h e a v y
f i b r o u s p a d
l i k e
t h a t o f t h e h e e l .
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; 4
- h i
, / v
r ' T ^
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1 1 1 '
V T i i I I
- 1
H
T h e
b o n e s
a s a
g r o u p
f o r m
a
m a s s
t h a t
i s
b e v e l e d
f r o m w r i s t
t o f i n g e r s
a n d
f r o m
t h u m b
t o
l i t t l e f i n g e r
s i d e
i n
p r o f i l e ;
a n d i n p a l m a r
o r d o r s a l v i e w , f r o m
k n u c k l e s t o
w r i s t .
T h e
m a s s
i s s l i g h t l y c o n c a v e f o r
w a r d , f o l l o w i n g t h e
c u r v e
o f t h e w r i s t .
[ 5 0 ]
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/ > £ )
< « *
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T H E
H A N D
P a l m a r
V i e w
i
T h e
h y p o t h e n a r
e m i n e n c e ,
c o m p o s e d
o f
t h e
a b
d u c t o r , H e x o r a n d o p p o n e n s m u s c l e s o f t h e
l i t t l e f i n g e r .
2
T h e t h e n a r e m i n e n c e ,
c o m p o s e d o f t h e
a b d u c t o r ,
a d d u c t o r , f l e x o r
a n d
o p p o n e n s
m u s c l e s
o f t h e
t h u m b .
3 P a l m a r
f a s c i a
a n d t h e
f i b r o u s e x p a n s i o n
o f t h e
p a l m .
4 P a l m a r i s l o n g u s — a r i s e s f r o m i n t e r n a l c o n d y l e o f
t h e
h u m e r u s ,
p a s s e s
o v e r
t h e
a n n u l a r
l i g a m e n t
a n d e n d s i n t h e p a l m a r f a s c i a . ( P a g e 5 5 )
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C S Z
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T H E H A N D
P a l m a r V i e w
T h e m o u n d s o f t h e p a l m
a r e
b e y o n d t h e l i n e o f
k n u c k l e s
o n
t h e b a c k , l y i n g o v e r t h e
e n l a r g e d
e n d s
o f t h e f i r s t p h a l a n g e s .
T h e y a r e f l a t t e n e d
b u l g e d o r w r i n k l e d , a c c o r d i n g
t o t h e p o s i t i o n o f
t h e f i n g e r s .
T h e
h o l l o w
o f
t h e p a l m
i s t r i a n g u l a r , t r a v e r s e d
b y t h e
t e n d o n
o f t h e
m i d d l e
f i n g e r .
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T H E H A N D
P a l m a r
V i e w
i A d d u c t o r t r a n s v e r s u s p o l l i c i s .
2 F l e x o r b r e v i s p o l l i c i s .
3 A b d u c t o r p o l l i c i s .
4
O p p o n e n s
p o l l i c i s .
5 F l e x o r b r e v i s
m i n i m i d i g i t i .
6
A b d u c t o r
m i n i m i d i g i t i .
7 A n n u l a r
l i g a m e n t .
8
F l e x o r
c a r p i r a d i a l i s .
9
P a l m a r i s
l o n g u s .
1 0 F l e x o r c a r p i u l n a r i s .
O r i g i n ,
I n s e r t i o n
a n d A c t i o n
o f
M u s c l e s
P a g e s 1 6 9 - 1 7 1
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- s
T H E H A N D
P a l m a r
V i e w
I t i s u s u a l l y t h e m i d d l e f i n g e r t h a t i s f o u n d m o s t
h o o k e d ,
o n
a c c o u n t o f i t s
g r e a t e r
s t r e n g t h .
I t
i s
u s u a l l y
t h e
f i r s t
a n d
l i t t l e
f i n g e r s t h a t
a s s u m e
e x t r e m e p o s i t i o n s ,
o n
a c c o u n t o f t h e i r
g r e a t e r
f l e x i b i l i t y .
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T H E
H A N D
P a l m a r
V i e w
C o n s t r u c t i o n
I n
t h e h a n d a s i n
t h e
f i g u r e t h e r e i s a n a c t i o n a n d
a n
i n a c t i o n
s i d e .
T h e s i d e
w i t h t h e g r e a t e s t
a n g l e
i s t h e a c t i o n s i d e , t h e o p p o s i t e i s t h e
i n a c t i o n
o r
s t r a i g h t
s i d e .
W i t h
t h e h a n d t u r n e d
d o w n
( p r o n e )
a n d d r a w n
t o w a r d
t h e
b o d y ,
t h e t h u m b
s i d e
i s
t h e
a c t i o n
s i d e ,
t h e l i t t l e f i n g e r t h e
i n a c t i o n s i d e .
T h e
i n a c t i o n s i d e
i s
s t r a i g h t
w i t h
t h e
a r m ,
w h i l e
t h e
t h u m b
i s
a l m o s t
a t r i g h t
a n g l e s
w i t h
i t .
T h e i n a c t i o n c o n s t r u c t i o n l i n e r u n s s t r a i g h t d o w n
t h e a r m t o t h e b a s e o f t h e l i t t l e f i n g e r .
T h e
a c t i o n
c o n s t r u c t i o n
l i n e r u n s
d o w n
t h e a r m t o
t h e b a s e
o f
t h e
t h u m b a t t h e w r i s t ,
f r o m
t h e r e
o u t
t o
t h e
m i d d l e
j o i n t ,
a t
t h e
w i d e s t p a r t o f
t h e
h a n d : t h e n c e t o t h e
k n u c k l e o f t h e f i r s t f i n g e r ,
t h e n
t o
t h a t
o f t h e s e c o n d
f i n g e r , a n d t h e n
j o i n s t h e i n a c t i o n l i n e
a t t h e
l i t t l e
f i n g e r .
W i t h
t h e
h a n d
s t i l l
p r o n e ,
b u t
d r a w n
f r o m
t h e
b o d y ,
t h e
t h u m b s i d e
i s t h e
i n a c t i o n s i d e , a n d
i s
s t r a i g h t w i t h t h e a r m , w h i l e t h e l i t t l e f i n g e r i s a t
a l m o s t r i g h t a n g l e s w i t h i t .
T h e
i n a c t i o n c o n s t r u c
t i o n l i n e n o w r u n s
s t r a i g h t
t o t h e m i d d l e j o i n t o f
t h e t h u m b ,
w h i l e
t h e a c t i o n l i n e r u n s t o t h e w r i s t
o n t h e l i t t l e f i n g e r
s i d e ,
t h e n c e t o t h e
f i r s t
j o i n t ,
e t c . . e t c .
T h e s e c o n s t r u c t i o n
l i n e s s i x
i n
n u m b e r , a r e
t h e
s a m e
w i t h
t h e
p a l m
t u r n e d
u p ,
a c c o r d i n g
a s
i t
i s
d r a w n
i n
o r
o u t . T h e y p l a c e
t h e f i n g e r s a n d
i n d i
c a t e t h e
a c t i o n a n d p r o p o r t i o n s
o f t h e
h a n d .
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T H E H A N D
P a l m a r V i e w
I n
t h e
h a n d
a r e
f o u r
b o n e s ,
c o n t i n u o u s
w i t h
t h o s e
o f t h e
f i n g e r s ,
c a l l e d m e t a c a r p a l s ( m e t a , b e y o n d ,
c a r p u s ,
w r i s t ) .
T h e y a r e
c o v e r e d
b y t e n d o n s o n
t h e
b a c k , a n d o n t h e f r o n t b y t e n d o n s ,
t h e m u s c l e s
o f t h e
t h u m b a n d l i t t l e f i n g e r , a n d
s k i n
p a d s .
T h e s h o r t m u s c l e s
o f t h e h a n d , c r o s s i n g
o n l y o n e
j o i n t , t h e
k n u c k l e ,
a n d m o v i n g t h e f i n g e r s i n d i v i d
u a l l y , l i e d e e p b e t w e e n t h e m e t a c a r p a l b o n e s
a n d s o
a r e c a l l e d i n t e r o s s e i .
T h e y
a r e i n
t w o s e t s
b a c k
a n d
f r o n t ,
o r
d o r s a l
a n d
p a l m a r .
T h e
p a l m a r
i n t e r
o s s e i a r e c o l l e c t o r s , d r a w i n g t h e
f i n g e r s
t o w a r d t h e
m i d d l e f i n g e r , a n d s o a r e f a s t e n e d t o t h e i n n e r s i d e
o f e a c h j o i n t
e x c e p t t h a t
o f t h e
m i d d l e f i n g e r
i t s e l f .
T h e d o r s a l i n t e r o s s e i a r e s p r e a d e r s , d r a w i n g a w a y
f r o m
t h e
c e n t r e , a n d
s o
a r e f a s t e n e d
t o
b o t h
s i d e s
o f
t h e m i d d l e f i n g e r a n d t o t h e o u t s i d e
o f
t h e o t h e r
j o i n t s .
D o r s a l i n t e r o s s e i .
P a l m a r
i n t e r o s s e i .
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- ^ y
,
7
A \
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T H E H A N D
P a l m a r V i e w
i
A b d u c t o r
p o l l i c i s .
2
F l e x o r
b r e v i s
p o l l i c i s .
3 A d d u c t o r t r a n s v e r s u s p o l l i c i s .
4
L u m b r i c a l e s .
5 A n n u l a r l i g a m e n t .
6 A b d u c t o r m i n i m i d i g i t i .
7 F l e x o r
m i n i m i d i g i t i .
O r i g i n ,
I n s e r t i o n a n d
A c t i o n
o f M u s c l e s
P a g e s 1 6 9 - 1 7 1
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T H E
H A N D
T h u m b
S i d e
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T H E H A N D
T h u m b S i d e
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T H E H A N D
T h u m b S i d e
B e t w e e n
t h e
k n u c k l e
o f t h e
f i r s t
l i n g e r
a n d
t h e
t h u m b
i s
a b u l g i n g
m a s s .
T h i s
i s t h e
f i r s t i n t e r
o s s e o u s
m u s c l e , l a r g e h e r e o n a c c o u n t o f t h e
e x p o s e d
p o s i t i o n o f t h e f i n g e r a l s o
b e c a u s e
i t a i d s
t h e
t h u m b .
I n c l a s p i n g , i t i s p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o
t h e t h u m b
a n d
d i a g o n a l t o
t h e
k n u c k l e . I t a t t a c h e s t o
t h e
p h a l a n x
a t t h e k n u c k l e , t o t h e w h o l e s i d e o f t h e t h u m b
f i r s t s e g m e n t ) a n d t o t h e b a s e o f t h e m e t a c a r p a l
b o n e o f t h e f i n g e r i t s e l f .
B e y o n d
i t s
e d g e
i s
a
f o l d
o f
s k i n ; a l t e r n a t e l y
d r a w n i n t o a
h a l f - m o o n
b l a d e , a n d d i m p l e d a n d
w r i n k l e d , a s t h e t h u m b c h a n g e s i t s p o s i t i o n .
R u n n i n g t h e l e n g t h o f t h e t h u m b t o t h e l a s t j o i n t
o n
i t s
b a c k ,
i s s e e n t h e e x t e n s o r
t e n d o n ,
p o i n t i n g
a l w a y s
t o
t h e
t o p
o f t h e w r i s t . A t
t h e
r o o t o f t h e
t h u m b
i s s e e n a n o t h e r
t e n d o n ,
t h a t o f t h e s h o r t
e x t e n s o r ,
p o i n t i n g
a l w a y s
t o
t h e b o t t o m o f t h e
w r i s t ; t h e
t w o c o n v e r g i n g
o n t h e s e c o n d j o i n t .
B e
t w e e n
t h e m
a t
t h e
w r i s t
i s
a
d e p r e s s i o n ,
q u i t e
d e e p
w h e n t h e t h u m b i s e x t e n d e d .
T h i s
l a t t e r t e n d o n m a r k s
t h e
f r o n t b o r d e r o f t h e
m e t a c a r p a l b o n e o f t h e t h u m b . B u l g i n g i n f r o n t o f
i t a r e f i r s t t h e t r a p e z i u m , m a r k i n g t h e r a d i a l
e n d
o f t h e w r i s t a r c h , t h e n t h e t h e n a r e m i n e n c e , t o t h e
b i g j o i n t o f t h e t h u m b . S o m e t i m e s t h e b a s a l j o i n t
o f t h e
t h u m b
s t i l l
f a r t h e r
b u l g e s
t h i s
e m i n e n c e .
[ 7 0
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T H E H A N D
T h e f e m a l e h a n d d i f f e r s f r o m t h a t o f t h e m a l e
c h i e f l y
i n
t h e
s m a l l e r
s i z e o f t h e j o i n t s a n d
k n u c k l e s ,
t h e s m a l l e r a n d l e s s c o n s p i c u o u s
b o n e s ,
a n d t h e
f i n e
n e s s o f s k i n
t e x t u r e .
T h e r e i s
a m o r e f u n d a m e n t a l
d i f f e r e n c e
a l s o :
t h e
l o n g
o u t s i d e m u s c l e s , t h o s e
c r o s s i n g m o r e t h a n o n e j o i n t
a r e
u s u a l l y b e t t e r
d e v e l o p e d i n m e n , t h e s h o r t
m u s c l e s
t h a t h u g t h e
b o n e s a n d l i e c l o s e t o t h e j o i n t s c r o s s i n g o n l y o n e
j o i n t a r e a s a r u l e m o r e d e v e l o p e d p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y
i n w o m e n .
[ 7 2 ]
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T H E H A N D
T h u m b
S i d e
T h e
m a s s
o f t h e
h a n d
s e t s a t
a n
a n g l e
a c r o s s
t h e
e n d
o f
t h e f o r e a r m t h e m a s s o f t h e t h u m b
s e t s
a t a n
a n g l e
a c r o s s t h e
b a s e
o f t h e h a n d .
T h e M u s c l e s o f t h e T h u m b
i L o n g e x t e n s o r o f t h e
t h u m b .
2
S h o r t e x t e n s o r
o f
t h e t h u m b .
3 L o n g a b d u c t o r
o f t h e
t h u m b .
O r i g i n ,
I n s e r t i o n
a n d
A c t i o n
o e
M u s c l e s
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T H E H A N D
T h u m b S i d e
T h e p o w e r o f t h e t h u m b d e p e n d s c h i e f l y o n i t s
s h o r t m u s c l e s . M u s c l e s m u s t b e l o n g
i n
p r o p o r t i o n
t o
t h e d i s t a n c e
t h e y
h a v e
t o c o n t r a c t .
M u s c l e s
t o
t h e e n d s o f f i n g e r s
a n d
t h u m b a r e
t h e r e f o r e
l o n g ,
r e a c h i n g t o
t h e e l b o w .
T h o s e
o f
t h e
f i r s t
a n d m i d d l e
s e g m e n t s
o f
t h e
t h u m b
( t h e l a t t e r
w i t h v e r y
l i t t l e
m o v e m e n t ) a r e
s h o r t a n d a r e d e v e l o p e d
a b o u t
t h e
s e g m e n t a n d a c r o s s t h e p a l m , w h e r e t h e y a c t i n
d i r e c t
l i n e w i t h t h e m o v e m e n t o f t h e
b o n e .
T h e
p o w e r p r o d u c e d b y m u s c u l a r a c t i o n d e p e n d s o n t h e
l e v e r a g e a n d t h e a n g l e a t w h i c h i t i s a p p l i e d . T h e
l o n g
m u s c l e s
a c t
a t
a n
a c u t e
a n g l e ,
w i t h
r a p i d
m o v e
m e n t b u t l i t t l e p o w e r . T h e s e s h o r t m u s c l e s b e i n g i n
d i r e c t l i n e
p r o d u c e
g r e a t
p o w e r
b u t a r e r e l a t i v e l y
s l o w .
T h e f a s t e s t m o v e m e n t o f t h e
t h u m b
i s t h e r e
f o r e s l o w c o m p a r e d
t o
t h a t o f t h e f i n g e r s i t s
p o w e r
i s p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y g r e a t e r .
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T H E H A N D
T h u m b
S i d e
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E x t e n s i o n
F l e x i o n
A b d u c t i o n
A d d u c t i o n
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T H E H A N D
T h u m b
S i d e
D i s t i n g u i s h a b l e
u n d e r
t h e s k i n o f
t h e
t h u m b
( p a l m a r
s i d e ) a r e t h r e e
m u s c l e s ,
s o m e t i m e s a
f o u r t h .
T h e s e , f r o m t h e
b a c k f o r w a r d ,
a r e
t h e
f a t
o p p o n e n s ,
h u g g i n g t h e
b o n e ;
t h e b r o a d a b d u c t o r ,
f o r m i n g t h e b u l k o f
t h e
m a s s ; a n d
t h e
t h i n f l e x o r
b r e v i s , i n s i d e . D e e p e r a n d r e a c h i n g t r a n s v e r s e l y
a c r o s s t h e h a n d i s t h e a d d u c t o r m u s c l e , w h i c h
t h r o w s
t h e
s k i n
o f t h e p a l m i n t o a b u l g i n g w r i n k l e
w h e n t h e t h u m b i s f l a t t e n e d b a c k .
1
O p p o n e n s p o l l i c i s .
2 A b d u c t o r
p o l l i c i s .
3 A d d u c t o r t r a n s v e r s u s .
P a g e s 1 6 9 - 1 7 1
8 2
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T H E
H A N D
T h u m b S i d e
T h e
l i t t l e f i n g e r s i d e o f t h e h a n d i s t h e p u s h i n g
s i d e ; t h e l i t t l e
f i n g e r s i d e
o f t h e w r i s t i s t h e h e e l
s i d e . T h e t h u m b
s i d e
o f t h e h a n d i s t h e
p u l l i n g
s i d e .
S i n c e
p u l l i n g i s s o m u c h m o r e
i m p o r t a n t
a f u n c t i o n
o f
t h e
h a n d , t h e t h u m b s i d e o f h a n d a n d w r i s t
a n d
a l l
t h e
b o n e s
o f
t h a t
s i d e
w i t h
t h e
f i r s t
t w o
f i n g e r s ,
a r e l a r g e r .
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T H E H A N D
T h u m b S i d e
i E x t e n s o r o s s i s m e t a c a r p i p o l l i c i s .
2
A b d u c t o r p o l l i c i s .
3 E x t e n s o r b r e v i s p o l l i c i s .
4 E x t e n s o r l o n g u s p o l l i c i s .
5
F i r s t
d o r s a l i n t e r o s s e i .
O r i g i n , I n s e r t i o n a n d
A c t i o n
o f
M u s c l e s
P a g e 1 6 9
[ 8 6 ]
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T H E H A N D
L i t t l e
F i n g e r S i d e
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T H E H A N D
L i t t l e F i n g e r S i d e
T h e l i t t l e f i n g e r s i d e o f t h e h a n d s e t s a c r o s s t h e
e n d
o f t h e f o r e a r m
a t
a s h a r p e r a n g l e t h a n d o e s t h e
t h u m b s i d e .
I t
i s n a r r o w e r a n d n e v e r w h o l l y c o n c e a l s t h e r e s t
o f t h e h a n d .
T h e
p i s i f o r m
b o n e , o r
h e e l
o f t h e
h a n d , i s
a l w a y s
c o n s p i c u o u s o n t h e l o w e r
s i d e
o f t h e w r i s t .
T o i t
a t t a c h e s t h e f l e x o r c a r p i
u l n a r i s
m u s c l e ,
c o r r e s p o n d i n g
w i t h t h e t e n d o n o f A c h i l l e s .
i P i s i f o r m ( p e a - s h a p e d ) b o n e .
2 F l e x o r c a r p i u l n a r i s .
/
■ £
[ 9 » ]
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T H E H A N D
L i t t l e F i n g e r S i d e
I n
r e s t i n g
t h e
w r i s t o n
a
t a b l e
t h e
w e i g h t s h o u l d
r e s t o n
t h e
p i s i f o r m b o n e . I n s t i n c t p r o t e c t s
t h e
m o r e s e n s i t i v e u n c i f o r m
b o n e ,
o n t h e t h u m b e n d o f
t h e w r i s t a r c h .
I n t h i s
p o s i t i o n t h e
f i n g e r s
a r e a l w a y s c u r l e d u p
o r a r c h e d , o n a c c o u n t o f t h e s h o r t n e s s o f t h e f l e x o r
t e n d o n s .
P i s i f o r m b o n e .
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T H E H A N D
L i t t l e
F i n g e r
S i d e
i
A b d u c t o r
m i n i m i
d i g i t i .
3
F l e x o r
c a r p i
u l n a r i s .
2 A n n u l a r l i g a m e n t . 4 P i s i f o r m b o n e .
O r i g i n , I n s e r t i o n a n d A c t i o n
o f M u s c l e s
P a g e s 1 6 9 - 1 7 1
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T H E H A N D
L i t t l e
F i n g e r
S i d e
B e y o n d
t h e
p i s i f o r m ,
a f t e r
a s m a l l
t e n d i n o u s
i n
t e r v a l ,
i s
t h e a b d u c t o r m i n i m i
d i g i t i
m u s c l e , r u n
n i n g t o t h e o u t s i d e o f t h e k n u c k l e o f t h e l i t t l e f i n g e r .
1 A b d u c t o r m i n i m i d i g i t i .
2
F l e x o r
c a r p i
u l n a r i s .
O r i g i n , I n s e r t i o n
a n d
A c t i o n
o f M u s c l e s
P a g e s
6 9 - 1 7
1
[ 9 6
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T H E T H U M B
[ 9 8 ]
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T H E T H U M B
T h e t h u m b , e x t e n d e d ,
f a c e s
h a l f f r o n t w a y s ;
f l e x e d i t f a c e s a c r o s s
t h e p a l m ,
a n d m a y b y p r e s s u r e
b e b e n t s l i g h t l y t o w a r d i t .
I t
m a y t o u c h
t h e s i d e o f t h e f i r s t f i n g e r b u t
o t h e r
w i s e c a n n o t
t o u c h
t h e
p a l m .
I t
i s
t h e
f i n g e r s t h a t a r e
b r o u g h t d o w n t o t o u c h i t .
i o o ]
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T H E
T H U M B
S a d d l e J o i n t
T h e r a n g e o f m o v e m e n t o f t h e
t h u m b
i s s l i g h t —
h a l f a
r i g h t
a n g l e a t t h e
b a s e ,
m u c h l e s s a t
t h e
m i d d l e
j o i n t ,
a r i g h t a n g l e
a t
t h e
l a s t j o i n t .
T h e b a s a l j o i n t i s a s a d d l e j o i n t , p e r m i t t i n g h a l f
a
r i g h t a n g l e
o f
m o v e m e n t
s i d e w a y s , a n d
v e r y m u c h
l e s s f o r e
a n d
a f t . T h e m i d d l e j o i n t
i s
e x t r a l a r g e i n
p r o p o r t i o n t o o t h e r s o n
a c c o u n t
o f i t s e x p o s e d p o s i
t i o n ,
p e r m i t t i n g
s l i g h t
f l e x i o n
a n d
v e r y
s l i g h t
t o r
s i o n .
I t
i s b u i l t
f o r s t r e n g t h r a t h e r
t h a n m o v e m e n t .
T h e
l a s t j o i n t w i t h i t s l o n g m u s c l e r e a c h i n g t o t h e
e l b o w
h a s a
r i g h t a n g l e
o f
m o v e m e n t
( t h i s
l o n g
m u s c l e m u s t
t a k e u p
t h e s l a c k o f t h e
o t h e r j o i n t s ,
i n c l u d i n g t h e w r i s t ,
a l s o ) .
[ 1 0 2 ]
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T H E
T H U M B
T h e
m a s s
o f
t h e
t h u m b i s
i n t h r e e
p a r t s .
T h a t
o f
t h e
b a s e
i s
p y r a m i d a l ,
e x t e n d i n g
f o r w a r d
f r o m
t h e
r a d i a l
e d g e a n d
h a l f o f
t h e f r o n t s i d e
o f t h e
h a n d ;
i t s
b a s e
r e a c h i n g t o t h e l i n e
o f
l i f e
o f
t h e
p a l m a n d
t o
t h e
a m u l e t
w r i n k l e o f t h e w r i s t ; i t s a p e x
a t t h e m i d d l e j o i n t . I t s f a c e s a r e r o u n d e d a n d b u l g
i n g e x c e p t a t
t h e
b a c k w h e r e
t h e
b o n e
i s s u p e r f i c i a l
a n d t h e t h i c k t e n d o n
m a y
b e s e e n .
A n g l i n g i n w a r d f r o m t h i s a p e x r i s e s t h e
s e c o n d
p a r t ,
s l e n d e r ,
s q u a r e
w i t h r o u n d e d e d g e s , w i t h a
t h i n
p a d
i n
f r o n t .
B a l a n c e d s h a r p l y b a c k w a r d
a c r o s s
t h i s i s t h e l a s t
p a r t ,
p e a r - s h a p e d ,
c a r r y i n g t h e
n a i l .
I t s s k i n
p a d ,
o r b a l l f a c e s t o t h e f r o n t m o r e
t h a n
s i d e w a y s . I t i s
b r o a d a t t h e b a s e , w h e r e i t c o v e r s t h e
e x p o s e d
e x
t r e m i t y
o f t h e
m i d d l e
s e g m e n t
i n
e x t e n s i o n ,
g i v i n g
a n a p p e a r a n c e n o t u n l i k e a f o o t a s i t p r e s s e s a g a i n s t
s o m e o b j e c t . I t s t i p r e a c h e s t o
t h e
m i d d l e
j o i n t o f
t h e f i r s t f i n g e r .
T h e m a s s o f t h e t h u m b m a y b e n d u n d e r t h e h a n d
t o
a b o u t
t h e
c e n t r e ,
w h e r e
i t i s
i n v i s i b l e
f r o m
t h e
b a c k
e x c e p t
a
c u r v e d r o o t .
I t
m a y
b e n d
o u t
t o a b o u t
a
r i g h t a n g l e . I t b e n d s
b a c k
v e r y s l i g h t l y
i f
a t a l l
e x c e p t a t
t h e
t i p . B e t w e e n t h u m b a n d p a l m ,
a s
a l s o
o n t h e b a c k , a r o l l o f f l e s h
m a y
b e r a i s e d b y p r e s
s u r e
o f
t h e t h u m b ,
a n d
i s d r a w n i n t o
a
t h i n c u r v e d
b l a d e w h e n s t r e t c h e d .
1 0 4
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T H E T H U M B
[ 1 0 6 ]
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F I N G E R S
[ 1 0 8 ]
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F I N G E R S
i S e c t i o n a l V i e w — F i r s t f i n g e r b e t w e e n
k n u c k l e
a n d s e c o n d j o i n t .
2 S e c t i o n a l V i e w — B e t w e e n
s e c o n d
a n d
t h i r d j o i n t .
3 S e c t i o n a l V i e w —
L a s t j o i n t
a t n a i l .
[ n o ]
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F r o m t h e c e n t r e o f t h e a r c h o f t h e w r i s t r a d i a t e
t h e
t e n d o n s
o f t h e l o n g
m u s c l e s
t o t h e f i n g e r s ;
a n d
t h e f i n g e r s m u s t b e
i n l i n e w i t h t h e i r p o w e r ,
t o
p r e v e n t w a r p i n g , s o r a d i a t e f r o m t h i s p o i n t . B u t
t h e p o w e r o f t h e t h u m b h a s d r a w n t h e c e n t r e o f
r a d i a t i o n a t r i f l e t o
i t s
s i d e o f t h e w r i s t , s o t h a t t h e
m e c h a n i s m s
o f t h e
h a n d a r e
g r o u p e d
a r o u n d
a
p o i n t
n e a r
i t s
b a s e .
T h e
c l e n c h e d
f i n g e r s
a l l
p o i n t
t o
t h i s
c e n t r e , a s f a r a s c r o w d i n g
w i l l
p e r m i t . H a l f
c l o s e d
a s i n c l a s p i n g ,
t h e y
f o r m a r c h e s c o n v e r g i n g
t h e r e .
I n a n y p o s i t i o n e x c e p t a s t r a i n e d o n e t h e r o w s o f
k n u c k l e s
f o r m
a r c h e s
w h o s e
c o m m o n
c e n t r e
i s
t h i s
p o i n t .
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F I N G E R S
T h e
w e b b i n g
b e t w e e n t h e
f i n g e r s r u n s u p t o
t h e
m i d d l e
o f t h e
f i r s t
s e g m e n t
o n
t h e
p a l m
s i d e .
T h e n c e
i t b e v e l s b a c k w a r d b e t w e e n t h e f i n g e r s t o a p o i n t a t
t h e
a p e x
o f t h e k n u c k l e s
w h i c h
p o i n t
i t n e v e r
r e a c h e s , b u t s i n k s i n
b e t w e e n
t h e
k n u c k l e s .
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F I N G E R S
T h e s k i n p a d s a r e o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e s a m e
l e n g t h ,
a s
n e c e s s a r y
w h e n
t h e
f i n g e r
i s
t i g h t l y
c l o s e d , b u t t h e s e g m e n t s a r e o f
d i f f e r e n t
l e n g t h s ;
s o t h e c r e a s e s a r e n o t o p p o s i t e t h e j o i n t s .
I n t h e
f i r s t
f i n g e r
t h e
c r e a s e s a r e
b e y o n d t h e
k n u c k l e , o p p o s i t e t h e
m i d d l e
j o i n t ,
a n d
s h o r t o f t h e
l a s t i n t h e
s e c o n d
f i n g e r t h e y a r e
b e y o n d t h e
k n u c k l e ,
b e y o n d
t h e s e c o n d
j o i n t ,
a b o u t
o p p o s i t e t h e
l a s t
i n t h e t h i r d f i n g e r t h e y a r e b e y o n d t h e
k n u c k l e ,
b e y o n d t h e s e c o n d . T h e o t h e r p o s i t i o n s v a r y i n d i f
f e r e n t i n d i v i d u a l s .
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k J 1
—
4 .
L
F I N G E R S
O n t h e p a l m a r s u r f a c e , w h e n t h e f i n g e r s a r e
s t r a i g h t ,
t h e
p a l m e x t e n d s b e y o n d
t h e k n u c k l e s h a l f
w a y t o t h e
n e x t
j o i n t b u t w h e n t h e
f i n g e r s
a r e b e n t ,
a p o r t i o n b e n d s
w i t h
t h e m , a n d b e l o n g s w i t h t h e m
s o t h a t w h e n b e n t t h e f i n g e r s
o n
t h e
p a l m a r
s i d e
s t a r t
f r o m t h e
k n u c k l e .
T h u s
w h e n
s t r a i g h t t h e f i n g e r s h a v e t h r e e p a d s ;
w h e n b e n t t h e y h a v e f o u r .
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F I N G E R S
W h e n
c u r l e d
c l o s e
t h e
e n d s
o f
t h e
f i n g e r s
j u s t
c o v e r t h e h e a d s o f t h e i r
f i r s t
p h a l a n g e s
t h a t i s ,
t h e y
l i
w i t h
t h e i r t i p s a g a i n s t t h e k n u c k l e s , s u p p o r t i n g
t h e m . T h i s i s a
m e c h a n i c a l
n e c e s s i t y i n f i t t i n g t h e
f i n g e r s i n t o t h e i s t ( p a g e 1 2 4 ) .
T h u s t h e t w o o u t e r s e g m e n t s
a r e
l o n g e r
t h a n
t h e
f i r s t ( p a g e 1 3 0 ) , b u t w h e n m e a s u r e d f r o m t h e b a c k
o f t h e k n u c k l e , t h e
f i r s t
s e g m e n t i s e q u a l
i n l e n g t h
t o t h e l a t t e r
t w o .
_ ^
[ 1 2 0 ]
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F I N G E R S
I n f l e x i n g t h e f i n g e r b e n d s f i r s t a t t h e k n u c k l e ,
t h e n
a t
e a c h
j o i n t i n
t u r n .
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1 2 2 ]
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F I N G E R S
[
1 2 4 ]
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V v
J
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F I N G E R S
T h e j o i n t s o f t h e f i n g e r s a r e
b u i l t
l i k e s h a l l o w -
s a d d l e j o i n t s ; t h a t i s , o n e r e a c h e s u p o n t h e s i d e s
t h e o t h e r r e a c h e s d o w n
o n
t h e f r o n t a n d b a c k .
I n
e v e r y c a s e i t i s
t h e m o r e
d i s t a n t
b o n e
t h a t t u r n s
o n t h e c o n v e x e n d o f t h e n e a r e r b o n e , l e a v i n g t h e
e n d o f t h e l a t t e r e x p o s e d i n
f l e x i o n .
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F I N G E R S
i , 2 3 4
B o n e s ,
t e n d o n s a n d s h e a t h
i n g o f t h e f i n g e r s p a l m s i d e .
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F I N G E R S
O p p o s i t e
t h e t h r e e b o n e s o f t h e f i n g e r a r e f o u r
s k i n
p a d s
t h e
p a d s
t h e r e f o r e
s m a l l e r .
T h e f i r s t j o i n t i s a b o u t e q u a l t o
t h e
l a s t
t w o ,
m e a s u r i n g f r o m
b a c k
o f t h e k n u c k l e ( t h o u g h t h e
b o n e i t s e l f i s s h o r t e r ) . W h e n t h e
t h r e e
j o i n t s a r e
b e n t t o
f o r m
t h r e e s i d e s o f a s q u a r e ,
t h e f o u r
p a d s
f i l l i n t h e q u a r t e r s o f i t . T h r e e o f t h e g r o o v e s b e
t w e e n t h e m a r e d i a g o n a l s ,
w i t h
t w o
o t h e r g r o o v e s
i r r e g u l a r l y
p l a c e d .
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/
>
V
o * r
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K N U C K L E S
T h e r e i s
n o
m u s c u l a r
c o v e r i n g
f o r t h e k n u c k l e s ;
o n l y
t h e
t e n d o n s ,
w h i c h
a r e
h a l f
b l e n d e d w i t h t h e m ,
a n d
r o u g h e n e d
s k i n .
I n c l e n c h i n g , t h i s s k i n i s t i g h t l y s t r e t c h e d , a n d
b y
c o n t a c t
w i t h o b j e c t s i s
h a r d e n e d ,
s o t h a t
i n
o t h e r
p o s i t i o n s
i t i s w r i n k l e d .
T h e
e n d
o f
t h e
m e t a c a r p a l b o n e i s a r o u n d d o m e ,
o v e r w h i c h f i t s t h e
s o c k e t
o f t h e f i r s t p h a l a n x . T h e
d o m e
i s
p r o t e c t e d
o n
t h e
s i d e s b y s q u a r e
p r o j e c t i n g
f l a n g e s w h i c h
a r e m a t c h e d b y t h e s i d e s o f t h e
s o c k e t .
T h e y
a r e
i n
t h e
f i r s t
f i n g e r
s e t
a t
a
s l i g h t
d i a g o n a l , s o
t h a t
t h e r e i s
a n o v e r h a n g
o f t h e
p h a l a n x , s e r v i n g t o p r o t e c t
t h e
j o i n t i n l a t e r a l
b l o w s .
[ 1 3 s
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K N U C K L E S
i 3 4
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K N U C K L E S
i T e n d o n s o f t h e e x t e n s o r c o m m u n i s
d i g i t o r u m .
2 D o r s a l i n t e r o s s e o u s m u s c l e s .
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T H E
F I S T
[ 1 3 8
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T H E F I S T
T h e
h a n d ,
o p e n ,
i s
a n i m p l e m e n t .
T h e
h a n d ,
c l o s e d
i s
a
w e a p o n .
W h e n d r i v e n f o r w a r d , t h e
s e c o n d k n u c k l e ,
a s t h e
m o s t p r o m i n e n t ,
b e c o m e s
t h e p o i n t o f i m p a c t ; b u t i n
c l e n c h i n g i t i s b r a c e d b y t h e e n t i r e f i s t ,
b o n e ,
t e n d o n a n d k n u c k l e .
W h e n
d r i v e n d i r e c t l y f o r w a r d , t h e
s e c o n d k n u c k l e
i s i n l i n e
w i t h
t h e w r i s t a n d t h e r a d i u s , m a k i n g a
s t r a i g h t b a t t e r i n g r a m .
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T H E
F I S T
T h e f i s t b e n d s b a c k t o a l m o s t a r i g h t a n g l e w i t h
t h e
f o r e a r m ,
a n d
b e n d s
f o r w a r d
t o s l i g h t l y
l e s s ;
b u t
b e t w e e n
f r o n t
e d g e
a n d
b a c k e d g e o f t h e f i s t
i s
a c o n s i d e r a b l e a n g l e ;
s o t h a t
i t s t o t a l m o v e m e n t i n
t h i s
d i r e c t i o n
i s b a r e l y m o r e
t h a n o n e
r i g h t a n g l e .
T h e a m o u n t
o f l a t e r a l b e n d i n g
i s b a r e l y
m o r e
t h a n
h a l f a r i g h t a n g l e .
T h e
f i s t b e n d s m o r e
e a s i l y
b a c k w a r d t h a n
f o r
w a r d , a n d m o r e
e a s i l y t o
t h e l i t t l e f i n g e r s i d e t h a n
t o t h e t h u m b
s i d e ,
o n a c c o u n t o f t h e p o s i t i o n i n
c l a s p i n g
a n
o b j e c t .
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T H E
F I S T
i 4 4 ]
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T H E F I S T
T h e b l o w w i t